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in German)—that was subsequently dropped, as in "de Guzmán" (of Guzman) becoming simply Guzmán. While the disappearance of the preposition has been linked to toponymic by-names becoming inherited family names, it (dropping the preposition) predates the trend of inherited family surnames. In
England,
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in the cities, which partly developed due to migration from the countryside to cities. Also linked was the increased popularity of using the names of saints for naming new-borns, which reduced the pool of given-names in play and stimulated a popular demand (and personal desire) for by-names—which
39:, which included names of specific locations, such as the individual's place of origin, residence, or lands that they held, or, more generically, names that were derived from regional topographic features. Surnames derived from landscape/topographic features are also called
89:
The origins of toponymic by-names have been largely attributed to two non-mutually exclusive trends. One linked the nobility to their places of origin and feudal holdings and provided a marker of their status. The other related to the growth of the
195:"). Likewise, it has been suggested that a toponymic cannot be assumed to be a place of residence or origin: merchants could have adopted a toponymic by-name to associate themselves with a place where they never resided.
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and non-nobiliary forms of toponymic surnames exist, as in some languages they evolved differently. In France, non-nobiliary forms tended to fuse the preposition, where nobiliary forms tended to retain it as the
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Issues such as local pronunciation can cause toponymic surnames to take a form that varies significantly from the toponym that gave rise to them. Examples include
Wyndham, derived from
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this can be seen as early as the 11th century. And although there is some regional variation, a significant shift away from using the preposition can be seen during the 14th century.
436:
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were helpful in distinguishing an individual among increasing numbers of like-named persons. In London in the 13th century, the use of toponymic surnames became dominant.
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One must be cautious to interpret a surname as toponymic based on its spelling alone, without knowing its history. A notable example is the name of
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In some cases, the preposition coalesced (fused) into the name, such as Atwood (at wood) and
Daubney (originating as de Albigni, from
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In Polish, a toponymic surname may be created by adding "(w)ski" or "cki" at the end. For example,
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322:(Shagrir, Ellenblum & Riley-Smith, eds.), Ashgate Publishing, 2007, pp. 49-59;
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is a toponymic surname associated with one of the places in Poland named
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272:"Toponymic Surnames as Evidence of the Origin: Some Medieval Views"
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A Critical and
Analytical Dissertation on the Names of Persons
430:"Gary Lefman (2013): Internationalisation of People Names"
225:(class of anthroponyms that are formed from toponyms).
161:, although this was never an invariable practice.
86:that later were used as hereditary family names.
82:Some toponymic surnames originated as personal
221:terminology, toponymic surnames belong among
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338:, 3rd ed., Routledge, 1991, pp. xiv, xvi.
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16:Family name that relates to a location
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405:Dictionary of American Family Names
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351:, 3rd ed., Routledge, 1991, p. xiv.
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407:. Oxford University Press. 2013.
98:Some forms originally included a
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465:Family Names and Family History
442:from the original on 2020-10-21
411:from the original on 2018-11-14
349:Dictionary of English Surnames
336:Dictionary of English Surnames
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390:, E. P. Dutton and Co., 1916.
294:Last Names and Their Meanings
187:but instead is a distorted
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152:societies of Europe, both
320:In Laudem Hierosolymitani
281:, by Benjamin Z. Kedar.
245:Territorial designation
146:Saint-Martin-d'Aubigny
375:Discovering Surnames
172:, and Badgerly from
41:topographic surnames
25:habitational surname
193:Name of Joan of Arc
488:Toponymic surnames
360:John Henry Brady,
277:2017-02-20 at the
235:Nisba (onomastics)
386:Earnest Weekley,
159:discrete particle
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463:David Hey,
200:Maliszewski
100:preposition
61:de Castello
45:de Montibus
482:Categories
473:1852855509
446:2020-10-19
415:2019-01-03
256:References
189:patronymic
174:Badgworthy
170:Anstruther
148:). In the
136:in Dutch,
118:in Dutch,
37:place name
208:Maliszewo
166:Wymondham
154:nobiliary
102:—such as
69:del Valle
467:, 2006,
437:Archived
409:Archived
388:Surnames
275:Archived
250:Toponymy
229:See also
212:MaliszĂłw
204:Maliszew
84:by-names
77:de Vinea
73:de Porta
65:de Valle
53:Da Ponte
49:de Ponte
43:, e.g.,
493:Surname
29:surname
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191:(see "
57:Dupont
33:byname
440:(PDF)
433:(PDF)
210:, or
469:ISBN
324:p.55
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217:In
185:Arc
138:von
133:van
116:ten
31:or
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