506:. Predictably, the high demand for crab resulted in a gradual but incremental decline in the Birgus population across North Vanuatu, and led to a visible depletion of this creature's numbers in the Torres group. Consequently, various concerned individuals and groups successfully pressured the local provincial government of SanMa (the province in which Luganville is located) to declare a temporary ban on the sale, purchase or consumption of crab in that province. This ban first took effect in the first semestre of 2004 and is intended to be lifted sometime in early 2008. In the meantime, exports of crab from the Banks and Torres Islands (i.e.
417:, which pressed the Torres inhabitants to concentrate in coastal settlements more accessible and controllable by missionaries. Around this time, a Torres islander, known today by his Christianised name of Adams Tuwia, was transferred to the Mission's headquarters on Norfolk Island, where he eventually became ordained a priest. However, the first Melanesian ever to be ordained as a Christian priest was George Sarawia, from the neighbouring Banks Islands. Because the Anglicans had set up their regional centre of operations in the
630:; hence, the use of headdresses is considered to be an extremely delicate operation, during which the possibility of spiritual pollution has to be closely monitored and controlled. It is partly for this reason that the headdresses are always destroyed immediately at the end of the ceremony. Notwithstanding the continuity of certain core customary practices, many important and profound changes have transformed the lives and worldviews of these people as a result of more than a century of contacts and interpenetration by the
458:), at some time in the early 1930s the total population of the Torres group numbered no more than 56 persons. Hence, the subsequent recovery of the indigenous population of these islands, along with the continuity of linguistic and cultural values that they still exhibit, can be described as nothing less than remarkable. Despite the fact that they belonged to a broader regional complex of human and material exchanges that extended well into present-day
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judged to be too abhorrent for the sensitivity of the
Mission's leadership. More importantly, during this time - between the second half of the nineteenth century and the first half of the twentieth - the population of the Torres Islands suffered catastrophic decline as a combined result of the various epidemic diseases that were introduced by Europeans and the accelerated out-migration provoked by
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church, colonial administrators and traders, and, most recently, the postcolonial influence of the nation-state and the international world market - whose greatest direct manifestation is in the form of cash, independent travellers, sailing ships and luxury cruise liners which visit this island group
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The islanders divide themselves ethnically into essentially two groups, matching their linguistic division. The cultural differences existing within the Torres Is., at least in the perception of the islanders, essentially match language boundaries: that is, two groups are recognised — the 'people of
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The first permanent mission station and church-house of the Torres
Islands was originally established by Durrad on the south coast of Tegua, but was eventually moved to Vipaka, on the southwest side of Lo, following an apparent rumour of incestuous behaviour by the high chief of Tegua, whose sin was
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The meagre archaeological data suggests that the Torres
Islands were first populated around 3200 years ago. There is abundant archaeological and oral-history evidence that, before European contact, the pattern of settlements in the Torres Islands was quite different from pattern prevalent in the
327:). However, after the name “Torres” began appearing on maps, that name eventually stuck, and the islands have now been widely known by that name for almost two hundred years. Today, even the inhabitants of the islands use that name, and only the oldest among them recall the Lo-Toga name
186:. These islands are less rugged than the other islands of Vanuatu that lie further to the south. Contrary to popular belief, only a few stretches of the Torres Islands' coastlines are graced with white sand beaches; in reality, their shores are mostly made of rocky coral uplift.
530:. Hiw is spoken by the population (about 280 people) of the sole island of Hiw. Lo-Toga is spoken on the southern parts of the Torres, essentially on the islands of Lo and Toga (about 580 people); it consists of two very close dialect varieties,
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Notwithstanding the existence of a mission in the Torres
Islands in the late nineteenth century, a non-local missionary only came to reside in those islands for an extended period in the first decade of the 20th century. This was the Rev.
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Hiw' vs the 'people of Toga'; however, a secondary, less essential division is drawn between the two populations of Lo and Toga. The islanders were first described in very general - and not always accurate - ethnographic terms by
410:’) were located on higher ground, away from the shore, and were inhabited by fewer people. Thus, the islands were probably dotted with small clearings, in the middle of which were a handful of households and public spaces.
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As of mid-2004, the Torres
Islands had a total population of approximately 950 people, dispersed across at least ten settlements of various sizes, all located on or near coastal areas. The names of these settlements are:
242:. Lungharegi is the administrative centre for the Torres Islands, but its governance role is minimal. It has a community phone and medical clinic, but no bank or police station, and only two sparsely stocked stores.
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activities that their ancestors did. In addition, key aspects of their ancestral knowledge and ritual cycles are still generally extant. These are dominated by two male-centred institutions, known as the
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as the language of choice for translating and transmitting
Christian teachings across the whole region comprising the Banks, Torres and Temotu island groups. As a result, according to local accounts, the
814:—— (2015), Pitrou, Perig; Olivier, Guilhem (eds.), "Concealment, revelation and cosmological dualism: visibility, materiality and the spiritscape of the Torres Islands, Vanuatu",
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614:(generative potency or power) and, more specifically, to the relationship between the living and the dead. The most impressive and visible aspect of the activities of the initiates of the
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continued to be taught in the Torres mission school until the early 1970s, and it is still possible to find elder Torres
Islanders who can speak and understand Mota.
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Although several
European explorers reached the islands in the 19th century, in the early 1880s the islanders were quickly drawn into the sphere of influence of the
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at the beginning of the twentieth century (fragments of Durrad's notes were eventually published in the 1940s), and have been the bailiwick of the anthropologist
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Long before
Europeans arrived, the indigenous inhabitants and neighbors of these islands had called them by various other names, the most important of which, in
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is the name given to a smaller group of men who have been initiated into specific types of ritual knowledge that are directly relevant to the manipulation of
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93:, the country’s northernmost island group. The chain of islands that make up this micro-archipelago straddles the broader cultural boundary between Island
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is sometimes used as a cover term for the two dialects). There is no mutual intelligibility between Hiw and Lo-Toga, but many Hiw speakers are bilingual.
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family. As is the case for most unwritten languages of
Vanuatu, no detailed description has ever been published yet on them. In 2004 the linguist
238:(on Toga). A small airstrip on Linua, opened in 1983, provides the only regular transportation link between the Torres Islands and the rest of
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331:. They now designate their group of islands as ‘Torres’, and in general are indifferent to (or unaware of) the origin story of the name.
494:) is one of its most famous species. However, since the opening of the airstrip at Linua these animals became the single most important
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in the Torres group. To date, the sale of Birgus has been directly governed by the fluctuating demand of the tourist market in faraway
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818:(11, "Montrer/occulter: les dispositifs de modifications de la visibilité dans des contexts rituelles"), Paris: L'Herne: 289–308,
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constitutes the local complex of status-alteration rituals by which men are able to acquire greater status and power, while the
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182:. The island chain stretches across 42 kilometres (26 miles). The highest point of the chain is only 200 metres (656 feet)
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The name “Torres” was bestowed on the islands by European cartographers, in remembrance of the sixteenth-century navigator
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270:. Ironically, Torres never saw, or even heard about, the Torres Islands. However, his commander, the Portuguese captain
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coastal villages of today. It appears that, back then, most villages and extended family areas (called nakamals, or ‘
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Mondragon, Carlos (2004), "Of winds, worms and mana: the traditional calendar of the Torres Islands, Vanuatu",
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undertook the first descriptive study of these two languages, which is currently in progress.
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Carlos Mondragón's webpage with data and images of the Torres Islands, and useful links
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Two closely related yet distinct languages are spoken in the Torres group:
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The seven islands in the Torres group, from north to south, are
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International Herald Tribune article on sea level rise debate
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are the manufacture and use of ritual headdresses known as
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For the island group between Australia and New Guinea, see
258:. The navigator's name was also bestowed on the important
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Lexical and structural etymology: Beyond word histories
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Representative English language publications include
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Like the rest of the country, the islands are in the
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in 1906, and were subsequently incorporated into the
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Detailed list and map of the north Vanuatu languages
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and, to a lesser degree, the provincial township of
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673:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
756:"The First Discovery of Australia and New Guinea"
801:, London: British Museum Press, pp. 262–,
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871:Tourism in the Torres Islands, including map
373:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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733:Learn how and when to remove this message
393:Learn how and when to remove this message
109:of the Solomon Islands, to its south is
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27:Island chain in Torba Province, Vanuatu
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671:adding citations to reliable sources
371:adding citations to reliable sources
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105:. To the island chain’s north is
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160:(an uninhabited islet),
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754:Collingridge, George.
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314:(with locative prefix
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32:Torres Strait Islands
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484:Vanuatu rain forests
367:improve this section
272:Fernandes de Queirós
758:. Project Gutenberg
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280:Santa Cruz Islands
252:Luis Vaz de Torres
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419:Banks Islands
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352:This section
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276:Spanish Crown
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260:Torres Strait
257:
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230:(on Lo), and
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127:Pacific Plate
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119:Torres Trench
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115:Banks Islands
112:
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100:
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85:chain in the
84:
80:
71:
67:
64:
33:
19:
1604:Rowa Islands
1229:Malokilikili
891:(in Spanish)
843:
832:
815:
798:
783:
779:
772:
760:. Retrieved
749:
729:
720:
710:
703:
696:
689:
677:
665:Please help
660:verification
657:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
593:
587:
576:
574:since 1999.
568:W. J. Durrad
564:
544:
539:
535:
531:
525:
519:
517:
492:Birgus latro
491:
488:coconut crab
481:
468:New Hebrides
448:Blackbirding
444:
436:
412:
407:
404:
389:
380:
365:Please help
353:
328:
319:
315:
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290:
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249:
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198:for short),
195:
192:Yögevigemëne
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133:
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97:and several
78:
76:
36:
1619:Ureparapara
1382:Iriwiti Lep
1244:Maltinerava
1199:Dany Island
538:(note that
383:August 2020
200:Tinemēvönyö
58: /
1648:Categories
1624:Vanua Lava
1352:Erueti Lep
1317:Ekapum Lep
693:newspapers
639:References
504:Luganville
456:Vanua Lava
268:New Guinea
224:Telakwlakw
220:Lungharegi
210:(on Hiw),
1629:Vot Tande
1579:Mota Lava
1491:Erromango
1452:Tongariki
1367:Fatumiala
1249:Malvapevu
1239:Malparavu
1156:Pentecost
1048:Leumanang
824:905887073
723:June 2014
616:lēh-temēt
608:lēh-temēt
600:lēh-temēt
514:Languages
500:Port Vila
496:cash crop
474:in 1980.
354:does not
264:Australia
95:Melanesia
1559:Merelava
1481:Aneityum
1464:(Étarik)
1234:Malotina
1058:Malakula
938:province
632:Anglican
196:Yögemëne
46:166°37′E
1599:Ravenga
1377:Iririki
1347:Eretoka
1307:Buninga
1289:Urelapa
1254:Malwepe
1219:Lataroa
1194:Bokissa
1189:Asuleka
1005:Malampa
954:Malampa
934:Vanuatu
930:Islands
780:Oceania
707:scholar
583:fishing
561:Culture
551:Oceanic
527:Lo-Toga
478:Ecology
466:of the
425:in the
375:removed
360:sources
335:History
312:Mwotlap
300:Lo-Toga
240:Vanuatu
208:Yakwane
91:Vanuatu
81:are an
43:13°15′S
1584:Nawila
1569:Metoma
1539:Kwakéa
1501:Inyeug
1496:Futuna
1457:Tongoa
1447:Tefala
1432:Namuka
1417:Mataso
1412:Makura
1407:Lelepa
1387:Kakula
1342:Eratap
1337:Erakor
1284:Tutuba
1274:Tangoa
1214:Lataro
1138:Penama
1108:Uripiv
1098:Uluveo
1093:Tomman
1068:Norsup
1053:Lopevi
1028:Atchin
1018:Ambrym
1013:Akhamb
959:Penama
850:
822:
812:; and
805:
762:7 June
709:
702:
695:
688:
680:
602:. The
298:(>
289:, was
232:Likwal
228:Rinuhe
176:, and
145:Metoma
83:island
1609:Tegua
1589:Ngwel
1564:Merig
1549:Linua
1544:Leneu
1521:Torba
1506:Tanna
1486:Aniwa
1473:Tafea
1437:Nguna
1402:Lamen
1397:Laika
1392:Kuwae
1372:Ifira
1362:Falea
1357:Ewose
1312:Efate
1299:Shefa
1279:Thion
1269:Sakao
1264:Ratua
1259:Mavia
1184:Araki
1166:Sanma
1151:Maewo
1146:Ambae
1123:Vulaï
1088:Sowan
1083:Sakao
1073:Paama
1043:Khoti
1033:Avock
1023:Arseo
979:Torba
974:Tafea
969:Shefa
964:Sanma
714:JSTOR
700:books
628:temēt
624:temēt
620:temēt
604:hukwe
589:hukwe
427:Banks
408:gemël
291:*Vava
236:Litew
216:Lateu
212:Lotew
163:Linua
157:Ngwel
151:Tegua
1614:Toga
1574:Mota
1529:Gaua
1442:Pele
1427:Moso
1422:Mele
1327:Emao
1322:Emae
1224:Malo
1179:Aore
1174:Aese
1128:Wala
1118:Varo
1078:Rano
1038:Awei
848:ISBN
820:OCLC
803:ISBN
764:2014
686:news
612:mana
595:suqe
540:Toga
536:Toga
534:and
524:and
452:Sola
423:Mota
358:any
356:cite
329:Vave
320:Avap
303:Vave
246:Name
234:and
226:and
206:and
204:Yawe
194:(or
179:Toga
125:and
77:The
1534:Hiw
1462:Wot
1332:Epi
1113:Vao
1103:Uri
936:by
932:of
788:doi
669:by
521:Hiw
369:by
282:.
218:),
174:Loh
172:or
140:Hiu
138:or
135:Hiw
1650::
1594:Ra
1554:Lo
795:;
784:74
782:,
532:Lo
318:)
316:a-
310:,
222:,
202:,
169:Lo
166:,
154:,
148:,
129:.
922:e
915:t
908:v
857:.
827:.
790::
766:.
736:)
730:(
725:)
721:(
711:·
704:·
697:·
690:·
663:.
490:(
454:(
396:)
390:(
385:)
381:(
377:.
363:.
34:.
20:)
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