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example, a child climbing to the top of a tall jungle gym feels happy about successfully managing the challenging climb to the top, and he experiences the thrill of being in a precarious, high position. By contrast, the child on a low piece of equipment, designed to reduce the incidence of injuries from falls, experiences no such thrill, sense of mastery, or accomplishment. Additionally, a lack of experience with heights as a child is associated with increased
498:
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805:(1991) promotes the notion that children's self-esteem is enhanced through the encouragement of physical mastery and self-development. It can be seen that playgrounds provide an ideal opportunity for children to master physical skills, such as learning to swing, balance and climb. Personal development may be gained through the enhancement of skills, such as playing, communicating and cooperating with other children and adults in the playground.
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C.P.S.I. A National
Listing of Trained Playground Safety Inspectors is available for many states. A Certified Playground Safety Inspector (CPSI) is a career that was developed by the National Playground Safety Institute (NPSI) and is recognized nationally by the National Recreation and Park Association or N.R.P.A. (Some information sources offer interactive examples of playground equipment that violates CPSC guidelines.)
907:
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the needs of any but the very small children. Older children who would play vigorous games must have places especially set aside for them; and, since play is a fundamental need, playgrounds should be provided for every child as much as schools. This means that they must be distributed over the cities in such a way as to be within walking distance of every boy and girl, as most children can not afford to pay carfare
923:
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1558:. Seniors are the primary users of public playgrounds in China. These playgrounds are usually in a smaller, screened area, which may reduce the feeling of being watched or judged by others. They often have adult-sized equipment that helps seniors stretch, strengthen muscles, and improve their sense of balance. Similar playgrounds for adults have been built in other countries. Berlin's
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40:
1357:"Natural playgrounds" are play environments that blend natural materials, features, and indigenous vegetation with creative landforms to create purposely complex interplays of natural, environmental objects in ways that challenge and fascinate children and teach them about the wonders and intricacies of the natural world while they play within it.
466:. In the 1970s and 1980s, there were playgrounds in almost every park in many Soviet cities. Playground apparatus was reasonably standard all over the country; most of them consisted of metallic bars with relatively few wooden parts, and were manufactured in state-owned factories. Some of the most common constructions were the
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in playgrounds is unhelpful in the long term. Experts studying child development such as Tim Gill have written about the over-protective bias in provision for children, particularly with playgrounds. Instead of a constructed playground, allowing children to play in a natural environment such as open
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As a result of what some experts say is overprotectiveness driven by a fear of lawsuits, playgrounds have been designed to be, or at least to appear, excessively safe. This overprotectiveness may protect the playground owner from lawsuits, but it appears to result in a decreased sense of achievement
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Safety efforts sometimes paradoxically increase the likelihood and severity of injuries because of how people choose to use playground equipment. For example, older children may choose to climb on the outside of a "safe" but boring play structure, rather than using it the way the designers intended.
354:
City streets are unsatisfactory playgrounds for children because of the danger, because most good games are against the law, because they are too hot in summer, and because in crowded sections of the city they are apt to be schools of crime. Neither do small back yards nor ornamental grass plots meet
1214:
The equipment limitations result in the children receiving less value from the play time. The enclosed, padded, constrained, low structures prevent the child from taking risks and developing a sense of mastery over his or her environment. Successfully taking a risk is empowering to children. For
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In the UK, several organisations exist that help provide funding for schools and local authorities to construct playgrounds. These include the Biffa Award, which provides funding under the Small Grants Scheme; Funding
Central, which offers support for voluntary organisations and social enterprises;
952:
Sometimes the safety of playgrounds is disputed in school or among regulators. Over at least the last twenty years, the kinds of equipment to be found in playgrounds has changed, often towards safer equipment built with plastic. For example, an older jungle gym might be constructed entirely from
776:
Exciting, engaging and challenging playground equipment is important to keep children happy while still developing their learning abilities. These should be developed in order to suit different groups of children for different stages of learning, such as specialist playground equipment for nursery
772:
that children develop on the playground often become lifelong skill sets that are carried forward into their adulthood. Independent research concludes that playgrounds are among the most important environments for children outside the home. Most forms of play are essential for healthy development,
700:
Playground design is influenced by the intended purpose and audience. Separate play areas might be offered to accommodate very young children. Single, large, open parks tend to not to be used by older schoolgirls or less aggressive children, because there is little opportunity for them to escape
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For children ages 0–4, climbers (40%) had the highest incidence rates, followed by slides (33%). For children ages 5–14, climbing equipment (56%) had the highest incidence rates, followed by swings (24%). Most injuries on public playground equipment were associated with climbing equipment (53%),
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F1487-07 deals with specific requirements regarding issues such as play ground layout, use zones, and various test criteria for determining play ground safety. ASTM F2373 covers public use play equipment for children 6–24 months old. This information can be applied effectively only by a trained
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Injuries to the head and face accounted for 49% of injuries to children 0–4, while injuries to the arm and hand accounted for 49% of injuries to children ages 5–14. Approximately 15% of the injuries were classified as severe, with 3% requiring hospitalization. The most prevalent diagnoses were
980:
by themselves, some injury-averse parents seat the children on the adult's lap and go down the slide together. This seems safer at first glance, but if the child's shoe catches on the edge of the slide, this arrangement frequently results in the child's leg being broken. If the child had been
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treat more than 200,000 children ages 14 and younger for playground-related injuries. Approximately 156,040 (75.8%) of the 1999 injuries occurred on equipment designed for public use; 46,930 (22.8%) occurred on equipment designed for home use; and 2,880 (1.4%) occurred on homemade playground
824:
often struggles to fully thrive there. Research by Robin Moore concluded shown that playgrounds need to be balanced with marginal areas that (to adults) appear to be derelict or wasteground but to children they are areas that they can claim for themselves, ideally a wooded area or field.
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Play components may include earth shapes (sculptures), environmental art, indigenous vegetation (trees, shrubs, grasses, flowers, lichens, mosses), boulders or other rock structures, dirt and sand, natural fences (stone, willow, wooden), textured pathways, and natural water features.
239:(1843), saying that "every toiling Manchester" ought to have "a hundred acres or so of free greenfield, with trees on it, conquered, for its little children to disport in". Manchester became the site of the first purpose-built public-access playground, which opened in a park in 1859.
1005:
and the
American National Standards Institute have created a Standardized Document and Training System for certification of Playground Safety Inspectors. These regulations are nationwide and provide a basis for safe playground installation and maintenance practices.
795:, 2004), stated that a review of available research suggests that the health benefits of physical activity in children are predominantly seen in the amelioration of risk factors for disease, avoidance of weight gain, achieving a peak bone mass and mental well-being.
808:
It can also be seen that public and private playgrounds act as a preventative health measure amongst young people because they promote physical activity at a stage in children's lives when they are active and not yet at risk from opting out of physical activity.
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Because the majority of playground injuries are due to falls from equipment, injury prevention efforts are primarily directed at reducing the likelihood of a child falling and reducing the likelihood of a severe injury if the child does fall. This is done by:
2598:
Department of Health (2004). The benefits of regular physical activity. A report from the Chief
Medical Officer. At least five days a week: evidence on the impact of physical activity and its relationship to health. Retrieved September 25, 2006 from
828:
For many children, it is their favorite time of day when they get to be on the playground for free time or recess. It acts as a release for them from the pressures of learning during the day. They know that time on the playground is their own time.
838:
can provide children with the necessary feeling of ownership that Moore describes above. Playscapes can also provide parents with the assurance of their child's safety and wellbeing, which may not be prevalent in an open field or wooded area.
1334:
Some children with disabilities or developmental differences do not interact with playgrounds in the same way as typical children. A playground designed without considering these children's needs may not be accessible or interesting to them.
1338:
Most efforts at inclusive playgrounds have been aimed at accommodating wheelchair users. For example, rubber paths and ramps replace sand pits and steps, and some features are placed at ground level. Efforts to accommodate children on the
2511:
944:
and fear of lawsuits on the part of the adults who design playgrounds prioritizes injury prevention above other factors, such as cost or developmental benefit to the users. It is important that children gradually develop the skill of
1201:
Playgrounds in low-income areas have more maintenance-related hazards than playgrounds in high-income areas. For example, playgrounds in low-income areas had significantly more trash, rusty play equipment, and damaged fall surfaces.
377:
developments in
Britain's cities and wrote a series of illustrated books on the subject of playgrounds, and at least one book on adventure playgrounds, spaces for free creativity by children, which helped the idea spread worldwide.
678:
1222:
The appearance of safety encourages unreasonable risk-taking in children, who might take more reasonable risks if they correctly understood that it is possible to break a bone on the soft surfaces under most modern equipment.
655:
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Playgrounds are also made differently for different age groups. Often schools have a playground that is taller and more advanced for older schoolchildren and a lower playground with less risk of falling for younger children.
620:
93:, typically outdoors. While a playground is usually designed for children, some are designed for other age groups, or people with disabilities. A playground might exclude children below (or above) a certain age.
981:
permitted to use the slide independently, then this injury would not happen, because when the shoe caught, the child would have stopped sliding rather than being propelled down the slide by the adult's weight.
2594:
Ekeland, E., Heian, M., & Hagen, K.B. (2005). Can exercise improve self-esteem in children and young people? A systematic review of randomised controlled trials. British
Journal of Sports Medicine, 39,
1022:
is responsible for the training and accreditation of playground inspectors. The
Register of Playground Inspectors Australia lists all the individuals who have been certified to inspector playgrounds within
1379:
930:
as part of a handyman project. Modern playgrounds can have many options besides swingsets, including sandboxes, rope-climbs, tic-tac-toe games, a fort with dormer roofs and a chimney, a slide, and other
984:
Also concerning the safety of playgrounds is the material in which they are built. Wooden playgrounds act as a more natural environment for the children to play but can cause even more minor injuries.
1422:
485:
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and became planned for use by motor cars, that momentum built to remove children from the new dangers and confine them to segregated areas to play. In the United States, organisations such as the
1948:
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for poorer children with limited access to education, health services and daycare, playgrounds were included to support these institutions' goal of keeping children safe and out of trouble.
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1226:
Finally, the playground that is designed to appear low-risk is boring, especially to older children. As a result, they tend to seek out alternative play areas, which may be very unsafe.
2499:
Suecoff SA, Avner JR, Chou KJ, Crain EF. A Comparison of New York City
Playground Hazards in High- and Low–Income Areas. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 1999;153:363–6.
1237:
land or a park is sometimes recommended; children gain a better sense of balance playing on uneven ground, and learn to interpret the complexity and signals of nature more effectively.
1060:
reducing the likelihood of falling from equipment, through using barriers, discouraging climbing, and making upper surfaces inconvenient or uncomfortable for climbing or sitting on; and
1398:
791:
There is a general consensus that physical activity reduces the risk of psychological problems in children and fosters their self-esteem. The
American Chief Medical Officer's report (
1367:
225:
proposed playgrounds as a developmental aid, or to imbue children with a sense of fair play and good manners. In
Germany, a few playgrounds were erected in connection to schools.
1245:
1547:
China and some countries in Europe have playgrounds designed for adults. These are outdoor spaces that feature fitness equipment designed for use primarily by adults, such as
1802:
2481:
Tinsworth D, McDonald J. Special Study: Injuries and Deaths Associated with Children’s Playground Equipment. Washington (DC): U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission; 2001.
1899:
1485:
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315:, which argued that playgrounds had educational value, improved attention in class, enhanced physical health, and reduced truancy. Interventionist programs such as by the
1067:
How effective these strategies are at preventing injuries is debated by experts, because when playgrounds are made from padded materials, children often take more risks.
1091:
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provided funds to erect playgrounds on parkland, especially following the 1901 publication of a report on numbers of children being run down by cars in New York City.
605:
570:
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at the three required levels - routine, operational and annual. Annual inspectors are able to undertake the post-installation inspections recommended by EN 1176.
1036:
specifies the requirements for surfaces used in playgrounds. For each material type and height of equipment it specifies a minimum depth of material required.
1702:
554:
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777:& pre-school children teaching them basic numeracy & vocabulary, to building a child's creativity and imagination with role play panels or puzzles.
586:
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introduced and popularised the concept of the ’junk playground’ - where the equipment was constructed from the recycled junk and rubble left over from the
284:
highlighted the numbers killed by automobiles, and urged the creation of playgrounds, aiming to free streets for vehicles rather than children's play. The
2003:
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1941:
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Universally designed playgrounds are created to be accessible to all children. There are three primary components to a higher level of inclusive play:
2410:
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1982:
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186:, childcare facilities, institutions, multiple family dwellings, restaurants, resorts, and recreational developments, and other areas of public use.
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On public playgrounds, more injuries occur on climbers than on any other equipment. On home playgrounds, swings are responsible for most injuries.
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Exercise programmes "may have short term beneficial effects on self esteem in children and adolescents" although high-quality trials are lacking.
497:
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are the main concern when building with wood material. Wet weather is also a threat to children playing on wooden structures. Most woods are
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Biddle, S. J., & Mutrie, N. (2001). Psychology of physical activity: Determinants, well-being and interventions. Abingdon: Routledge.
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Built by collaborative support of corporate and community resources to achieve an immediate and visible improvement to the neighborhood.
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From January 1990 to August 2000, CPSC received reports of 147 deaths to children younger than 15 that involved playground equipment.
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Office of Technology Assessment, U.S. Congress. Risks to Students in School. Washington (DC): U.S. Government Printing Office; 1995.
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893:
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2342:"MotionMagix™: Interactive Playground Equipment - Interactive Floor & Wall For Kids Play Areas, Schools, Indoor Play Centers -"
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reducing the maximum fall height of equipment, primarily by reducing the overall height of anything a child might climb on or into;
2619:
2567:
2295:
2027:"Can exercise improve self esteem in children and young people? A systematic review of randomised controlled trials * Commentary"
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and do not wear terribly fast, but with enough rain, wooden playgrounds can become slippery and dangerous for children to be on.
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MotionMagix™: Interactive Playground Equipment - Interactive Floor & Wall For Kids Play Areas, Schools, Indoor Play Centers
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1343:, who may find playgrounds overstimulating or who may have difficulty interacting with other children, have been less common.
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installing a more flexible surface under and around play equipment, so that a child who falls is less likely to break a bone.
417:
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Through history, children played in their villages and neighbourhoods, especially in the streets and lanes near their homes.
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1972:
To Cuno H. Rudolph, Washington Playground Association, February 16, 1907. Presidential Addresses and State Papers VI, 1163.
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is responsible for the publication of the playground safety Standards AS/NS4422, AS/NZS4486.1 and AS4685 Parts 1 to 6. The
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Falls to the surface was a contributing factor in 79% of all injuries. On home equipment, 81% were associated with falls.
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of injury prevention, such as older children who do not exercise at the playground because the playground is too boring.
281:
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Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behaviour. Organisational Behaviour and Human Decision Processes, 50, 179–211.
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more aggressive children. By contrast, a park that offers multiple play areas is used equally by boys and girls.
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is designed to focus participants' attention on accomplishing a pre-determined challenging physical task. A
140:, many of which help children develop physical coordination, strength, and flexibility, as well as providing
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This new ‘risky’ playground is a work of art – and a place for kids to escape their mollycoddling parents
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In 1995, playground-related injuries among children ages 14 and younger cost an estimated $ 1.2 billion.
801:
Commentators argue that the quality of a child's exercise experience can affect their self-esteem. Ajzen
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PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidanceArticles/fs/en?CONTENT_ID=40809948chk=1Ft1Of.
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covers playground equipment standards. In the UK, playground inspectors can sit the examinations of the
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Combination playground structure for small children; slides, climbers (stairs in this case), playhouse
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In tandem with the new concern about the danger of roads, educational theories of play, including by
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but free, spontaneous play—the kind that occurs on playgrounds—is the most beneficial type of play.
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2292:"UTS: Register of Playground Inspectors Australia - engineering and information technology at UTS"
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1775:"The Project Gutenberg eBook of Collected Works, Volume XIII. Past and Present, by Thomas Carlyle"
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ropes for children to climb on. Playgrounds with equipment that children may fall off often use
319:
sought to move children into controlled areas to limit 'delinquency'. Meanwhile, at schools and
51:
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Safety, in the context of playgrounds, is generally understood as the prevention of injuries.
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2447:"U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, Tips for Public Playground Safety, Publication #324"
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steel bars, while newer ones tend to have a minimal steel framework while providing a web of
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Girls were involved in a slightly higher percentage of injuries (55%) than were boys (45%).
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2372:"SMP Specifiers Guide to EN 1176 parts 1 To 7 Playground Equipment (A light-hearted guide)"
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However, it was only in the early 20th century, as the street lost its role as the default
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fractures (39%), lacerations (22%), contusions/abrasions (20%), strains/sprains (11%).
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encourages open-ended play, sometimes involving potentially dangerous objects such as
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and the Community Construction Fund, a flagship programme by Norfolk County Council.
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in 1887. In 1906 the Playground Association of America was founded and a year later
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called for the establishment of public playgrounds within industrial cities such as
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with three red tongues protruding from its mouth, which serve as playground slides,
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became president. It later became the National Recreation Association and then the
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and supporting social and emotional development. Common in modern playgrounds are
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A natural playground sandbox provides a place for passive and creative play
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Playgrounds often also have facilities for playing informal games of adult
17:
1883:“The Playground Movement in America and its Relation to Public Education.”
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is designed to provide a safe environment for play in a natural setting.
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1926:. Executive Committee of the Playground Association of America. p.
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Although playgrounds are not seen in them as often as they used to be.
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2213:"Well: At Playground, Child Plus Lap Can Equal Danger - NYTimes.com"
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373:. She campaigned for facilities for children growing up in the new
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Place with a specific design for children to be able to play there
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Modern playgrounds often have recreational equipment such as the
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Connected to a business and for customers only, such as those a
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Safety discussions do not normally include an evaluation of the
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1896:"The Politics of Playgrounds, a History - Arts & Lifestyle"
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One of the first playgrounds in the United States was built in
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deal primarily with the United Kingdom and do not represent a
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1709:, by Kaitlin O’Shea, National Trust for Historic Preservation
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deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
816:
and pastimes. But because playgrounds are usually subject to
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deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
1947:. National Recreation and Park Association. April 10, 2009.
1864:
Outdoor Recreation League: Evolution of American playgrounds
1428:
Playground incorporating aquatic plant life in Sawara, Japan
30:
This article is about an area for play. For other uses, see
1942:"The Story of the Joseph Lee memorial Library and Archives"
178:
Public playground equipment installed in the play areas of
1799:"The 'Generationless' Playground: Fun and Fitness for All"
692:
model and a path resembling that followed by protons in a
2601:
http://www.dh.gov/PublicationsAndStatistics/Publications/
2518:
Pamela Wolfberg, PhD, Inclusive Play Advisory Board, 2009
1885:
Educational Pamphlets, No. 27. London: England, 1913. p.6
1842:
Scope of Project Formulated by Highway Protective Society
1416:
Wheelchair-accessible public playground in the US in 2007
1289:
Commercial enterprises charging an entrance fee, such as
949:, and a completely safe environment does not allow that.
365:
the landscape architect and children's rights campaigner
221:
In the 19th century, developmental psychologists such as
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Similarly, rather than letting young children play on
871:
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2616:– U.S. clearinghouse for playground safety information
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for example is designed for people aged 70 or higher.
1505:
teaches children how to navigate streets safely. An
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Hanging artificial fruit at a playground in Sri Lanka
2639:
Benefits of living within walking distance of a park
1832:, New York City Department of Parks & Recreation
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About 10% occurred in commercial childcare centers.
2568:"The cities designing playgrounds for the elderly"
1851:The McCook Tribune, June 9, 1910, Nebraska, page 3
85:is a place designed to provide an environment for
2242:"Playground Inspection USA :: Parts Gallery"
1404:Playground in Turin, Italy on a rainy day in 2019
1143:Percentage of injuries involving public equipment
2530:"New York Introduces Its First Adult Playground"
2267:"UTS: Engineering - Playground safety training"
1700:How We Came to Play: The History of Playgrounds
1463:, Sweden in 2019. The colorful surface is soft
2418:. Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation. p. 81.
2121:. Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation. p. 81.
1823:Central Park: One Hundred Years of Playgrounds
152:that link many different pieces of equipment.
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1755:(Master of Arts thesis). University of Iowa.
1690:, Joe Frost (2012), Scholarpedia, 7(12):30423
1088:The examples and perspective in this section
860:The examples and perspective in this section
722:The examples and perspective in this section
8:
2412:No fear: Growing up in a Risk Averse Society
2115:No fear: Growing up in a Risk Averse society
1985:. National Children's Bureau. Archived from
1554:Playgrounds for older adults are popular in
1501:Some playgrounds have specific purposes. A
1268:Public, free of charge, typically found at
1163:About 2% occurred in fast food restaurants.
926:A playground being built for a homeowner's
649:Playground at Fuji-Hakone-Izu National Park
541:A "sailing ship" in Pelle Hermanni park in
420:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2844:
2830:
2822:
2670:
2656:
2648:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2163:
1920:Playground Association of America (1907).
1327:age and developmental appropriateness; and
1177:30% of those deaths occurred in public use
1106:, or create a new section, as appropriate.
961:on the ground to help cushion the impact.
878:, or create a new section, as appropriate.
740:, or create a new section, as appropriate.
592:A playground at a fast food restaurant in
342:. Urging the need for playgrounds, former
2622:– article about adventure playgrounds in
2404:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2058:
1160:About 3% occurred in apartment complexes.
1122:Learn how and when to remove this message
1042:Register of Play Inspectors International
894:Learn how and when to remove this message
756:Learn how and when to remove this message
440:Learn how and when to remove this message
340:National Recreation and Park Association
311:inspired the emergence of the reformist
2317:"Impact Absorbing Playground Surfacing"
2206:
2204:
2202:
1676:
1674:
1651:
1588:Children Youth and Environments Journal
1363:
1311:, some charge admission, some are free.
481:
2614:National Program for Playground Safety
2566:Traverso, Vittoria (29 October 2019).
1859:
1857:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2152:. Epa.gov. 2006-06-28. Archived from
2020:
2018:
1166:About 9% occurred in other locations.
458:Playgrounds were an integral part of
7:
1249:Playground at Käpylä sports park in
1174:70% of those deaths occurred in home
1157:About 3% occurred in home childcare.
418:adding citations to reliable sources
2211:Parker-Pope, Tara (23 April 2012).
1954:from the original on March 26, 2010
1898:. The Atlantic Cities. 2011-10-20.
1659:Victorian Britain: Children at play
1491:A water-based playground in Germany
1151:About 31% occurred in public parks.
1139:equipment (primarily rope swings).
910:A playground under construction in
282:National Highway Protective Society
2352:from the original on 16 March 2018
2223:from the original on 24 April 2012
2082:Childhood's Domain: Play and Place
2031:British Journal of Sports Medicine
1999:Foran, Clare (16 September 2013)
1497:Themed and educational playgrounds
1003:Consumer Product Safety Commission
667:Suvarnabhumi International Airport
661:The Wonder World play area at the
257:Plaque to mark the spot where the
25:
2097:. Fenland Leisure. Archived from
1730:from the original on 17 July 2014
1681:Evolution of American Playgrounds
1440:A wooden castle at playground in
1211:and increased fears in children.
768:Professionals recognize that the
267:Local Council of Women of Halifax
2540:from the original on 1 July 2012
2001:"How to Design a City for Women"
1983:"Lady Allen of Hurtwood archive"
1484:
1472:
1452:
1433:
1421:
1409:
1397:
1378:
1366:
1232:is an important life skill, and
1189:swings (19%), and slides (17%).
1134:Each year in the United States,
1079:
851:
713:
677:
654:
642:
619:
604:
585:
569:
553:
534:
515:
496:
484:
390:
214:with a crowd of children playing
2298:from the original on 2012-11-09
2294:. Feit.uts.edu.au. 2012-11-21.
2273:from the original on 2012-05-21
2185:"Can a Playground Be Too Safe?"
1902:from the original on 2012-12-13
1805:from the original on 2013-10-04
1020:University of Technology Sydney
382:Playgrounds in the Soviet Union
249:Effects of the car on societies
2269:. Eng.uts.edu.au. 2012-10-23.
2183:Tierney, John (18 July 2011).
1148:About 46% occurred in schools.
832:A type of playground called a
189:A type of playground called a
1:
1749:Eakins, Mary Eleanor (1914).
1594:Cold War playground equipment
1330:sensory-stimulating activity.
1219:(fear of heights) in adults.
454:Cold War playground equipment
243:Response to Mass motorisation
2509:Play! A Portal to New Worlds
1720:"The History of Playgrounds"
705:Effects on child development
2377:. Smp.co.uk. Archived from
1102:, discuss the issue on the
874:, discuss the issue on the
812:Children have devised many
736:, discuss the issue on the
43:A modern-day playground in
32:Playground (disambiguation)
3146:
2528:Hu, Winnie (1 July 2012).
1752:The medievalism of Carlyle
1536:
1350:
1001:In the United States, the
451:
246:
200:
29:
2763:
2685:
2319:. EN 1177. Archived from
2150:"EPA Playground Surfaces"
2025:Ekeland, E (2005-11-01).
1582:Children's street culture
822:children's street culture
611:Thematic playground with
286:Outdoor Recreation League
203:Children's street culture
2043:10.1136/bjsm.2004.017707
295:Young boys playing in a
1324:physical accessibility;
1206:Unintended consequences
970:unintended consequences
474:, rocket, bridge, etc.
1873:, Streets without Cars
1533:Playgrounds for adults
1529:provides trampolines.
1386:Jacques-Laurent Agasse
1258:
932:
915:
788:
367:Lady Allen of Hurtwood
300:
273:
215:
70:
55:"The Golem" - a giant
48:
2620:The Overprotected Kid
1761:10.17077/etd.594u8rfr
1599:Home zone/Play street
1537:Further information:
1316:Inclusive playgrounds
1248:
1136:emergency departments
1048:Prevention strategies
925:
909:
820:and oversight, young
787:for improving balance
783:
626:Playground slides at
294:
256:
247:Further information:
210:
54:
42:
2011:The Atlantic Cities.
1614:Playground Surfacing
1507:adventure playground
1261:Playgrounds can be:
1100:improve this section
872:improve this section
793:Department of Health
734:improve this section
613:agricultural machine
414:improve this section
68:Niki de Saint Phalle
1726:. 10 October 2012.
1347:Natural playgrounds
1016:Standards Australia
509:Paramus, New Jersey
313:playground movement
259:Playground movement
3125:Outdoor recreation
2643:The New York Times
2534:The New York Times
2514:2010-06-11 at the
2409:Gill, Tim (2007).
2217:The New York Times
2195:The New York Times
2190:2017-02-21 at the
2112:Gill, Tim (2007).
2006:2013-09-18 at the
1869:2017-03-22 at the
1847:2017-03-22 at the
1828:2017-03-22 at the
1705:2017-03-22 at the
1686:2016-11-24 at the
1664:2016-11-24 at the
1305:children's museums
1299:organizations for
1270:elementary schools
1259:
1031:European Standards
933:
916:
789:
684:The playground at
522:The playground at
503:The playground at
347:Theodore Roosevelt
301:
274:
216:
71:
49:
45:Argos, Peloponnese
3102:
3101:
3089:The floor is lava
2980:Chinese jump rope
2947:River or mountain
2904:Duck, duck, goose
2819:
2818:
2781:Civil engineering
2635:November 9, 2022)
2633:The Conversation,
2425:978-1-903080-08-5
2156:on 13 April 2013.
2128:978-1-903080-08-5
1779:www.gutenberg.org
1284:Chuck E. Cheese's
1132:
1131:
1124:
1071:Playground injury
978:playground slides
904:
903:
896:
818:adult supervision
766:
765:
758:
450:
449:
442:
321:settlement houses
89:that facilitates
16:(Redirected from
3137:
3030:Playground songs
3015:King of the hill
2889:Capture the flag
2846:
2839:
2832:
2823:
2672:
2665:
2658:
2649:
2631:(Sanné Mestrom,
2582:
2581:
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2506:
2500:
2497:
2491:
2488:
2482:
2479:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2464:
2458:
2452:. Archived from
2451:
2443:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2428:. Archived from
2417:
2406:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2389:
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2256:
2254:
2253:
2244:. Archived from
2238:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2228:
2208:
2197:
2181:
2158:
2157:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2131:. Archived from
2120:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2095:"Funding Advice"
2091:
2085:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2062:
2022:
2013:
1997:
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1382:
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1127:
1120:
1116:
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1107:
1083:
1082:
1075:
914:, Sweden in 2016
899:
892:
888:
885:
879:
855:
854:
847:
814:playground games
761:
754:
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747:
741:
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681:
663:departure lounge
658:
646:
623:
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589:
573:
557:
538:
528:Keswick, Cumbria
519:
500:
488:
445:
438:
434:
431:
425:
394:
386:
349:stated in 1907:
332:Golden Gate Park
236:Past and Present
223:Friedrich Fröbel
169:basketball court
161:baseball diamond
21:
3145:
3144:
3140:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3135:
3134:
3120:Play (activity)
3105:
3104:
3103:
3098:
2961:
2952:Steal the Bacon
2884:British Bulldog
2860:
2850:
2820:
2815:
2759:
2681:
2676:
2610:
2585:
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2574:
2565:
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2541:
2527:
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2522:
2516:Wayback Machine
2507:
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2209:
2200:
2192:Wayback Machine
2182:
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2148:
2147:
2143:
2135:
2129:
2118:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2093:
2092:
2088:
2080:
2076:
2037:(11): 792–798.
2024:
2023:
2016:
2008:Wayback Machine
1998:
1994:
1981:
1980:
1976:
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1967:
1957:
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1944:
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1919:
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1894:
1893:
1889:
1881:
1877:
1871:Wayback Machine
1862:
1855:
1849:Wayback Machine
1840:
1836:
1830:Wayback Machine
1821:
1817:
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1806:
1797:
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1768:
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1718:
1717:
1713:
1707:Wayback Machine
1698:
1694:
1688:Wayback Machine
1679:
1672:
1666:Wayback Machine
1657:
1653:
1649:
1609:Playground song
1604:Playground game
1568:
1545:
1535:
1527:trampoline park
1519:obstacle course
1499:
1492:
1489:
1480:
1477:
1468:
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1426:
1417:
1414:
1405:
1402:
1393:
1383:
1374:
1371:
1355:
1349:
1341:autism spectrum
1318:
1309:science centers
1243:
1230:Risk management
1208:
1128:
1117:
1111:
1108:
1097:
1084:
1080:
1073:
1050:
999:
947:risk assessment
938:
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731:
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707:
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682:
673:
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581:
576:The Royal Oak,
574:
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456:
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429:
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395:
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305:Herbert Spencer
251:
245:
205:
199:
150:play structures
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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3038:
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3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2985:Crack the whip
2982:
2977:
2971:
2969:
2963:
2962:
2960:
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2939:
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2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2870:
2868:
2862:
2861:
2855:, outdoor and
2851:
2849:
2848:
2841:
2834:
2826:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
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2757:
2752:
2747:
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2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2679:Infrastructure
2677:
2675:
2674:
2667:
2660:
2652:
2646:
2645:
2636:
2626:
2617:
2609:
2608:External links
2606:
2605:
2604:
2596:
2592:
2589:
2584:
2583:
2551:
2520:
2501:
2492:
2483:
2469:
2438:
2435:on 2009-03-06.
2424:
2394:
2363:
2333:
2308:
2283:
2258:
2233:
2198:
2159:
2141:
2138:on 2009-03-06.
2127:
2104:
2101:on 2013-12-02.
2086:
2074:
2014:
1992:
1989:on 2013-07-12.
1974:
1965:
1933:
1923:The Playground
1912:
1887:
1875:
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1815:
1790:
1766:
1741:
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1636:Recess (break)
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1471:
1469:
1465:rubber asphalt
1459:Playground in
1458:
1451:
1449:
1439:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1396:
1394:
1390:The Playground
1384:
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1375:
1372:
1365:
1351:Main article:
1348:
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1294:
1291:Discovery Zone
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1164:
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1155:
1152:
1149:
1145:
1144:
1130:
1129:
1094:of the subject
1092:worldwide view
1087:
1085:
1078:
1072:
1069:
1065:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1049:
1046:
1014:In Australia,
998:
995:
937:
934:
902:
901:
866:of the subject
864:worldwide view
859:
857:
850:
844:
841:
764:
763:
728:of the subject
726:worldwide view
721:
719:
712:
706:
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698:
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690:bubble chamber
683:
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584:
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244:
241:
233:, England, in
227:Thomas Carlyle
201:Main article:
198:
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102:merry-go-round
63:, made by the
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24:
14:
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9:
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3054:
3053:
3052:Skipping rope
3050:
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3028:
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3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
3000:Hide-and-seek
2998:
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2978:
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2957:Tumbang preso
2955:
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460:urban culture
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345:
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336:Luther Gulick
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297:New York City
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3057:Double Dutch
3010:Kick the can
2909:Four corners
2856:
2790:
2786:Construction
2771:Architecture
2767:
2642:
2632:
2624:The Atlantic
2623:
2575:. Retrieved
2571:
2542:. Retrieved
2533:
2523:
2504:
2495:
2486:
2461:. Retrieved
2454:the original
2441:
2430:the original
2411:
2386:. Retrieved
2379:the original
2366:
2354:. Retrieved
2345:
2336:
2325:. Retrieved
2321:the original
2311:
2300:. Retrieved
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2261:
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2246:the original
2236:
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2216:
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2154:the original
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2133:the original
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2099:the original
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2010:
1995:
1987:the original
1977:
1968:
1956:. Retrieved
1936:
1922:
1915:
1904:. Retrieved
1890:
1878:
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1807:. Retrieved
1793:
1782:. Retrieved
1778:
1769:
1751:
1744:
1732:. Retrieved
1723:
1714:
1695:
1654:
1641:Rubber Mulch
1623:
1586:
1553:
1546:
1523:ropes course
1503:traffic park
1500:
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797:
790:
775:
767:
752:
743:
723:
699:
628:Zrinski Park
457:
436:
427:
412:Please help
400:
361:In post war
360:
353:
325:
317:child savers
302:
299:street, 1909
278:public space
275:
235:
220:
217:
188:
177:
159:, such as a
154:
149:
126:spring rider
118:chin-up bars
95:
82:
78:
74:
72:
36:
3115:Playgrounds
2995:Four square
2750:Storm drain
2720:Interchange
1577:Chin-up bar
1572:Buddy bench
1560:Preußenpark
1539:Outdoor gym
1301:edutainment
785:Rope bridge
688:includes a
271:Nova Scotia
263:Nova Scotia
173:tether ball
18:Playgrounds
3109:Categories
3084:Tetherball
3047:Simon Says
2934:Marco Polo
2914:Freeze tag
2874:Atya patya
2857:playground
2811:Urban park
2791:Playground
2715:Footbridge
2577:2019-11-26
2463:2012-12-04
2388:2012-12-04
2327:2012-12-04
2302:2012-12-04
2277:2012-12-04
2252:2009-02-11
2227:2012-04-24
1906:2012-12-04
1809:2012-12-17
1784:2022-08-10
1647:References
1515:hand tools
1297:Non-profit
1276:McDonald's
1217:acrophobia
997:Regulation
931:amenities.
580:playground
564:, New York
470:, sphere,
452:See also:
430:March 2013
309:John Dewey
231:Manchester
142:recreation
134:playhouses
114:jungle gym
75:playground
3094:Tinikling
3042:Red Rover
3005:Hopscotch
2990:Dodgeball
2894:Chain tag
2879:Ante Over
2768:See also:
2051:0306-3674
1619:Playscape
1353:Playscape
1257:, Finland
1104:talk page
1025:Australia
876:talk page
835:playscape
738:talk page
598:Indonesia
524:Fitz Park
401:does not
375:high-rise
344:President
261:began in
191:playscape
167:arena, a
146:enjoyment
83:play area
61:Jerusalem
3020:Leapfrog
2735:Pipeline
2730:Overpass
2710:Drainage
2700:Causeway
2595:792–798.
2538:Archived
2512:Archived
2350:Archived
2296:Archived
2271:Archived
2221:Archived
2188:Archived
2069:16244186
2004:Archived
1949:Archived
1900:Archived
1867:Archived
1845:Archived
1826:Archived
1803:Archived
1728:Archived
1703:Archived
1684:Archived
1662:Archived
1631:Playwork
1625:Playtime
1566:See also
1255:Helsinki
1098:You may
928:backyard
870:You may
732:You may
694:collider
686:Fermilab
578:Monmouth
468:carousel
265:(1906),
106:swingset
87:children
79:playpark
65:sculptor
47:, Greece
3079:Statues
3025:Marbles
2924:Kho kho
2919:Kabaddi
2899:Cooties
2806:Theatre
2801:Stadium
2060:1725055
1958:May 11,
1549:chin-up
1446:Estonia
1442:Rakvere
1038:EN 1176
1034:EN 1177
991:treated
987:Slivers
843:Funding
671:Bangkok
636:Croatia
632:Čakovec
594:Jakarta
562:Yonkers
547:Finland
462:in the
422:removed
407:sources
197:History
184:schools
171:, or a
165:skating
132:rings,
130:trapeze
122:sandbox
57:monster
3069:Skully
3062:Rhymes
2942:Poison
2929:Langdi
2796:Public
2755:Tunnel
2745:Skyway
2690:Bridge
2544:2 July
2422:
2125:
2084:, 1986
2067:
2057:
2049:
1551:bars.
1517:. An
1392:, 1830
1282:, and
1251:Pasila
936:Safety
478:Design
472:seesaw
363:London
212:Seesaw
157:sports
136:, and
98:seesaw
3130:Parks
3074:Squid
2975:Catch
2967:Other
2859:games
2776:Arena
2725:Levee
2695:Canal
2457:(PDF)
2450:(PDF)
2433:(PDF)
2416:(PDF)
2382:(PDF)
2375:(PDF)
2356:8 May
2136:(PDF)
2119:(PDF)
1952:(PDF)
1945:(PDF)
1734:8 May
1668:, BBC
1556:China
1461:Ystad
1241:Types
955:nylon
912:Ystad
371:Blitz
180:parks
138:mazes
110:slide
81:, or
3035:list
2740:Road
2546:2012
2420:ISBN
2358:2018
2123:ISBN
2065:PMID
2047:ISSN
1960:2010
1736:2018
1541:and
1511:fire
1307:and
1280:IKEA
1008:ASTM
630:in
543:Pori
464:USSR
405:any
403:cite
307:and
163:, a
144:and
91:play
2938:Pie
2866:Tag
2853:Gym
2705:Dam
2641:at
2572:BBC
2055:PMC
2039:doi
1757:doi
1521:or
1513:or
1303:as
803:TPB
665:of
526:in
507:in
416:by
330:'s
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2554:^
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2162:^
2063:.
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2017:^
1856:^
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1962:.
1930:.
1928:6
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1110:(
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897:)
891:(
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759:)
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443:)
437:(
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428:(
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410:.
357:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
