Knowledge (XXG)

Towra Point Nature Reserve

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485: 80: 570: 265: 87: 64: 1694: 356:. Another name known for the area was "Stinkpot Bay". In 1861, Thomas Holt bought Towra Point, and divided it into paddocks for grazing or growing corn. Sheep grazing was particularly disastrous, and many thousands of sheep died of footrot and are buried at Towra Point. In the late 1870s, Thomas Holt began oyster farming at 1721:, education programs need to teach about total catchment management programs. Educational programs include guided tours for the general public, school visits, media liaison, information centres, conference presentations, interpretive signage, publications and facts sheets. Staff should also include education officers. 1712:
Exclusion – Those responsible for the management of wetland areas often facilitate public access to a small, designated area while restricting access to other areas. Provision of defined boardwalks and walkways is a management strategy used to restrict access to vulnerable areas, as is
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In 1990, the Elephant's Trunk was eroded so much that the tip broke off into an island. By this time, Towra Beach was so eroded that trees that were part of the forest were "tumbling into the water". The Friends of Towra Point volunteer group was founded in February 1997 and they do such activities
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In 1981, another oil spill occurred at the Matraville refinery, causing more damage to the mangroves. In 1982, Towra Point was officially made a nature reserve. In 1983 Towra was suffering from erosion – the Elephant's Trunk, a peninsula of Towra had shrunk to 3 metres wide. The seagrasses were also
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ruled out Towra Point as a potential site for a second airport, citing community noise problems. The opening to Botany Bay was dredged in the 1970s to assist shipping, but this refracted the wave patterns in the bay, focusing them on Towra Point, causing erosion. The building of the revetment wall in
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1, 2, 3 and 6. In 2009, Towra Point met Ramsar criteria 2, 3, 4 and 8. In 1987, the Towra Point Aquatic Nature Reserve was created, covering 1,400 hectares (3,500 acres) in the waterways surrounding Towra Point. Towra Point Nature Reserve also attempts to meet the Federal government's obligations to
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and regulations. Section 17B provides that a person is guilty of a criminal offence if (a) the person takes an action ; and (b) the action results or will result in a significant impact on the ecological character of a wetland; and (c) the wetland is a declared Ramsar wetland. Towra Point Nature
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Care has been taken to develop management plans that are both realistic and flexible. They need to take into account scientific and technological advances, changing social and political attitudes and variations in the level of funding. Management plans also need to be consistent with Australia's
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Towra Point Nature Reserve is home to many endangered, vulnerable, protected and exotic species. This list is from the NSW Government's Environment and Heritage department website – a comprehensive listing, including numbers, scientific names, and protection status, can be found at this link.
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mapped Botany Bay when he landed in 1770, including Towra Point. Early European colonialists ran horses and cattle on Towra Point, despite the poor condition of the land for such a purpose. In 1827, "Towra Point" and "Towra Bay" were recorded as local names by the surveyor
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Land destabilisation – due to extensive mining of the larger dunes on Towra Point during the twentieth century it has been suggested that if the site was ravaged by strong enough storms breaks in the point could occur and breach the gentle lagoons of Towra
1760:(CAMBA). Legislation that Australia and New South Wales have passed in regard to Towra Point Wetlands are the Australian Wetlands Policy, the New South Wales Wetlands Management Policy (1996) and the State and Environmental Planning Policy 14 on Coastal Wetlands. 1945:
Develop and implement management plans – An intertidal wetland is a dynamic system. As our knowledge of ecosystems has increased community attitudes have changed. Communities are now demanding that these ecosystems are protected and effectively
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in Towra Point. In 1935, the Parks and Playgrounds Movement of NSW opposed an application to mine for shell at Towra Point. During World War II, a radar station was established, and a causeway built. In 1946, Towra Point was considered as a location for a
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Action – too little is known about the intertidal wetland system to successfully reinstate all natural conditions. Management plans focus on the rehabilitation of the site and the removal of human-induced stresses. For example,
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Design – Design interventions have proved successful in minimising sources of natural stress. At Towra Point Beach, for example, there is a sandbag wall to help prevent salt water from leaking into the fresh-water Towra
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spilled approximately 95 tonnes (105 short tons) of crude oil into Botany Bay. Mangroves at Quibray Bay, Weeney Bay and Towra Point were impacted – 100 hectares (250 acres) of mangroves were affected, and 4.4 hectares (11 acres) died.
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Jones, Alan R.; Murray, Anna; Lasiak, Theresa A.; Marsh, Robin E. (July 2008). "The effects of beach nourishment on the sandy-beach amphipod Exoediceros fossor: impact and recovery in Botany Bay, New South Wales, Australia".
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Education – In the past, wetlands were regarded as waste-lands. Education campaigns have helped to change public perceptions and foster public support for the wetlands. Due to their location in the
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of international importance as an important breeding ground for many vulnerable, protected, or endangered species. The Towra Point Aquatic Nature Reserve is located in the surrounding waterways.
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Introduction of exotic species – e.g. foxes, rabbits, sheep, cattle, pigs. – change energy flows and nutrient cycles. Birds are particularly affected, for example the
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In 2010, artificial roosting posts were installed by the Office of Environment & Heritage to supplement the roosting habitat in the area. In the 2010 breeding season, 72
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Hickey, Deanne; Bruce, Eleanor (January 2010). "Examining Tidal Inundation and Salt Marsh Vegetation Distribution Patterns using Spatial Analysis (Botany Bay, Australia)".
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Lillian, Saleh. "Bob's Good Tern – Cost To Save Each Bird? $ 12,500." Daily Telegraph, The (Sydney) (n.d.): Australia/New Zealand Reference Centre. Web. 22 Oct. 2015.
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Define management unit and boundaries – The "management unit" for many intertidal wetlands is often difficult to define because of the large number of
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Indirect influences from adjacent sites – e.g. weed infestation (lantana – Towra Point) – carried into the wetlands by horses from the nearby stables.
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species, they had recovered by 2005. In January 2004, 24 little tern were killed after picnickers and a dog accidentally landed on Towra Spit Island. In 2004, a
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In 2001, the mangrove forests of Towra Point were described as varying in width between tens and hundreds of metres and largely consisting of the grey mangrove
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Erosion of Towra Beach – due to wave refraction from the Sydney Airport runway which causes the freshwater Towra Point Lagoon to become saline
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Identify management goals and objectives – Today management plans for wetlands focus on the preservation and sustainable use of sites for
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fledged. In 2012, the site received a "Grey Globe" award of shame, given to Ramsar sites that are considered to be under threat. In 2013, the
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by minimising their impacts and by developing management strategies that protect, and where possible rehabilitate these ecosystems at risk.
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The traditional objectives for the management of wetland areas were built around the use of wetland resources for food, shelter and tools.
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Removal of resources for urban and industrial land uses – These also increase turbidity and toxins in the water supplied to
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was also thought to contribute to the changed wave patterns. In 1974 and 1975, the waves off Towra were so strong that teens surfed there.
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and regulations are used to protect Towra Point Wetlands. Conventions that Australia has signed in regard to Towra Point Wetlands are the
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activities at Towra Point. Habitat creation involves sandbagging the eroding Towra Lagoon, nest tagging, and clearing areas around nests.
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Partnership for the Conservation of Migratory Waterbirds and the Sustainable Use of their Habitats in the East Asian–Australasian Flyway
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Illegal rubbish dumping – has occurred both in the reserve and near the entrance. In late 2004, a large amount of dumped
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near Towra Point, 31 oil spills between 1957 and 1987 averaging 49,000 litres (11,000 imp gal; 13,000 US gal).
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Runoff – due to most of the surrounding land being used for urban and industrial purposes. Stormwater from the
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being eaten by sea-urchins – the population had exploded from 20,000 per hectare in 1979 to 80,000 by 1983. It was declared a
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Recreational horse riding – on the reserve and unsupervised recreational use of the reserve (e.g. dog walking)
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wood, for example, was used to make shields, shells were made into fishing hooks; and marine animals were used for food.
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1.5 million dredging project was undertaken to cut off Towra Spit Island from the rest of Towra Point to provide a
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as part of the "Towra Team", combining bush regeneration work with learning traditional Aboriginal cultural skills.
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Minchinton, Todd E. (October 2001). "Canopy and substratum heterogeneity influence recruitment of the mangrove
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Second Sydney Airport: report on Commonwealth-State consideration Towra Point, Wattomolla and Mascot extension
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at Towra Point, involving 60,000 cubic metres of sand. While this had an immediate negative effect on some
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In the 1960s, movement began to preserve Towra Point led initially by the President of Sutherland Shire,
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and 800 hectares (2,000 acres) of land including Towra Point Nature Reserve were to be included on the
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Glascott, Joseph (17 September 1983). "The 'Old Man' of Botany: Bernie's fight to save the bay".
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Glascott, Joseph (7 April 1982). "Oil spill killing vital bird sanctuary, say scientists".
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The following are positive ways of trying to protect or rehabilitate intertidal wetlands.
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as bush regeneration, seed collection, vegetation surveys and habitat creation for the
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As the Towra Point area is Ramsar listed, this attracts the operation of the federal
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Looking across towards Towra Point Nature Reserve from Sandringham, New South Wales.
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Replacement of wetland areas – for parks, playing fields or pasture.
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Boating – disturbs wildlife in the park, and creates pollution.
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growing in patches along the edge of the forest closest to the landward edge.
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surrounding Towra Point has been impacted as a result of human interaction.
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Saltmarsh and mangroves make up a large part of Towra Point Nature Reserve.
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Carr, Kate (30 December 2011). "Little terns rule the roosts at reserve".
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Glascott, Joseph (4 June 1983). "Bird haven threatened, say ecologists".
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Alteration of water flows – through construction of roads.
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and one relic that still remain today at the Towra Point Nature Reserve.
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Towra Point Nature Reserve Ramsar site: ecological character description
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The Towra Team – Fact Sheets – Gardening Australia – GARDENING AUSTRALIA
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In addition to land use planning law, the following Acts are applicable
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Fragmentation of the reserve – by private land ownership
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runway and the oil refinery. There have also been concerns that the
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but many areas are open to recreational and educational activities.
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Bailey, Paul (28 April 1990). "The Bay, no place for botany now".
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Littoral Rainforest and Coastal Vine Thickets of Eastern Australia
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runs through the Ramsar-listed area of Towra Point Nature Reserve.
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the issuing of permits whilst visiting Towra Point Nature Reserve.
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Towra Point Nature Reserve has been listed as being part of the
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Bay development – in general, including the
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Applicable legislation and international environmental law
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international obligations under JAMBA, CAMBA and Ramsar.
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Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act
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Aerial photograph of Towra Point and surrounding waters.
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Council, Friends of Towra Point and recreational users.
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Fishing – kills fish, which affects the
376:, the then Federal Minister for Urban Affairs. In 1965 2828:"Botany Bay National Park bound for heritage register" 1934:. For example, the Towra Point wetland has input from 3081:"State Environmental Planning Policies (SEPP) review" 1701:
Humans can maximise the area of healthy, functioning
2214:" (1773) . Collections. State Library of Queensland. 5526: 5453: 5385: 5322: 5279: 5241: 5218: 5145: 5127: 5005: 4761: 4625: 4233: 4072: 3983: 3758: 3698: 3610: 3437: 3430: 3209: 250: 234: 226: 218: 209: 202: 190: 178: 170: 155: 116: 104: 34: 3158:NSW Fisheries - Towra Point Aquatic Nature Reserve 86: 3147:Sutherland Shire Environment Centre - Towra Point 2603:. The Sydney Morning Herald Archives. p. 33. 2567: 2565: 2563: 2561: 2559: 2557: 2550:. The Sydney Morning Herald Archives. p. 16. 2513:"World Encouragement, Botany Bay, September 1979" 2144:"Origin of the names of suburbs and other places" 5304:Coorong and Lakes Alexandrina and Albert Wetland 2620:. The Sydney Morning Herald Archives. p. 1. 2447:. The Sydney Morning Herald Archives. p. 5. 2284:(PDF). Department of the Parliamentary Library; 2223: 2221: 2205: 2203: 2212:Entrance of Endeavour River, in New South Wales 3013:Towra Point Nature Reserve: Plan of Management 2889:"Environment & Heritage | NSW BioNet" 2032:Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 1823:Trampling – from illegal access 1770:Changed wind patterns – due to 5105: 3587: 3178: 2087:"Towra Point Nature Reserve: Park management" 400:in 1975, attempting to fulfil obligations to 8: 3112:, Environmental Impact Reports Pty Ltd, 1973 29:Protected area in New South Wales, Australia 5112: 5098: 5090: 3594: 3580: 3572: 3434: 3185: 3171: 3163: 2501:– via National Library of Australia. 2267:– via National Library of Australia. 1788:. (The removal can also result in changed 1697:Looking west from the air over Towra Point 62: 31: 1936:NSW National Parks & Wildlife Service 459:NSW National Parks & Wildlife Service 268:Aerial view of Towra Point Nature Reserve 185:NSW National Parks & Wildlife Service 5435:Port Phillip Bay and Bellarine Peninsula 2341:"Looking back: biodiversity legislation" 2176:"Kurnell Sands Demand Shift in Attitude" 2042:Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 1758:China–Australia Migratory Bird Agreement 1754:Japan–Australia Migratory Bird Agreement 1692: 332:A geoshape of Towra Point Nature Reserve 263: 2807:St George & Sutherland Shire Leader 2784:St George & Sutherland Shire Leader 2368:St George & Sutherland Shire Leader 2069: 1800:for both sedentary and migratory fauna) 3053: 3043: 2788:Australia/New Zealand Reference Centre 2279:"Second Sydney Airport — A Chronology" 1860:will impact negatively on the reserve. 1826:Threat of oil spills – 441:In 2003, it was proposed to undertake 5337:Cape Barren Island east coast lagoons 2414:"Rough ride for bay's fragile beauty" 2081: 2079: 2077: 2075: 2073: 314:. The reserve is protected under the 233: 225: 217: 208: 7: 2918:Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands 2518:Australian Maritime Safety Authority 2362:Trembath, Murray (12 October 2018). 2026:National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974 5607:Protected areas established in 1982 2580:Local Land Services: Greater Sydney 508:. The habitats of the reserve are: 5081:Protected areas of New South Wales 3603:Nature reserves of New South Wales 3193:Suburbs and localities within the 2459:"Death Of Mr Ray William Thorburn" 2091:Office of Environment and Heritage 1989:Convention on Biological Diversity 434:. They also coordinate the annual 174:6.03 km (2.3 sq mi) 25: 5592:Endangered ecological communities 5556:Hosnies Spring (Christmas Island) 2801:Trembath, Murray (10 July 2014). 2007:Reserve is listed a component of 426:, which came into force in 1988. 5612:1982 establishments in Australia 2875:10.1046/j.0022-0477.2001.00599.x 2754:Curtin, Jennie (31 March 2010). 2682:10.1111/j.1439-0485.2007.00197.x 2050:Coastal Dune Littoral Rainforest 1923:purposes. This may involve some 396:, the reserve was bought by the 85: 78: 5289:Banrock Station Wetland Complex 3149:(the virtual tour is excellent) 2803:"Towra bird habitat in decline" 2054:endangered ecological community 1960:International environmental law 1422:Yellow-bellied three-toed skink 5473:Forrestdale and Thomsons Lakes 5165:Fivebough and Tuckerbil Swamps 2951:Environmental Impact Statement 1: 5551:Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs 3021:Government of New South Wales 2584:Government of New South Wales 2485:"Mangrove area to be reserve" 2095:Government of New South Wales 2037:Fisheries Management Act 1994 1843:operating within the reserve. 1774:near some wetland areas e.g. 1744:Legislation – 840:Australian pied oystercatcher 337:Kurnell was inhabited by the 5546:The Dales (Christmas Island) 5129:Australian Capital Territory 2911:"Towra Point Nature Reserve" 2347:. April 2005. Archived from 2229:"Towra Point Nature Reserve" 1417:Pale-flecked garden sunskink 1412:Dark-flecked garden sunskink 5342:Interlaken Lakeside Reserve 3153:Sydney University Excursion 2978:Journal of Coastal Research 1392:Eastern snake-necked turtle 500:deposit, has many distinct 5633: 5488:Lakes Argyle and Kununurra 5405:Edithvale-Seaford Wetlands 4762:Southeast & Tablelands 4535:South West Solitary Island 4504:North-West Solitary Island 3759:Hunter & Central Coast 2493:. 21 March 1975. p. 3 2153:. May 2013. Archived from 1269:Green and golden bell frog 770:White-throated treecreeper 274:Towra Point Nature Reserve 196:Towra Point Nature Reserve 93:Towra Point Nature Reserve 36:Towra Point Nature Reserve 5587:Nature reserves in Sydney 5582:Ramsar sites in Australia 5377:Pittwater–Orielton Lagoon 5185:Little Llangothlin Lagoon 5121:Ramsar sites in Australia 5078: 4775:Barunguba Montague Island 4411:Julian Rocks Nguthungulli 4241:Andrew Johnston Big Scrub 3560: 2833:The Sydney Morning Herald 2761:The Sydney Morning Herald 2743:Towra Team: NSW - YouTube 2710:The Sydney Morning Herald 2617:The Sydney Morning Herald 2600:The Sydney Morning Herald 2547:The Sydney Morning Herald 2444:The Sydney Morning Herald 2419:The Sydney Morning Herald 2256:The Sydney Morning Herald 2181:The Sydney Morning Herald 2123:Sites Information Service 2052:ecological community, an 1995:Federal environmental law 1889:Management of the reserve 1858:Sydney Desalination Plant 1407:Black-bellied swamp snake 1240:White-throated needletail 600:Chestnut-rumped heathwren 246: 242: 73: 61: 47: 3611:Central West & Orana 2891:. Environment.nsw.gov.au 2259:. 10 May 1935. p. 5 2151:Sutherland Shire Council 1402:Eastern small-eyed snake 1100:Sulphur-crested cockatoo 745:Black-faced cuckooshrike 551:with the river mangrove 470:Botany Bay National Park 5175:Hunter Estuary Wetlands 3868:Little Broughton Island 3085:www.planning.nsw.gov.au 2648:Towra Beach Nourishment 2523:Government of Australia 2463:Parliament of Australia 2393:Parliament of Australia 2319:Parliament of Australia 2286:Government of Australia 2251:"Parks and Playgrounds" 2019:State environmental law 1776:Bicentennial Park South 1397:Red-bellied black snake 1368:Greater broad-nosed bat 1353:Common brushtail possum 1140:Yellow-faced honeyeater 1055:Golden-headed cisticola 640:White-bellied sea eagle 474:State Heritage Register 398:Government of Australia 5440:Western District Lakes 5367:Lower Ringarooma River 5357:Little Waterhouse Lake 5294:Bool and Hacks Lagoons 5160:Central Murray Forests 5006:Sydney & Surrounds 4178:Mother Of Ducks Lagoon 4073:New England-North West 3789:Brimbin Nature Reserve 3563:List of Sydney suburbs 2756:"Towra Point wetlands" 2345:National Parks Journal 1698: 1595:Broad-leaved paperbark 1358:Grey-headed flying fox 1279:Common eastern froglet 1274:Keferstein's tree frog 1150:White-naped honeyeater 1010:Sharp-tailed sandpiper 960:Little black cormorant 915:New Holland honeyeater 615:White-browed scrubwren 574: 554:Aegiceras corniculatum 489: 436:Clean Up Australia Day 392:Following lobbying by 341:, and there are three 269: 140:34.00639°S 151.16528°E 5518:Vasse-Wonnerup System 5463:Becher Point Wetlands 4538:Split Solitary Island 4501:North Solitary Island 4445:Little Pimlico Island 4121:Doctors Nose Mountain 1696: 1363:Lesser long-eared bat 1200:Australian masked owl 1070:Australian white ibis 955:Little pied cormorant 795:Shining bronze cuckoo 760:Pacific golden plover 655:Australasian shoveler 635:Black-shouldered kite 572: 487: 363:second Sydney airport 267: 54:strict nature reserve 5528:External territories 5503:Peel-Yalgorup System 5498:Ord River Floodplain 5420:Hattah-Kulkyne Lakes 5233:Kakadu National Park 3984:Illawarra-Shoalhaven 3792:Bugan Nature Reserve 3460:North Cronulla Beach 2635:16 June 2005 at the 1733:baiting, removal of 1719:water catchment area 1551:Native wandering jew 1294:Jervis Bay tree frog 1250:Australasian bittern 1000:Red-whiskered bulbul 950:Eastern yellow robin 885:Variegated fairywren 750:Double-banded plover 680:Australian wood duck 455:fox-free environment 180:Managing authorities 145:-34.00639; 151.16528 106:Nearest town or city 5597:Geography of Sydney 4729:South West Woodland 4705:Murrumbidgee Valley 4479:Muckleewee Mountain 3670:South West Woodland 3520:Royal National Park 3505:Cronulla sand dunes 2674:2008MarEc..29S..28J 2525:. 10 September 1979 1703:intertidal wetlands 1670:Magenta lilly pilly 1476:Parrot alstroemeria 1471:New Zealand spinach 1437:Eastern water-skink 1255:Nankeen night heron 1235:Spotted turtle dove 1210:Great crested grebe 1155:Olive-backed oriole 1125:Restless flycatcher 1075:Painted buttonquail 835:Sooty oystercatcher 775:Bar-shouldered dove 755:Greater sand plover 690:Australasian darter 685:Australian shelduck 406:World Encouragement 283:that is located in 136: /  5541:Coral Sea Reserves 5493:Muir-Byenup System 5483:Lake Warden System 5261:Great Sandy Strait 5220:Northern Territory 4668:Flagstaff Memorial 4202:Stony Batter Creek 4163:Little Llangothlin 4127:Dthinna Dthinnawan 2862:Journal of Ecology 2836:. 24 November 2013 2490:The Canberra Times 2465:. 11 February 1986 2321:. 12 February 2014 2231:. Sutherland Shire 2188:on 26 January 2003 1699: 1442:Barred-sided skink 1427:Eastern bluetongue 1284:Striped marsh frog 1215:Australasian grebe 1145:Lewin's honeyeater 985:Blue-winged parrot 980:Hoary-headed grebe 945:Australian pelican 930:Grey shrike-thrush 925:Eurasian blackbird 905:White-fronted chat 725:Eastern reef egret 710:Intermediate egret 665:Pacific black duck 595:Striated fieldwren 575: 490: 270: 255:Protected areas of 235:Reference no. 5602:Kurnell Peninsula 5569: 5568: 5468:Eighty Mile Beach 5455:Western Australia 5309:Piccaninnie Ponds 5251:Bowling Green Bay 5228:Cobourg Peninsula 5190:Macquarie Marshes 5087: 5086: 4986:Wollondilly River 4832:Cullendulla Creek 4740:The Charcoal Tank 4594:Willi Willi Caves 4489:Muttonbird Island 4322:Cooperabung Creek 4277:Bridal Veil Falls 4036:Narrawallee Creek 3654:Macquarie Marshes 3569: 3568: 3478: 3477: 3132:978-1-74232-132-5 2990:10.2112/08-1089.1 2713:. 4 December 2004 2573:"Towra Point ECD" 2174:(20 March 2000). 1965:Ramsar Convention 1938:, NSW Fisheries, 1750:Ramsar Convention 1610:Sweet pittosporum 1501:Fruit salad plant 1373:Little forest bat 1289:Peron's tree frog 1225:Brown cuckoo-dove 1095:Australian magpie 1045:Common greenshank 1040:Eurasian whimbrel 1025:Bar-tailed godwit 940:Spotted pardalote 900:Little wattlebird 895:Eastern spinebill 890:Southern emu-wren 845:Sacred kingfisher 805:Leaden flycatcher 790:Fan-tailed cuckoo 740:Bush stone-curlew 720:White-faced heron 605:Mangrove gerygone 443:beach nourishment 316:Ramsar Convention 262: 261: 16:(Redirected from 5624: 5617:Sutherland Shire 5445:Western Port Bay 5256:Currawinya Lakes 5114: 5107: 5100: 5091: 4966:Tollgate Islands 4646:Boginderra Hills 4551:Tabbimoble Swamp 4310:Clarence Estuary 4298:Burnt-Down Scrub 4144:Guy Fawkes River 4018:Cambewarra Range 3927:Spectacle Island 3816:Coocumbac Island 3796:Burning Mountain 3768:Bandicoot Island 3596: 3589: 3582: 3573: 3547:Sylvania Heights 3435: 3412:Woronora Heights 3282:Greenhills Beach 3195:Sutherland Shire 3187: 3180: 3173: 3164: 3136: 3124: 3113: 3096: 3095: 3093: 3091: 3077: 3071: 3068: 3062: 3061: 3055: 3051: 3049: 3041: 3039: 3037: 3018: 3008: 3002: 3001: 2973: 2967: 2966: 2964: 2962: 2955:Caltex Australia 2948: 2940: 2934: 2933: 2931: 2929: 2915: 2907: 2901: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2885: 2879: 2878: 2857:Avicennia marina 2852: 2846: 2845: 2843: 2841: 2824: 2818: 2817: 2815: 2813: 2798: 2792: 2791: 2779: 2773: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2751: 2745: 2740: 2734: 2729: 2723: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2701: 2695: 2692: 2686: 2685: 2656: 2650: 2645: 2639: 2628: 2622: 2621: 2611: 2605: 2604: 2594: 2588: 2587: 2577: 2569: 2552: 2551: 2541: 2535: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2509: 2503: 2502: 2500: 2498: 2481: 2475: 2474: 2472: 2470: 2455: 2449: 2448: 2438: 2432: 2431: 2429: 2427: 2410: 2404: 2403: 2401: 2399: 2385: 2379: 2378: 2376: 2374: 2359: 2353: 2352: 2337: 2331: 2330: 2328: 2326: 2311: 2305: 2304: 2302: 2300: 2283: 2275: 2269: 2268: 2266: 2264: 2247: 2241: 2240: 2238: 2236: 2225: 2216: 2215: 2207: 2198: 2197: 2195: 2193: 2184:. Archived from 2168: 2162: 2161: 2159: 2148: 2140: 2134: 2133: 2131: 2129: 2112: 2106: 2105: 2103: 2101: 2083: 1940:Sutherland Shire 1876:Kurnell Refinery 1828:Kurnell Refinery 1765:Negative effects 1737:(at Weedy Pond). 1689:Positive effects 1620:Panic veldtgrass 1571:Port Jackson fig 1556:Tree broom-heath 1185:Southern boobook 1180:Rainbow lorikeet 1015:Curlew sandpiper 920:Australian pipit 910:Brown honeyeater 880:Superb fairywren 830:Peregrine falcon 825:Australian hobby 820:Red-browed finch 785:Australian raven 730:Grey butcherbird 585:Yellow thornbill 549:Avicennia marina 452: 312:Sutherland Shire 285:Sutherland Shire 230:21 February 1984 198: 181: 166: 164: 159:August 1982 151: 150: 148: 147: 146: 141: 137: 134: 133: 132: 129: 107: 89: 88: 82: 66: 43: 37: 32: 21: 5632: 5631: 5627: 5626: 5625: 5623: 5622: 5621: 5572: 5571: 5570: 5565: 5522: 5449: 5425:Kerang Wetlands 5415:Gunbower Forest 5410:Gippsland Lakes 5381: 5372:Moulting Lagoon 5318: 5281:South Australia 5275: 5237: 5214: 5200:Narran Wetlands 5170:Gwydir Wetlands 5147:New South Wales 5141: 5123: 5118: 5088: 5083: 5074: 5001: 4782:Bell Bird Creek 4757: 4626:Riverina-Murray 4621: 4600:Woodford Island 4451:Marshalls Creek 4358:Fishermans Bend 4286:Brunswick Heads 4229: 4181:Mount Mackenzie 4068: 4045:Saltwater Swamp 4022:Comerong Island 3979: 3956:Wamberal Lagoon 3944:Tingira Heights 3915:Saratoga Island 3895:One Tree Island 3754: 3694: 3606: 3600: 3570: 3565: 3556: 3474: 3426: 3387:Sylvania Waters 3252:Caringbah South 3205: 3199:Southern Sydney 3191: 3143: 3133: 3122: 3116: 3108: 3105: 3103:Further reading 3100: 3099: 3089: 3087: 3079: 3078: 3074: 3069: 3065: 3052: 3042: 3035: 3033: 3031: 3016: 3010: 3009: 3005: 2975: 2974: 2970: 2960: 2958: 2946: 2942: 2941: 2937: 2927: 2925: 2913: 2909: 2908: 2904: 2894: 2892: 2887: 2886: 2882: 2854: 2853: 2849: 2839: 2837: 2826: 2825: 2821: 2811: 2809: 2800: 2799: 2795: 2781: 2780: 2776: 2766: 2764: 2753: 2752: 2748: 2741: 2737: 2730: 2726: 2716: 2714: 2703: 2702: 2698: 2693: 2689: 2658: 2657: 2653: 2646: 2642: 2637:Wayback Machine 2629: 2625: 2613: 2612: 2608: 2596: 2595: 2591: 2575: 2571: 2570: 2555: 2543: 2542: 2538: 2528: 2526: 2511: 2510: 2506: 2496: 2494: 2483: 2482: 2478: 2468: 2466: 2457: 2456: 2452: 2440: 2439: 2435: 2425: 2423: 2412: 2411: 2407: 2397: 2395: 2387: 2386: 2382: 2372: 2370: 2361: 2360: 2356: 2351:on 4 July 2005. 2339: 2338: 2334: 2324: 2322: 2313: 2312: 2308: 2298: 2296: 2281: 2277: 2276: 2272: 2262: 2260: 2249: 2248: 2244: 2234: 2232: 2227: 2226: 2219: 2209: 2208: 2201: 2191: 2189: 2170: 2169: 2165: 2160:on 12 May 2014. 2157: 2146: 2142: 2141: 2137: 2127: 2125: 2114: 2113: 2109: 2099: 2097: 2085: 2084: 2071: 2066: 2021: 1997: 1973:Bonn Convention 1962: 1957: 1925:exclusion zones 1908: 1896: 1891: 1867:was discovered. 1806:Destruction of 1794:nutrient cycles 1767: 1691: 1679: 1674: 1630:Coastal banksia 1590:Swamp paperbark 1456: 1451: 1432:Robust ctenotus 1382: 1377: 1303: 1298: 1264: 1259: 1195:Tawny grassbird 1175:Tawny frogmouth 1160:Golden whistler 1060:Royal spoonbill 1050:Common starling 995:Crimson rosella 990:Eastern rosella 965:Great cormorant 935:Rufous whistler 850:Welcome swallow 800:Spangled drongo 695:Oriental darter 590:Brown thornbill 580: 563: 482: 450: 419:Ramsar criteria 370:Arthur Gietzelt 339:Dharawal people 335: 334: 333: 328: 296:New South Wales 257:New South Wales 256: 214: 194: 179: 162: 160: 144: 142: 138: 135: 130: 127: 125: 123: 122: 105: 100: 99: 98: 97: 96: 95: 94: 90: 69: 57: 41:New South Wales 39: 38: 35: 30: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5630: 5628: 5620: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5574: 5573: 5567: 5566: 5564: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5532: 5530: 5524: 5523: 5521: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5459: 5457: 5451: 5450: 5448: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5430:Lake Albacutya 5427: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5391: 5389: 5383: 5382: 5380: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5334: 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3324: 3319: 3314: 3312:Kangaroo Point 3309: 3304: 3299: 3294: 3289: 3284: 3279: 3274: 3269: 3264: 3259: 3254: 3249: 3244: 3239: 3234: 3229: 3224: 3219: 3213: 3211: 3207: 3206: 3192: 3190: 3189: 3182: 3175: 3167: 3161: 3160: 3155: 3150: 3142: 3141:External links 3139: 3138: 3137: 3131: 3114: 3104: 3101: 3098: 3097: 3072: 3063: 3029: 3003: 2968: 2935: 2902: 2880: 2869:(5): 888–902. 2847: 2819: 2793: 2774: 2746: 2735: 2724: 2696: 2687: 2662:Marine Ecology 2651: 2640: 2623: 2606: 2589: 2553: 2536: 2504: 2476: 2450: 2433: 2422:. 20 July 2007 2405: 2380: 2354: 2332: 2306: 2270: 2242: 2217: 2199: 2163: 2135: 2107: 2068: 2067: 2065: 2062: 2020: 2017: 1996: 1993: 1961: 1958: 1956: 1953: 1948: 1947: 1943: 1928: 1907: 1904: 1895: 1892: 1890: 1887: 1886: 1885: 1879: 1872: 1868: 1861: 1854:Sydney Airport 1850: 1847: 1844: 1837: 1834: 1831: 1824: 1821: 1818: 1811: 1804: 1801: 1782: 1779: 1778:, at Rockdale. 1766: 1763: 1762: 1761: 1742: 1738: 1722: 1714: 1690: 1687: 1678: 1675: 1673: 1672: 1667: 1662: 1657: 1652: 1647: 1642: 1637: 1632: 1627: 1622: 1617: 1612: 1607: 1602: 1597: 1592: 1587: 1582: 1580:Cockspur thorn 1577: 1568: 1563: 1558: 1553: 1548: 1543: 1538: 1533: 1531:Cobbler's pegs 1528: 1523: 1521:Bridal creeper 1518: 1516:Asparagus fern 1513: 1508: 1503: 1498: 1496:Common silkpod 1493: 1488: 1483: 1478: 1473: 1468: 1463: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1449: 1444: 1439: 1434: 1429: 1424: 1419: 1414: 1409: 1404: 1399: 1394: 1389: 1387:Jacky lashtail 1383: 1381: 1378: 1376: 1375: 1370: 1365: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1340: 1335: 1330: 1325: 1320: 1315: 1310: 1304: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1296: 1291: 1286: 1281: 1276: 1271: 1265: 1263: 1260: 1258: 1257: 1252: 1247: 1245:Little penguin 1242: 1237: 1232: 1230:Crested pigeon 1227: 1222: 1217: 1212: 1207: 1202: 1197: 1192: 1187: 1182: 1177: 1172: 1167: 1162: 1157: 1152: 1147: 1142: 1137: 1132: 1127: 1122: 1117: 1112: 1110:Masked lapwing 1107: 1102: 1097: 1092: 1090:Striated heron 1087: 1085:Whistling kite 1082: 1077: 1072: 1067: 1062: 1057: 1052: 1047: 1042: 1037: 1032: 1030:Eastern curlew 1027: 1022: 1017: 1012: 1007: 1002: 997: 992: 987: 982: 977: 972: 970:Pied cormorant 967: 962: 957: 952: 947: 942: 937: 932: 927: 922: 917: 912: 907: 902: 897: 892: 887: 882: 877: 872: 867: 862: 857: 852: 847: 842: 837: 832: 827: 822: 817: 815:Willie wagtail 812: 807: 802: 797: 792: 787: 782: 777: 772: 767: 762: 757: 752: 747: 742: 737: 735:Pied currawong 732: 727: 722: 717: 712: 707: 702: 697: 692: 687: 682: 677: 672: 667: 662: 657: 652: 647: 642: 637: 632: 627: 622: 617: 612: 610:Brown gerygone 607: 602: 597: 592: 587: 581: 579: 576: 562: 559: 545: 544: 539: 534: 528: 520: 515: 481: 478: 331: 330: 329: 327: 324: 281:nature reserve 260: 259: 252: 248: 247: 244: 243: 240: 239: 236: 232: 231: 228: 224: 223: 220: 216: 215: 212:Ramsar Wetland 210: 207: 206: 204: 200: 199: 192: 188: 187: 182: 176: 175: 172: 168: 167: 157: 153: 152: 120: 114: 113: 108: 102: 101: 92: 91: 84: 83: 77: 76: 75: 74: 71: 70: 67: 59: 58: 48: 45: 44: 28: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5629: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5579: 5577: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5533: 5531: 5529: 5525: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5513:Toolibin Lake 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5460: 5458: 5456: 5452: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5395:Barmah Forest 5393: 5392: 5390: 5388: 5384: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5329: 5327: 5325: 5321: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5299:Coongie Lakes 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5286: 5284: 5282: 5278: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5248: 5246: 5244: 5240: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5225: 5223: 5221: 5217: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5152: 5150: 5148: 5144: 5138: 5135: 5134: 5132: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5115: 5110: 5108: 5103: 5101: 5096: 5095: 5092: 5082: 5077: 5070: 5068: 5067:Windsor Downs 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5036: 5033: 5030: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5021:Dalrymple-Hay 5019: 5017: 5014: 5011: 5010: 5008: 5004: 4997: 4994: 4991: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4977: 4974: 4971: 4968: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4919: 4916: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4902: 4899: 4897:Mount Dowling 4896: 4893: 4890: 4887: 4884: 4881: 4878: 4875: 4872: 4869: 4866: 4863: 4860: 4857: 4854: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4840: 4837: 4834: 4831: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4822:Cecil Hoskins 4820: 4818: 4815: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4801: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4787: 4784: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4770: 4767: 4766: 4764: 4760: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4704: 4701: 4698: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4684: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4670: 4667: 4664: 4661: 4658: 4655: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4630: 4628: 4624: 4617: 4614: 4611: 4608: 4605: 4602: 4599: 4596: 4593: 4591:Waragai Creek 4590: 4588: 4587:Victoria Park 4585: 4582: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4568: 4566:Tweed Estuary 4565: 4562: 4559: 4556: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4542:Stotts Island 4540: 4537: 4534: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4520: 4517: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4503: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4484: 4481: 4478: 4476:Mount Seaview 4475: 4472: 4470:Mount Neville 4469: 4467: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4453: 4450: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4436: 4433: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4409: 4407:Jobs Mountain 4406: 4403: 4400: 4397: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4384:Hortons Creek 4383: 4381:Hogarth Range 4380: 4378: 4375: 4373:Hattons Bluff 4372: 4369: 4366: 4363: 4360: 4357: 4354: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4340: 4338:Cudgera Creek 4337: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4321: 4318: 4315: 4312: 4309: 4307:Chapmans Peak 4306: 4303: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4265: 4262: 4259: 4256: 4253: 4250: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4239: 4238: 4236: 4232: 4225: 4223:Watsons Creek 4222: 4219: 4217:Tuggolo Creek 4216: 4213: 4210: 4207: 4204: 4201: 4198: 4195: 4192: 4189: 4187:North Obelisk 4186: 4183: 4180: 4177: 4174: 4171: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4161: 4158: 4155: 4153:Jobs Mountain 4152: 4149: 4146: 4143: 4140: 4138:Georges Creek 4137: 4135: 4132: 4129: 4126: 4123: 4120: 4117: 4114: 4111: 4109:Burral Yurrul 4108: 4105: 4102: 4099: 4096: 4093: 4090: 4087: 4084: 4081: 4078: 4077: 4075: 4071: 4065: 4062: 4059: 4056: 4053: 4050: 4047: 4044: 4041: 4038: 4035: 4032: 4030: 4027: 4024: 4021: 4019: 4016: 4014: 4011: 4009:Brundee Swamp 4008: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3995: 3992: 3989: 3988: 3986: 3982: 3975: 3973: 3972:Wingham Brush 3970: 3967: 3964: 3961: 3958: 3955: 3953:Wallis Island 3952: 3949: 3946: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3932: 3929: 3926: 3923: 3920: 3917: 3914: 3912:Rileys Island 3911: 3908: 3906: 3905:Pulbah Island 3903: 3900: 3897: 3894: 3891: 3888: 3885: 3883:Moffats Swamp 3882: 3879: 3876: 3873: 3870: 3867: 3865: 3862: 3859: 3857: 3854: 3851: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3837: 3834: 3831: 3828: 3825: 3823:Corrie Island 3822: 3819: 3817: 3814: 3811: 3808: 3805: 3802: 3799: 3797: 3794: 3791: 3788: 3786: 3783: 3781: 3778: 3776: 3773: 3770: 3767: 3764: 3763: 3761: 3757: 3751: 3748: 3745: 3743: 3740: 3737: 3735: 3732: 3730: 3727: 3724: 3722: 3719: 3716: 3713: 3710: 3707: 3704: 3703: 3701: 3697: 3690: 3687: 3684: 3682: 3679: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3668: 3665: 3662: 3660: 3657: 3655: 3652: 3649: 3646: 3643: 3640: 3637: 3634: 3631: 3628: 3625: 3622: 3619: 3616: 3615: 3613: 3609: 3604: 3597: 3592: 3590: 3585: 3583: 3578: 3577: 3574: 3564: 3559: 3553: 3550: 3548: 3545: 3541: 3538: 3536: 3533: 3531: 3528: 3526: 3523: 3522: 3521: 3518: 3516: 3513: 3511: 3508: 3506: 3503: 3501: 3498: 3494: 3491: 3490: 3489: 3486: 3484: 3481: 3480: 3471: 3468: 3466: 3463: 3461: 3458: 3456: 3453: 3451: 3450:Elouera Beach 3448: 3446: 3443: 3442: 3440: 3436: 3433: 3429: 3423: 3420: 3418: 3415: 3413: 3410: 3408: 3405: 3403: 3400: 3398: 3395: 3393: 3390: 3388: 3385: 3383: 3380: 3378: 3375: 3373: 3370: 3368: 3365: 3363: 3360: 3358: 3355: 3353: 3350: 3348: 3345: 3343: 3342:Lucas Heights 3340: 3338: 3335: 3333: 3330: 3328: 3325: 3323: 3320: 3318: 3315: 3313: 3310: 3308: 3305: 3303: 3300: 3298: 3295: 3293: 3290: 3288: 3285: 3283: 3280: 3278: 3275: 3273: 3270: 3268: 3265: 3263: 3260: 3258: 3255: 3253: 3250: 3248: 3245: 3243: 3240: 3238: 3235: 3233: 3230: 3228: 3225: 3223: 3220: 3218: 3217:Alfords Point 3215: 3214: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3188: 3183: 3181: 3176: 3174: 3169: 3168: 3165: 3159: 3156: 3154: 3151: 3148: 3145: 3144: 3140: 3134: 3128: 3121: 3120: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3106: 3102: 3086: 3082: 3076: 3073: 3067: 3064: 3059: 3047: 3032: 3030:0-7313-6208-X 3026: 3023:. July 2001. 3022: 3015: 3014: 3007: 3004: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2972: 2969: 2956: 2952: 2945: 2939: 2936: 2923: 2919: 2912: 2906: 2903: 2890: 2884: 2881: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2863: 2858: 2851: 2848: 2835: 2834: 2829: 2823: 2820: 2808: 2804: 2797: 2794: 2789: 2785: 2778: 2775: 2763: 2762: 2757: 2750: 2747: 2744: 2739: 2736: 2733: 2728: 2725: 2712: 2711: 2706: 2700: 2697: 2691: 2688: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2668:(s1): 28–36. 2667: 2663: 2655: 2652: 2649: 2644: 2641: 2638: 2634: 2631: 2627: 2624: 2619: 2618: 2610: 2607: 2602: 2601: 2593: 2590: 2585: 2581: 2574: 2568: 2566: 2564: 2562: 2560: 2558: 2554: 2549: 2548: 2540: 2537: 2524: 2520: 2519: 2514: 2508: 2505: 2492: 2491: 2486: 2480: 2477: 2464: 2460: 2454: 2451: 2446: 2445: 2437: 2434: 2421: 2420: 2415: 2409: 2406: 2394: 2390: 2384: 2381: 2369: 2365: 2358: 2355: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2336: 2333: 2320: 2316: 2310: 2307: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2280: 2274: 2271: 2258: 2257: 2252: 2246: 2243: 2230: 2224: 2222: 2218: 2213: 2206: 2204: 2200: 2187: 2183: 2182: 2177: 2173: 2167: 2164: 2156: 2152: 2145: 2139: 2136: 2124: 2122: 2117: 2116:"Towra Point" 2111: 2108: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2082: 2080: 2078: 2076: 2074: 2070: 2063: 2061: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2046: 2044: 2043: 2038: 2034: 2033: 2028: 2027: 2018: 2016: 2014: 2010: 2005: 2003: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1959: 1954: 1952: 1944: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1909: 1905: 1903: 1901: 1900:Grey mangrove 1893: 1888: 1883: 1880: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1866: 1862: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1848: 1845: 1842: 1838: 1835: 1832: 1829: 1825: 1822: 1819: 1816: 1812: 1809: 1805: 1802: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1780: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1768: 1764: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1723: 1720: 1715: 1711: 1710: 1709: 1706: 1704: 1695: 1688: 1686: 1684: 1677:Human effects 1676: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1661: 1658: 1656: 1653: 1651: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1641: 1640:Slender grape 1638: 1636: 1633: 1631: 1628: 1626: 1625:Rambling dock 1623: 1621: 1618: 1616: 1613: 1611: 1608: 1606: 1603: 1601: 1598: 1596: 1593: 1591: 1588: 1586: 1583: 1581: 1578: 1576: 1572: 1569: 1567: 1564: 1562: 1559: 1557: 1554: 1552: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1542: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1487: 1484: 1482: 1479: 1477: 1474: 1472: 1469: 1467: 1464: 1462: 1461:Grey mangrove 1459: 1458: 1453: 1448: 1445: 1443: 1440: 1438: 1435: 1433: 1430: 1428: 1425: 1423: 1420: 1418: 1415: 1413: 1410: 1408: 1405: 1403: 1400: 1398: 1395: 1393: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1384: 1379: 1374: 1371: 1369: 1366: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1349: 1346: 1344: 1341: 1339: 1336: 1334: 1331: 1329: 1326: 1324: 1321: 1319: 1316: 1314: 1311: 1309: 1306: 1305: 1300: 1295: 1292: 1290: 1287: 1285: 1282: 1280: 1277: 1275: 1272: 1270: 1267: 1266: 1261: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1246: 1243: 1241: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1231: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1221: 1218: 1216: 1213: 1211: 1208: 1206: 1203: 1201: 1198: 1196: 1193: 1191: 1188: 1186: 1183: 1181: 1178: 1176: 1173: 1171: 1168: 1166: 1165:House sparrow 1163: 1161: 1158: 1156: 1153: 1151: 1148: 1146: 1143: 1141: 1138: 1136: 1133: 1131: 1128: 1126: 1123: 1121: 1118: 1116: 1115:Mistletoebird 1113: 1111: 1108: 1106: 1103: 1101: 1098: 1096: 1093: 1091: 1088: 1086: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1071: 1068: 1066: 1063: 1061: 1058: 1056: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1046: 1043: 1041: 1038: 1036: 1035:Little curlew 1033: 1031: 1028: 1026: 1023: 1021: 1018: 1016: 1013: 1011: 1008: 1006: 1003: 1001: 998: 996: 993: 991: 988: 986: 983: 981: 978: 976: 975:Stubble quail 973: 971: 968: 966: 963: 961: 958: 956: 953: 951: 948: 946: 943: 941: 938: 936: 933: 931: 928: 926: 923: 921: 918: 916: 913: 911: 908: 906: 903: 901: 898: 896: 893: 891: 888: 886: 883: 881: 878: 876: 873: 871: 868: 866: 863: 861: 858: 856: 853: 851: 848: 846: 843: 841: 838: 836: 833: 831: 828: 826: 823: 821: 818: 816: 813: 811: 808: 806: 803: 801: 798: 796: 793: 791: 788: 786: 783: 781: 778: 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177: 173: 169: 158: 154: 149: 121: 119: 115: 112: 109: 103: 81: 72: 65: 60: 55: 51: 50:IUCN category 46: 42: 33: 27: 19: 5561:Pulu Keeling 5536:Ashmore Reef 5400:Corner Inlet 5362:Logan Lagoon 5347:Jocks Lagoon 5209: 5180:Lake Pinaroo 5137:Ginini Flats 5056: 4992:Yanununbeyan 4948:Scabby Range 4855:Goorooyarroo 4810:Burnt School 4792:Black Andrew 4771:Badja Swamps 4702:Mullengandra 4653:Clarkes Hill 4583:Verges Creek 4547:Susan Island 4518:Rawdon Creek 4485:Munro Island 4473:Mount Nullum 4466:Mount Hyland 4462:Mororo Creek 4454:Moonee Beach 4392:Inner Pocket 4377:Hayters Hill 4361:Flaggy Creek 4331:Couchy Creek 4301:Byrnes Scrub 4199:Severn River 4193:Planchonella 4091:Bolivia Hill 4029:Five Islands 4013:Brush Island 3976:Yahoo Island 3918:Seaham Swamp 3877:Mills Island 3820:Coolongolook 3800:Bushy Island 3659:Munghorn Gap 3632:Copperhannia 3551: 3488:Caravan Head 3465:Shelly Beach 3367:Port Hacking 3227:Barden Ridge 3118: 3109: 3088:. Retrieved 3084: 3075: 3066: 3034:. Retrieved 3012: 3006: 2981: 2977: 2971: 2959:. Retrieved 2957:. 3 May 2013 2950: 2938: 2926:. Retrieved 2924:. April 2012 2917: 2905: 2893:. Retrieved 2883: 2866: 2860: 2856: 2850: 2838:. Retrieved 2831: 2822: 2810:. Retrieved 2806: 2796: 2786:– via 2783: 2777: 2765:. Retrieved 2759: 2749: 2738: 2727: 2715:. Retrieved 2708: 2699: 2690: 2665: 2661: 2654: 2643: 2626: 2615: 2609: 2598: 2592: 2579: 2545: 2539: 2527:. Retrieved 2516: 2507: 2495:. Retrieved 2488: 2479: 2467:. Retrieved 2453: 2442: 2436: 2424:. Retrieved 2417: 2408: 2396:. Retrieved 2383: 2371:. Retrieved 2367: 2357: 2349:the original 2344: 2335: 2323:. Retrieved 2309: 2297:. Retrieved 2273: 2261:. Retrieved 2254: 2245: 2233:. Retrieved 2192:12 September 2190:. Retrieved 2186:the original 2179: 2172:Molloy, Fran 2166: 2155:the original 2138: 2126:. Retrieved 2119: 2110: 2098:. Retrieved 2090: 2047: 2040: 2036: 2030: 2024: 2022: 2000: 1998: 1983:(2006), the 1963: 1949: 1932:stakeholders 1917:conservation 1906:Contemporary 1897: 1796:, affecting 1790:energy flows 1707: 1700: 1680: 1615:Pampas grass 1566:Wombat berry 1526:Crofton weed 1447:Weasel skink 1005:Lewin's rail 870:Caspian tern 865:Crested tern 810:Grey fantail 715:Little egret 705:Cattle egret 625:Grey goshawk 564: 552: 548: 546: 513:Salt marshes 491: 463: 440: 428: 411: 405: 394:Ray Thorburn 391: 378:Ian Griffith 367: 354:Robert Dixon 349:Captain Cook 347: 336: 273: 271: 26: 5508:Roebuck Bay 5266:Moreton Bay 5210:Towra Point 5195:Myall Lakes 5057:Towra Point 5034:Long Island 5031:Kemps Creek 5016:Castlereagh 5012:Agnes Banks 4978:Wanna Wanna 4955:Stony Creek 4891:Merriangaah 4845:Eagles Claw 4826:Coolumbooka 4813:Burra Creek 4615:Yarringully 4563:Tucki Tucki 4557:The Castles 4554:Tallawudjah 4532:Snows Gully 4515:Queens Lake 4434:Koukandowie 4415:Juugawaarri 4345:Davis Scrub 4319:Cook Island 4294:Bungawalbin 4281:Broken Head 4260:Boatharbour 4257:Billinudgel 4234:North Coast 4211:The Castles 4156:Kirramingly 4088:Bluff River 4064:Yatteyattah 4039:Parma Creek 3999:Barrengarry 3968:Wingen Maid 3962:Watchimbark 3930:Stormpetrel 3892:Moon Island 3864:Lion Island 3852:Khappinghat 3835:Flat Island 3809:Cedar Brush 3803:Camels Hump 3775:Bird Island 3725:Nearie Lake 3721:Narran Lake 3685:Winburndale 3641:Evans Crown 3605:, Australia 3552:Towra Point 3470:Wanda Beach 3455:Garie Beach 3417:Yarrawarrah 3392:Taren Point 3372:Sandy Point 3332:Lilli Pilli 3277:Grays Point 3054:|work= 1894:Traditional 1841:food chains 1815:little tern 1808:sea grasses 1798:food chains 1746:Legislation 1655:Black-berry 1561:Coffee bush 1511:English ivy 1466:Sickle fern 1333:House mouse 1205:Brown quail 1190:Common myna 1120:Magpie-lark 1065:Glossy ibis 875:Arctic tern 860:Little tern 855:Silver gull 765:Grey plover 700:Great egret 526:rainforests 506:Ramsar site 498:river delta 496:an ancient 466:little 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4788:Binjura 4768:Araluen 4745:Ulandra 4719:Pucawan 4699:Mudjarn 4675:Ingalba 4671:Gubbata 4638:Bimberi 4603:Wooyung 4560:Tuckean 4512:Pee Dee 4494:Ngambaa 4482:Muldiva 4419:Kattang 4326:Coramba 4251:Ballina 4214:Tomalla 4205:Taringa 4190:Pilliga 4106:Budelah 4054:Wogamia 3959:Wambina 3838:Goonook 3826:Coxcomb 3771:Berrico 3750:Yathong 3688:Woggoon 3677:Wambool 3663:Pilliga 3638:Eugowra 3626:Boronga 3438:Beaches 3357:Miranda 3327:Kurnell 3317:Kareela 3307:Jannali 3210:Suburbs 3019:(PDR). 2953:(PDF). 2920:(PDF). 2670:Bibcode 2582:(PDF). 2058:TSC Act 2039:(NSW), 2035:(NSW), 2029:(NSW), 1981:ROKAMBA 1741:Lagoon. 1645:Lantana 1605:Inkweed 1301:Mammals 561:Species 542:Beaches 537:Lagoons 533:forests 343:middens 326:History 320:wetland 308:Kurnell 191:Website 163:1982-08 161: ( 5037:Mulgoa 4975:Wadjan 4907:Nadgee 4903:Myalla 4876:Joadja 4597:Wilson 4577:Uralba 4431:Kororo 4401:Jasper 4352:Duroby 4335:Cudgen 4313:Cobaki 4184:Ngulin 4175:Midkin 4159:Linton 4147:Imbota 4042:Rodway 3965:Weelah 3874:Mernot 3846:Karuah 3785:Bretti 3746:Tarawi 3666:Quanda 3635:Dapper 3620:Barton 3525:Audley 3337:Loftus 3222:Bangor 3203:Sydney 3129:  3027:  2996:  2922:Ramsar 2292:  2263:4 June 2121:Ramsar 1871:Point. 1752:, the 1731:rabbit 1481:Fennel 1454:Plants 1328:Rabbit 1323:Dugong 372:, and 292:Sydney 111:Sydney 5025:Dural 4998:Young 4995:Yaouk 4972:Undoo 4952:Scott 4917:Nimmo 4754:Yanga 4609:Yaegl 4580:Valla 4398:Jagun 4388:Iluka 4370:Garby 4367:Ganay 4130:Duval 4118:Demon 4094:Boomi 3352:Menai 3287:Gymea 3123:(PDF) 3017:(PDF) 2994:S2CID 2947:(PDF) 2914:(PDF) 2895:7 May 2767:7 May 2717:7 May 2576:(PDF) 2529:7 May 2497:9 May 2469:7 May 2426:7 May 2398:7 May 2325:7 May 2282:(PDF) 2235:7 May 2158:(PDF) 2147:(PDF) 1977:CAMBA 1969:JAMBA 1735:weeds 1308:Dingo 1105:Galah 578:Birds 424:CAMBA 402:JAMBA 318:as a 276:is a 4882:Kuma 4226:Yina 3257:Como 3127:ISBN 3092:2019 3058:help 3038:2014 3025:ISBN 2963:2014 2930:2014 2897:2014 2842:2014 2814:2021 2769:2014 2719:2014 2531:2014 2499:2014 2471:2014 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Index

Towra Point
New South Wales
IUCN category
strict nature reserve

Towra Point Nature Reserve is located in New South Wales
Sydney
Coordinates
34°00′23″S 151°09′55″E / 34.00639°S 151.16528°E / -34.00639; 151.16528
NSW National Parks & Wildlife Service
Towra Point Nature Reserve
Ramsar Wetland
Protected areas of
New South Wales


protected
nature reserve
Sutherland Shire
Southern
Sydney
New South Wales
Australia
Botany Bay
Kurnell
Sutherland Shire
Ramsar Convention
wetland
Dharawal people
middens
Captain Cook
Robert Dixon

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