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can happen when there are issues with the sternocleidomastoid muscle, like if it's too short, causing the head and neck to be in an odd position. Torticollis can also be caused by problems with bones, muscles, or the spine in the neck, leading to difficulty moving the head and neck normally. Knowing about the sternocleidomastoid muscle and how it works is crucial for doctors to diagnose and treat torticollis correctly, so they can find and fix the problem causing it. Differences in how the sternocleidomastoid muscle is supplied with blood or nerves can affect how torticollis develops or how well treatments work, so it's important for doctors to consider these variations when planning treatment. Having a good understanding of the neck's anatomy helps doctors accurately diagnose torticollis and choose the best treatments to help patients feel better.
444:. This is the muscle of the neck that originates at the sternum and clavicle and inserts on the mastoid process of the temporal bone on the same side. There are two sternocleidomastoid muscles in the human body and when they both contract, the neck is flexed. The main blood supply for these muscles come from the occipital artery, superior thyroid artery, transverse scapular artery and transverse cervical artery. The main innervation to these muscles is from cranial nerve XI (the accessory nerve) but the second, third and fourth cervical nerves are also involved. Pathologies in these blood and nerve supplies can lead to torticollis.
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in
Congenital muscular torticollis concentrates on observation, orthosis, gentle stretching, myofascial release techniques, parents’ counseling-training, and home exercise program. While outpatient infant physiotherapy is effective, home therapy performed by a parent or guardian is just as effective in reversing the effects of congenital torticollis. It is important for physical therapists to educate parents on the importance of their role in the treatment and to create a home treatment plan together with them for the best results for their child.
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before 1 month of age recover by 2.5 months of age. Infants between 1 and 6 months usually require about 6 months of treatment. After that point, therapy will take closer to 9 months, and it is less likely that the torticollis will be fully resolved. It is possible that torticollis will resolve spontaneously, but chance of relapse is possible. For this reason, infants should be reassessed by their physical therapist or other provider 3–12 months after their symptoms have resolved.
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techniques. It was shown that using manipulation techniques on their own had little to no statistical differences from a placebo group, immediately. When manipulation techniques were combined with physical therapy, there was a change in symptoms compared to the use of physical therapy alone. When targeting the cervical spine, manipulation techniques were shown to shorten treatment duration in infants with head asymmetries.
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daily activities. Using electrical devices have also been shown to reduce pain, make muscles work better, and relax tight muscles. Injecting a substance like Botox into overactive muscles can weaken them temporarily, allowing for better movement. If other treatments don't work, surgery might be needed to fix the muscles or bones causing torticollis.
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Noncongenital muscular torticollis may result from muscle spasm, trauma, scarring or disease of cervical vertebrae, adenitis, tonsillitis, rheumatism, enlarged cervical glands, retropharyngeal abscess, or cerebellar tumors. It may be spasmodic (clonic) or permanent (tonic). The latter type may be due
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Additionally, massage maneuvers such as rhythmic muscle mobilization techniques are employed to mobilize cervical structures and induce relaxation. The systematic review highlights the efficacy of manual therapy and passive stretching in improving cervical range of motion (ROM) in children with CMT.
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muscle of the eye. The superior oblique muscle is involved in depression, abduction, and intorsion of the eye. When the trochlear nerve is damaged, the eye is extorted because the superior oblique is not functioning. The affected person will have vision problems unless they turn their head away from
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CMT is a neck problem that babies are born with or develop soon after birth, causing their neck to be stiff and bent in an awkward position. Besides the sternocleidomastoid muscle, other muscles in the neck can also be affected by CMT, leading to problems moving the head and neck normally. The main
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A Korean study has recently introduced an additional treatment called microcurrent therapy that may be effective in treating congenital torticollis. For this therapy to be effective the children should be under three months of age and have torticollis involving the entire sternocleidomastoid muscle
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Physical therapy is an option for treating torticollis in a non-invasive and cost-effective manner. In the children above 1 year of age, surgical release of the tight sternocleidomastoid muscle is indicated along with aggressive therapy and appropriate splinting. Occupational therapy rehabilitation
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A meta-analysis shows physical therapists specializing in manual therapy have developed effective interventions for the management of
Congenital Muscular Torticollis (CMT), primarily centered around massage and passive stretching techniques. These interventions are tailored to address the specific
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Stretching the neck and trunk muscles actively. Parents can help promote this stretching at home with infant positioning. For example, prone positioning will encourage the child to lift their chin off the ground, thereby strengthening their bilateral neck and spine extensor muscles, and stretching
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The main job of the sternocleidomastoid muscle is to help move the head and neck by turning the head to one side and bending the neck forward. The sternocleidomastoid muscle gets its blood from different arteries in the neck, which bring oxygen and nutrients to keep the muscle healthy. Torticollis
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Studies and evidence from clinical practice show that 85–90% of cases of congenital torticollis are resolved with conservative treatment such as physical therapy. Earlier intervention is shown to be more effective and faster than later treatments. More than 98% of infants with torticollis treated
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Teaching people how to sit and stand properly can help reduce strain on the neck muscles and improve posture. Changing habits like bad posture or repetitive movements can help ease symptoms of torticollis. Wearing a special collar can also support the neck and keep it in the right position during
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Most commonly this self-limiting form relates to an untreated dental occlusal dysfunction, which is brought on by clenching and grinding the teeth during sleep. Once the occlusion is treated it will completely resolve. Treatment is accomplished with an occlusal appliance, and equilibration of the
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Congenital torticollis constitutes the majority of cases seen in paediatric clinical practice. The reported incidence of congenital torticollis is 0.3-2.0%. Sometimes a mass, such as a sternocleidomastoid tumor, is noted in the affected muscle. Congenital
Muscular Torticollis is also defined by a
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Evaluation of a child with torticollis begins with history taking to determine circumstances surrounding birth and any possibility of trauma or associated symptoms. Physical examination reveals decreased rotation and bending to the side opposite from the affected muscle. Some say that congenital
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botulinum toxin injection or have a very fibrotic sternocleidomastoid muscle. After surgery the child will be required to wear a soft neck collar (also called a Callot's cast). There will be an intense physiotherapy program for 3–4 months as well as strengthening exercises for the neck muscles.
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Surgical release involves the two heads of the sternocleidomastoid muscle being dissected free. This surgery can be minimally invasive and done laparoscopically. Usually surgery is performed on those who are over 12 months old. The surgery is for those who do not respond to physical therapy or
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generates heat deep within body tissues to help with contractures, pain and muscle spasms as well as decrease inflammation. This combination of treatments shows remarkable outcomes in the duration of time children are kept in rehabilitation programs: Micocurrent therapy can cut the length of a
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A systematic review, looked into the possible benefits of using manipulation techniques to counteract infant torticollis. The study considered the impact of manipulation on an infant's sleep, crying, and restlessness as well. This review did not report any adverse effects of using manipulation
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the muscle in a prone position passively. Passive stretching is manual, and does not include infant involvement. Two people can be involved in these stretches, one person stabilizing the infant while the other holds the head and slowly brings it through the available range of motion. Passive
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with a palpable mass and a muscle thickness over 10 mm. Microcurrent therapy sends minute electrical signals into tissue to restore the normal frequencies in cells. Microcurrent therapy is completely painless and children can only feel the probe from the machine on their skin.
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in both rotation and lateral bending. The head is typically tilted in lateral bending toward the affected muscle and rotated toward the opposite side. In other words, the head itself is tilted in the direction of the shortened muscle, with the chin tilted in the opposite direction.
296:. Secondary complications associated with Congenital Muscular Torticollis include visual dysfunctions, facial asymmetry, delayed development, cervical scoliosis, and vertebral wedge degeneration which will have a serious impact on the child's appearance and even mental health.
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Torticollis with recurrent, but transient contraction of the muscles of the neck and especially of the sternocleidomastoid, is called spasmodic torticollis. Synonyms are "intermittent torticollis", "cervical dystonia" or "idiopathic cervical dystonia", depending on cause.
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needs of pediatric patients, with a focus on stretching the sternocleidomastoid muscle. Various protocols have been proposed, including stretching exercises held for specific durations and repetitions, aimed at increasing blood flow, and promoting muscle relaxation.
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Microcurrent therapy is thought to increase ATP and protein synthesis as well as enhance blood flow, reduce muscle spasms and decrease pain along with inflammation. It should be used in addition to regular stretching exercises and ultrasound diathermy.
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Congenital muscular torticollis is the most common torticollis that is present at birth. Congenital muscular torticollis is the third most common congenital musculoskeletal deformity in children. The cause of congenital muscular torticollis is unclear.
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Cheng, JC; Wong, MW; Tang, SP; Chen, TM; Shum, SL; Wong, EM (2001). "Clinical determinants of the outcome of manual stretching in the treatment of congenital muscular torticollis in infants. A prospective study of eight hundred and twenty-one cases".
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cases more often involve the right side, but there is not complete agreement about this in published studies. Evaluation should include a thorough neurologic examination, and the possibility of associated conditions such as developmental
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Congenital torticollis is presented at 1–4 weeks of age, and a hard mass usually develops. It is normally diagnosed using ultrasonography and a color histogram or clinically by evaluating the infant's passive cervical range of motion.
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Stretching the muscle in a lateral position supported by a pillow (have infant lie on the side with the neck supported by pillow). Affected side should be against the pillow to deviate the neck towards the non-affected
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in the neck. Other alterations to the muscle tissue arise from repetitive microtrauma within the womb or a sudden change in the calcium concentration in the body that causes a prolonged period of muscle contraction.
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should be examined. Radiographs of the cervical spine should be obtained to rule out obvious bony abnormality, and MRI should be considered if there is concern about structural problems or other conditions.
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their neck flexor muscles. Active rotation exercises in supine, sitting or prone position by using toys, lights and sounds to attract infant's attention to turn neck and look toward the non-affected side.
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Furthermore, the involvement of caregivers in home exercise programs is emphasized as crucial for optimizing treatment outcomes and promoting motor development while preventing secondary complications.
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Hsu, Tsz-Ching; Wang, Chung-Li; Wong, May-Kuen; Hsu, Kuang-Hung; Tang, Fuk-Tan; Chen, Huan-Tang (1999). "Correlation of clinical and ultrasonographic features in congenital muscular torticollis".
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A self-limiting spontaneously occurring form of torticollis with one or more painful neck muscles is by far the most common ('stiff neck') and will pass spontaneously in 1–4 weeks. Usually the
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Blanco-Diaz, Maria; Marcos-Alvarez, Maria; Escobio-Prieto, Isabel; De la Fuente-Costa, Marta; Perez-Dominguez, Borja; Pinero-Pinto, Elena; Rodriguez-Rodriguez, Alvaro Manuel (7 July 2023).
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Papapetropoulos, Spiridon; Baez, Sheila; Zitser, Jennifer; Sengun, Cenk; Singer, Carlos (2008). "Retrocollis: Classification, Clinical
Phenotype, Treatment Outcomes and Risk Factors".
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can irritate the nerves supplying the neck muscles and cause torticollis, and these infections may be treated with antibiotics if they are not too severe, but could require surgical
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Physical therapists often encourage parents and caregivers of children with torticollis to modify the environment to improve neck movements and position. Modifications may include:
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The sternocleidomastoid muscle gets signals from nerves in the neck and head to contract and move properly. The underlying anatomical distortion causing torticollis is a shortened
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Jaggy, André; Oliver, John E.; Ferguson, Duncan C.; Mahaffey, E. A.; Glaus Jr, T. Glaus (1994). "Neurological
Manifestations of Hypothyroidism: A Retrospective Study of 29 Dogs".
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fibrosis contracture of the sternocleidomastoid muscle on one side of the neck. Congenital torticollis may not resolve on its own, and can result in rare complications including
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stretching should not be painful to the child, and should be stopped if the child resists. Also, discontinue the stretch if changes in breathing or circulation are seen or felt.
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is involved. Sometimes draughts, colds, or unusual postures are implicated; however, in many cases, no clear cause is found. These episodes are commonly seen by physicians.
911:. The most frequently encountered form of torticollis in domestic pets is the head tilt, but occasionally a lateral bend of the head and neck to one side is encountered.
2266:"Physical Therapy Management of Congenital Muscular Torticollis: A 2018 Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guideline From the APTA Academy of Pediatric Physical Therapy"
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In veterinary literature usually only the lateral bend of head and neck is termed torticollis, whereas the analogon to the rotatory torticollis in humans is called a
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the side that is affected, causing intorsion of the eye and balancing out the extorsion of the eye. This can be diagnosed by the
Bielschowsky test, also called the
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Environmental adaptations can control posture in strollers, car seats and swings (using U-shaped neck pillow or blankets to hold neck in neutral position)
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Cervical dystonia appearing in adulthood has been believed to be idiopathic in nature, as specific imaging techniques most often find no specific cause.
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Kwon, D.R. (2014). "Efficacy of micro current therapy in infants with congenital muscular torticollis involving the entire sternocleidomastoid muscle".
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Samotus, Olivia; Lee, Jack; Jog, Mandar (2018-03-20). "Personalized botulinum toxin type A therapy for cervical dystonia based on kinematic guidance".
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Evaluation by an optometrist or an ophthalmologist should be considered in children to ensure that the torticollis is not caused by vision problems (
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is a rare disorder affecting infants. Recurrent attacks may last up to a week. The condition improves by age 2. The cause is thought to be genetic.
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In therapy, parents or guardians should expect their child to be provided with these important components, explained in detail below. Lateral neck
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Płomiński, Janusz; Olesińska, Jolanta; Kamelska-Sadowska, Anna
Malwina; Nowakowski, Jacek Józef; Zaborowska-Sapeta, Katarzyna (20 December 2023).
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Xiao, Yuanyi; Chi, Zhenhai; Yuan, Fuqiang; Zhu, Daocheng; Ouyang, Xilin; Xu, Wei; Li, Jun; Luo, Zhaona; Chen, Rixin; Jiao, Lin (28 August 2020).
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goal of treating CMT is to make the sternocleidomastoid muscle stronger and more flexible, so the neck can move better and symptoms can improve.
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Placing the baby in a crib with the affected side facing the wall can encourage them to turn their head the other way, promoting better movement.
362:, a subluxation of the upper cervical joints, mostly the atlantoaxial joint, due to inflammatory laxity of the ligaments caused by an infection.
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Tang, SF; Hsu, KH; Wong, AM; Hsu, CC; Chang, CH (2002). "Longitudinal followup study of ultrasonography in congenital muscular torticollis".
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1464:"Effectiveness and safety of massage in the treatment of the congenital muscular torticollis: A systematic review and meta-analysis protocol"
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Papapetropoulos, S; Tuchman, A; Sengun, C; Russell, A; Mitsi, G; Singer, C (2008). "Anterocollis: Clinical features and treatment options".
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A combination of these movements may often be observed. Torticollis can be a disorder in itself as well as a symptom in other conditions.
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can be used to visualize muscle tissue, with a colour histogram generated to determine cross-sectional area and thickness of the muscle.
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and overall range of motion can be regained quicker in newborns when parents conduct physical therapy exercises several times a day.
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Any of these mechanisms can result in a shortening or excessive contraction of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, which curtails its
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428:, where the head is turned to the affected side. A positive test occurs when the affected eye elevates, seeming to float up.
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Boussetta, Rim; Zairi, Mohamed; Sami, Sami
Bouchoucha; Lafrem, Rafik; Msakeni, Ahmed; Saied, Walid; Nessib, Nebil (2020).
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Five components have been recognized as the "first choice intervention" in PT for treatment of torticollis and include
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136:, and the pain and difficulty in turning the head usually goes away after a few days, even without treatment in adults.
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tumors) can compress the nerve supply to the neck and cause torticollis, and these problems must be treated surgically.
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Position infant in the crib with affected side by the wall so they must turn to the non-affected side to face out
1644:"The Neurology of Benign Paroxysmal Torticollis of Infancy: Report of 10 New Cases and Review of the Literature"
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2115:"Congenital Muscular Torticollis—Current Understanding and Perinatal Risk Factors: A Retrospective Analysis"
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Mokri, Bahram (December 2014). "Movement disorders associated with spontaneous CSF leaks: a case series".
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Passive cervical rotation (much like stretching when being supported by a pillow, have affected side down)
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Carenzio, G (2015). "Early rehabilitation treatment in newborns with congenital muscular torticollis".
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Velickovic, M; Benabou, R; Brin, MF (2001). "Cervical dystonia pathophysiology and treatment options".
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during sleep, parents should still ensure that their infants spend some waking hours on their stomachs.
2374:"Effectiveness of Conservative Treatments in Positional Plagiocephaly in Infants: A Systematic Review"
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Safarpour, Yasaman; Jabbari, Bahman (2018-02-24). "Botulinum Toxin
Treatment of Movement Disorders".
1200:"Current concepts on the clinical features, aetiology and management of idiopathic cervical dystonia"
1055:"Current concepts on the clinical features, aetiology and management of idiopathic cervical dystonia"
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Torticollis is a fixed or dynamic tilt, rotation, with flexion or extension of the head and/or neck.
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or relieving posture due to neck pain. Known causes for head tilt in domestic animals include:
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About 5–10% of cases fail to respond to stretching and require surgical release of the muscle.
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There are many other rare causes of torticollis. A very rare cause of acquired torticollis is
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Cooperman, Daniel R. (January 1997). "The
Differential Diagnosis of Torticollis in Children".
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Causes for a head tilt in domestic animals are either diseases of the central or peripheral
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Physical therapists should teach parents and guardians to perform the following exercises:
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Dressler, D.; Benecke, R. (2005). "Diagnosis and management of acute movement disorders".
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The type of torticollis can be described depending on the positions of the head and neck.
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A multitude of conditions may lead to the development of torticollis including: muscular
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Bocciolini, C; Dall’Olio, D; Cunsolo, E; Cavazzuti, PP; Laudadio, P (August 2005).
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Saxena, Amulya (2015). "Pediatric torticollis surgery treatment & management".
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Using toys to encourage the child to look in the direction of limited neck movement
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rehabilitation program almost in half with a full recovery seen after 2.6 months.
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166:: forward flexion of the head and neck and brings the chin towards the chest
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or intrauterine malposition is considered to be the cause of damage to the
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Künzel, Frank; Joachim, Anja (2009). "Encephalitozoonosis in rabbits".
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Kaplan, Sandra L.; Coulter, Colleen; Sargent, Barbara (October 2018).
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Boricean, ID (2011). "Understanding ocular torticollis in children".
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Adding neck supports to the car seat to attain optimal neck alignment
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Brurberg, Kjetil G.; Dahm, Kristin Thuve; Kirkehei, Ingvild (2018).
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508: with: diagnosis of non-congenital torticollis. You can help by
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160:: the head rotates along the longitudinal axis towards the shoulder
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1895:"Torticollis in Children and Adolescents | PM&R KnowledgeNow"
2188:"Physical Therapy Management of Congenital Muscular Torticollis"
1766:"Grisel's syndrome: a rare complication following adenoidectomy"
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Rosman, Paul; Douglass, Laurie; Paolini, Jan (30 January 2009).
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Tomczak, Kinga K.; Rosman, N. Paul (March 2013). "Torticollis".
110:
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2035:"Acquired Nystagmus: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology"
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Seung, Seo (2015). "Change of facial asymmetry in patients".
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Kaplan, Sandra L.; Coulter, Colleen; Fetters, Linda (2013).
2050:"Cervical Dystonia: Disease Profile and Clinical Management"
1619:"Clinical Practice Guidelines : Congenital Torticollis"
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position, which may be due to a variety of causes. The term
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Encouraging active movements for children 6–8 months of age
2448:[Manipulation techniques for infant torticollis].
1692:"Clinical Practice Guidelines : Acquired Torticollis"
2446:"Manipulasjonsteknikker ved nakkeasymmetri hos spedbarn"
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Environmental Modifications for Torticollis Management:
1170:"Cervical dystonia - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic"
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The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume
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385:(FOP), the hallmark of which is malformed great toes.
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2327:Smith's Recognizable Patterns of Human Deformation
770:promotes infants sleeping on their backs to avoid
1993:Cephalalgia: An International Journal of Headache
1101:Physical & Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics
1053:Dauer, W.; Burke, RE; Greene, P; Fahn, S (1998).
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2548:Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
2323:"Torticollis-Plagiocephaly Deformation Sequence"
645:Differential diagnosis for torticollis includes
1328:"Torticollis: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia"
1717:"Torticollis as a sign of spinal tuberculosis"
970:) through trauma, infection, inflammation, or
763:Alternating sides when bottle or breastfeeding
219:, congenital spine abnormalities, or toxic or
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19:"Wry neck" redirects here. For the bird, see
8:
16:Abnormal, asymmetrical head or neck position
562:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
486:Learn how and when to remove these messages
419:(fourth cranial nerve), which supplies the
415:Torticollis can be caused by damage to the
354:Ear infections and surgical removal of the
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2505:Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research
1873:Trochlear Nerve Palsy (Fourth Nerve Palsy)
1025:", which was assigned by Swiss naturalist
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766:Encouraging prone playtime. Although the
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582:Learn how and when to remove this message
757:Reducing time spent in a single position
154:: the head is tipped toward the shoulder
2738:Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine
2682:http://www.bio.miami.edu/hare/tilt.html
1457:
1455:
1453:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1042:
1010:
2641:Current Treatment Options in Neurology
2450:Tidsskrift for den Norske Legeforening
2259:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2251:
1021:covering those bird species known as "
701:neck and trunk active range of motion,
227:torticollis and acquired torticollis.
2439:
2437:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2231:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1000:Geriatric vestibular syndrome in dogs
383:fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva
105:defined by an abnormal, asymmetrical
64:The muscles involved with torticollis
7:
1307:
1305:
1029:because of the obvious similarities.
704:development of symmetrical movement,
642:-associated "null position", etc.).
560:adding citations to reliable sources
2750:10.1111/j.1939-1676.1994.tb03245.x
1770:Acta Otorhinolaryngologica Italica
365:The use of certain drugs, such as
179:Other signs and symptoms include:
14:
994:due to toxicity, inflammation or
467:This section has multiple issues.
2517:10.1097/00003086-200210000-00026
2335:10.1016/b978-072161489-2.10025-6
1589:10.2106/00004623-200105000-00006
1140:10.2165/00003495-200161130-00004
532:
496:
456:
197:Tenderness on the cervical spine
2775:Head Tilt: Causes and Treatment
2048:Crowner, Beth E. (2007-11-01).
1733:10.11604/pamj.2020.36.277.22977
1017:Not be confused with the genus
475:or discuss these issues on the
262:Congenital muscular torticollis
257:Oral ties (lip and tongue ties)
2329:, Elsevier, pp. 141–156,
707:environmental adaptations, and
188:Occasional formation of a mass
1:
2560:10.1016/S0003-9993(99)90165-X
698:neck passive range of motion,
411:Congenital fourth nerve palsy
358:can cause an entity known as
315:(tuberculosis of the spine).
300:Benign paroxysmal torticollis
3148:Intervertebral disc disorder
2282:10.1097/PEP.0000000000000544
2205:10.1097/pep.0b013e3182a778d2
772:sudden infant death syndrome
343:Infections in the posterior
125: 'twisted' and
1721:Pan African Medical Journal
1480:10.1097/MD.0000000000021879
3223:
2270:Pediatric Physical Therapy
2192:Pediatric Physical Therapy
2132:10.3390/healthcare12010013
1649:Journal of Child Neurology
1387:Journal of Child Neurology
838:Other treatments include:
442:sternocleidomastoid muscle
408:
393:
336:Tumors of the skull base (
321:sternocleidomastoid muscle
273:sternocleidomastoid muscle
230:Other categories include:
193:sternocleidomastoid muscle
18:
3192:Ailments of unknown cause
3161:Degenerative disc disease
2707:10.1007/s00436-009-1679-3
2653:10.1007/s11940-018-0488-3
2610:10.1007/s00415-018-8819-6
1819:10.1007/s00415-005-0006-x
1433:www.childrenshospital.org
132:The most common case has
63:
54:
2391:10.3390/children10071184
2321:Graham, John M. (2007),
2005:10.1177/0333102414531154
1962:10.1177/0269215513511341
1662:10.1177/0883073808322338
1399:10.1177/0883073812469294
1198:Dauer, W. (1998-04-01).
929:Encephalitozoon cuniculi
668:Cerebrospinal fluid leak
369:, can cause torticollis.
248:Non-muscular soft tissue
203:Unequal shoulder heights
2463:10.4045/tidsskr.17.1031
1950:Clinical Rehabilitation
1350:www.hopkinsmedicine.org
1346:"Torticollis (Wryneck)"
1241:Medical Science Monitor
1217:10.1093/brain/121.4.547
1072:10.1093/brain/121.4.547
968:vestibulocochlear nerve
945:Baylisascaris procyonis
206:Decreased neck movement
3197:Deforming dorsopathies
3166:Spinal disc herniation
3024:Ankylosing spondylitis
904:
768:Back to Sleep campaign
650:Cranial nerve IV palsy
375:- Neuroleptic Class -
221:traumatic brain injury
158:rotational torticollis
3171:Facet joint arthrosis
2985:Scheuermann's disease
2695:Parasitology Research
1113:10.1080/J006v17n02_01
996:impaired blood supply
936:parasitic infestation
898:
405:Trochlear torticollis
396:Spasmodic torticollis
390:Spasmodic torticollis
351:in intractable cases.
2598:Journal of Neurology
2067:10.2522/ptj.20060272
1807:Journal of Neurology
932:infection in rabbits
867:Ultrasound diathermy
815:Ultrasound diathermy
804:Microcurrent therapy
615:dysplasia of the hip
556:improve this section
306:Acquired torticollis
117:is derived from
952:Inner ear infection
710:caregiver education
191:Thickened or tight
2854:External resources
1268:European Neurology
1174:www.mayoclinic.org
964:cranial nerve VIII
905:
140:Signs and symptoms
103:dystonic condition
3179:
3178:
3097:
3096:
3072:Spondylolisthesis
2998:
2997:
2902:
2901:
2344:978-0-7216-1489-2
2060:(11): 1511–1526.
1999:(14): 1134–1141.
1280:10.1159/000109265
921:vestibular system
663:Myasthenia gravis
658:Sandifer syndrome
610:
609:
602:
592:
591:
584:
526:
525:
490:
360:Grisel's syndrome
92:
91:
82:Diagnostic method
42:Crick in the neck
26:Medical condition
3214:
3055:non inflammatory
3041:Spondylodiscitis
3009:
2951:Spinal curvature
2947:
2929:
2922:
2915:
2906:
2781:
2762:
2761:
2733:
2727:
2726:
2690:
2684:
2679:
2673:
2672:
2636:
2630:
2629:
2604:(6): 1269–1278.
2593:
2587:
2586:
2578:
2572:
2571:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2500:
2494:
2493:
2475:
2465:
2452:(in Norwegian).
2441:
2432:
2431:
2413:
2403:
2393:
2369:
2354:
2353:
2352:
2351:
2318:
2312:
2311:
2293:
2261:
2226:
2225:
2207:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2144:
2134:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2100:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2069:
2054:Physical Therapy
2045:
2039:
2038:
2031:
2025:
2024:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1945:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1926:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1902:
1891:
1880:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1859:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1813:(11): 1299–306.
1802:
1796:
1795:
1785:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1744:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1702:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1629:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1522:Phys Rehabil Med
1517:
1502:
1501:
1491:
1459:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1444:
1435:. Archived from
1425:
1419:
1418:
1382:
1361:
1360:
1358:
1357:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1309:
1300:
1299:
1263:
1257:
1256:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1219:
1195:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1180:
1166:
1160:
1159:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1096:
1085:
1084:
1074:
1050:
1030:
1015:
992:vestibular organ
903:with a head-tilt
854:muscle relaxants
834:Other treatments
686:Physical therapy
633:IV cranial nerve
605:
598:
587:
580:
576:
573:
567:
536:
528:
521:
518:
500:
493:
482:
460:
459:
452:
421:superior oblique
325:trapezius muscle
134:no obvious cause
101:, is a painful,
97:, also known as
59:
48:stiff neck loxia
29:
3222:
3221:
3217:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3212:
3211:
3202:Rabbit diseases
3182:
3181:
3180:
3175:
3156:Schmorl's nodes
3142:
3116:Upper back pain
3093:
3084:Spinal stenosis
3050:
2994:
2973:
2938:
2933:
2903:
2898:
2897:
2849:
2848:
2792:
2771:
2766:
2765:
2735:
2734:
2730:
2692:
2691:
2687:
2680:
2676:
2638:
2637:
2633:
2595:
2594:
2590:
2580:
2579:
2575:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2511:(403): 179–85.
2502:
2501:
2497:
2443:
2442:
2435:
2371:
2370:
2357:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2320:
2319:
2315:
2263:
2262:
2229:
2185:
2184:
2180:
2171:
2170:
2166:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2098:
2096:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2047:
2046:
2042:
2037:. 30 June 2023.
2033:
2032:
2028:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1947:
1946:
1933:
1924:
1922:
1914:
1913:
1909:
1900:
1898:
1893:
1892:
1883:
1870:
1866:
1857:
1855:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1700:
1698:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1627:
1625:
1617:
1616:
1612:
1573:
1572:
1568:
1546:
1545:
1541:
1519:
1518:
1505:
1461:
1460:
1451:
1442:
1440:
1427:
1426:
1422:
1384:
1383:
1364:
1355:
1353:
1344:
1343:
1339:
1332:medlineplus.gov
1326:
1325:
1321:
1311:
1310:
1303:
1265:
1264:
1260:
1247:(9): CR427–30.
1238:
1237:
1233:
1197:
1196:
1187:
1178:
1176:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1134:(13): 1921–43.
1125:
1124:
1120:
1098:
1097:
1088:
1052:
1051:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1033:
1016:
1012:
1007:
976:Disease of the
917:
893:
884:
875:
859:Botulinum toxin
846:for acute cases
836:
827:
806:
789:
688:
679:
626:Ultrasonography
606:
595:
594:
593:
588:
577:
571:
568:
553:
537:
522:
516:
513:
506:needs expansion
461:
457:
450:
434:
417:trochlear nerve
413:
407:
398:
392:
338:posterior fossa
308:
281:range of motion
264:
213:
142:
87:Ultrasonography
27:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3220:
3218:
3210:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3184:
3183:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3152:
3150:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3140:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3128:
3118:
3113:
3107:
3105:
3099:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3091:
3089:Facet syndrome
3086:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3077:Retrolisthesis
3069:
3064:
3058:
3056:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3048:
3046:Pott's disease
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3027:
3026:
3015:
3013:
3006:
3000:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2992:
2987:
2981:
2979:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2955:
2953:
2944:
2940:
2939:
2936:Spinal disease
2934:
2932:
2931:
2924:
2917:
2909:
2900:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2884:
2870:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2851:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2835:
2824:
2809:
2793:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2784:Classification
2778:
2777:
2770:
2769:External links
2767:
2764:
2763:
2728:
2701:(2): 299–309.
2685:
2674:
2631:
2588:
2573:
2538:
2495:
2433:
2355:
2343:
2313:
2276:(4): 240–290.
2227:
2198:(4): 348–394.
2178:
2164:
2105:
2081:
2040:
2026:
1983:
1956:(10): 983–91.
1931:
1907:
1881:
1864:
1840:
1797:
1776:(4): 245–249.
1756:
1707:
1696:www.rch.org.au
1683:
1656:(2): 155–160.
1634:
1623:www.rch.org.au
1610:
1566:
1539:
1503:
1474:(35): e21879.
1449:
1420:
1393:(3): 365–378.
1362:
1337:
1319:
1301:
1258:
1231:
1210:(4): 547–560.
1185:
1161:
1118:
1086:
1041:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1009:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1002:
1001:
998:
990:Damage to the
988:
974:
960:
957:Hypothyroidism
954:
949:
933:
916:
913:
892:
889:
883:
880:
874:
871:
870:
869:
864:
861:
856:
847:
835:
832:
826:
823:
805:
802:
788:
787:Manual therapy
785:
784:
783:
776:
775:
764:
761:
758:
755:
748:
747:
744:
741:
738:
734:
727:
712:
711:
708:
705:
702:
699:
687:
684:
678:
675:
671:
670:
665:
660:
655:
654:Spasmus nutans
652:
608:
607:
590:
589:
540:
538:
531:
524:
523:
503:
501:
491:
465:
464:
462:
455:
449:
446:
433:
430:
426:head-tilt test
409:Main article:
406:
403:
394:Main article:
391:
388:
387:
386:
379:
377:Phenothiazines
370:
367:antipsychotics
363:
352:
341:
329:
328:
313:Pott's Disease
307:
304:
263:
260:
259:
258:
255:
252:
249:
246:
243:
240:
237:
212:
209:
208:
207:
204:
201:
200:Tremor in head
198:
195:
189:
186:
174:
173:
167:
161:
155:
141:
138:
129: 'neck'.
90:
89:
84:
78:
77:
72:
66:
65:
61:
60:
52:
51:
50:
49:
46:
43:
38:
34:
33:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3219:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3149:
3145:
3139:
3138:Radiculopathy
3136:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3122:
3121:Low back pain
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3104:
3100:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3067:Spondylolysis
3065:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3053:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3004:Spondylopathy
3001:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2976:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2948:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2930:
2925:
2923:
2918:
2916:
2911:
2910:
2907:
2894:
2890:
2889:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2876:
2875:
2871:
2869:
2865:
2864:
2860:
2859:
2856:
2852:
2845:
2841:
2840:
2836:
2834:
2830:
2829:
2825:
2823:
2819:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2808:
2804:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2794:
2791:
2786:
2782:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2768:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2744:(5): 328–36.
2743:
2739:
2732:
2729:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2689:
2686:
2683:
2678:
2675:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2635:
2632:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2592:
2589:
2584:
2577:
2574:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2554:(6): 637–41.
2553:
2549:
2542:
2539:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2499:
2496:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2474:
2473:11250/2582088
2469:
2464:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2440:
2438:
2434:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2356:
2346:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2317:
2314:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2228:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2182:
2179:
2174:
2168:
2165:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2109:
2106:
2095:
2094:Yale Medicine
2091:
2090:"Torticollis"
2085:
2082:
2077:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2044:
2041:
2036:
2030:
2027:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1987:
1984:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1932:
1921:
1920:Yale Medicine
1917:
1916:"Torticollis"
1911:
1908:
1896:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1882:
1879:
1875:
1874:
1868:
1865:
1854:
1850:
1844:
1841:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1801:
1798:
1793:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1760:
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1583:(5): 679–87.
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1528:(5): 539–45.
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1439:on 2017-09-21
1438:
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1429:"Torticollis"
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1065:(4): 547–60.
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1027:Conrad Gesner
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30:
22:
3031:Sacroiliitis
3012:inflammatory
2989:
2886:
2882:orthoped/452
2872:
2861:
2837:
2826:
2811:
2796:
2741:
2737:
2731:
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2401:10261/350376
2381:
2377:
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2195:
2191:
2181:
2167:
2122:
2118:
2108:
2097:. Retrieved
2093:
2084:
2057:
2053:
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2029:
1996:
1992:
1986:
1953:
1949:
1923:. Retrieved
1919:
1910:
1899:. Retrieved
1897:. 2017-02-27
1871:
1867:
1856:. Retrieved
1852:
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1699:. Retrieved
1695:
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1647:
1637:
1626:. Retrieved
1622:
1613:
1580:
1576:
1569:
1555:(1): 10–26.
1552:
1549:Oftalmologia
1548:
1542:
1525:
1521:
1471:
1467:
1441:. Retrieved
1437:the original
1432:
1423:
1390:
1386:
1354:. Retrieved
1352:. 2021-04-28
1349:
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1177:. Retrieved
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943:
942:(roundworm)
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596:
578:
572:October 2015
569:
554:Please help
542:
517:October 2015
514:
510:adding to it
505:
483:
476:
470:
469:Please help
466:
439:
435:
414:
399:
330:
309:
298:
290:
286:
278:
269:Birth trauma
265:
254:Drug induced
229:
214:
178:
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164:anterocollis
163:
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152:laterocollis
151:
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131:
126:
122:
114:
98:
94:
93:
3062:Spondylosis
3019:Spondylitis
2990:Torticollis
2893:Torticollis
2863:MedlinePlus
2384:(7): 1184.
1853:Mayo Clinic
1107:(2): 1–11.
962:Disease of
373:Antiemetics
349:debridement
332:dentition.
170:retrocollis
115:torticollis
95:Torticollis
75:Orthopedics
37:Other names
32:Torticollis
3186:Categories
3126:Coccydynia
2888:Patient UK
2839:DiseasesDB
2428:2843032121
2350:2024-08-22
2159:2912741403
2119:Healthcare
2099:2024-03-26
1925:2024-03-26
1901:2024-03-26
1858:2022-10-24
1701:2022-10-24
1628:2022-10-24
1443:2017-09-21
1356:2022-10-24
1179:2017-11-02
1037:References
1023:crossbills
980:caused by
978:brain stem
948:in rabbits
901:guinea pig
844:analgesics
730:Stretching
472:improve it
225:congenital
3111:Neck pain
3103:Back pain
2969:Scoliosis
2943:Deforming
2879:emerg/597
2874:eMedicine
2490:203804340
2125:(1): 13.
1978:206484848
1878:eMedicine
1835:189867541
1415:216099695
986:neoplasia
972:neoplasia
915:Head tilt
909:head tilt
882:Prognosis
852:or other
842:Rest and
677:Treatment
640:nystagmus
543:does not
478:talk page
448:Diagnosis
251:Spasmodic
239:Traumatic
184:Neck pain
70:Specialty
3207:Symptoms
3131:Sciatica
3036:Discitis
2964:Lordosis
2959:Kyphosis
2723:11727371
2715:19921257
2661:29478149
2647:(2): 4.
2618:29557988
2583:Medscape
2568:10378488
2533:20606626
2525:12360024
2482:30644674
2424:ProQuest
2420:37508680
2411:10378416
2378:Children
2308:52909510
2300:30277962
2214:24076627
2155:ProQuest
2151:38200919
2142:10778664
2076:17878433
2013:24728303
1970:24240061
1827:16208529
1792:16482983
1751:33088406
1678:35657143
1670:19182151
1597:11379737
1561:21774381
1534:25692687
1498:32871916
1468:Medicine
1407:23271760
1314:Medscape
1296:30159732
1288:17917462
1253:18758411
1156:46954613
1148:11708764
940:nematode
873:Overview
850:Diazepam
619:clubfoot
356:adenoids
217:fibrosis
99:wry neck
45:wry neck
2833:D014103
2758:7837108
2669:3502413
2626:4043479
2291:8568067
2222:5343916
2173:"Botox"
2021:3100453
1783:2639892
1742:7545976
1727:: 277.
1489:7458238
1226:9577384
1081:9577384
959:in dogs
938:by the
825:Surgery
716:flexion
564:removed
549:sources
432:Anatomy
345:pharynx
323:or the
242:CNS/PNS
235:Osseous
21:Wryneck
2868:000749
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1079:
982:stroke
245:Ocular
211:Causes
127:collum
123:tortus
2978:Other
2844:31866
2822:723.5
2807:M43.6
2719:S2CID
2665:S2CID
2622:S2CID
2529:S2CID
2486:S2CID
2456:(1).
2304:S2CID
2218:S2CID
2017:S2CID
1974:S2CID
1831:S2CID
1674:S2CID
1601:S2CID
1411:S2CID
1292:S2CID
1204:Brain
1152:S2CID
1128:Drugs
1059:Brain
1019:Loxia
1005:Notes
737:side.
636:palsy
121:
119:Latin
2828:MeSH
2817:9-CM
2754:PMID
2711:PMID
2657:PMID
2614:PMID
2564:PMID
2521:PMID
2478:PMID
2416:PMID
2339:ISBN
2296:PMID
2210:PMID
2147:PMID
2072:PMID
2009:PMID
1966:PMID
1823:PMID
1788:PMID
1747:PMID
1666:PMID
1593:PMID
1581:83-A
1557:PMID
1530:PMID
1494:PMID
1403:PMID
1284:PMID
1249:PMID
1222:PMID
1144:PMID
1077:PMID
617:and
547:any
545:cite
111:neck
107:head
2813:ICD
2798:ICD
2746:doi
2703:doi
2699:106
2649:doi
2606:doi
2602:265
2556:doi
2513:doi
2509:403
2468:hdl
2458:doi
2454:138
2406:PMC
2396:hdl
2386:doi
2331:doi
2286:PMC
2278:doi
2200:doi
2137:PMC
2127:doi
2062:doi
2001:doi
1958:doi
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1737:PMC
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1484:PMC
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