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613:, and 23 workers went to the mountains close to Pisa to cut marble. The cut stones were given to Rainaldo Speziale, worker of St. Francesco. In 1272, construction resumed under Di Simone. In an effort to compensate for the tilt, the engineers built upper floors with one side taller than the other. Because of this, the tower is curved. Construction was halted again in 1284 when the Pisans were defeated by the Genoese in the
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563:. The sum was then used toward the purchase of a few stones which still form the base of the bell tower. On 9 August 1173, the foundations of the tower were laid. Work on the ground floor of the white marble campanile began on 14 August of the same year during a period of military success and prosperity. This ground floor is a
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After a phase (1990–2001) of structural strengthening, the tower has been undergoing gradual surface restoration to repair visible damage, mostly corrosion and blackening. These are particularly pronounced due to the tower's age and its exposure to wind and rain. In May 2008, engineers announced that
380:
The tower began to lean during construction in the 12th century, due to soft ground which could not properly support the structure's weight. It worsened through the completion of construction in the 14th century. By 1990, the tilt had reached 5.5 degrees. The structure was stabilized by remedial work
376:
The height of the tower is 55.86 metres (183 feet 3 inches) from the ground on the low side and 56.67 m (185 ft 11 in) on the high side. The width of the walls at the base is 2.44 m (8 ft 0 in). Its weight is estimated at 14,500 tonnes (16,000 short tons). The
757:
in 1989. The bells were removed to relieve some weight, and cables were cinched around the third level and anchored several hundred meters away, and residences in the path of a potential collapse were vacated. The selected method for preventing the collapse of the tower was to slightly reduce its
724:
Numerous efforts have been made to restore the tower to a vertical orientation or at least keep it from falling over. Most of these efforts failed; some worsened the tilt. On 27 February 1964, the government of Italy requested aid in preventing the tower from toppling. It was, however, considered
772:
inches), returning to its 1838 position. After a decade of corrective reconstruction and stabilization efforts, the tower was reopened to the public on 15 December 2001, and was declared stable for at least another 300 years. In total, 70 metric tons (77 short tons) of soil were removed.
405:, Sicily, only to return and die in his home town. A piece of cast bearing his name was discovered at the foot of the tower in 1820, but this may be related to the bronze door in the façade of the cathedral that was destroyed in 1595. A 2001 study seems to indicate
826:
598:. This allowed time for the underlying soil to settle. Otherwise, the tower would almost certainly have toppled. On 27 December 1233, the worker Benenato, son of Gerardo Bottici, oversaw the continuation of the tower's construction.
1070:
The circular shape and great height of the campanile were unusual for their time, and the crowning belfry is stylistically distinct from the rest of the construction. This belfry incorporates a 14 cm
1085: in) correction for the inclined axis below. The siting of the campanile within the Piazza del Duomo diverges from the axial alignment of the cathedral and baptistery of the Piazza del Duomo.
1847:
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Construction of the tower occurred in three stages over 199 years. On 5 January 1172, Donna Berta di
Bernardo, a widow and resident of the house of dell'Opera di Santa Maria, bequeathed sixty
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1875:
483:
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858:: the height and stiffness of the tower combined with the softness of the foundation soil influences the tower's vibrational characteristics in such a way that it does not
423:
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as the "World's
Furthest Leaning Man-made Tower"; it has an 18-degree slope, almost five times more than the Tower of Pisa, but was deliberately engineered to slant. The
575:
wrote: "Guglielmo, according to what is being said, in the year 1174, together with sculptor
Bonanno, laid the foundations of the bell tower of the cathedral in Pisa".
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sent to confirm the presence of German troops in the tower, was impressed by the beauty of the cathedral and its campanile, and thus refrained from ordering an
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the tower had been stabilized such that it had stopped moving for the first time in its history. They stated that it would be stable for at least 200 years.
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tilt to a safer angle by removing 38 cubic metres (1,342 cubic feet) of soil from underneath the raised end. The tower's tilt was reduced by 45 centimetres (
2535:
578:
The tower began to sink after construction had progressed to the second floor in 1178. This was due to a mere three-metre foundation, set in weak, unstable
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64:
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1943:
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The tower was closed to the public on 7 January 1990, after more than two decades of stabilisation studies and spurred by the abrupt collapse of the
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The identity of the architect of the tower is a subject of controversy. The design had long been attributed to a man named
Guglielmo and to
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798:
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1578:
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1808:
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Guglielmo, secondo che si dice, l'anno 1174, insieme con
Bonanno scultore, fondò in Pisa il campanile del Duomo, dove sono alcune parole
1305:
2269:
1051:, because it used to ring on Easter day. However, this bell is older than the bell-chamber itself, and comes from the tower Vergata in
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was the original architect, due to the time of construction and affinity with other
Diotisalvi works, notably the bell tower of
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important to retain the current tilt, due to the role that this element played in promoting the tourism industry of Pisa.
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1424:
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The
Riviera, Or The Coast from Marseilles to Leghorn: Including the Interior Towns of Carrara, Lucca, Pisa and Pistoia
1095:
Two German churches have challenged the tower's status as the world's most lopsided building: the 15th-century square
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866:. The same soft soil that caused the leaning and brought the tower to the verge of collapse helped it survive.
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since 1280. A 2018 engineering investigation concluded that the tower withstood the tremors because of dynamic
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from the tower to demonstrate that their speed of descent was independent of their mass, in keeping with the
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1940:
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in 1289. A new bell was installed in the bell tower at the end of the 18th century to replace the broken
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A ceremony for the 850th anniversary of the laying of the foundation stone was held on 9 August 2023.
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2012:
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The seventh floor was completed in 1319. The bell-chamber was finally added in 1372. It was built by
1919:
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measured the Pisa and
Suurhusen towers, finding the former's tilt to be 3.97 degrees. In June 2010,
3234:
3081:
2954:
1969:
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1311:
754:
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Racconto istorico della vita di
Galileo Galilei (Historical Account of the Life of Galileo Galilei)
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tower has 296 or 294 steps; the seventh floor has two fewer steps on the north-facing staircase.
2604:
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1962:
1728:
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1289:, an ancient leaning tower that stood until 2017; reconstruction efforts are currently underway
1059:(The Justice). The bell was tolled to announce executions of criminals and traitors, including
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1983:
1973:
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1601:
1568:
1562:
1518:
1100:
874:
591:
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212:
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1792:
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1308:, the remains of a Franciscan monastery in King's Lynn, nicknamed "The Leaning Tower of Lynn"
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1947:
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Some contemporary sources speculate about the exact date; e.g. Rachel
Hilliam gives 1591 (
833:
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suspected that the Germans were using the tower as an observation post. Leon Weckstein, a
672:
602:
370:
69:
1338:
605:, was elected to oversee the building of the tower. On 12 April 1264, the master builder
2627:
1662:
1626:
Le opere di Giorgio Vasari: Le vite de' più eccellenti pittori, scultori ed architettori
3194:
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6th bell: Il Vespruccio (2nd small one), cast in the 14th century and again in 1501 by
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Angle of slant: 3.97 degrees or 3.9 m (12 ft 10 in) from the vertical
3254:
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1317:
1114:
703:
564:
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1013:
4th bell: La Terza (1st small one), cast in 1473, weight 300 kg (661 lb)
2403:
2439:"Stabilising the Leaning Tower of Pisa: the Evolution of Geotechnical Solutions"
2237:
1998:
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637:
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879:
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393:, the latter a well-known 12th-century resident artist of Pisa known for his
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17:
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style of the tower. There are seven bells, one for each note of the musical
149:
2820:
research partnership, includes 3D scan data from the Leaning Tower of Pisa.
1130:
2293:
714:
595:
402:
353:. It is known for its nearly four-degree lean, the result of an unstable
2812: – licensed photos, laser scans, panoramas), data from a
2600:
The Real Europe Pocket Guide-book: Number 10 of the 'Black's Blue Books'
840:(in the middleground), and the Leaning Tower of Pisa (in the background)
3144:
1700:
Public Record Offices of Pisa, Opera della Primaziale, 23 February 1260
1691:
Public Record Offices of Pisa, Opera della Primaziale, 27 December 1234
579:
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2745:"Not so fast, Pisa! UAE lays claim to world's furthest leaning tower"
2290:"Restoration work is mentioned at the official website of the square"
2111:
2107:
1179:
290:
220:
1034:, cast in 1606 and again in 2004, weight 652 kg (1,437 lb)
890:
research partnership, with source image accurate down to 5 mm (
2834:
2817:
2369:"500-year-old Leaning Tower of Pisa mystery unveiled by engineers"
887:
873:
642:
554:
98:
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Thickness of walls at the base: 2.44 m (8 ft 0 in)
2869:
1564:
Finite Element Analysis in Geotechnical Engineering: Application
680:
358:
94:
3148:
2838:
2558:
Strom, Steven; Nathan, Kurt; Woland, Jake; Lamm, David (2009).
2528:"German steeple beats Leaning Tower of Pisa into Guinness book"
2138:"BBC on this day: 1990: Leaning Tower of Pisa closed to public"
381:
between 1993 and 2001, which reduced the tilt to 3.97 degrees.
1910:"Sci Tech : Science history: setting the record straight"
1794:
Understanding Architecture: Its Elements, History, and Meaning
1137:, also deliberately built, leans at 53 degrees to the ground.
1122:
2794:
1871:
Lives of the Most Eminent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects
925:
Height from the foundation floor: 58.36 m (191 ft
1016:
5th bell: La Pasquereccia or La Giustizia, cast in 1262 by
905:
Elevation of Piazza del Duomo: about 2 metres (6 feet, DMS)
699:
in 1654, but only published in 1717, long after his death.
2202:"900-Year-Old Bell Tower Collapses in Italy; Three Killed"
2318:. tgcom24.mediaset.it. tgcom24.mediaset.it. 8 August 2023
2267:
A profile of an engineer employed to straighten the tower
908:
Height from the ground floor: 55.863 m (183 ft
878:
An elevation image of the Leaning Tower of Pisa cut with
1295:
List of tallest structures built before the 20th century
241:
1709:
Public Record Offices of Pisa, Roncioni, 12 April 1265.
1320:, a rock dome in Antarctica, was named after this tower
1727:. New York: William Morrow and Company, Inc. pp.
1663:"Fall of the Leaning Tower – History of Interventions"
1205:
Inner staircase from seventh to eighth (the top) floor
1253:
Tourist in a common pose at Tower of Pisa, June 2009
3126:
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732:were added, which straightened the tower slightly.
296:
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234:
211:
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148:
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104:
90:
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63:
58:
34:
1961:
1720:
1544:Capitular Record Offices of Pisa, parchment n. 248
1533:Deotisalvi – L'architetto pisano del secolo d'oro.
942:Outer diameter of base: 15.484 m (50 ft
2656:"Leaning Tower of Pisa: 1920s Photo of Dal Pozzo"
2238:"Europe | Pisa's leaning tower 'stabilised'"
959:Inner diameter of base: 7.368 m (24 ft
675:, who lived in Pisa at the time, is said to have
3113:Natural History Museum of the University of Pisa
1099:and the 14th-century bell tower in the town of
691:. The primary source for this is the biography
586:was almost continually engaged in battles with
2779:on Puzzling World website, viewed 30 July 2011
2548:tan(3.97 degrees) * (55.86m + 56.70m)/2 = 3.9m
979:Weight: 14,700 metric tons (16,200 short tons)
567:articulated by engaged columns with classical
357:. The tower is one of three structures in the
3160:
2850:
2231:
2229:
1427:. Archidose.org. 17 June 2001. Archived from
362:
342:
336:
8:
2070:
2068:
1899:, The Rosen Publishing Group, 2005, p. 101).
1451:"Leaning Tower of Pisa (tower, Pisa, Italy)"
1006:3rd bell: San Ranieri, cast in 1719–1721 by
850:The tower has survived at least four strong
601:On 23 February 1260, Guido Speziale, son of
2522:
2520:
2316:"La Torre Pendente di Pisa compie 850 anni"
1964:Tilt: a skewed history of the Tower of Pisa
1657:
1655:
1481:"Leaning tower of Pisa loses crooked crown"
1193:Inner staircase from sixth to seventh floor
695:, written by Galileo's pupil and secretary
647:Panoramic view (from left to right) of the
558:
3311:Buildings and structures completed in 1372
3167:
3153:
3145:
2857:
2843:
2835:
1868:Giorgio Vasari, Jean Paul Richter (1855),
47:
31:
2806:Piazza dei Miracoli digital media archive
2561:Site Engineering for Landscape Architects
1897:Galileo Galilei: Father of Modern Science
999:2nd bell: Il Crocifisso, cast in 1572 by
640:. The largest one was installed in 1655.
328:[ˈtorrepenˈdɛntediˈpiːza,-ˈpiːsa]
2013:"Why I spared the Leaning Tower of Pisa"
1395:"Europe | Saving the Leaning Tower"
1330:
1144:
782:
419:
77:Ecclesiastical or organizational status
1581:from the original on 18 September 2019
1405:from the original on 21 September 2013
1375:from the original on 11 September 2013
1027:, weight 1,000 kg (2,205 lb)
1020:, weight 1,014 kg (2,235 lb)
1010:, weight 1,448 kg (3,192 lb)
1003:, weight 2,462 kg (5,428 lb)
996:, weight 3,620 kg (7,981 lb)
560:Opera Campanilis petrarum Sancte Marie
2491:. Casa Editrice Bonechi. p. 44.
2398:
2396:
2394:
2379:from the original on 22 November 2018
2214:from the original on 30 November 2020
2200:Montalbo, William D (18 March 1989).
2148:from the original on 20 February 2020
2118:from the original on 2 September 2016
2088:from the original on 23 November 2020
2053:from the original on 14 February 2009
1552:
1550:
1491:from the original on 28 November 2020
1283:, was a famous European leaning tower
992:1st bell: L'Assunta, cast in 1654 by
728:Starting in 1993, 870 tonnes of lead
721:strike, sparing it from destruction.
326:
295:
285:
275:
264:
255:
7:
3336:Towers completed in the 14th century
2685:. Sydney, Australia: The Fog Press.
2564:. John Wiley and Sons. p. 124.
2339:"Leaning Tower of Pisa in the 1890s"
2181:from the original on 9 November 2020
2043:"Securing the Lean In Tower of Pisa"
1349:from the original on 30 October 2020
369:), which includes the cathedral and
207:55.86 m (183 ft 3 in)
2408:The Michigan Architect and Engineer
1960:Shrady, Nicholas (7 October 2003).
985:Total number of bells: 7, tuned to
820:Temporary lead counterweights, 1998
743:, and cemetery are included in the
624:, who succeeded in harmonizing the
429:Column capital details on top level
2578:from the original on 9 August 2021
2505:from the original on 9 August 2021
2248:from the original on 20 April 2013
1878:from the original on 9 August 2021
1850:from the original on 9 August 2021
1811:from the original on 9 August 2021
1772:from the original on 9 August 2021
1673:from the original on 24 April 2019
1314:, a tilting medieval tower in Rome
792:Leaning Tower of Pisa in the 1890s
25:
2713:from the original on 8 April 2008
2683:The Children's Visual World Atlas
2349:from the original on 6 March 2019
1461:from the original on 8 March 2013
1302:, for other types of round towers
349:, or freestanding bell tower, of
3275:Siena Baptistery of San Giovanni
2799: – official site
2751:from the original on 8 June 2010
2538:from the original on 4 May 2009.
2418:from the original on 2 July 2020
1343:Dizionario di Pronuncia Italiana
1277:, a replica of the Tower of Pisa
1246:
1234:
1222:
1210:
1198:
1186:
1171:
1159:
1147:
825:
813:
797:
785:
536:
521:
506:
494:
482:
470:
458:
446:
434:
422:
3326:Romanesque architecture in Pisa
2658:. www.endex.com. Archived from
2626:Black, Charles Bertram (1898).
2023:from the original on 9 May 2014
1758:. Touring Editore. p. 64.
1567:. Thomas Telford. p. 254.
1287:Great Mosque of al-Nuri (Mosul)
1229:View, looking down from the top
1166:Entrance door to the bell tower
1039:Number of steps to the top: 296
735:The tower and the neighbouring
401:. Pisano left Pisa in 1185 for
62:
3190:Camposanto Monumentale di Pisa
3098:Camposanto Monumentale di Pisa
2632:. A. & C. Black. pp.
2597:Black, William Harman (1920).
2169:"Italy's Endangered Treasures"
1918:. 30 June 2005. Archived from
1833:Pisa. History and masterpieces
1752:Touring club italiano (2005).
1455:Britannica Online Encyclopedia
750:, which was declared in 1987.
667:History following construction
571:. Nearly four centuries later
489:Wall relief details of animals
1:
3346:World Heritage Sites in Italy
3301:1372 establishments in Europe
3108:National Museum of San Matteo
2795:Opera della Primaziale Pisana
2770:'Leaning and tumbling towers'
2709:(in Italian). Lucca turismo.
2167:Hofman, Paul (30 July 1989).
1369:"Leaning Tower of Pisa Facts"
1241:Leaning Tower of Pisa in 2013
1055:in Pisa, where it was called
1043:About the 5th bell: The name
651:(Leaning Tower of Pisa), the
53:Leaning Tower of Pisa in 2022
1300:Round tower (disambiguation)
186:; 652 years ago
3331:Tourist attractions in Pisa
1874:, H. G. Bohn, p. 153,
3367:
2236:Duff, Mark (28 May 2008).
1097:Leaning Tower of Suurhusen
856:soil-structure interaction
748:UNESCO World Heritage Site
259:UNESCO World Heritage Site
3180:
2747:. CNN news. 7 June 2010.
2485:Valdes, Giuliano (1994).
1797:. Routledge. p. 98.
1612:– via Google Books.
1531:Pierotti, Piero. (2001).
1371:. Leaning Tower of Pisa.
1281:Leaning Tower of Zaragoza
836:(in the foreground), the
308:
252:
239:
46:
39:
27:Bell tower in Pisa, Italy
3200:Castello dell'Imperatore
3185:Basilica of San Frediano
2801:(in English and Italian)
2534:. AFP. 9 November 2007.
2456:10.1179/175035208X317657
2108:"Piazza del Duomo, Pisa"
1791:Roth, Leland M. (2018).
1623:Vasari, Giorgio (1878).
864:earthquake ground motion
622:Tommaso di Andrea Pisano
40:
3270:Santa Maria della Pieve
3025:S Stefano dei Cavalieri
2734:no. 2,406, 22 July 2007
2681:Davies, Andrew (2005).
2488:Art and History of Pisa
2272:27 January 2012 at the
2114:World Heritage Centre.
1946:6 February 2016 at the
1836:, Bonechi, p. 18,
1602:"The Campanile of Pisa"
1127:Leaning Tower of Wanaka
994:Giovanni Pietro Orlandi
677:dropped two cannonballs
671:Between 1589 and 1592,
282:Cultural: i, ii, iv, vi
3230:Piazza Dante, Grosseto
2985:S Michele degli Scalzi
2603:. Brentanos. pp.
2437:Burland, J.B. (2008).
1275:Leaning Tower of Niles
1270:List of leaning towers
1265:Leaning Temple of Huma
1111:Guinness World Records
1106:Guinness World Records
1090:Guinness World Records
1008:Giovanni Andrea Moreni
901:
663:
559:
397:, particularly in the
363:
343:
337:
324:torre pendente di Pisa
323:
106:Geographic coordinates
41:Torre Pendente di Pisa
3351:Christian bell towers
3210:Leaning Tower of Pisa
3134:Orto botanico di Pisa
3000:S Paolo a Ripa d'Arno
2884:Leaning Tower of Pisa
2824:Leaning Tower of Pisa
2814:University of Ferrara
2076:"Tipping the Balance"
1719:McLain, Bill (1999).
884:University of Ferrara
877:
870:Technical information
646:
361:'s Cathedral Square (
316:Leaning Tower of Pisa
128:43.72306°N 10.39639°E
35:Leaning Tower of Pisa
3306:Bell towers in Italy
3175:Landmarks of Tuscany
3077:Piazza delle Gondole
3072:Piazza dei Cavalieri
3051:del Collegio Puteano
2965:S Giovanni dei Fieri
2920:S Andrea Forisportam
2775:30 July 2011 at the
2444:Trans. Newcomen Soc.
1972:. pp. 147–152.
1970:Simon & Schuster
1723:Do Fish Drink Water?
1600:Toy, Sidney (1920).
1535:Pisa: Pacini Editore
1401:. 15 December 2001.
1306:The Greyfriars Tower
922: in), 8 stories
804:Plaque in memory of
755:Civic Tower of Pavia
3235:Piazza dei Miracoli
3082:Piazza dei Miracoli
2975:S Maria della Spina
2049:. 1 November 1987.
2019:. 12 January 2000.
1830:G. Barsali (1999),
1312:Torre delle Milizie
846:Earthquake survival
661:Piazza dei Miracoli
609:, architect of the
569:Corinthian capitals
124: /
3250:Pistoia Cathedral
2990:S Michele in Borgo
2970:S Jacopo e Filippo
2894:Torre dei Gualandi
2337:Tom (6 May 2015).
2296:on 25 October 2009
2047:The New York Times
1922:on 2 November 2005
1606:Indian Engineerion
1559:Zdravković, Lidija
1521:on 13 August 2007.
902:
664:
607:Giovanni di Simone
133:43.72306; 10.39639
3288:
3287:
3142:
3141:
3127:Gardens and parks
3118:Pisa Charterhouse
2889:Navicelli channel
2532:Trend News Agency
2207:Los Angeles Times
1979:978-0-74-322926-5
1755:Authentic Tuscany
1667:NOVA Online (PBS)
1557:Potts, David M.;
1217:View from the top
1101:Bad Frankenhausen
1001:Vincenzo Possenti
615:Battle of Meloria
501:Outer floor tiles
453:Base wall columns
331:), or simply the
312:
311:
16:(Redirected from
3358:
3260:Prato Cathedral
3240:Piazza del Campo
3225:Palazzo Pubblico
3220:Malaspina Castle
3169:
3162:
3155:
3146:
3103:Domus Galilaeana
3005:S Paolo all'Orto
2859:
2852:
2845:
2836:
2810:Creative Commons
2802:
2798:
2797:
2780:
2767:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2741:
2735:
2732:Sunday Telegraph
2729:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2707:"Torre pendente"
2703:
2697:
2696:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2662:on 18 April 2010
2652:
2646:
2645:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2555:
2549:
2546:
2540:
2539:
2524:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2434:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2400:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2334:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2312:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2292:. Archived from
2286:
2280:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2233:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2084:. 25 June 2001.
2072:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2009:
2003:
2002:
1996:
1994:
1967:
1957:
1951:
1950:on museo galileo
1941:Vincenzo Viviani
1938:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1906:
1900:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1827:
1821:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1788:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1726:
1716:
1710:
1707:
1701:
1698:
1692:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1659:
1650:
1649:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1597:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1554:
1545:
1542:
1536:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1517:. Archived from
1507:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1335:
1250:
1238:
1226:
1214:
1202:
1190:
1175:
1163:
1151:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1076:
1053:Palazzo Pretorio
1025:Nicola di Jacopo
972:
971:
967:
964:
955:
954:
950:
947:
938:
937:
933:
930:
921:
920:
916:
913:
899:
898:
894:
829:
817:
801:
789:
771:
770:
766:
763:
745:Piazza del Duomo
697:Vincenzo Viviani
628:elements of the
584:Republic of Pisa
562:
540:
525:
510:
498:
486:
474:
462:
450:
438:
426:
417:, both in Pisa.
368:
365:Piazza del Duomo
348:
340:
330:
270:Piazza del Duomo
248:
245:
243:
194:
192:
187:
139:
138:
136:
135:
134:
129:
125:
122:
121:
120:
117:
51:
32:
21:
3366:
3365:
3361:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3316:Inclined towers
3291:
3290:
3289:
3284:
3280:Siena Cathedral
3215:Lucca Cathedral
3176:
3173:
3143:
3138:
3122:
3086:
3060:
3034:
3010:S Piero a Grado
2925:S Antonio Abate
2910:Pisa Baptistery
2898:
2872:
2863:
2800:
2793:
2792:
2789:
2784:
2783:
2777:Wayback Machine
2768:
2764:
2754:
2752:
2743:
2742:
2738:
2730:
2726:
2716:
2714:
2705:
2704:
2700:
2693:
2680:
2679:
2675:
2665:
2663:
2654:
2653:
2649:
2625:
2624:
2620:
2596:
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2591:
2581:
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2572:
2557:
2556:
2552:
2547:
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2518:
2508:
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2499:
2484:
2483:
2479:
2436:
2435:
2431:
2421:
2419:
2402:
2401:
2392:
2382:
2380:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2352:
2350:
2343:Cool Old Photos
2336:
2335:
2331:
2321:
2319:
2314:
2313:
2309:
2299:
2297:
2288:
2287:
2283:
2274:Wayback Machine
2265:
2261:
2251:
2249:
2235:
2234:
2227:
2217:
2215:
2210:. Los Angeles.
2199:
2198:
2194:
2184:
2182:
2166:
2165:
2161:
2151:
2149:
2136:
2135:
2131:
2121:
2119:
2106:
2105:
2101:
2091:
2089:
2074:
2073:
2066:
2056:
2054:
2041:
2040:
2036:
2026:
2024:
2011:
2010:
2006:
1992:
1990:
1980:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1948:Wayback Machine
1939:
1935:
1925:
1923:
1908:
1907:
1903:
1894:
1890:
1881:
1879:
1867:
1866:
1862:
1853:
1851:
1844:
1829:
1828:
1824:
1814:
1812:
1805:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1775:
1773:
1766:
1751:
1750:
1746:
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1718:
1717:
1713:
1708:
1704:
1699:
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1653:
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1617:
1599:
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1584:
1582:
1575:
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1548:
1543:
1539:
1530:
1526:
1509:
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1504:
1494:
1492:
1479:
1478:
1474:
1464:
1462:
1449:
1448:
1444:
1434:
1432:
1431:on 26 June 2009
1425:"Tower of Pisa"
1423:
1422:
1418:
1408:
1406:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1378:
1376:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1352:
1350:
1337:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1261:
1254:
1251:
1242:
1239:
1230:
1227:
1218:
1215:
1206:
1203:
1194:
1191:
1182:
1176:
1167:
1164:
1155:
1154:View looking up
1152:
1143:
1093:
1081:
1077:
1074:
1072:
969:
965:
962:
960:
952:
948:
945:
943:
935:
931:
928:
926:
918:
914:
911:
909:
896:
892:
891:
872:
848:
841:
830:
821:
818:
809:
806:Galileo Galilei
802:
793:
790:
768:
764:
761:
759:
673:Galileo Galilei
669:
603:Giovanni Pisano
551:
544:
543:Top-level bells
541:
532:
526:
517:
511:
502:
499:
490:
487:
478:
475:
466:
463:
454:
451:
442:
439:
430:
427:
387:
261:
240:
230:
190:
188:
185:
132:
130:
126:
123:
118:
115:
113:
111:
110:
70:Catholic Church
54:
42:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3364:
3362:
3354:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3341:Towers in Pisa
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3293:
3292:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3195:Cassero Senese
3192:
3187:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3171:
3164:
3157:
3149:
3140:
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3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
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3094:
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3087:
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3084:
3079:
3074:
3068:
3066:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3046:della Carovana
3042:
3040:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2915:Pisa Cathedral
2912:
2906:
2904:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2880:
2878:
2874:
2873:
2864:
2862:
2861:
2854:
2847:
2839:
2833:
2832:
2821:
2803:
2788:
2787:External links
2785:
2782:
2781:
2762:
2736:
2724:
2698:
2691:
2673:
2647:
2618:
2589:
2570:
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2477:
2429:
2390:
2375:. 9 May 2018.
2360:
2329:
2307:
2281:
2259:
2225:
2192:
2174:New York Times
2159:
2129:
2099:
2064:
2034:
2004:
1978:
1952:
1933:
1901:
1888:
1860:
1842:
1822:
1803:
1783:
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1737:
1711:
1702:
1693:
1684:
1651:
1629:(in Italian).
1615:
1592:
1573:
1546:
1537:
1524:
1502:
1472:
1442:
1416:
1386:
1360:
1345:(in Italian).
1329:
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1326:
1323:
1322:
1321:
1315:
1309:
1303:
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1113:certified the
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1037:
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1028:
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1004:
997:
983:
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923:
906:
871:
868:
847:
844:
843:
842:
831:
824:
822:
819:
812:
810:
808:'s experiments
803:
796:
794:
791:
784:
730:counterweights
685:scientific law
668:
665:
657:Pisa Baptistry
653:Pisa Cathedral
573:Giorgio Vasari
550:
547:
546:
545:
542:
535:
533:
527:
520:
518:
512:
505:
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500:
493:
491:
488:
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476:
469:
467:
465:Flower pendant
464:
457:
455:
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445:
443:
441:Column details
440:
433:
431:
428:
421:
395:bronze casting
391:Bonanno Pisano
386:
383:
371:Pisa Baptistry
351:Pisa Cathedral
310:
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199:Specifications
196:
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182:
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173:Groundbreaking
170:
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158:
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155:Bonanno Pisano
152:
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108:
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92:
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3266:
3265:San Gimignano
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
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3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3205:Guinigi Tower
3203:
3201:
3198:
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2100:
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2083:
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2081:TIME Magazine
2077:
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2069:
2065:
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2048:
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2022:
2018:
2014:
2008:
2005:
2000:
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1953:
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3255:Poppi Castle
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1117:building in
1115:Capital Gate
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150:Architect(s)
144:Architecture
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2930:S Apollonia
2383:22 November
2057:17 February
1999:Archive.org
1882:14 November
1633:. pp.
1511:"Endex.com"
1353:26 December
1135:New Zealand
1047:comes from
852:earthquakes
638:major scale
300:1987 (11th
297:Inscription
131: /
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3295:Categories
3015:S Sepolcro
2960:S Frediano
2950:S Domenico
2945:S Cristina
2935:S Caterina
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2692:1740893174
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1843:8872041880
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1485:Irish News
1325:References
1030:7th bell:
1018:Lotteringo
900: in).
880:laser scan
834:Baptistery
741:baptistery
655:, and the
634:Romanesque
611:Camposanto
415:Baptistery
411:San Nicola
407:Diotisalvi
399:Pisa Duomo
355:foundation
341:), is the
167:Romanesque
119:10°23′47″E
116:43°43′23″N
2980:S Martino
2877:Landmarks
2613:316943604
2472:110178919
2464:0372-0187
1915:The Hindu
1854:25 August
1379:5 October
1178:External
1119:Abu Dhabi
1032:Dal Pozzo
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956: in)
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838:Cathedral
737:cathedral
719:artillery
712:U.S. Army
689:free fall
649:Campanile
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213:Materials
181:Completed
2995:S Nicola
2940:S Chiara
2903:Churches
2773:Archived
2749:Archived
2717:19 March
2711:Archived
2666:9 August
2642:18806463
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2270:Archived
2246:Archived
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1259:See also
860:resonate
715:sergeant
596:Florence
477:Entrance
413:and the
403:Monreale
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244:.opapisa
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588:Genoa
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2609:OCLC
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