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to power their ships; bunkers filled with liquid fuel proved to be much more effective at absorbing the blast effects of an underwater explosion, and unlike coal bunkers, they could be filled with water once emptied. During this period, many designers also began to adopt multi-layered protection
109:, designed in 1915, as having the best layout of the period, which featured three armored bulkheads layered between three liquid-filled compartments, and placed between an empty void and unarmored bulkhead on either side. For example, the last US battleship designs during
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that could deform and absorb the pressure pulse from a torpedo hit without breaking. If the final bulkhead was at least 37 mm thick, it may also be referred to as an "armored bulkhead", as it would be capable of stopping splinters and shells with low striking velocities.
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Diagram of common elements of warship armor. The belt armor (A) is on the exterior, at the waterline. Also indicated is the main deck (B), the sloping deck armor (C), and the torpedo bulkhead (D).
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had up to four torpedo bulkheads and a triple-bottom. During the 1930s, some designers experimented with empty tubes running the length of the torpedo defense system, most notably the
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by the 1880s, naval designers began developing methods to better protect ships against the new weapons. The earliest protection scheme was devised by Sir
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In multi-bulkhead systems, the innermost bulkhead is commonly referred to as the "holding bulkhead", and often this bulkhead would be manufactured from
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of the early 20th century. It is designed to keep the ship afloat even if the hull is struck underneath the
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As early torpedoes had demonstrated their effectiveness at seriously damaging ships below the
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that included an armored inner hull lining that connected to the bottom edges of the
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Torpedo: The
Complete History of the World's Most Revolutionary Naval Weapon
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In the 1910s, naval designers began to transition from coal to
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98:schemes, some of which were also coupled with
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223:Gillmer, Charles; Johnson, Bruce (1982).
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34:common on the more heavily armored
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70:in 1884; he proposed a
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165:Gillmer & Johnson
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100:anti-torpedo bulges
50:by a shell or by a
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88:boiler room
68:Edward Reed
40:battleships
32:naval armor
198:References
76:belt armor
48:belt armor
233:Annapolis
129:Footnotes
105:Tennessee
64:waterline
254:Category
95:fuel oil
84:bulkhead
36:warships
80:bunkers
58:History
52:torpedo
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237:ISBN
210:ISBN
42:and
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