2317:, where projective meanings are those whose understanding requires knowledge of the perspective or point of view. For example, the meaning of "behind the rock" is likely to depend on the position of the speaker (projective), whereas the meaning of "on the desk" is not (non-projective). Sometimes the interpretation is ambiguous, as in "behind the house," which may mean either at the natural back of the house or on the opposite side of the house from the speaker.
572:, for example, certain prepositions always take their objects in a certain case (e.g., ἐν always takes its object in the dative), while other prepositions may take their object in one of two or more cases, depending on the meaning of the preposition (e.g., διά takes its object in the genitive or the accusative, depending on the meaning). Some languages have cases that are used exclusively after prepositions (
3454:, other word-internal effects and agreement of adjectives in Finnish), while the postpositions are independent words. As is seen in the last example, adpositions are often used in conjunction with case affixes – in languages that have a case, a given adposition usually takes a complement in a particular case, and sometimes (as has been seen
2062:) the choice of adposition may be determined by another element in the construction or be fixed by the construction as a whole. Here the adposition may have little independent semantic content of its own, and there may be no clear reason why the particular adposition is used rather than another. Examples of such expressions are:
1612:
The distinction between complex adpositions and free combinations of words is not a black-and-white issue: complex adpositions (in
English, "prepositional idioms") can be more fossilized or less fossilized. In English, this applies to a number of structures of the form "preposition + (article) + noun
2293:("Bob is at the store"); this may happen with some directional prepositions as well ("Bob is from Australia"), but this is less common. Directional prepositional phrases combine mostly with verbs that indicate movement ("Jay is going into her bedroom", but not *"Jay is lying down into her bedroom").
3365:
are sometimes called case particles and sometimes postpositions. Sometimes they are analyzed as two different groups because they have different characteristics (e.g., the ability to combine with focus particles), but in such analysis, it is unclear which words should fall into which group.
2022:
relations between their complement and the rest of the context. The relations expressed may be spatial (denoting location or direction), temporal (denoting position in time), or relations expressing comparison, content, agent, instrument, means, manner, cause, purpose, reference, etc.
2331:
Some languages feature inflected adpositions—adpositions (usually prepositions) marked for grammatical person and/or grammatical number to give meanings such as "on me," "from you," etc. In the Indo-European languages this phenomenon is mostly confined to the
1713:
Marginal prepositions are prepositions that have affinities with other word classes, most notably participles. Marginal prepositions behave like prepositions but derive from other parts of speech. Some marginal prepositions in
English include
610:("invariant"): they do not have paradigms of the form (such as tense, case, gender, etc.) the same way that verbs, adjectives, and nouns can. There are exceptions, though, such as prepositions that have fused with a pronominal object to form
725:
sometimes denotes any adposition, its stricter meaning refers only to one that precedes its complement. Examples of this, from
English, have been given above; similar examples can be found in many European and other languages, for example:
1318:
Most such phrases, however, can be analyzed as having a different hierarchical structure (such as a prepositional phrase modifying a following adverb). The
Chinese example could be analyzed as a prepositional phrase headed by
1483:?). You might just as well believe that all blackguards are black or that turkeys come from Turkey; many names have either been chosen unfortunately at first or have changed their meanings in the course of time."
4690:
2034:
or other processes. Because of the variety of meanings, a single adposition often has many possible equivalents in another language, depending on the exact context. This can cause difficulties in foreign
2933:. When these modify a pronoun rather than a full noun, the phrase contracts into an inflected postposition (and therefore looks like a pronominal prefix, rather than a suffix as in the examples above:
1782:). A preposition is called improper if it is some other part of speech being used in the same way as a preposition. Examples of simple and complex prepositions that have been so classified include
3256:
markings have a similar function to adpositions; a case affix in one language may be equivalent in meaning to a preposition or postposition in another. For example, in
English, the agent of a
895:.") The bolded words in these examples are generally still considered prepositions because when they form a phrase with a complement (in more ordinary constructions) they must appear first.
621:
Adpositions are among the most frequently occurring words in languages that have them. For example, one frequency ranking for
English word forms begins as follows (prepositions in bold):
2390:
being the preposition's "stem" form. It is common in speech for the pronoun to be present after the preposition, but it can be omitted. Unless used with a pronoun the form is always
864:
In certain grammatical constructions, the complement of a preposition may be absent or may be moved from its position directly following the preposition. This may be referred to as
362:
treats a word as an adposition if it takes a noun phrase as a complement and indicates the grammatical or semantic relationship of that phrase to the verb in the containing clause.
1561:. This change takes time, and during the transitional stages, the adposition acts in some ways like a single word, and in other ways like a multi-word unit. For example, current
1132:), while postpositional phrases are head-final (or left-branching). There is a tendency for languages that feature postpositions also to have other head-final features, such as
3756:
1412:
construct in which a preposition occurs somewhere other than immediately before its complement. For example, in the
English sentence "What did you sit on?" the preposition
3008:(for instance, one can say "go inside", with adverbial use, or "go inside the house", with prepositional use). Such cases are analogous to verbs that can be used either
3012:
or intransitively, and the adverbial forms might therefore be analyzed as "intransitive prepositions". This analysis could also be extended to other adverbs, such as
1386:другом ("one with the other"). This is not a case of an adposition appearing inside its complement, as the two nouns do not form a single phrase (there is no phrase *
5000:
1432:. This sentence is much more common and natural than the equivalent sentence without stranding: "On what did you sit?" Preposition stranding is commonly found in
3971:
880:." There are also some (mainly colloquial) expressions in which a preposition's complement may be omitted, such as "I'm going to the park. Do you want to come
1463:
prohibiting that use. Similar rules arose during the rise of classicism, when they were applied to
English in imitation of classical languages such as Latin.
4127:
1105:
may also be used to refer to a circumposition (see below), or to a word that appears to function as a preposition and postposition simultaneously, as in the
2306:. Telic prepositional phrases imply movement all the way to the endpoint ("she ran to the fence"), while atelic ones do not ("she ran towards the fence").
1460:
229:
meaning "behind, after"). There are also some cases where the function is performed by two parts coming before and after the complement; this is called a
111:, as in "three days ago" and "financial limitations notwithstanding". Some languages that use a different word order have postpositions instead (like
1621:. The following characteristics are good indications that a given combination is "frozen" enough to be considered a complex preposition in English:
1341:, the phrase "from a mean cold" can be translated using the word order "cold from mean"—the inposition follows the noun but precedes any following
134:, which consists of two parts that appear on each side of the complement. Other terms sometimes used for particular types of adposition include
4010:
3702:
3353:
A language can have hundreds of adpositions (including complex adpositions), but no language has that many distinct morphological cases.
4094:
1541:
The distinction between simple and complex adpositions is not clear-cut. Many complex adpositions are derived from simple forms (e.g.,
359:
4035:
3981:
3963:
3908:
3883:
3753:
5135:
4120:
3158:
It would be possible to analyze such conjunctions (or even other subordinating conjunctions) as prepositions that take an entire
4080:
Reindl, Donald F. (2001) "Areal
Effects on the Preservation and Genesis of Slavic Postpositions". In Lj. Šarić and D. F. Reindl
5029:
3340:
Case markings combine primarily with nouns, whereas adpositions can combine with (nominalized) phrases of different categories;
4962:
3732:
190:), where such words are placed before their complement (except sometimes in Ancient Greek), and are hence "pre-positioned".
3308:. In some instances it may not be clear which applies; the following are some possible means of making such a distinction:
5049:
5024:
4986:
4780:
3228:
As noted in previous sections, Chinese can also be said to have postpositions, although these can be analyzed as nominal (
2030:(they have various different meanings). In many cases, a primary, spatial meaning becomes extended to non-spatial uses by
5039:
4993:
4772:
3472:
1337:
is a rare type of adposition that appears between parts of a complex complement. For example, in the native
Californian
1137:
1133:
4472:
4291:
4188:
4113:
718:
As noted above, adpositions are referred to by various terms, depending on their position relative to the complement.
587:
The functions of adpositions overlap with those of case markings (for example, the meaning of the English preposition
3343:
A case marking usually appears directly on the noun, but an adposition can be separated from the noun by other words;
365:
Some examples of the use of English prepositions are given below. In each case, the prepositional phrase appears in
127:(or prepositional phrase, postpositional phrase, etc.). Such a phrase can function as an adjective or as an adverb.
5120:
5059:
5034:
4158:
4002:
3221:, Chinese prepositions (and those of other languages with similar grammatical structures) are often referred to as
1885:
1391:
3217:
Because of this overlap, and the fact that a sequence of prepositional phrases and verb phrases often resembles a
1518:
adpositions consist of a group of words that act as one unit. Examples of complex prepositions in English include
1449:
4041:
Maling, Joan. (1983) "Transitive adjectives: A case of categorial reanalysis". In F. Heny and B. Richards (eds),
3096:
2831:
322:
relationship that links its complement to another word or phrase in the context. It also generally establishes a
5125:
4882:
4382:
3477:
3313:
3305:
3218:
2152:
1437:
600:
272:
1151:
consists of two or more parts, positioned on both sides of the complement. Circumpositions are very common in
1001:"); this is a nominal form, which usually requires an additional preposition to form an adverbial phrase (see
4099:
5064:
5054:
4694:
4203:
3035:
that are used adverbially, even though they mostly have the form of a preposition (such words may be called
2007:
1129:
288:
4828:
4655:
4564:
4084:(= Studia Slavica Oldenburgensia 8), pp. 85–100. Oldenburg: Carl-von-Ossietzky-Universitat Oldenburg.
2863:
has special forms incorporating certain pronouns (depending on the language). For example, in Spanish and
2286:
1807:
427:
2753:
2725:
2705:
2685:
4899:
4790:
4785:
4762:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4524:
4317:
4153:
2326:
1693:
1403:
865:
611:
581:
183:
3380:
have both extensive case-marking and postpositions, but there is evidence to help distinguish the two:
1962:
preposition; in some languages, such a sequence may be represented by a single word, as Russian из-под
3810:
As preposições acidentais (preposizioni improprie) italianas e seus termos correpondentes em português
2356:
The majority of Welsh prepositions can be inflected. This is achieved by having a preposition such as
2002:, which then becomes the single complement of the preposition. (In the first example, a word such as
1471:(first published 1933), commented on this definition-derived rule: "...nor need a preposition (Latin:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
4904:
4838:
4670:
4627:
4529:
4392:
4352:
3482:
3467:
3171:
3036:
3032:
2668:
2290:
431:
376:
72:
4685:
2285:
In English and many other languages, prepositional phrases with static meaning are commonly used as
1459:
Some prescriptive English grammars teach that prepositions cannot end a sentence, although there is
1097:
An adposition like the above, which can be either a preposition or a postposition, can be called an
5130:
4665:
4312:
2839:
1121:
1117:
662:
words. According to the ranking cited above, for example, the most common English prepositions are
312:
217:, the same kinds of words typically come after their complement. To indicate this, they are called
198:
124:
4056:
3660:
3630:
See Melis (2003), p. 22. The term is used here in French, and in reference to the French language.
1198:
Various constructions in other languages might also be analyzed as circumpositional, for example:
255:, meaning "to"). However, some linguists prefer to use the well-known and longer-established term
5013:
4851:
4818:
4744:
4729:
4714:
4704:
4617:
4612:
4602:
4397:
4327:
4322:
3992:
3487:
3289:
1904:
1889:
1678:
1562:
1558:
1429:
1342:
1125:
961:
702:, all of which are single-syllable words and cannot be broken down into smaller units of meaning.
573:
292:
206:
49:
4978:
1144:, which employs mostly prepositions, even though it typically places verbs after their objects.
315:
or prepositional phrase (PP) (or for specificity, a postpositional or circumpositional phrase).
4808:
4734:
4709:
4632:
4497:
4442:
4412:
4372:
4031:
4006:
3988:
3977:
3959:
3904:
3879:
3728:
3698:
3377:
3358:
3357:
Even so, a clear distinction cannot always be made. For example, the post-nominal elements in
3269:
2864:
2656:
2036:
1338:
1301:
384:
296:
280:
214:
3722:
3694:
3602:
From Case to Adposition: The Development of Configurational Syntax in Indo-European Languages
2248:
the water" (static); "he jumped in the water" (probably directional). In some languages, the
4846:
4739:
4719:
4569:
4534:
4452:
4247:
3686:
3253:
3179:
3159:
3072:
2835:
2779:
2775:
2333:
2249:
2125:
2103:
2040:
1900:
1441:
1433:
1269:
1230:
1160:
1156:
1086:
984:
835:
768:
607:
553:
383:. As demonstrated in some of the examples, more than one prepositional phrase may act as an
241:
202:
116:
112:
80:
76:
4066:
Quirk, Randolph, and Joan Mulholland. (1964) "Complex Prepositions and Related Sequences".
1136:; and for languages that feature prepositions to have other head-initial features, such as
1116:
Whether a language has primarily prepositions or postpositions is seen as an aspect of its
27:
Class of words used to express spatial or temporal relations or mark various semantic roles
5115:
4754:
4675:
4637:
4622:
4502:
4492:
4407:
4402:
4342:
4208:
4178:
3760:
3492:
3373:
3369:
3362:
3265:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3009:
2915:
2664:
2345:
2201:
2048:
1835:
1791:
1453:
1445:
1355:
1324:
1285:
1253:
1152:
1002:
929:
804:
210:
194:
187:
4019:
Koopman, Hilda. (2000) "Prepositions, postpositions, circumpositions, and particles". In
1140:. This is only a tendency, however; an example of a language that behaves differently is
4105:
2980:. Some adverbs are derived from the fusion of a preposition and its complement (such as
4936:
4894:
4856:
4758:
4487:
4477:
4467:
4362:
4357:
4337:
4332:
4261:
4136:
3718:
3328:
3277:
3068:
2341:
2337:
2253:
1908:
1831:
1464:
1214:
1106:
906:
787:
749:
730:
557:
529:
528:
In the last of these examples the complement has the form of an adverb, which has been
175:
167:
41:
4095:
Merriam Webster Editor's take on whether it is ok to end a sentence with a Preposition
5109:
4861:
4813:
4680:
4660:
4539:
4457:
4437:
4387:
4367:
4347:
3687:
3451:
3257:
3064:
2348:
also allows some degree of combining prepositions with pronouns in the third person.
2216:. A directional meaning usually involves motion in a particular direction ("Kay went
2175:
1954:
is in fact another prepositional phrase. The resulting sequence of two prepositions (
1803:
1141:
821:
592:
283:). In English, this is generally a noun (or something functioning as a noun, e.g., a
3346:
Within the noun phrase, determiners and adjectives may agree with the noun in case (
1565:
recognize the indeterminate status of certain prepositions, allowing two spellings:
4950:
4924:
4914:
4887:
4749:
4482:
4447:
4422:
4377:
4198:
3028:
2463:). The optional pronouns that follow the inflected forms are given in parentheses.
2252:
of the complement varies depending on the meaning, as with several prepositions in
2059:
1998:
709:
of lexical items and cannot be productively derived from words of other categories.
706:
3996:
1903:, or an adverbial. This may be regarded as a complement representing a different
4607:
4417:
4296:
4257:
4222:
4213:
3809:
3438:
1827:
1425:
1346:
569:
276:
68:
31:
3450:
In these examples, the case markings form a word with their hosts (as shown by
3272:. Sometimes such equivalences exist within a single language; for example, the
4967:
4866:
4823:
4800:
4724:
4559:
4462:
4432:
4427:
4281:
4276:
4183:
4173:
4163:
2278:
2168:
2148:
Prepositions sometimes mark roles that may be considered largely grammatical:
1893:
1873:
3795:
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Jan Svartvik, & Geoffrey Leech. 1985.
4957:
4919:
4699:
4516:
4271:
4217:
4193:
2019:
596:
300:
17:
3075:, which also often have the same form as prepositions: for example, Dutch
2039:. Usage can also vary between dialects of the same language (for example,
902:
follows its complement to form a postpositional phrase. Examples include:
617:
The following properties are characteristic of most adpositional systems:
247:
Prepositions, postpositions and circumpositions are collectively known as
4946:
4941:
3689:
Origins of the Specious: Myths and Misconceptions of the English Language
3414:
3273:
2298:
2164:
2031:
2027:
659:
323:
2996:). Some words can function both as adverbs and as prepositions, such as
2918:, an indigenous language of Brazil, uses postpositions in all contexts:
1250:("from the inside of the refrigerator", lit. "from refrigerator inside")
1120:
classification, and tends to correlate with other properties related to
556:
of its complement. In English, the complements of prepositions take the
4931:
4647:
4252:
4168:
2672:
2220:
the store"), the direction in which something leads or points ("A path
577:
319:
244:, some adpositions can be used as both prepositions and postpositions.
3847:
Zwarts, Joost. 2005. "Prepositional Aspect and the Algebra of Paths."
3458:) the choice of the case helps specify the meaning of the adposition.
1810:, however, an improper preposition is one that cannot also serve as a
1647:
It is impossible to insert an article, or to use a different article:
311:, formed by the adposition together with its complement, is called an
4909:
4594:
4286:
4266:
3323:
One adposition can usually combine with two coordinated complements (
3301:
3222:
2977:
2660:
2268:
2197:
1860:
1811:
1409:
1026:
Some adpositions can appear either before or after their complement:
536:, below. Prepositional phrases themselves are sometimes nominalized:
308:
284:
120:
83:
generally has prepositions rather than postpositions – words such as
3777:, p. 618ff; Pullum (2005); Huddleston and Pullum (2005), pp. 146-47.
3561:
1899:
In other cases, the complement may have the form of an adjective or
3174:, many of the words that serve as prepositions can also be used as
3747:
3641:
3327:), whereas a case affix would need to be repeated with each noun (
2734:
2010:, which, if present, would clarify the grammatical relationship.)
123:
formed by an adposition together with its complement is called an
3304:
with their complement, whereas case markings combine with a noun
2738:
2447:
The following table gives the inflected forms of the preposition
1766:
In descriptions of some languages, prepositions are divided into
4232:
4145:
3229:
3175:
1815:
1452:
such as Vata and Gbadi, and in some North American varieties of
1128:
of its phrase, prepositional phrases are head-initial (or right-
4982:
4109:
2814:
3614:
3536:
2782:, have developed inflected prepositions. For example, Persian
3280:
is often interchangeable with a phrase using the preposition
2976:
There are often similarities in form between adpositions and
2114:("answer the question", literally "answer on the question"),
1625:
It contains a word that cannot be used in any other context:
1359:, meaning "with highest praise", lit. "highest with praise".
3320:), whereas this is generally not possible with case affixes;
2224:
the woods"), or the extent of something ("The fog stretched
2244:
the moon"). Some prepositions can have both uses: "he sat
3186:
can be used in either a prepositional or a verbal sense:
1969:
Some adpositions appear to combine with two complements:
1353:
is also commonly used as an inposition, as in the phrase
4030:. LINCOM studies in language typology (No. 13). LINCOM.
3860:
Creswell, Max. 1978. "Prepositions and points of view."
1448:
is debated. Preposition stranding is also found in some
876:?" and "There's only one thing worse than being talked
4043:
Linguistic Categories: Auxiliaries and Related Puzzles,
3083:(both meaning "to offer") contain the separable prefix
1950:
In the last example, the complement of the preposition
263:, irrespective of position relative to the complement.
2232:
Paris"). A static meaning indicates only a location ("
182:("to put"). This refers to the situation in Latin and
30:"Preposition" redirects here. Not to be confused with
3928:. Ann Arbor, MI: University Microfilms International.
3665:
Grammar Girl: Quick and Dirty Tips for Better Writing
3232:) elements. For more information, see the article on
2882:. Historically, this developed from the Latin use of
2822:
2804:
2798:
2783:
1872:(French: "to encourage the others", complement is an
3808:
Maria Franca Zuccarello, Edvaldo Sampaio Belizário,
3087:, which is also a preposition meaning "on" or "to".
1907:, or simply as an atypical form of noun phrase (see
1382:("one after another, repeatedly"), and Russian друг
1366:
has been used for adpositions in structures such as
1266:("except for one detail", lit. "at one detail near")
4875:
4837:
4799:
4771:
4646:
4593:
4515:
4305:
4240:
4231:
4144:
3969:Huddleston, Rodney, and Geoffrey K. Pullum. (2002)
2018:Adpositions can be used to express a wide range of
1988:, they'd have to seriously modify the Constitution.
1959:
3685:O'Conner, Patricia T.; Kellerman, Stewart (2009).
3095:Some words can be used both as adpositions and as
3024:, etc., even though these never take complements.
1888:is not a preposition, but rather is a grammatical
1666:The range of possible adjectives is very limited:
533:
271:An adposition typically combines with exactly one
3537:"Chapter 85: Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase"
3526:"), whose choice of terms is discussed on p. 602.
2296:Directional meanings can be further divided into
2277:("into his room", directional meaning, takes the
1475:) stand before the word it governs (go the fools
1282:("three hours ago", lit. "for three hours since")
3727:. London: George Allen & Unwin. p. 69.
2849:
2384:+ the assimilated pronoun element, resulting in
103:– although there are a few exceptions including
3797:A comprehensive grammar of the English language
3522:An example is Huddleston & Pullum (2002) ("
1298:("out from the room", lit. "from the room out")
1113:(noun-2), meaning "from (noun-1) to (noun-2)".
965:
548:was chosen as the best place to store the wine.
44:used to express spatial or temporal relations (
3903:(2nd ed.). Routledge UK. pp. 41–44.
3562:"Wordcount · Tracking the Way We Use Language"
2208:Spatial meanings of adpositions may be either
303:, etc. The complement is sometimes called the
4994:
4121:
3972:The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language
3619:The World Atlas of Language Structures Online
3312:Two adpositions can usually be joined with a
2867:
2843:
1314:ደሓር ("from now on", lit. "from now to later")
942:
933:
8:
4045:Vol. 1, pp. 253–289. Dordrecht: Reidel.
3418:, "in the house") vs. (postposition) "talon
2949:
2934:
2919:
2747:
2719:
2699:
2679:
886:Il fait trop froid, je ne suis pas habillée
753:
734:
3998:A Student's Introduction to English Grammar
3958:2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press.
3455:
2898:
2883:
2626:
2604:
2582:
2565:
2540:
2523:
2501:
2484:
2448:
2421:
2397:
2391:
2385:
2379:
2373:
2357:
1992:It is more commonly assumed, however, that
1826:As noted above, adpositions typically have
1330:("refrigerator inside") as its complement.
910:
772:
5001:
4987:
4979:
4237:
4128:
4114:
4106:
3956:International Encyclopedia of Linguistics.
3954:Haspelmath, Martin. (2003) "Adpositions".
3825:, Amsterdam University Press 2005, p. 148.
3510:Huddleston & Pullum (2002), chapter 7.
3442:, "on the roof") vs. (postposition) "tető
3260:construction is marked by the preposition
2267:("in his room", static meaning, takes the
1636:The first preposition cannot be replaced:
3604:, John Benjamins Publishing 2006, p. 109.
3170:In some languages, including a number of
2058:In some contexts (as in the case of some
1390:, for example); such uses have more of a
1227:("towards the end", lit. "to the end to")
1124:. Since an adposition is regarded as the
154:regardless of the applicable word order.
2467:
658:The most common adpositions are single,
595:ending), but adpositions are classed as
130:A less common type of adposition is the
67:An adposition typically combines with a
3976:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3518:
3516:
3503:
3350:), but an adposition only appears once;
492:
369:, the preposition within it appears in
4023:, pp. 204–260. London: Routledge.
3395:, "to the cinema") vs. (postposition)
3213:is the main verb, meaning "to arrive")
2372:) + a linking element; in the case of
1979:, we can all come out of hiding again.
1498:adpositions consist of a single word (
3615:"Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase"
3284:(just as in English, the preposition
3198:, meaning "to go", is the main verb,
60:(which precede their complement) and
7:
4070:, suppl. to vol. 45, pp. 64–73.
4057:Phrasal Prepositions in a Civil Tone
2678:For example, the Arabic preposition
2655:Inflected prepositions are found in
2309:Static meanings can be divided into
2136:("dream about winning the title"),
1996:and the following predicate forms a
591:is expressed in many languages by a
326:relationship, which may be spatial (
174:prefix (pre- prefix) ("before") and
3901:Modern Hebrew: An Essential Grammar
2748:
2720:
2700:
2680:
2026:Most common adpositions are highly
1926:(complements are adjective phrases)
606:Adpositions themselves are usually
56:). The most common adpositions are
4021:The Syntax of Specifiers and Heads
3693:. New York: Random House. p.
3541:World Atlas of Language Structures
3426:in front, "in front of the house")
3288:is often interchangeable with the
1428:of the sentence, because it is an
1159:. The following are examples from
1022:(both could be considered adverbs)
599:elements, while case markings are
360:World Atlas of Language Structures
25:
3836:Idioms of the Greek New Testament
3578:See Reindl (2001), Libert (2006).
1830:as complements. This can include
891:("It's too cold, I'm not dressed
307:of the adposition. The resulting
64:(which follow their complement).
3876:A Grammar of Contemporary Polish
3752:Neue Rechtschreibung Crashkurs (
3659:Fogarty, Mignon (4 March 2010).
3063:, and so on. The equivalents in
1849:(complement is a nominal clause)
1138:verbs that precede their objects
552:An adposition may determine the
279:(or, in a different analysis, a
3924:Crowell, Thomas Harris (1979).
3812:, CNLF, Vol. XII No. 16, p. 72.
3316:and share a single complement (
3268:it is marked by the use of the
3236:, particularly the sections on
2006:may be considered to have been
1847:whether to have children or not
1681:of the noun cannot be changed:
1563:German orthographic conventions
1134:verbs that follow their objects
532:to serve as a noun phrase; see
500:As an adjunct to an adjective:
346:, ...), or of some other type (
240:In some languages, for example
91:precede their objects, such as
46:in, under, towards, behind, ago
3202:is prepositional meaning "to")
3153:it's going to rain again today
2967:Overlaps with other categories
2188:the recipient of a transfer –
1176:("in", for things, not places)
869:
146:. Some linguists use the word
1:
3838:, A&C Black 1992, p. 140.
3724:Essentials of English Grammar
1822:Different forms of complement
1469:Essentials of English Grammar
714:Classification of adpositions
534:Different forms of complement
193:In some languages, including
4102:at Purdue Online Writing Lab
4063:. Accessed 9 September 2007.
4055:Pullum, Geoffrey K. (2005) "
3878:. Bloomington, IN: Slavica.
3786:Quirk and Mulholland (1964).
3640:Lundin, Leigh (2007-09-23).
3473:List of English prepositions
1946:(complement is an adverbial)
1605:("to the disadvantage of"),
1479:(Sh); What are you laughing
1085:the road"; here a different
580:for use after prepositions (
318:An adposition establishes a
4001:(2nd ed.). Cambridge:
3642:"The Power of Prepositions"
2823:
2805:
2799:
2784:
1408:Preposition stranding is a
1345:that form part of the same
977:the tree", literally "tree
115:) or have both types (like
5152:
4963:Syntax–semantics interface
4075:Approaches to Prepositions
4050:La préposition en français
4003:Cambridge University Press
3995:; Reynolds, Brett (2022).
3862:Linguistics and Philosophy
3849:Linguistics and Philosophy
3799:. London: Longman. 667-68.
3097:subordinating conjunctions
2324:
2144:("consist of two groups")
1692:It is impossible to use a
1401:
872:), as in "Whom did you go
29:
5075:
5020:
3325:of the city and the world
2832:Iberian Romance languages
2581:
2558:
2519:
2480:
2470:
2396:and not the "stem", e.g.
1986:Sammy to become president
1936:(complement is an adverb)
451:As an adjunct to a verb:
391:As an adjunct to a noun:
4383:Exceptional case-marking
4077:. Tübingen: Gunter Narr.
3648:. Cairo: Criminal Brief.
3591:, Routledge 2013 p. 736.
3478:Old English prepositions
3314:coordinating conjunction
3219:serial verb construction
2122:("accusation of fraud")
1613:+ preposition", such as
1438:North Germanic languages
1003:Chinese locative phrases
641:, that, it, is, was, I,
375:, and the preposition's
251:(using the Latin prefix
71:, this being called its
48:, etc.) or mark various
5136:Grammatical marker type
4026:Libert, Alan R. (2006)
3899:Glinert, Lewis (1994).
3874:Swan, Oscar E. (2002).
3661:"Top Ten Grammar Myths"
3621:. Retrieved 2015-01-01.
2950:
2935:
2920:
2897:after a pronoun, as in
2287:predicative expressions
2196:(sometimes marked by a
1958:) may be regarded as a
1802:("for the sake of") in
1609:("at the expense of").
1420:as its complement, but
576:), or special forms of
4189:Initial-stress-derived
2899:
2884:
2868:
2850:
2844:
2627:
2605:
2583:
2566:
2541:
2524:
2502:
2485:
2449:
2422:
2398:
2392:
2386:
2380:
2374:
2358:
1798:("on account of") and
1109:construction (noun-1)
966:
943:
934:
911:
773:
754:
735:
612:inflected prepositions
428:predicative expression
267:Grammatical properties
179:
171:
4700:Inclusive / Exclusive
3318:of and for the people
3116:the end of the summer
3037:prepositional adverbs
2972:Adverbs and particles
2486:ohonof (i), ohono (i)
2327:Inflected preposition
2321:Inflected adpositions
2163:(sometimes marked by
2155:(in a broad sense) –
1886:infinitive in English
1884:when it precedes the
1870:encourager les autres
1834:and certain types of
1709:Marginal prepositions
1694:possessive determiner
1642:for/without a view to
1450:Niger–Congo languages
1404:Preposition stranding
1323:("from"), taking the
866:preposition stranding
582:prepositional pronoun
287:), together with its
4048:Melis, Ludo. (2003)
3483:Spanish prepositions
3468:English prepositions
3334:, not *urb- et orbis
3300:Adpositions combine
3194:("I go to Beijing";
2669:Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
1892:outside of any main
1857:solving this problem
1653:on an/the account of
1325:locative noun phrase
816:in the possession of
4580:Relative subsective
4473:Regular / Irregular
4318:Andative / Venitive
4154:Abstract / Concrete
4073:Rauh, Gisa. (1991)
3993:Pullum, Geoffrey K.
3926:A Grammar of Bororo
3834:Stanley E. Porter,
3209:("I have arrived";
3178:. For instance, in
2928:about the mountains
1806:. In reference to
1790:("in front of") in
1672:in helpful favor of
1444:. Its existence in
1122:head directionality
954:me", literally "my
922:me", literally "me
884:?", and the French
705:Adpositions form a
313:adpositional phrase
125:adpositional phrase
4139:and their features
4137:Lexical categories
3989:Huddleston, Rodney
3759:2008-03-12 at the
3613:Matthew S. Dryer,
3488:Japanese particles
3446:("under the roof")
3429:Hungarian: (case)
3402:("for the cinema")
3073:separable prefixes
2994:under (the) ground
2842:, the preposition
2014:Semantic functions
1920:blindingly bright
1905:syntactic category
1679:grammatical number
1607:zulasten/zu Lasten
1559:grammaticalisation
1430:interrogative word
1426:moved to the start
1093:precedes the noun)
832:(the) blackboard")
574:prepositional case
493:Semantic functions
387:to the same word.
338:, ...), temporal (
237:prefix "around").
221:(using the prefix
5121:Generative syntax
5103:
5102:
5014:world's languages
4976:
4975:
4781:Casally modulated
4686:Formal / Informal
4575:Pure intersective
4525:Anti-intersective
4511:
4510:
4458:Preterite-present
4100:Some prepositions
4012:978-1-009-08574-8
3704:978-1-4000-6660-5
3589:Iranian Languages
3587:Gernot Windfuhr,
3566:www.wordcount.org
3290:possessive suffix
3270:instrumental case
3192:wǒ dào Běijīng qù
3172:Chinese varieties
3162:as a complement.
3143:another rainy day
2986:down (the) stairs
2657:Semitic languages
2622:
2621:
2037:language learning
1859:(complement is a
1668:in great favor of
1597:("in favor of"),
1589:("by means of"),
1349:. The Latin word
1339:Timbisha language
560:where available (
430:(complement of a
281:determiner phrase
16:(Redirected from
5143:
5003:
4996:
4989:
4980:
4555:Non-intersective
4238:
4130:
4123:
4116:
4107:
4016:
3943:
3938:See for example
3936:
3930:
3929:
3921:
3915:
3914:
3896:
3890:
3889:
3871:
3865:
3858:
3852:
3845:
3839:
3832:
3826:
3823:On Latin Adverbs
3819:
3813:
3806:
3800:
3793:
3787:
3784:
3778:
3772:
3766:
3745:
3739:
3738:
3715:
3709:
3708:
3692:
3682:
3676:
3675:
3673:
3671:
3656:
3650:
3649:
3637:
3631:
3628:
3622:
3611:
3605:
3598:
3592:
3585:
3579:
3576:
3570:
3569:
3558:
3552:
3551:
3549:
3547:
3533:
3527:
3520:
3511:
3508:
3405:Finnish: (case)
3384:Turkish: (case)
3295:
3254:grammatical case
3242:locative phrases
3180:Standard Chinese
3133:the summer ended
3039:). Examples are
2962:
2959:
2956:
2953:
2947:
2944:
2941:
2938:
2932:
2929:
2926:
2923:
2911:
2908:
2905:
2902:
2896:
2893:
2890:
2887:
2881:
2878:
2875:
2871:
2862:
2859:
2856:
2853:
2847:
2826:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2811:
2808:
2802:
2796:
2793:
2790:
2787:
2776:Iranic languages
2765:
2762:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2750:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2736:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2722:
2717:
2714:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2702:
2697:
2694:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2682:
2646:
2643:
2637:
2633:
2618:
2615:
2612:
2608:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2586:
2579:
2576:
2573:
2569:
2554:
2551:
2548:
2544:
2537:
2534:
2531:
2527:
2515:
2512:
2509:
2505:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2488:
2468:
2462:
2459:
2456:
2452:
2443:
2440:
2433:
2429:
2419:
2416:
2409:
2405:
2395:
2389:
2383:
2377:
2371:
2368:
2365:
2361:
2334:Celtic languages
2265:in seinem Zimmer
2178:constructions –
2041:American English
1966:("from under").
1901:adjective phrase
1581:("because of"),
1573:("instead of"),
1182:("via, through")
1161:Northern Kurdish
972:
949:
940:
917:
779:
760:
741:
554:grammatical case
113:Turkic languages
21:
5151:
5150:
5146:
5145:
5144:
5142:
5141:
5140:
5126:Parts of speech
5106:
5105:
5104:
5099:
5071:
5016:
5007:
4977:
4972:
4871:
4833:
4795:
4767:
4695:Gender-specific
4642:
4589:
4507:
4393:Germanic strong
4301:
4227:
4140:
4134:
4091:
4082:On Prepositions
4068:English Studies
4013:
3987:
3951:
3946:
3937:
3933:
3923:
3922:
3918:
3911:
3898:
3897:
3893:
3886:
3873:
3872:
3868:
3859:
3855:
3846:
3842:
3833:
3829:
3821:Harm Pinkster,
3820:
3816:
3807:
3803:
3794:
3790:
3785:
3781:
3773:
3769:
3761:Wayback Machine
3746:
3742:
3735:
3719:Jespersen, Otto
3717:
3716:
3712:
3705:
3684:
3683:
3679:
3669:
3667:
3658:
3657:
3653:
3639:
3638:
3634:
3629:
3625:
3612:
3608:
3599:
3595:
3586:
3582:
3577:
3573:
3560:
3559:
3555:
3545:
3543:
3535:
3534:
3530:
3521:
3514:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3493:Relational noun
3464:
3306:morphologically
3293:
3250:
3234:Chinese grammar
3168:
3093:
2974:
2969:
2960:
2957:
2954:
2945:
2942:
2939:
2930:
2927:
2924:
2909:
2906:
2903:
2894:
2891:
2888:
2879:
2876:
2873:
2860:
2857:
2854:
2818:
2812:
2809:
2794:
2791:
2788:
2772:
2770:Other languages
2763:
2760:
2757:
2743:
2732:
2729:
2715:
2712:
2709:
2695:
2692:
2689:
2653:
2644:
2638:
2635:
2628:Cymerodd ef hi
2616:
2613:
2610:
2594:
2591:
2588:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2552:
2549:
2546:
2535:
2532:
2529:
2513:
2510:
2507:
2496:
2493:
2490:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2441:
2434:
2431:
2417:
2410:
2407:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2354:
2329:
2323:
2202:indirect object
2134:ganar el título
2049:British English
2016:
1977:Sammy president
1929:I worked there
1915:The scene went
1842:We can't agree
1836:non-finite verb
1832:nominal clauses
1824:
1786:("before") and
1764:
1744:notwithstanding
1711:
1698:in spite of him
1657:for the sake of
1619:for the sake of
1524:with respect to
1493:
1406:
1400:
1356:summa cum laude
1048:meiner Meinung
1040:notwithstanding
1034:notwithstanding
1010:ten kilometers
721:While the term
716:
488:the formalities
275:, most often a
269:
160:
109:notwithstanding
97:under the table
75:, or sometimes
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5149:
5147:
5139:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5108:
5107:
5101:
5100:
5098:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5076:
5073:
5072:
5070:
5069:
5068:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5032:
5027:
5021:
5018:
5017:
5008:
5006:
5005:
4998:
4991:
4983:
4974:
4973:
4971:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4954:
4953:
4939:
4937:Procedure word
4934:
4929:
4928:
4927:
4922:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4895:Complementizer
4892:
4891:
4890:
4879:
4877:
4873:
4872:
4870:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4843:
4841:
4835:
4834:
4832:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4805:
4803:
4797:
4796:
4794:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4777:
4775:
4769:
4768:
4766:
4765:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4691:Gender-neutral
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4656:Bound variable
4652:
4650:
4644:
4643:
4641:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4599:
4597:
4591:
4590:
4588:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4521:
4519:
4513:
4512:
4509:
4508:
4506:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4313:Ambitransitive
4309:
4307:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4255:
4250:
4244:
4242:
4235:
4229:
4228:
4226:
4225:
4220:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4150:
4148:
4142:
4141:
4135:
4133:
4132:
4125:
4118:
4110:
4104:
4103:
4097:
4090:
4089:External links
4087:
4086:
4085:
4078:
4071:
4064:
4053:
4052:. Gap: Ophrys.
4046:
4039:
4024:
4017:
4011:
3985:
3967:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3944:
3931:
3916:
3909:
3891:
3884:
3866:
3853:
3851:28.6, 739–779.
3840:
3827:
3814:
3801:
3788:
3779:
3767:
3740:
3733:
3710:
3703:
3677:
3651:
3632:
3623:
3606:
3593:
3580:
3571:
3553:
3528:
3512:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3496:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3463:
3460:
3448:
3447:
3427:
3403:
3355:
3354:
3351:
3348:case spreading
3344:
3341:
3338:
3332:urbis et orbis
3321:
3249:
3246:
3215:
3214:
3203:
3167:
3164:
3156:
3155:
3147:(conjunction)
3145:
3137:(preposition)
3135:
3120:(conjunction)
3118:
3103:(preposition)
3092:
3089:
3020:(that place),
3016:(this place),
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2771:
2768:
2652:
2649:
2624:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2614:of/from her/it
2602:
2598:
2597:
2580:
2575:of/from him/it
2563:
2560:
2556:
2555:
2538:
2521:
2517:
2516:
2499:
2482:
2478:
2477:
2474:
2471:
2353:
2350:
2325:Main article:
2322:
2319:
2315:non-projective
2283:
2282:
2275:in sein Zimmer
2272:
2206:
2205:
2186:
2172:
2146:
2145:
2123:
2101:
2053:at the weekend
2045:on the weekend
2015:
2012:
1990:
1989:
1980:
1948:
1947:
1937:
1927:
1909:nominalization
1878:
1877:
1864:
1850:
1823:
1820:
1763:
1756:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1705:
1690:
1675:
1664:
1645:
1638:with a view to
1634:
1492:
1485:
1465:Otto Jespersen
1402:Main article:
1399:
1396:
1316:
1315:
1299:
1283:
1267:
1251:
1228:
1212:
1196:
1195:
1189:
1183:
1177:
1171:
1149:circumposition
1107:Vedic Sanskrit
1095:
1094:
1065:
1058:meiner Meinung
1044:
1024:
1023:
1006:
982:
959:
927:
862:
861:
833:
819:
802:
785:
766:
747:
715:
712:
711:
710:
703:
655:
654:
653:
652:
623:
622:
608:non-inflecting
558:objective case
550:
549:
526:
525:
524:
523:
512:
498:
497:
496:
480:
463:
449:
448:
447:
424:
423:
422:
403:
268:
265:
231:circumposition
159:
156:
132:circumposition
50:semantic roles
42:class of words
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5148:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5113:
5111:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5077:
5074:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5037:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5030:Orthographies
5028:
5026:
5023:
5022:
5019:
5015:
5011:
5004:
4999:
4997:
4992:
4990:
4985:
4984:
4981:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4952:
4948:
4945:
4944:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4917:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4889:
4886:
4885:
4884:
4881:
4880:
4878:
4874:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4852:Interrogative
4850:
4848:
4845:
4844:
4842:
4840:
4836:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4819:Interrogative
4817:
4815:
4814:Demonstrative
4812:
4810:
4807:
4806:
4804:
4802:
4798:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4778:
4776:
4774:
4770:
4764:
4763:Prepositional
4760:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4750:Strong / Weak
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4715:Interrogative
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4661:Demonstrative
4659:
4657:
4654:
4653:
4651:
4649:
4645:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4628:Prepositional
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4618:Interrogative
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4600:
4598:
4596:
4592:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4540:Demonstrative
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4522:
4520:
4518:
4514:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4398:Germanic weak
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4388:Frequentative
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4328:Autocausative
4326:
4324:
4323:Anticausative
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4310:
4308:
4304:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4292:Transgressive
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4230:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4151:
4149:
4147:
4143:
4138:
4131:
4126:
4124:
4119:
4117:
4112:
4111:
4108:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4092:
4088:
4083:
4079:
4076:
4072:
4069:
4065:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4051:
4047:
4044:
4040:
4037:
4036:3-89586-747-0
4033:
4029:
4028:Ambipositions
4025:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3999:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3983:
3982:0-521-43146-8
3979:
3975:
3973:
3968:
3965:
3964:0-19-513977-1
3961:
3957:
3953:
3952:
3948:
3942:, pp. 612–16.
3941:
3935:
3932:
3927:
3920:
3917:
3912:
3910:0-415-10190-5
3906:
3902:
3895:
3892:
3887:
3885:0-89357-296-9
3881:
3877:
3870:
3867:
3863:
3857:
3854:
3850:
3844:
3841:
3837:
3831:
3828:
3824:
3818:
3815:
3811:
3805:
3802:
3798:
3792:
3789:
3783:
3780:
3776:
3771:
3768:
3764:
3762:
3758:
3755:
3749:
3744:
3741:
3736:
3730:
3726:
3725:
3720:
3714:
3711:
3706:
3700:
3696:
3691:
3690:
3681:
3678:
3666:
3662:
3655:
3652:
3647:
3643:
3636:
3633:
3627:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3610:
3607:
3603:
3600:Vít Bubeník,
3597:
3594:
3590:
3584:
3581:
3575:
3572:
3567:
3563:
3557:
3554:
3542:
3538:
3532:
3529:
3525:
3519:
3517:
3513:
3507:
3504:
3498:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3461:
3459:
3457:
3453:
3452:vowel harmony
3445:
3441:
3440:
3435:
3434:
3428:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3416:
3411:
3410:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3394:
3390:
3389:
3383:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3364:
3360:
3352:
3349:
3345:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3333:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3303:
3302:syntactically
3298:
3296:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3247:
3245:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3226:
3224:
3220:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3154:
3152:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3102:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3029:phrasal verbs
3027:Many English
3025:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2971:
2966:
2964:
2952:
2937:
2922:
2917:
2913:
2901:
2886:
2870:
2866:
2852:
2846:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2828:
2825:
2807:
2801:
2786:
2781:
2777:
2769:
2767:
2676:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2650:
2648:
2642:
2632:
2631:
2607:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2585:
2568:
2567:ohono (fe/fo)
2564:
2561:
2557:
2543:
2542:ohonoch (chi)
2539:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2504:
2500:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2472:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2464:
2451:
2445:
2438:
2428:
2426:
2414:
2404:
2402:
2394:
2388:
2382:
2376:
2360:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2328:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2307:
2305:
2301:
2300:
2294:
2292:
2288:
2280:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2240:the chair", "
2239:
2236:the store", "
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2193:
2187:
2185:
2184:a lone gunman
2183:
2177:
2174:the agent in
2173:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2160:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2149:
2143:
2141:
2135:
2133:
2127:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2113:
2111:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2060:phrasal verbs
2056:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2033:
2029:
2024:
2021:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2005:
2001:
2000:
1995:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1971:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1945:
1944:under the bed
1943:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1914:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1897:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1875:
1871:
1869:
1865:
1862:
1858:
1856:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1841:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1808:Ancient Greek
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1761:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1708:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1688:
1687:by virtues of
1684:
1680:
1676:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1662:
1661:for a sake of
1658:
1654:
1650:
1649:on account of
1646:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1616:
1610:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1490:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1436:, as well as
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1405:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1379:
1373:
1371:
1365:
1364:interposition
1360:
1358:
1357:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1322:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1292:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1201:
1200:
1199:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1092:
1089:is used when
1088:
1084:
1080:
1078:
1073:
1072:
1066:
1063:
1059:
1057:
1052:
1051:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1036:
1035:
1032:the evidence
1029:
1028:
1027:
1021:
1020:
1014:
1013:
1007:
1004:
1000:
997:(lit. "table
996:
995:
990:
986:
983:
980:
976:
971:
970:
963:
960:
957:
953:
948:
947:
939:
938:
931:
928:
925:
921:
916:
915:
908:
905:
904:
903:
901:
896:
894:
890:
889:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
859:
856:
852:
848:
845:
841:
837:
834:
831:
827:
823:
820:
817:
813:
811:
806:
803:
800:
796:
794:
789:
786:
783:
778:
776:
770:
767:
764:
759:
757:
751:
748:
745:
740:
738:
732:
729:
728:
727:
724:
719:
713:
708:
704:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
660:monomorphemic
657:
656:
650:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
627:
626:
625:
624:
620:
619:
618:
615:
613:
609:
604:
602:
601:morphological
598:
594:
593:genitive case
590:
585:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
547:
546:
543:
539:
538:
537:
535:
531:
522:
521:
518:
513:
511:
510:
507:
502:
501:
499:
494:
490:
489:
486:
481:
479:
478:
475:
472:
469:
464:
462:
461:
458:
453:
452:
450:
445:
444:
441:
436:
435:
433:
429:
425:
421:
420:
419:live bacteria
417:
413:
412:
409:
404:
402:
401:
398:
393:
392:
390:
389:
388:
386:
382:
378:
374:
373:
368:
363:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
316:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
266:
264:
262:
258:
254:
250:
245:
243:
238:
236:
232:
228:
225:, from Latin
224:
220:
219:postpositions
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
191:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
157:
155:
153:
149:
145:
144:interposition
141:
137:
133:
128:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
65:
63:
62:postpositions
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
33:
19:
5044:
5009:
4951:Pro-sentence
4925:Onomatopoeia
4915:Interjection
4888:Measure word
4671:Distributive
4565:Postpositive
4545:Intersective
4498:Unaccusative
4443:Performative
4413:Intransitive
4373:Ditransitive
4199:Noun adjunct
4081:
4074:
4067:
4061:Language Log
4060:
4049:
4042:
4027:
4020:
3997:
3970:
3955:
3949:Bibliography
3939:
3934:
3925:
3919:
3900:
3894:
3875:
3869:
3861:
3856:
3848:
3843:
3835:
3830:
3822:
3817:
3804:
3796:
3791:
3782:
3774:
3770:
3751:
3743:
3723:
3713:
3688:
3680:
3668:. Retrieved
3664:
3654:
3645:
3635:
3626:
3618:
3609:
3601:
3596:
3588:
3583:
3574:
3565:
3556:
3544:. Retrieved
3540:
3531:
3523:
3506:
3449:
3443:
3437:
3432:
3430:
3423:
3419:
3413:
3408:
3406:
3398:
3396:
3392:
3387:
3385:
3368:
3356:
3347:
3335:
3331:
3324:
3317:
3299:
3292:
3285:
3281:
3261:
3251:
3248:Case affixes
3227:
3216:
3210:
3206:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3183:
3169:
3157:
3150:
3148:
3140:
3138:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3121:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3104:
3094:
3091:Conjunctions
3084:
3080:
3076:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3051:, etc., and
3048:
3044:
3040:
3026:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3010:transitively
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2975:
2914:
2829:
2792:from him/her
2778:, including
2773:
2698:inflects as
2677:
2659:, including
2654:
2640:
2629:
2625:
2592:of/from them
2584:ohonyn (nhw)
2446:
2436:
2424:
2412:
2400:
2355:
2330:
2314:
2310:
2308:
2303:
2297:
2295:
2284:
2274:
2264:
2257:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2207:
2191:
2189:
2181:
2179:
2158:
2156:
2147:
2139:
2137:
2131:
2129:
2117:
2115:
2109:
2107:
2097:
2095:
2090:
2088:
2083:
2081:
2076:
2074:
2069:
2067:
2057:
2052:
2044:
2032:metaphorical
2025:
2017:
2003:
1999:small clause
1997:
1993:
1991:
1983:
1982:
1974:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1955:
1951:
1949:
1941:
1940:
1931:
1930:
1921:
1917:
1916:
1898:
1881:
1879:
1867:
1866:
1854:
1853:
1852:Let's think
1844:
1843:
1828:noun phrases
1825:
1799:
1795:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1765:
1759:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1712:
1702:in his spite
1701:
1697:
1686:
1683:by virtue of
1682:
1671:
1667:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1641:
1637:
1630:
1626:
1618:
1614:
1611:
1606:
1603:zu Ungunsten
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1540:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1494:
1488:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1458:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1407:
1392:coordinating
1387:
1383:
1377:
1375:
1369:
1367:
1363:
1361:
1354:
1350:
1334:
1332:
1328:bīngxīang lǐ
1327:
1320:
1317:
1311:
1306:
1305:
1294:
1290:
1289:
1278:
1274:
1273:
1262:
1258:
1257:
1246:
1242:
1241:
1238:
1234:
1223:
1219:
1218:
1208:
1204:
1203:
1197:
1191:
1185:
1179:
1173:
1167:
1163:(Kurmanji):
1148:
1146:
1115:
1110:
1103:ambiposition
1102:
1099:ambiposition
1098:
1096:
1090:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1070:
1068:
1064:my opinion")
1061:
1055:
1054:
1049:
1047:
1042:the evidence
1039:
1038:
1033:
1031:
1025:
1018:
1016:
1011:
1009:
998:
993:
991:
988:
978:
974:
968:
955:
951:
945:
936:
923:
919:
913:
900:postposition
899:
897:
892:
887:
885:
881:
877:
873:
863:
857:
854:
850:
846:
843:
839:
829:
828:ក្តារខៀន ("
825:
815:
809:
808:
798:
792:
791:
781:
774:
762:
755:
743:
736:
722:
720:
717:
707:closed class
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
628:
616:
605:
588:
586:
565:
561:
551:
544:
541:
540:
527:
519:
516:
515:
508:
505:
504:
487:
484:
483:
476:
473:
470:
467:
466:
459:
456:
455:
442:
439:
438:
418:
415:
414:
410:
407:
406:
399:
396:
395:
394:the weather
380:
371:
370:
366:
364:
358:, ...). The
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
317:
304:
270:
260:
259:in place of
256:
252:
248:
246:
239:
234:
233:(from Latin
230:
226:
222:
218:
192:
163:
161:
151:
150:in place of
147:
143:
139:
136:ambiposition
135:
131:
129:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
66:
61:
58:prepositions
57:
53:
45:
37:
36:
5050:Determiners
5045:Adpositions
5025:Phonologies
5010:Adpositions
4900:Conjunction
4666:Disjunctive
4603:Conjunctive
4550:Nominalized
4453:Predicative
4297:Verbal noun
4248:Attributive
3439:superessive
3264:, while in
3079:and German
2990:underground
2639:he took it
2559:3rd Person
2550:of/from you
2533:of/from you
2525:ohonot (ti)
2520:2nd Person
2503:ohonon (ni)
2481:1st Person
2399:dw i'n dod
2210:directional
1924:pitch black
1788:davanti (a)
1724:considering
1670:, but not *
1615:in front of
1599:zuungunsten
1520:in spite of
1473:praepositio
1394:character.
1347:noun phrase
1293:dem Zimmer
1277:tre timmar
1118:typological
1101:. However,
1069:die Straße
1017:ten months
801:the table")
784:the table")
765:the table")
723:preposition
570:Koine Greek
530:nominalised
437:The key is
320:grammatical
277:noun phrase
257:preposition
249:adpositions
166:comes from
164:preposition
158:Terminology
148:preposition
69:noun phrase
38:Adpositions
32:proposition
18:Preposition
5131:Word order
5110:Categories
5040:Adjectives
4968:Yes and no
4883:Classifier
4867:Possessive
4829:Quantifier
4824:Possessive
4801:Determiner
4773:Adposition
4745:Resumptive
4730:Reciprocal
4725:Possessive
4705:Indefinite
4633:Pronominal
4585:Subsective
4560:Possessive
4530:Collateral
4503:Unergative
4493:Transitive
4408:Inchoative
4403:Impersonal
4343:Catenative
4282:Participle
4277:Infinitive
4209:Relational
4179:Collective
4159:Adjectival
3864:, 2: 1–41.
3734:1135662118
3646:On Writing
3499:References
3006:underneath
2982:downstairs
2840:Portuguese
2606:ohoni (hi)
2562:Masculine
2511:of/from us
2494:of/from me
2435:too much (
2311:projective
2279:accusative
2256:, such as
2169:possessive
2153:possession
2142:dos grupos
2138:consistir
2116:obvinenie
2108:otvechat'
2047:, whereas
2028:polysemous
1956:from under
1894:word class
1874:infinitive
1780:accidental
1752:respecting
1720:concerning
1631:in lieu of
1627:by dint of
1595:zu Gunsten
1557:) through
1532:by dint of
1528:except for
1335:inposition
1261:un détail
1245:bīngxiāng
1222:het einde
1079:der Straße
1008:English:
868:(see also
739:einer Frau
545:the cellar
471:the tables
460:the winter
457:throughout
381:underlined
377:complement
301:adjectives
273:complement
261:adposition
199:Hindustani
152:adposition
140:inposition
93:in England
73:complement
4958:Prop-word
4920:Ideophone
4847:Discourse
4786:Inflected
4735:Reflexive
4710:Intensive
4517:Adjective
4488:Stretched
4478:Separable
4468:Reflexive
4363:Denominal
4358:Defective
4338:Captative
4333:Auxiliary
4272:Gerundive
4262:Nonfinite
4184:Countable
3546:29 August
3378:Hungarian
3207:wǒ dào le
3149:It looks
3139:It looks
3077:aanbieden
3061:fall over
3057:take over
3033:particles
3022:afterward
2813:with you
2754:/ʕalajhi/
2726:/ʕalajka/
2706:/ʕalajːa/
2601:Feminine
2473:Singular
2068:dispense
2066:English:
1939:Come out
1880:The word
1772:essential
1748:regarding
1740:including
1736:following
1728:excluding
1685:but not *
1659:but not *
1651:but not *
1640:but not *
1591:zugunsten
1587:mit Hilfe
1579:auf Grund
1571:an Stelle
1551:by + side
1543:with + in
1514:, etc.).
1467:, in his
1410:syntactic
1398:Stranding
1388:word word
1374:, French
1362:The term
1343:modifiers
1202:English:
1194:("since")
1192:ji ... ve
1186:ji ... re
1180:di ... re
1174:di ... de
1168:bi ... re
1130:branching
1030:English:
962:Hungarian
849:table");
746:a woman")
597:syntactic
482:dispense
443:the stone
293:modifiers
289:specifier
207:Hungarian
162:The word
85:in, under
5060:Pronouns
5035:Grammars
4947:Pro-verb
4942:Pro-form
4839:Particle
4791:Stranded
4740:Relative
4720:Personal
4638:Relative
4623:Locative
4613:Genitive
4438:Negative
4368:Deponent
4348:Compound
3757:Archived
3754:Regel 11
3721:(1962).
3670:27 March
3462:See also
3424:genitive
3415:inessive
3391:(cinema-
3359:Japanese
3276:case in
3274:genitive
3081:anbieten
3045:carry on
3031:contain
2865:Asturian
2834:such as
2821:becomes
2797:becomes
2378:this is
2289:after a
2190:give it
2165:genitive
2157:the pen
2020:semantic
1934:recently
1890:particle
1838:phrase:
1784:prima di
1776:improper
1762:improper
1583:mithilfe
1575:aufgrund
1567:anstelle
1440:such as
1302:Tigrinya
1170:("with")
1067:German:
1046:German:
836:Tigrinya
758:la table
578:pronouns
562:from him
520:recently
495:, above)
324:semantic
297:articles
295:such as
215:Japanese
186:(and in
5095:Spanish
5090:Latvian
5080:English
5012:of the
4932:Preverb
4809:Article
4755:Subject
4648:Pronoun
4483:Stative
4448:Phrasal
4423:Lexical
4378:Dynamic
4353:Copular
4253:Converb
4169:Animacy
3422:(house-
3412:(house-
3397:sinema
3374:Finnish
3370:Turkish
3266:Russian
3258:passive
3238:coverbs
3223:coverbs
2992:, from
2984:, from
2978:adverbs
2951:i-wagai
2921:tori ji
2907:with me
2877:with me
2869:conmigo
2836:Spanish
2824:bāhātun
2806:bā šomā
2780:Persian
2766:, etc.
2749:علَيْهِ
2733:on you
2721:علَيْكَ
2673:Amharic
2651:Semitic
2641:from me
2476:Plural
2458:of/from
2423:gormod
2411:I come
2367:of/from
2228:London
2180:killed
2176:passive
2161:my aunt
2126:Spanish
2104:Russian
2082:insist
2075:listen
1960:complex
1876:phrase)
1863:phrase)
1792:Italian
1758:Proper
1732:failing
1716:barring
1700:, not *
1536:next to
1516:Complex
1512:towards
1491:complex
1487:Simple
1461:no rule
1442:Swedish
1434:English
1270:Swedish
1231:Chinese
1188:("for")
1157:Kurdish
1091:entlang
1077:entlang
1071:entlang
992:zhuōzi
985:Chinese
930:Turkish
860:table")
853:ጣውላ ("
842:ጣውላ ("
805:Russian
777:y bwrdd
633:, and,
566:from he
564:, not *
465:danced
405:cheese
385:adjunct
367:italics
242:Finnish
235:circum-
203:Turkish
188:English
119:). The
117:Finnish
101:of Jane
81:English
54:of, for
5116:Syntax
5085:Korean
4910:Coverb
4905:Copula
4759:Object
4676:Donkey
4595:Adverb
4570:Proper
4535:Common
4418:Labile
4287:Supine
4267:Gerund
4258:Finite
4223:Verbal
4214:Strong
4204:Proper
4034:
4009:
3980:
3962:
3907:
3882:
3731:
3701:
3436:(roof-
3420:edessä
3393:dative
3386:sinema
3363:Korean
3294:'s
3278:German
3190:我到北京去
3160:clause
3123:before
3106:before
3085:aan/an
3069:German
3049:get on
3002:aboard
2998:inside
2988:, and
2958:for me
2916:Bororo
2872:means
2761:on him
2701:علَيَّ
2686:/ʕalaː
2665:Arabic
2661:Hebrew
2630:ohonof
2439:) beer
2352:Celtic
2346:Polish
2304:atelic
2291:copula
2269:dative
2254:German
2238:behind
2214:static
2200:or an
2198:dative
2171:forms)
2130:soñar
2120:obmane
2112:vopros
2089:proud
2008:elided
1964:iz-pod
1861:gerund
1812:prefix
1794:, and
1774:) and
1768:proper
1760:versus
1750:, and
1555:beside
1547:within
1534:, and
1496:Simple
1489:versus
1454:French
1446:German
1295:heraus
1286:German
1254:French
1153:Pashto
944:benim
851:አብ ትሕቲ
840:አብ ልዕሊ
788:Polish
750:French
731:German
568:). In
503:happy
454:sleep
432:copula
411:France
344:during
309:phrase
305:object
285:gerund
213:, and
211:Korean
195:Sindhi
180:ponere
121:phrase
77:object
40:are a
5065:Verbs
5055:Nouns
4876:Other
4857:Modal
4681:Dummy
4433:Modal
4428:Light
4306:Types
4241:Forms
4164:Agent
3748:Duden
3617:, in
3456:above
3444:alatt
3329:Latin
3252:Some
3176:verbs
3166:Verbs
3131:since
3127:after
3114:since
3110:after
3065:Dutch
3018:there
2936:bagai
2900:mecum
2774:Some
2713:on me
2415:Wales
2403:Gymru
2387:ohon-
2381:-hon-
2342:Irish
2338:Welsh
2336:like
2299:telic
2096:good
2051:uses
1994:Sammy
1932:until
1855:about
1814:to a
1804:Latin
1800:causa
1477:among
1376:coup
1368:word
1279:sedan
1215:Dutch
1142:Latin
1083:along
994:shàng
979:under
975:under
969:alatt
935:benim
907:Latin
878:about
870:below
858:under
855:at/on
844:at/on
822:Khmer
818:me" )
795:stole
769:Welsh
649:, you
637:, a,
629:the,
517:until
514:sick
491:(see
477:hours
440:under
426:As a
400:March
340:after
336:under
223:post-
184:Greek
176:Latin
172:prae-
168:Latin
4862:Noun
4608:Flat
4463:Pure
4233:Verb
4218:Weak
4194:Mass
4174:Bare
4146:Noun
4032:ISBN
4007:ISBN
3978:ISBN
3960:ISBN
3940:CGEL
3905:ISBN
3880:ISBN
3775:CGEL
3729:ISBN
3699:ISBN
3672:2010
3548:2011
3524:CGEL
3431:tető
3407:talo
3399:için
3376:and
3361:and
3240:and
3230:noun
3205:我到了
3182:, 到
3151:like
3141:like
3071:are
3067:and
3053:over
3014:here
2892:with
2858:with
2838:and
2800:azaš
2785:az u
2671:and
2427:gwrw
2413:from
2340:and
2313:and
2302:and
2250:case
2226:from
2222:into
2070:with
2043:has
1975:With
1952:from
1942:from
1918:from
1868:pour
1816:verb
1796:ergo
1778:(or
1770:(or
1677:The
1422:what
1418:what
1416:has
1380:coup
1372:word
1321:cóng
1309:ሕጂ '
1263:près
1243:cóng
1220:naar
1207:now
1205:from
1155:and
1126:head
1087:case
1056:nach
1050:nach
1012:away
987:: 桌子
956:with
952:with
924:with
920:with
888:pour
882:with
874:with
812:меня
744:with
696:from
684:with
509:them
485:with
468:atop
416:with
408:from
372:bold
291:and
227:post
142:and
107:and
87:and
4059:."
3409:ssa
3297:).
3282:von
3211:dào
3200:dào
3184:dào
3055:in
3043:in
2963:).
2943:for
2885:cum
2851:com
2848:or
2845:con
2830:In
2724:) (
2681:على
2212:or
2194:him
2167:or
2132:con
2055:).
1984:For
1911:).
1508:for
1424:is
1378:sur
1370:for
1351:cum
1333:An
1307:ካብ
1291:aus
1275:för
1224:toe
1074:OR
1053:OR
1037:OR
1019:ago
967:fa
946:ile
941:or
914:cum
893:for
847:top
756:sur
737:mit
680:for
651:, …
643:for
584:).
506:for
474:for
379:is
356:via
352:for
253:ad-
105:ago
5112::
4949:/
4761:/
4757:/
4693:/
4260:/
4216:/
4005:.
3991:;
3750::
3697:.
3695:17
3663:.
3644:.
3564:.
3539:.
3515:^
3388:ya
3372:,
3336:);
3286:of
3262:by
3244:.
3225:.
3196:qù
3099::
3059:,
3047:,
3041:on
3004:,
3000:,
2948:,
2912:.
2827:.
2815:PL
2803:;
2756:)
2746:,
2739:SG
2728:)
2718:,
2708:)
2693:on
2688:)
2675:.
2667:,
2663:,
2647:.
2634:–
2609:–
2587:–
2570:–
2545:–
2528:–
2506:–
2489:–
2444:.
2437:of
2430:–
2420:,
2406:–
2344:.
2260::
2258:in
2246:in
2242:on
2234:at
2230:to
2218:to
2192:to
2182:by
2159:of
2140:en
2128::
2110:na
2106::
2098:at
2094:,
2091:of
2087:,
2084:on
2080:,
2077:to
2073:,
2004:as
1922:to
1896:.
1882:to
1845:on
1818:.
1754:.
1746:,
1742:,
1738:,
1734:,
1730:,
1726:,
1722:,
1718:,
1696::
1655:;
1629:,
1617:,
1553:→
1549:,
1545:→
1538:.
1530:,
1526:,
1522:,
1510:,
1506:,
1504:in
1502:,
1500:on
1481:at
1456:.
1414:on
1304::
1288::
1272::
1256::
1247:lǐ
1237:冰箱
1233::
1217::
1209:on
1147:A
1081:("
1062:in
1060:("
1015:,
999:on
981:")
973:("
964::
958:")
950:("
937:le
932::
926:")
918:("
912:me
909::
898:A
838::
830:on
826:លើ
824::
814:("
807::
799:on
797:("
793:na
790::
782:on
780:("
775:ar
771::
763:on
761:("
752::
742:("
733::
700:as
698:,
694:,
692:of
690:,
688:at
686:,
682:,
678:,
676:by
674:,
672:to
670:,
668:in
666:,
664:on
647:on
645:,
639:in
635:to
631:of
614:.
603:.
589:of
542:In
434:)
397:in
354:,
350:,
348:of
342:,
334:,
332:on
330:,
328:in
299:,
209:,
205:,
201:,
197:,
178::
170::
138:,
99:,
95:,
89:of
79:.
5002:e
4995:t
4988:v
4129:e
4122:t
4115:v
4038:.
4015:.
3984:.
3974:.
3966:.
3913:.
3888:.
3765:.
3763:)
3737:.
3707:.
3674:.
3568:.
3550:.
3433:n
3129:/
3125:/
3112:/
3108:/
2961:'
2955:'
2946:'
2940:'
2931:'
2925:'
2910:'
2904:'
2895:'
2889:'
2880:'
2874:'
2861:'
2855:'
2819:'
2810:'
2795:'
2789:'
2764:'
2758:'
2752:(
2744:'
2741:)
2737:.
2735:M
2730:'
2716:'
2710:'
2704:(
2696:'
2690:'
2684:(
2645:'
2636:'
2617:'
2611:'
2595:'
2589:'
2578:'
2572:'
2553:'
2547:'
2536:'
2530:'
2514:'
2508:'
2497:'
2491:'
2461:'
2455:'
2453:(
2450:o
2442:'
2432:'
2425:o
2418:'
2408:'
2401:o
2393:o
2375:o
2370:'
2364:'
2362:(
2359:o
2281:)
2271:)
2204:)
2118:v
1704:.
1689:.
1674:.
1663:.
1644:.
1633:.
1601:/
1593:/
1585:/
1577:/
1569:/
1384:с
1312:ን
1259:à
1239:里
1235:从
1111:ā
1005:)
989:上
810:у
446:.
52:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.