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340:, and artistic revivals, along with scholarly interest and the continuing fascination and support of an educated and empathetic public, led to a renewal and extension of this artistic tradition. In 1938 the United States Forest Service began a program to reconstruct and preserve the old poles, salvaging about 200, roughly one-third of those known to be standing at the end of the 19th century. With renewed interest in Indigenous arts and traditions in the 1960s and 1970s, freshly carved totem poles were erected up and down the coast, while related artistic production was introduced in many new and traditional media, ranging from tourist trinkets to masterful works in wood, stone,
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make it lighter and to keep it from cracking. Early tools used to carve totem poles were made of stone, shell, or bone, but beginning in the late 1700s, the use of iron tools made the carving work faster and easier. In the early days, the basic design for figures may have been painted on the wood to guide the carvers, but today's carvers use paper patterns as outlines for their designs. Carvers use chain saws to make the rough shapes and cuts, while adzes and chisels are used to chop the wood. Carvers use knives and other woodworking tools to add the finer details. When the carving is complete, paint is added to enhance specific details of the figures.
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with sufficient wealth and leisure time to devote to the craft, delayed the development of elaborately carved, freestanding poles. Before iron and steel arrived in the area, artists used tools made of stone, shells, or beaver teeth for carving. The process was slow and laborious; axes were unknown. By the late eighteenth century, the use of metal cutting tools enabled more complex carvings and increased production of totem poles. The tall monumental poles appearing in front of homes in coastal villages probably did not appear until after the beginning of the nineteenth century.
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407:. Some symbolize beings that can transform themselves into another form, appearing as combinations of animals or part-animal/part-human forms. Consistent use of a specific character over time, with some slight variations in carving style, helped develop similarities among these shared symbols that allowed people to recognize one from another. For example, the raven is symbolized by a long, straight beak, while the eagle's beak is curved, and a beaver is depicted with two large front teeth, a piece of wood held in his front paws, and a paddle-shaped tail.
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other end is supported at an upward angle by a wooden scaffold. Hundreds of strong men haul the pole upright into its footing, while others steady the pole from side ropes and brace it with cross beams. Once the pole is upright, the trench is filled with rocks and dirt. After the raising is completed, the carver, the carver's assistants, and others invited to attend the event perform a celebratory dance next to the pole. A community
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deceased ancestors, or as a means to publicly ridicule someone. They may embody a historical narrative of significance to the people carving and installing the pole. Given the complexity and symbolic meanings of these various carvings, their placement and importance lies in the observer's knowledge and connection to the meanings of the figures and the culture in which they are embedded. Contrary to
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719:, in 1904), fourteen of them were initially installed outside the Alaska pavilion at the fair; the other one, which had broken in transit, was repaired and installed at the fair's Esquimau Village. Thirteen of these poles were returned to Alaska, where they were eventually installed in the Sitka National Historical Park. The other two poles were sold; one pole from the Alaska pavilion went to the
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333:. This included the carving of totem poles. Missionaries urged converts to cease production and destroy existing poles. Nearly all totem-pole-making had ceased by 1901. Carving of monumental and mortuary poles continued in some, more remote villages as late as 1905; however, as the original sites were abandoned, the poles and timber homes were left to decay and vandalism.
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464:). However, Native sources either reject the linear component altogether, or reverse the hierarchy, with the most important representations on the bottom, bearing the weight of all the other figures, or at eye-level with the viewer to heighten their significance. Many poles have no vertical arrangement at all, consisting of a lone figure atop an undecorated column.
641:, the Russian governor and Russian American Company manager, as a civilian works project. The pole's original intent was to commemorate a peace treaty between the Russians and Tlingits that the governor helped broker in 1805. George Benson, a Sitka carver and craftsman, created the original design. The completed version originally stood in Totem Square in downtown
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village leaders. Often, watchman figures are carved at the top of the pole to protect the pole owner's family and the village. Another type of house frontal pole is the entrance or doorway pole, which is attached to the center front of the home and includes an oval-shaped opening through the base that serves as the entrance to the clan house.
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524:, Alaska, in 1938. The Lincoln pole at Saxman commemorates the end of hostilities between two rival Tlingit clans and symbolizes the hope for peace and prosperity following the American occupation of the Alaskan territory. The story begins in 1868, when the United States government built a customs house and fort on
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people erect mortuary poles at the death of important individuals in the community. These poles may have a single figure carved at the top, which may depict the clan's crest, but carvings usually cover its entire length. Ashes or the body of the deceased person are placed in the upper portion of the pole.
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This type of pole, usually 20 to 40 ft (6 to 12 m) tall is the most decorative. Its carvings tell the story of the family, clan or village who own them. These poles are also known as heraldic, crest, or family poles. Poles of this type are placed outside the clan house of the most important
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of coastal
Pacific Northwest culture by the art and tourist trinket market has resulted in production of cheap imitations of totem poles executed with little or no knowledge of their complex stylistic conventions or cultural significance. These include imitations made for commercial and even comedic
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Totem poles are typically not well maintained after their installation and the potlatch celebration. The poles usually last from 60 to 80 years; only a few have stood longer than 75 years, and even fewer have reached 100 years of age. Once the wood rots so badly that the pole begins to lean and pose
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Carved by the
Kwakwaka'wakw (Kwakiutl), Salish and Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka) people, most of the poles include large carvings of human figures, some as tall as 40 ft (12 m). Welcome poles are placed at the edge of a stream or saltwater beach to welcome guests to the community, or possibly to
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The rarest type of pole carving is a mortuary structure that incorporates grave boxes with carved supporting poles. It may include a recessed back to hold the grave box. These are among the tallest and most prominent poles, reaching 50 to 70 ft (15 to 21 m) in height. The Haida and
Tlingit
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These interior poles, typically 7 to 10 ft (2 to 3 m) in height, are usually shorter than exterior poles. The interior posts support the roof beam of a clan house and include a large notch at the top, where the beam can rest. A clan house may have two to four or more house posts, depending
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People from cultures that do not carve totem poles often assume that the linear representation of the figures places the most importance on the highest figure, an idea that became pervasive in the dominant culture after it entered into mainstream parlance by the 1930s with the phrase "low man on the
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Although 18th-century accounts of
European explorers traveling along the coast indicate that decorated interior and exterior house posts existed prior to 1800, the posts were smaller and fewer in number than in subsequent decades. Prior to the 19th century, the lack of efficient carving tools, along
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Totem poles serve as important illustrations of family lineage and the cultural heritage of the
Indigenous peoples in the islands and coastal areas of North America's Pacific Northwest, especially British Columbia, Canada, and coastal areas of Washington and southeastern Alaska in the United States.
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meaning "(his) kinship group". The carvings may symbolize or commemorate ancestors, cultural beliefs that recount familiar legends, clan lineages, or notable events. The poles may also serve as functional architectural features, welcome signs for village visitors, mortuary vessels for the remains of
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The title of "The World's
Tallest Totem Pole" is or has at one time been claimed by several coastal towns of North America's Pacific Northwest. Disputes over which is genuinely the tallest depends on factors such the number of logs used in construction or the affiliation of the carver. Competitions
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were removed from their original locations around
British Columbia. In Stanley Park, the original Skedans Mortuary Pole has been returned to Haida Gwaii and is now replaced by a replica. In the late 1980s, the remaining carved poles were sent to various museums for preservation, with the park board
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The meanings of the designs on totem poles are as varied as the cultures that make them. Some poles celebrate cultural beliefs that may recount familiar legends, clan lineages, or notable events, while others are mostly artistic. Animals and other characters carved on the pole are typically used as
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celebrations, frequently associated with the construction and erection of totem poles. The monumental poles commissioned by wealthy family leaders to represent their social status and the importance of their families and clans. In the 1880s and 1890s, tourists, collectors, scientists and naturalist
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trees (popularly known as giant cedar or western red cedar), which eventually decay in the moist, rainy climate of the coastal
Pacific Northwest. Because of the region's climate and the nature of the materials used to make the poles, few examples carved before 1900 remain. Noteworthy examples, some
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Each culture typically has complex rules and customs regarding the traditional designs represented on poles. The designs are generally considered the property of a particular clan or family group of traditional carvers, and this ownership of the designs may not be transferred to the person who has
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Raising a totem pole is rarely done using modern methods, even for poles installed in modern settings. Most artists use a traditional method followed by a pole-raising ceremony. The traditional method calls for a deep trench to be dug. One end of the pole is placed at the bottom of the trench; the
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Totem poles can symbolize characters and events in mythology, or convey the experiences of recent ancestors and living people. Some of these characters may appear as stylistic representations of objects in nature, while others are more realistically carved. Pole carvings may include animals, fish,
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After the tree to be used for the totem pole is selected, it is cut down and moved to the carving site, where the bark and outer layer of wood (sapwood) is removed. Next, the side of the tree to be carved is chosen and the back half of the tree is removed. The center of the log is hollowed out to
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restored old totem poles, copied those beyond repair, and carved new ones. The Indian Arts and Crafts Board, a U.S. federal government agency, facilitated their sale to the general public. The project was lucrative, but anthropologists complained that it stripped the natives of their traditional
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into repaying a debt incurred for the support of three Kiks.ádi women who were allegedly cohabiting with three slaves in Shakes's household. When the Kiks.ádi leaders refused to pay support for the women, Shakes commissioned a pole with carvings of three frogs, which represented the crest of the
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Totem poles are the largest, but not the only, objects that coastal
Pacific Northwest natives use to depict spiritual reverence, family legends, sacred beings and culturally important animals, people, or historical events. The freestanding poles seen by the region's first European explorers were
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Accounts from the 1700s describe and illustrate carved poles and timber homes along the coast of the
Pacific Northwest. By the early nineteenth century, widespread importation of iron and steel tools from Great Britain, the United States, and elsewhere led to easier and more rapid production of
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Poles used for public ridicule are usually called shame poles, and were created to embarrass individuals or groups for their unpaid debts or when they did something wrong. The poles are often placed in prominent locations and removed after the debt is paid or the wrong is corrected. Shame pole
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Some of the figures on the poles constitute symbolic reminders of quarrels, murders, debts, and other unpleasant occurrences about which the Native Americans prefer to remain silent... The most widely known tales, like those of the exploits of Raven and of Kats who married the bear woman, are
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This type of pole, which usually stands in front of a clan house, is erected about a year after a person has died. The clan chief's memorial pole may be raised at the center of the village. The pole's purpose is to honor the deceased person and identify the relative who is taking over as his
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There are six basic types of upright, pole carvings that are commonly referred to as "totem poles"; not all involve the carving of what may be considered "totem" figures: house frontal poles, interior house posts, mortuary poles, memorial poles, welcome poles, and the ridicule or shame pole.
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The Haida, Tlingit, and Tsimshian people separate themselves into two or more major divisions called moieties, which are further divided into small family groups called clans. Traditionally, several families within the same a clan lived together in a large communal house. See Feldman, p.
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The carved figures interlock one above the other to create the overall design, which may rise to a height of 60 ft (18 m) or more. Smaller carvings may be positioned in vacant spaces, or they may be tucked inside the ears or hang out of the mouths of the pole's larger figures.
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workers carve the pole in Wrangell, Alaska. Because Sitka and Wrangell native groups were rivals, it has been argued that the Wrangell carvers may have altered Benson's original design. For unknown reasons, the Wrangell carvers depicted the Baranov figure without clothes. Following a
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interested in Indigenous culture collected and photographed totem poles and other artifacts, many of which were put on display at expositions such as the 1876 Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and the 1893 World's Columbia Exposition in Chicago, Illinois.
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606:, the United States government was unaware that the pole's intent was to shame Seward until after the completion of the project. In 2014, this second pole began to fall apart; a renewed version was carved in 2017 by local Tlingit artist Stephen Jackson, who combined
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commissioned the carvings. There have been protests when those who have not been trained in the traditional carving methods, cultural meanings and protocol, have made "fake totem poles" for what could be considered crass public display and commercial purposes. The
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The origin of tongue linking and tongue thrusting on totem figures and in other native art is obscure. Particularly well-represented in the Haida tradition, the meaning is bound up with a transfer of power between two entities. It could also be a variation on
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Kiks.ádi clan. It is not known if the debt was ever repaid. The pole stands next to the Chief Shakes Tribal House in Wrangell. The pole's unique crossbar shape has become popularly associated with the town of Wrangell, and continues to be used as part of the
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began a totem pole restoration program in Alaska. Poles were removed from their original places as funerary and crest poles to be copied or repaired and then placed in parks based on English and French garden designs to demystify their meaning for tourists.
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In the 19th century, American and European trade and settlement initially led to the growth of totem-pole carving, but United States and Canadian policies and practices of acculturation and assimilation caused a decline in the development of
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on the cultural group who built it. Carvings on these poles, like those of the house frontal poles, are often used as a storytelling device and help tell the story of the owners' family history. House posts were carved by the
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a threat to passersby, it is either destroyed or pushed over and removed. Older poles typically fall over during the winter storms that batter the coast. The owners of a collapsed pole may commission a new one to replace it.
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familiar to almost every native of the area. Carvings which symbolize these tales are sufficiently conventionalized to be readily recognizable even by persons whose lineage did not recount them as their own legendary history.
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of the 1930s strongly promoted native arts and crafts in the United States, and in the totem pole they discovered an art that was widely appreciated by white society. In Alaska the Indian Division of the
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given in his honor. The figure's red-painted nose and ears may symbolize drunkenness or Seward's stinginess. In the 1940s, a second iteration of the pole was built by Tlingit men enrolled in the
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likely preceded by a long history of decorative carving. Stylistic features of these poles were borrowed from earlier, smaller prototypes, or from the interior support posts of house beams.
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US 50th Infantry Regiment Coat of arms with a totem pole arrangement of a US American eagle and a Russian Bear (signifying transfer of ownership of Alaska from Russia to United States)
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in Indianapolis. Approximately two years later, the replica was moved inside the museum, and in 2005, it was installed in a new atrium after completion of a museum expansion project.
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successor within the clan and the community. Traditionally, the memorial pole has one carved figure at the top, but an additional figure may also be added at the bottom of the pole.
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for his "lack of recognition of Indigenous peoples at an early point in Alaska’s U.S. history," as well as not reciprocating the generosity of his Tlingit hosts following an 1869
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715:, collected fifteen Tlingit and Haida totem poles for public displays from villages in southeastern Alaska. At the Louisiana Purchase Exposition (the world's fair held in
277:. Malin's theory is supported by the photographic documentation of the Pacific Northwest coast's cultural history and the more sophisticated designs of the Haida poles.
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654:-sponsored removal ceremony, the pole was lowered due to safety concerns on October 20, 2010, using funds from the Alaska Dept. of Health and Social Services. The
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to make the tallest pole remain prevalent, although it is becoming more difficult to procure trees of sufficient height. The tallest poles include those in:
2976:"Oregon Country Fair Cancels Fake Native Totem Pole Raising – Ritz Sauna story pole 'worst appropriation I've ever seen' says descendant of carving family"
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tulaneegí Haa At Wuskóowu / Sharing Our Knowledge, A conference of Tlingit Tribes and Clans: Haa eetí ḵáa yís / For Those Who Come After Us. Sitka, Alaska
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735:, Indiana. Although the remains of the original pole at Golden Hill no longer exist, a replica was raised on April 13, 1996, on the front lawn of The
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provided protection to the Tongass group against its rival, the Kagwantans, the Tongass group commissioned the Lincoln pole to commemorate the event.
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in 1978, the practice of Indigenous religion was outlawed, and traditional Indigenous cultural practices were also strongly discouraged by Christian
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use in venues that serve alcohol, and in other settings that are insensitive or outright offensive to the sacred nature of some of the carvings.
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reported that while standing, it was "said to be the most photographed totem in Alaska". The pole was re-erected in Totem Square in 2011.
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1351:, British Columbia (Maritime Museum) —100 feet (30 m), Kwakwaka'wakw, carved by Mungo Martin with Henry Hunt and David Martin.
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317:, mining, and fisheries gave rise to an accumulation of wealth among the coastal peoples. Much of it was spent and distributed in lavish
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of the pole's owner, or simply fill up empty space on the pole. Depictions of thrusting tongues and linked tongues may symbolize
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Eddie Malin has proposed that totem poles progressed from house posts, funerary containers, and memorial markers into symbols of
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In October 2015, a Tlingit totem pole was returned from Hawaii to Alaska after being taken from a village by Hollywood actor
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cultures and their crafts, and sharply reduced totem-pole production by the end of the century. Between 1830 and 1880, the
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style, and measuring over 6 feet (1.8 m) in diameter, it represents Cedar Man transforming into his human form.
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Some poles from the Pacific Northwest have been moved to other locations for display out of their original context.
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359:. The structure, carved out of a 600-year-old cedar tree, "represents all three tribes of Southeast Alaska —
3269:(Anthropology Series 30, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 119.) Ottawa: National Museum of Canada. (PDFs)
3256:(Anthropology Series 30, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 119.) Ottawa: National Museum of Canada. (PDFs)
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Memorial poles may also commemorate an event. For example, several memorial totem poles were erected by the
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2359:. National Museum of Canada: Queen's Printer and Controller of Stationery, Ottawa, Canada. pp. 759–61.
1303:, British Columbia—173 feet (53 m), Kwakwaka'wakw. This pole is composed of two or three pieces.
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in 1899, after being taken from an Alaskan village. In addition, the totem pole collections in Vancouver's
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2899:"UBC Archives – Celebrating Aboriginal Heritage Month: Mungo Martin and UBC's Early Totem Pole Collection"
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645:. When Benson and other Sitka carvers were not available to do the work, the U.S. Forest Service had
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University of Washington, University Libraries, American Indians of the Pacific Northwest Collection
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1309:—160 feet (49 m), carved from a single redwood tree by Ernest Pierson and John Nelson.
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673:. The pole represents the unpaid debt of $ 5 billion in punitive damages that a federal court in
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207:(Nootka), among others. The poles are typically carved from the highly rot-resistant trunks of
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Media, Alaska Public; Media, Adelyn Baxter, Alaska Public; Media, Alaska Public (2022-06-08).
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Those Born at Koona: The Totem Poles of the Haida Village Skedans, Queen Charlotte Islands.
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From Totems to Hip-Hop: A Multicultural Anthology of Poetry across the Americas, 1900-2002.
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From Totems to Hip-Hop: A Multicultural Anthology of Poetry across the Americas, 1900–2002
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and were more common than the free-standing totem poles seen in Northern cultural groups.
2479:"The Seward Shame Pole: Countering Alaska's Sesquicentennial - Alaska Historical Society"
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1079:. A gift from the Haisla First Nation to the Museum of Ethnography in Stockholm, Sweden.
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One of the world's tallest totem poles, in Beacon Hill Park, Victoria, British Columbia
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symbols to represent characters or events in a story; however, some may reference the
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Bob started a few months ago as low man on the totem pole. . . . Today he's the boss.
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unveiled the first 360-degree totem pole in Alaska: the 6.7-metre-tall (22 ft)
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Shannon Haugland (21 September 2010), "Totem Square, Pole to get Safety Upgrades",
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plants, insects, and humans, or they may represent supernatural beings such as the
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First Nation of the Pacific Northwest began a lengthy struggle to repatriate the
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Northwest Coast Native and Native-Style Art: A Guidebook for Western Washington.
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and the pole from the Esquimau Village was sold and then given to industrialist
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Royal BC Museum, Thunderbird Park – A Place of Cultural Sharing
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1345:(Fireman's Park)—105 feet (32 m), carved by Alaska Natives in 1903.
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3582:
Totem Poles: Heraldic Columns of the Northwest Coast Essay by Robin K. Wright
1808:(1). Ottawa: Dept. of Resources and Development, National Museum of Canada: 9
776:, there is a 100-foot-tall (30 m) Canadian totem pole that was given to
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originated carving of the poles, and that the practice spread outward to the
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Includes a history of the poles in Thunderbird Park and their restoration.
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celebration typically follows the pole raising to commemorate the event.
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2152:(revised ed.). Vancouver: Heritage House Publishing Co. p. 50.
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3078:"Totem pole taken by Hollywood actor returned to Alaska, 84 years later"
3032:(Press release). The Na Na Kila Institute. 26 April 2006. Archived from
2870:"A Totem Pole Made of Christmas Lights: Bringing Superwrongness to Life"
2069:"First 360-degree totem pole in Alaska was recently installed in Juneau"
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The Indian Arts & Crafts Board: An Aspect of New Deal Indian Policy
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Beacon, Alaska; Beacon, Lisa Phu, Alaska; Beacon, Alaska (2022-06-01).
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to patrol the area. After American soldiers at the fort and aboard the
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Barbeau, "Totem Poles: According to Crests and Topics", pp. 402–405.
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In 1942, the U.S. Forest Service commissioned a pole to commemorate
3502:
The Legacy: Tradition and Innovation in Northwest Coast Indian Art.
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Notable collections of totem poles on display include these sites:
1315:—149 feet (45 m), carved from a single pole by Lelooska.
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and etched glass, and other traditional and non-traditional media.
3371:. Vancouver, British Columbia: Heritage House. p. 22 and 24.
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totem pole" (and as the title of a bestselling 1941 humor book by
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Monumental carvings by Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest
3324:
Jonaitis, Aldona. (1990) "Totem Poles And The Indian New Deal,"
3551:
Article related to conservation of Pacific Northwest totem poles
2044:"Unique 360-degree totem goes up at Sealaska Heritage in Juneau"
1570:
626:
422:
325:
In the 19th and early 20th centuries, before the passage of the
254:
2520:
Barbeau, "Totem Poles: According to Crests and Topics", p. 401.
1374:
The world's thickest totem pole is in Duncan, British Columbia.
625:. This pole was erected by Chief Shakes to shame the Kiks.ádi
288:
Alaskan Totem Poles at 1893 Chicago World Columbian Exposition
3584: – University of Washington Digital Collection
1829:
Barbeau, "Totem Poles: According to Crests and Topics", p. 5.
727:, who installed it on his estate in what became known as the
617:
Another example of the shame pole is the Three Frogs pole on
3311:
The Wolf and the Raven: Totem Poles of Southeastern Alaska.
1969:. Vancouver, British Columbia: Heritage House. p. 22.
3500:
Macnair, Peter L., Alan L. Hoover, and Kevin Neary (1984)
3313:
Revised edition. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
3033:
2463:
Sheldon Jackson Museum, Sitka, AK. Accessed 23 August 2011
2453:. Seattle, Washington: Superior Publishing Co. p. 56.
2146:
Kramer, Pat (2008) . "Totem Pole Symbols and ceremonies".
1756:
The Wolf and the Raven: Totem Poles of Southeastern Alaska
1433:
Gwaii Haanas National Park Reserve and Haida Heritage Site
757:
culture and stripped away the meaning of the totem poles.
665:, that includes the inverted and distorted face of former
1467:
Nisga'a and Haida Crest Poles of the Royal Ontario Museum
2803:
Aldona Jonaitis, "Totem Poles And The Indian New Deal,"
1321:—132 feet (40 m), single log carving, Tlingit
1201:
Totem pole by Lelooska, Don Morse Smith (non-Native) at
336:
Beginning in the late 1930s, a combination of cultural,
3476:
Prince Rupert, BC: Museum of Northern British Columbia.
3275:
Home Before the Raven Caws: The Mystery of a Totem Pole
1719:
Home Before the Raven Caws: The Mystery of a Totem Pole
2182:) once worn by upper-class persons to show their rank.
1609:"Totem Poles: Heraldic Columns of the Northwest Coast"
3509:
Shadow House: Interpretations of Northwest Coast Art.
3283:
Eiteljorg Museum of American Indians and Western Art
1727:
Eiteljorg Museum of American Indians and Western Art
737:
Eiteljorg Museum of American Indians and Western Art
677:, determined Exxon owes for its role in causing the
1759:. Seattle: University of Washington Press. p.
257:and family wealth and prestige. He argues that the
3343:
2676:"Shame Pole Mocking Exxon is Planted in Cordova",
2659:"Controversial Totem Pole Returns to Sitka Square"
2627:"Top man on totem pole could get his clothes back"
2579:"Top man on totem pole could get his clothes back"
1355:The thickest totem pole ever carved to date is in
124:communities in southern British Columbia, and the
3407:Secret Stories in the Art of the Northwest Indian
2893:
2891:
2265:Secret Stories in the Art of the Northwest Indian
1136:totem pole. Museum of Anthropology, Vancouver, BC
590:, the pole shamed former U.S. Secretary of State
214:dating as far back as 1880, include those at the
94:Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast
3309:Garfield, Viola E., and Forrest, Linn A. (1961)
2104:
2102:
805:commissioning and loaning replacement carvings.
575:One famous shame pole is the Seward Pole at the
3451:Averill, Lloyd J., and Daphne K. Morris (1995)
2948:
2946:
661:On March 24, 2007, a shame pole was erected in
1753:Viola E. Garfield and Linn A. Forrest (1961).
882:. Their successful efforts were documented in
520:in honor of Abraham Lincoln, one of which was
183:Families of traditional carvers come from the
3523:Looking at Indian Art of the Northwest Coast.
3058:. National Film Board of Canada. 8 April 2013
3030:"G'psgolox Totem returnS To British Columbia"
2572:
2570:
1798:"Totem Poles: According to Crests and Topics"
1509:(Brockton Point), Vancouver, British Columbia
784:. In Seattle, Washington, a Tlingit funerary
704:in Seattle; it continues to stand as of 2023.
554:carvings represent the person being shamed.
8:
3338:Seattle, Washington: Superior Publishing Co.
3252:Totem Poles: According to Crests and Topics.
2745:. U.S. National Park Service. Archived from
2743:Sitka National Park archived website content
2341:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2307:
2305:
2091:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2028:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3628:Indigenous culture of the Pacific Northwest
3133:
3131:
3129:
3127:
3125:
3123:
2550:
2548:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2295:
2293:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1586:Conservation and restoration of totem poles
1405:Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture
760:Another example occurred in 1938, when the
3388:Totem Poles of the Pacific Northwest Coast
3326:European Contributions to American Studies
2805:European Contributions to American Studies
1841:Totem Poles of the Pacific Northwest Coast
1825:
1823:
1017:to commemorate the lives lost in the 1804
3532:Seattle: University of Washington Press.
3490:Tigard, Oregon: Greatland Classic Sales.
3056:"Totem: The Return of the Gʼpsgolox Pole"
1044:From Saxman Totem Park, Ketchikan, Alaska
1032:From Saxman Totem Park, Ketchikan, Alaska
845:Dancing at a pole-raising celebration in
3472:Hassett, Dawn, and F. W. M. Drew (1982)
3455:Seattle: University of Washington Press.
2969:
2967:
2267:. New York: Catskill Press. p. 19.
2249:. Hagerstown, Maryland. April 18, 1939.
1602:
1600:
3511:Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
3488:Legends in Wood, Stories of the Totems.
2820:(University of New Mexico Press, 1983.)
2006:"Celebration set to kick off in Juneau"
1990:
1988:
1986:
1782:
1780:
1596:
908:
892:Totem: The Return of the G'psgolox Pole
786:totem pole was raised in Pioneer Square
689:Totem poles outside of original context
3623:Indigenous woodcarving of the Americas
3568:Totem: The Return of the Gpsgolox Pole
3525:Vancouver, BC: Douglas & McIntyre.
3514:Smyly, John, and Carolyn Smyly (1973)
3504:Vancouver, BC: Douglas & McIntyre.
3306:Sitka, Alaska: Sitka Printing Company.
3107:National Museum of the American Indian
2084:
2021:
1748:
1746:
698:Tlingit totem pole brought from Alaska
281:carved wooden goods, including poles.
158:or the subject of spiritual practice.
3350:. Anchorage: Alaska Northwest Books.
2533:. Wrangell Sentinel. 21 November 2014
2473:
2471:
2469:
1689:Stromberg, Joseph (January 5, 2012).
1279:The world's tallest totem pole, near
327:American Indian Religious Freedom Act
7:
3441:New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company.
3277:(Rev. 2012 ed.). Indianapolis:
1868:. New York: W. Funk. pp. 23–24.
1786:Garfield and Forrest, pp. 1–2.
1721:(Rev. 2012 ed.). Indianapolis:
711:In 1903 Alaska's district governor,
3265:Totem Poles: According to Location.
1203:Denver Museum of Nature and Science
357:Sealaska Cultural Values Totem Pole
96:including northern Northwest Coast
72:) are monumental carvings found in
3467:Totem Poles: An Illustrated Guide.
3390:. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press.
1843:. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press.
1802:National Museum of Canada Bulletin
1661:Ramsay, Heather (March 31, 2011).
1392:American Museum of Natural History
1105:American Museum of Natural History
296:Totem poles in front of houses in
25:
1513:Totem Bight State Historical Park
943:Totem poles in front of homes in
561:The original Seward Pole, carved
347:In June 2022 during the biennial
3613:Culture of the Pacific Northwest
3157:. Heritage House Publishing Co.
2693:Peter Rothberg (27 March 2007),
2498:Garfield and Forrest, pp. 55–56.
2396:Garfield and Forrest, pp. 54–55.
1255:
1240:
1225:
1209:
1194:
1175:
1160:
1141:
1126:
1111:
1103:Kwakwaka'wakw House Post at the
1096:
1084:
1068:
1049:
1037:
1025:
998:
983:
968:
952:
936:
911:
780:to commemorate the centenary of
300:, British Columbia, in the 1900s
222:, the Museum of Anthropology at
3007:, 27 April 2006, archived from
2842:Decoding Totems in the New Deal
2657:Ronco, Ed (November 30, 2011).
1904:Garfield and Forrest, pp. 2, 7.
528:and left the US revenue cutter
3518:Saanichton, BC: Hancock House.
2868:Jen Graves (10 January 2012).
2604:"'Going Down' photo caption",
1640:University of British Columbia
1498:Sitka National Historical Park
1015:Sitka National Historical Park
880:Sweden's Museum of Ethnography
802:University of British Columbia
432:University of British Columbia
1:
3577:National Film Board of Canada
3479:Hoyt-Goldsmith, Diane (1990)
3474:Totem Poles of Prince Rupert.
2974:Hopper, Frank (25 May 2017).
2839:Emily Moore (31 March 2012).
1483:Royal British Columbia Museum
1463:, Vancouver, British Columbia
1461:Museum of Anthropology at UBC
1232:The Kayung totem pole at the
1120:Museum of Anthropology at UBC
926:
888:National Film Board of Canada
584:
562:
216:Royal British Columbia Museum
3598:Culture of the United States
3486:Huteson, Pamela Rae. (2002)
3460:The Story of the Totem Pole.
3409:. New York: Catskill Press.
3273:Feldman, Richard D. (2012).
2980:Indian Country Media Network
2378:Garfield and Forrest, p. 54.
2369:Garfield and Forrest, p. 55.
1663:"Totem Poles: Myth and Fact"
1521:, Victoria, British Columbia
1485:, Victoria, British Columbia
1148:Kwakwaka'wakw totem pole on
975:A totem pole in Totem Park,
809:Construction and maintenance
3571:, a feature-length film by
3465:Halpin, Marjorie M. (1981)
3423:Reed, Ishmael (ed.) (2003)
2829:Garfield and Forrest, p. v.
2807:(1990) Vol. 18, pp. 267–77.
2625:Anne Sutton (8 June 2008),
2577:Anne Sutton (7 June 2008).
2202:Garfield and Forrest, p. 4.
2117:Garfield and Forrest, p. 3.
1994:Garfield and Forrest, p. 8.
1926:Garfield and Forrest, p. 7.
1717:Richard D. Feldman (2012).
1691:"The Art of the Totem Pole"
1447:Skidegate, British Columbia
945:Alert Bay, British Columbia
754:Civilian Conservation Corps
600:Civilian Conservation Corps
583:. Originally carved in the
353:Sealaska Heritage Institute
32:Totem pole (disambiguation)
3654:
3563:, online interpretive tour
3279:Indiana Historical Society
1723:Indiana Historical Society
1456:Hazelton, British Columbia
1418:Canadian Museum of History
1325:Victoria, British Columbia
1249:Canadian Museum of History
1013:Kiks.ádi Clan, erected at
992:Victoria, British Columbia
977:Victoria, British Columbia
768:In England at the side of
232:Canadian Museum of History
176:Hazelton, British Columbia
170:Totem poles and houses at
78:northwestern United States
29:
3469:Vancouver, BC: UBC Press.
3462:New York: Vanguard Press.
3437:Wherry, Joseph H. (1964)
2961:Feldman, pp. 22–23.
2952:Feldman, pp. 21–22.
2776:Feldman, pp. 25–27.
1864:Joseph H. Wherry (1964).
1607:Wright, Robin K. (n.d.).
1307:McKinleyville, California
604:Alaska Historical Society
261:people of the islands of
108:communities in Southeast
3528:Stewart, Hilary (1993).
3483:New York: Holiday House.
3281:in association with The
2928:. D & M Publishers.
2922:Stewart, Hilary (2009).
2845:(Speech). Wooshteen Kana
2447:Edward Keithahn (1963).
2355:Barbeau, Marius (1950).
1725:in association with The
1427:Duncan, British Columbia
1409:University of Washington
1357:Duncan, British Columbia
870:In the early 1990s, the
383:From left to right, the
3530:Looking at Totem Poles.
3521:Stewart, Hilary (1979)
3507:Meuli, Jonathan (2001)
3439:The Totem Pole Indians.
3001:"Back in Pole Position"
2614:(subscription required)
2563:(subscription required)
2416:"Musqueam Welcome Area"
1796:Marius Barbeau (1950).
721:Milwaukee Public Museum
351:in Juneau, Alaska, the
69:
3603:Native American relics
3405:Newman, Oscar (2004).
3386:Malin, Edward (1986).
2925:Looking at Totem Poles
1866:The Totem Pole Indians
1375:
1292:
1284:
1169:Ye Olde Curiosity Shop
849:
826:
798:Museum of Anthropology
705:
679:Exxon Valdez oil spill
634:newspaper's masthead.
572:
545:intimidate strangers.
457:
434:
428:Museum of Anthropology
419:
399:
301:
289:
242:in Ketchikan, Alaska.
179:
132:and British Columbia.
58:
3458:Brindze, Ruth (1951)
2876:. Seattle, Washington
2816:Robert Fay Schrader,
2263:Oscar Newman (2004).
1839:Edward Malin (1986).
1525:Totem Heritage Center
1443:Haida Heritage Centre
1373:
1290:
1278:
1056:From Brockton Point,
844:
816:
717:Saint Louis, Missouri
696:
652:Sitka Tribe of Alaska
560:
452:
444:socio-political power
425:
413:
382:
295:
287:
240:Totem Heritage Center
169:
80:. They are a type of
40:
3365:Kramer, Pat (2008).
3346:Alaska's Totem Poles
3342:Kramer, Pat (2004).
3328:Vol. 18, pp 267–277.
3232:Alaska's Totem Poles
3210:Alaska's Totem Poles
3188:Alaska's Totem Poles
3151:Kramer, Pat (2008).
3139:Alaska's Totem Poles
2785:Feldman, pp. 43, 52.
2679:Anchorage Daily News
2632:Anchorage Daily News
2509:Alaska’s Totem Poles
1951:Alaska's Totem Poles
1915:Alaska's Totem Poles
1893:Alaska's Totem Poles
1880:Alaska's Totem Poles
1429:, the City of Totems
876:Gʼpsgolox totem pole
683:Prince William Sound
608:political caricature
385:One-Legged Fisherman
349:Celebration festival
152:common misconception
30:For other uses, see
3633:Northwest Coast art
3336:Monuments in Cedar.
3332:Keithahn, Edward L.
3011:on 28 February 2009
2749:on 10 November 2004
2663:Alaska Public Media
2531:"Wrangell Sentinel"
2287:Feldman, pp. 12–13.
1963:Pat Kramer (2008).
1515:, Ketchikan, Alaska
1383:Alaska State Museum
1247:Totem poles at the
770:Virginia Water Lake
762:U.S. Forest Service
602:; according to the
549:Shame/ridicule pole
522:relocated to Saxman
477:House frontal poles
426:Totem poles at the
375:Meaning and purpose
203:(Bella Coola), and
82:Northwest Coast art
3300:Garfield, Viola E.
3234:, pp. 84–85.
2903:www.library.ubc.ca
2450:Monuments in Cedar
2247:The Morning Herald
2243:"Around the Clock"
2136:Feldman, pp. 1, 5.
1479:, British Columbia
1439:, British Columbia
1376:
1343:Tacoma, Washington
1313:Kalama, Washington
1293:
1285:
1283:, British Columbia
1118:House post at the
1009:Totem Pole of the
850:
827:
825:, British Columbia
778:Queen Elizabeth II
774:Windsor Great Park
772:, in the south of
706:
573:
435:
420:
418:, British Columbia
400:
315:maritime fur trade
302:
290:
180:
59:
3608:Culture of Canada
3556:Native online.com
3378:978-1-89497-444-8
3292:978-0-87195-306-3
3164:978-1-894974-44-8
2935:978-1-926706-35-1
2610:, 20 October 2010
2048:Wrangell Sentinel
1976:978-1-89497-444-8
1736:978-0-87195-306-3
1581:Serge (religious)
1529:Ketchikan, Alaska
1489:Saxman Totem Park
1339:and David Martin.
1218:Kayung totem pole
1150:Notre Dame Island
990:From Totem Park,
923:Ketchikan, Alaska
857:Cultural property
675:Anchorage, Alaska
639:Alexander Baranof
632:Wrangell Sentinel
592:William H. Seward
577:Saxman Totem Park
570:William H. Seward
139:derives from the
86:western red cedar
16:(Redirected from
3645:
3420:
3401:
3382:
3361:
3349:
3296:
3235:
3228:
3222:
3219:
3213:
3206:
3200:
3199:Garfield, p. 13.
3197:
3191:
3184:
3178:
3175:
3169:
3168:
3148:
3142:
3135:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3113:
3099:
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3090:
3088:
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2913:
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2909:
2895:
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2881:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2836:
2830:
2827:
2821:
2814:
2808:
2801:
2795:
2792:
2786:
2783:
2777:
2774:
2768:
2765:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2739:"Carved History"
2735:
2729:
2726:
2720:
2717:
2711:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2654:
2648:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2639:on 28 April 2009
2635:, archived from
2622:
2616:
2615:
2611:
2601:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2574:
2565:
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2260:
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2239:
2233:
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2209:
2203:
2200:
2194:
2191:
2185:
2184:
2168:
2166:
2143:
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2134:
2128:
2124:
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2115:
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2097:
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2079:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2054:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2027:
2019:
2017:
2016:
2001:
1995:
1992:
1981:
1980:
1960:
1954:
1947:
1936:
1933:
1927:
1924:
1918:
1911:
1905:
1902:
1896:
1889:
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1876:
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1830:
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1686:
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1675:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1604:
1551:Crest (heraldry)
1519:Thunderbird Park
1422:Gatineau, Quebec
1329:Beacon Hill Park
1259:
1244:
1229:
1213:
1198:
1179:
1164:
1145:
1130:
1115:
1100:
1088:
1072:
1062:British Columbia
1053:
1041:
1029:
1002:
987:
972:
956:
940:
931:
928:
915:
864:misappropriation
794:Thunderbird Park
782:British Columbia
731:neighborhood of
713:John Green Brady
623:Wrangell, Alaska
589:
586:
567:
564:
397:Wrangell, Alaska
114:British Columbia
55:Victoria, Canada
51:Thunderbird Park
49:pole (right) at
45:pole (left) and
21:
3653:
3652:
3648:
3647:
3646:
3644:
3643:
3642:
3588:
3587:
3547:
3448:
3446:Further reading
3417:
3404:
3398:
3385:
3379:
3364:
3358:
3341:
3304:Meet the Totem.
3293:
3272:
3260:Barbeau, Marius
3247:Barbeau, Marius
3243:
3238:
3229:
3225:
3221:Wherry, p. 140.
3220:
3216:
3207:
3203:
3198:
3194:
3185:
3181:
3177:Wherry, p. 136.
3176:
3172:
3165:
3150:
3149:
3145:
3136:
3121:
3111:
3109:
3101:
3100:
3096:
3086:
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3061:
3059:
3054:
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3039:
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3028:
3027:
3023:
3014:
3012:
2999:
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2984:
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2965:
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2867:
2866:
2862:
2852:
2850:
2838:
2837:
2833:
2828:
2824:
2815:
2811:
2802:
2798:
2794:Feldman, p. 70.
2793:
2789:
2784:
2780:
2775:
2771:
2767:Feldman, p. 27.
2766:
2762:
2752:
2750:
2737:
2736:
2732:
2728:Feldman, p. 26.
2727:
2723:
2719:Feldman, p. 25.
2718:
2714:
2705:
2703:
2695:"Exxon's Shame"
2692:
2691:
2687:
2682:, 25 March 2007
2675:
2674:
2670:
2656:
2655:
2651:
2642:
2640:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2613:
2603:
2602:
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2588:
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2568:
2562:
2554:
2553:
2546:
2536:
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2529:
2528:
2524:
2519:
2515:
2506:
2502:
2497:
2493:
2484:
2482:
2477:
2476:
2467:
2462:
2458:
2446:
2445:
2441:
2436:
2432:
2428:Wherry, p. 104.
2427:
2423:
2414:
2413:
2409:
2404:
2400:
2395:
2391:
2386:
2382:
2377:
2373:
2368:
2364:
2354:
2353:
2349:
2345:Feldman, p. 13.
2344:
2329:
2324:
2315:
2311:Feldman, p. 12.
2310:
2303:
2298:
2291:
2286:
2282:
2275:
2262:
2261:
2257:
2241:
2240:
2236:
2229:
2211:
2210:
2206:
2201:
2197:
2192:
2188:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2145:
2144:
2140:
2135:
2131:
2125:
2121:
2116:
2112:
2107:
2100:
2083:
2077:
2075:
2066:
2065:
2061:
2052:
2050:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2020:
2014:
2012:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1993:
1984:
1977:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1948:
1939:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1921:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1899:
1890:
1886:
1877:
1873:
1863:
1862:
1858:
1851:
1838:
1837:
1833:
1828:
1821:
1811:
1809:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1785:
1778:
1771:
1752:
1751:
1744:
1737:
1716:
1715:
1711:
1701:
1699:
1688:
1687:
1683:
1673:
1671:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1645:
1643:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1617:
1615:
1606:
1605:
1598:
1594:
1537:
1420:, Hull area of
1363:in 1988 in the
1273:
1266:
1260:
1251:
1245:
1236:
1230:
1221:
1214:
1205:
1199:
1190:
1180:
1171:
1167:Totem poles at
1165:
1156:
1146:
1137:
1131:
1122:
1116:
1107:
1101:
1092:
1089:
1080:
1073:
1064:
1054:
1045:
1042:
1033:
1030:
1021:
1019:Battle of Sitka
1003:
994:
988:
979:
973:
964:
959:Totem poles in
957:
948:
941:
932:
929:
916:
907:
859:
847:Klawock, Alaska
811:
749:Indian New Deal
745:
743:Indian New Deal
691:
663:Cordova, Alaska
612:Northwest Coast
587:
565:
551:
542:
510:
501:
488:
479:
470:
377:
164:
154:, they are not
128:communities in
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3651:
3649:
3641:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3590:
3589:
3586:
3585:
3579:
3564:
3558:
3553:
3546:
3545:External links
3543:
3542:
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3526:
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3498:
3484:
3477:
3470:
3463:
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3444:
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3421:
3415:
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3396:
3383:
3377:
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3356:
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3329:
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3307:
3297:
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3270:
3257:
3242:
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3223:
3214:
3201:
3192:
3179:
3170:
3163:
3143:
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2954:
2942:
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2914:
2887:
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2787:
2778:
2769:
2760:
2730:
2721:
2712:
2685:
2668:
2649:
2617:
2607:Sitka Sentinel
2596:
2566:
2558:Sitka Sentinel
2544:
2522:
2513:
2500:
2491:
2465:
2456:
2439:
2437:Newman, p. 22.
2430:
2421:
2407:
2405:Newman, p. 21.
2398:
2389:
2380:
2371:
2362:
2347:
2327:
2325:Newman, p. 19.
2313:
2301:
2299:Newman, p. 16.
2289:
2280:
2273:
2255:
2234:
2227:
2215:, ed. (2003).
2204:
2195:
2193:Feldman, p. 1.
2186:
2158:
2138:
2129:
2119:
2110:
2108:Feldman, p. 6.
2098:
2059:
2035:
1996:
1982:
1975:
1955:
1937:
1935:Feldman, p. 4.
1928:
1919:
1906:
1897:
1884:
1871:
1856:
1849:
1831:
1819:
1788:
1776:
1769:
1742:
1735:
1709:
1681:
1653:
1633:Huang, Alice.
1625:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1531:
1522:
1516:
1510:
1504:
1495:
1493:Saxman, Alaska
1486:
1480:
1473:Nisga'a Museum
1470:
1464:
1458:
1449:
1440:
1430:
1424:
1415:
1402:
1389:
1387:Juneau, Alaska
1353:
1352:
1346:
1340:
1322:
1316:
1310:
1304:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1267:
1262:Totem pole at
1261:
1254:
1252:
1246:
1239:
1237:
1234:British Museum
1231:
1224:
1222:
1215:
1208:
1206:
1200:
1193:
1191:
1181:
1174:
1172:
1166:
1159:
1157:
1147:
1140:
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1132:
1125:
1123:
1117:
1110:
1108:
1102:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1083:
1081:
1077:G'psgolox Pole
1074:
1067:
1065:
1055:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1024:
1022:
1004:
997:
995:
989:
982:
980:
974:
967:
965:
963:, 26 July 1878
958:
951:
949:
942:
935:
933:
921:totem pole in
917:
910:
906:
903:
899:John Barrymore
858:
855:
810:
807:
744:
741:
725:David M. Parry
702:Pioneer Square
690:
687:
656:Sitka Sentinel
581:Saxman, Alaska
550:
547:
541:
538:
526:Tongass Island
509:
506:
500:
497:
487:
484:
478:
475:
469:
466:
462:H. Allen Smith
414:Totem pole in
391:pole, and the
376:
373:
205:Nuu-chah-nulth
163:
160:
122:Nuu-chah-nulth
74:western Canada
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3650:
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3570:
3569:
3565:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3548:
3544:
3539:
3538:0-295-97259-9
3535:
3531:
3527:
3524:
3520:
3517:
3513:
3510:
3506:
3503:
3499:
3497:
3496:1-886462-51-8
3493:
3489:
3485:
3482:
3478:
3475:
3471:
3468:
3464:
3461:
3457:
3454:
3450:
3449:
3445:
3440:
3436:
3433:
3432:1-56025-458-0
3429:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3412:
3408:
3403:
3399:
3397:0-88192-295-1
3393:
3389:
3384:
3380:
3374:
3370:
3369:
3363:
3359:
3353:
3348:
3347:
3340:
3337:
3333:
3330:
3327:
3323:
3320:
3319:0-295-73998-3
3316:
3312:
3308:
3305:
3301:
3298:
3294:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3261:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3240:
3233:
3227:
3224:
3218:
3215:
3211:
3205:
3202:
3196:
3193:
3189:
3183:
3180:
3174:
3171:
3166:
3160:
3156:
3155:
3147:
3144:
3140:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3120:
3108:
3104:
3098:
3095:
3083:
3079:
3073:
3070:
3057:
3051:
3048:
3036:on 2010-09-13
3035:
3031:
3025:
3022:
3010:
3006:
3005:Vancouver Sun
3002:
2996:
2993:
2981:
2977:
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2931:
2927:
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2918:
2915:
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2892:
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2875:
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2864:
2861:
2848:
2844:
2843:
2835:
2832:
2826:
2823:
2819:
2813:
2810:
2806:
2800:
2797:
2791:
2788:
2782:
2779:
2773:
2770:
2764:
2761:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2734:
2731:
2725:
2722:
2716:
2713:
2702:
2701:
2696:
2689:
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2650:
2638:
2634:
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2628:
2621:
2618:
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2573:
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2567:
2560:
2559:
2551:
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2517:
2514:
2510:
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2501:
2495:
2492:
2480:
2474:
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2466:
2460:
2457:
2452:
2451:
2443:
2440:
2434:
2431:
2425:
2422:
2417:
2411:
2408:
2402:
2399:
2393:
2390:
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2375:
2372:
2366:
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2348:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2328:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2314:
2308:
2306:
2302:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2284:
2281:
2276:
2270:
2266:
2259:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2238:
2235:
2230:
2228:1-56025-458-0
2224:
2220:
2219:
2214:
2213:Reed, Ishmael
2208:
2205:
2199:
2196:
2190:
2187:
2183:
2181:
2180:
2175:
2161:
2159:9781894974448
2155:
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2150:
2142:
2139:
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2123:
2120:
2114:
2111:
2105:
2103:
2099:
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2074:
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2063:
2060:
2049:
2045:
2039:
2036:
2031:
2025:
2011:
2007:
2000:
1997:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1978:
1972:
1968:
1967:
1959:
1956:
1952:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1932:
1929:
1923:
1920:
1916:
1910:
1907:
1901:
1898:
1894:
1888:
1885:
1881:
1875:
1872:
1867:
1860:
1857:
1852:
1850:0-88192-295-1
1846:
1842:
1835:
1832:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1792:
1789:
1783:
1781:
1777:
1772:
1770:0-295-73998-3
1766:
1762:
1758:
1757:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1738:
1732:
1729:. p. 4.
1728:
1724:
1720:
1713:
1710:
1698:
1697:
1692:
1685:
1682:
1670:
1669:
1664:
1657:
1654:
1642:
1641:
1636:
1635:"Totem Poles"
1629:
1626:
1614:
1610:
1603:
1601:
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1591:
1587:
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1577:
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1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1502:Sitka, Alaska
1499:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1487:
1484:
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1478:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1459:
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1444:
1441:
1438:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1396:New York City
1393:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1372:
1368:
1366:
1365:Kwakwaka'wakw
1362:
1358:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1317:
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1308:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1297:
1289:
1282:
1277:
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1253:
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1243:
1238:
1235:
1228:
1223:
1219:
1212:
1207:
1204:
1197:
1192:
1189:
1185:
1178:
1173:
1170:
1163:
1158:
1155:
1151:
1144:
1139:
1135:
1129:
1124:
1121:
1114:
1109:
1106:
1099:
1094:
1087:
1082:
1078:
1071:
1066:
1063:
1060:, Vancouver,
1059:
1052:
1047:
1040:
1035:
1028:
1023:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1001:
996:
993:
986:
981:
978:
971:
966:
962:
955:
950:
946:
939:
934:
924:
920:
914:
909:
904:
902:
900:
895:
893:
890:documentary,
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
868:
865:
856:
854:
848:
843:
839:
837:
831:
824:
820:
815:
808:
806:
803:
799:
795:
792:, Victoria's
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
766:
763:
758:
755:
750:
742:
740:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
709:
703:
699:
695:
688:
686:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
659:
657:
653:
648:
644:
643:Sitka, Alaska
640:
635:
633:
628:
624:
620:
615:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
582:
578:
571:
559:
555:
548:
546:
539:
537:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
514:
508:Memorial pole
507:
505:
499:Mortuary pole
498:
496:
494:
485:
483:
476:
474:
467:
465:
463:
456:
451:
447:
445:
441:
433:
429:
424:
417:
412:
408:
406:
398:
394:
390:
386:
381:
374:
372:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
345:
343:
339:
334:
332:
328:
323:
320:
316:
312:
311:First Nations
308:
307:Alaska Native
299:
294:
286:
282:
278:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
251:
247:
243:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
212:
211:
210:Thuja plicata
206:
202:
198:
197:Kwakwaka’wakw
194:
190:
186:
177:
173:
168:
161:
159:
157:
153:
148:
147:
142:
138:
133:
131:
127:
123:
119:
118:Kwakwaka'wakw
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
90:First Nations
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
56:
52:
48:
47:Kwakwaka'wakw
44:
39:
33:
19:
3573:Gil Cardinal
3567:
3529:
3522:
3515:
3508:
3501:
3487:
3480:
3473:
3466:
3459:
3452:
3438:
3424:
3406:
3387:
3367:
3345:
3335:
3325:
3310:
3303:
3274:
3264:
3251:
3231:
3226:
3217:
3209:
3204:
3195:
3187:
3182:
3173:
3153:
3146:
3138:
3110:. Retrieved
3106:
3097:
3085:. Retrieved
3081:
3072:
3060:. Retrieved
3050:
3038:. Retrieved
3034:the original
3024:
3013:, retrieved
3009:the original
3004:
2995:
2985:12 September
2983:. Retrieved
2957:
2924:
2917:
2906:. Retrieved
2902:
2878:. Retrieved
2874:The Stranger
2873:
2863:
2851:. Retrieved
2846:
2841:
2834:
2825:
2817:
2812:
2804:
2799:
2790:
2781:
2772:
2763:
2751:. Retrieved
2747:the original
2742:
2733:
2724:
2715:
2704:, retrieved
2698:
2688:
2677:
2671:
2662:
2652:
2641:, retrieved
2637:the original
2630:
2620:
2605:
2599:
2587:. Retrieved
2585:. Gannett Co
2582:
2556:
2535:. Retrieved
2525:
2516:
2508:
2503:
2494:
2483:. Retrieved
2481:. 2018-02-13
2459:
2449:
2442:
2433:
2424:
2410:
2401:
2392:
2383:
2374:
2365:
2356:
2350:
2283:
2264:
2258:
2250:
2246:
2237:
2217:
2207:
2198:
2189:
2177:
2170:
2163:. Retrieved
2148:
2141:
2132:
2122:
2113:
2076:. Retrieved
2072:
2062:
2051:. Retrieved
2047:
2038:
2013:. Retrieved
2009:
1999:
1965:
1958:
1950:
1931:
1922:
1914:
1909:
1900:
1892:
1887:
1879:
1874:
1865:
1859:
1840:
1834:
1810:. Retrieved
1805:
1801:
1791:
1755:
1718:
1712:
1700:. Retrieved
1694:
1684:
1672:. Retrieved
1666:
1656:
1644:. Retrieved
1638:
1628:
1616:. Retrieved
1612:
1507:Stanley Park
1377:
1361:Richard Hunt
1359:. Carved by
1354:
1333:Mungo Martin
1319:Kake, Alaska
1294:
1187:
1058:Stanley Park
1006:
947:in the 1900s
896:
891:
884:Gil Cardinal
869:
860:
851:
832:
828:
790:Stanley Park
767:
759:
746:
733:Indianapolis
710:
707:
660:
655:
636:
631:
619:Chief Shakes
616:
574:
552:
543:
540:Welcome pole
533:
529:
515:
511:
502:
493:Coast Salish
489:
480:
471:
458:
453:
448:
436:
401:
393:Killer Whale
392:
388:
384:
356:
346:
335:
331:missionaries
324:
303:
279:
252:
248:
244:
208:
199:(Kwakiutl),
181:
144:
136:
134:
126:Coast Salish
61:
60:
3638:Totem poles
3481:Totem Pole.
3368:Totem Poles
3154:Totem Poles
3112:3 September
2706:21 November
2537:21 November
2357:Totem Poles
2149:Totem Poles
1966:Totem Poles
1812:24 November
1696:Smithsonian
1561:Roofed pole
1477:Laxgalts'ap
1437:Haida Gwaii
1264:Chapultepec
1075:Replica of
930: 1901
817:Incomplete
729:Golden Hill
671:Lee Raymond
621:Island, at
588: 1885
566: 1885
486:House posts
405:Thunderbird
263:Haida Gwaii
62:Totem poles
3592:Categories
3416:097201196X
3357:0882405853
3241:References
3062:3 December
2908:2020-01-27
2880:12 January
2753:3 December
2700:The Nation
2643:8 December
2589:3 December
2485:2023-08-24
2274:097201196X
2078:2023-01-22
2053:2023-01-22
2015:2023-01-22
1618:21 January
1337:Henry Hunt
1188:Kitwancool
1186:painting,
1184:Emily Carr
796:, and the
387:pole, the
338:linguistic
275:Washington
238:, and the
156:worshipped
141:Algonquian
130:Washington
18:Totem Pole
3103:"Pendant"
2583:USA Today
2174:lip plugs
1576:Chemamull
1546:Jangseung
1469:, Toronto
1349:Vancouver
1301:Alert Bay
1281:Alert Bay
961:Skidegate
901:in 1931.
823:Skidegate
568:, shamed
416:Vancouver
369:Tsimshian
298:Alert Bay
267:Tsimshian
228:Vancouver
193:Tsimshian
135:The word
106:Tsimshian
70:gyáaʼaang
3618:Heraldry
3230:Kramer,
3212:, p. 92.
3208:Kramer,
3190:, p. 90.
3186:Kramer,
3141:, p. 83.
3137:Kramer,
3087:22 March
2853:31 March
2511:, p. 10.
2507:Kramer,
2165:23 April
2087:cite web
2024:cite web
1953:, p. 25.
1949:Kramer,
1917:, p. 21.
1913:Kramer,
1895:, p. 13.
1891:Kramer,
1882:, p. 18.
1878:Kramer,
1702:June 25,
1674:June 25,
1668:The Tyee
1646:June 25,
1566:Irminsul
1535:See also
1400:New York
1271:Examples
1154:Montreal
1007:K'alyaan
836:potlatch
821:pole in
596:potlatch
518:Tlingits
395:pole in
319:potlatch
236:Gatineau
220:Victoria
76:and the
3334:(1963)
3302:(1951)
3267:Vol. 2.
3262:(1950)
3254:Vol. 1.
3249:(1950)
2179:labrets
1541:Huabiao
1454:, near
1413:Seattle
1220:in 1884
1011:Tlingit
919:Tlingit
905:Gallery
800:at the
614:style.
534:Lincoln
530:Lincoln
430:at the
271:Tlingit
189:Tlingit
174:, near
162:History
146:odoodem
102:Tlingit
43:Gitxsan
3536:
3494:
3430:
3413:
3394:
3375:
3354:
3317:
3289:
3161:
3082:cbc.ca
2932:
2271:
2225:
2156:
1973:
1847:
1767:
1733:
872:Haisla
440:moiety
361:Lingít
230:, the
201:Nuxalk
110:Alaska
104:, and
3040:4 May
3015:4 May
1592:Notes
1556:Stele
1475:, in
1452:'Ksan
1335:with
1182:1928
1134:Haida
878:from
819:Haida
667:Exxon
610:with
468:Types
389:Raven
365:Haida
342:blown
259:Haida
185:Haida
172:ʼKsan
143:word
137:totem
98:Haida
88:, by
66:Haida
3534:ISBN
3492:ISBN
3428:ISBN
3411:ISBN
3392:ISBN
3373:ISBN
3352:ISBN
3315:ISBN
3287:ISBN
3159:ISBN
3114:2024
3089:2024
3064:2014
3042:2010
3017:2010
2987:2017
2930:ISBN
2882:2012
2855:2012
2755:2014
2708:2014
2645:2009
2591:2014
2539:2014
2269:ISBN
2223:ISBN
2167:2024
2154:ISBN
2093:link
2073:KTOO
2030:link
2010:KTOO
1971:ISBN
1845:ISBN
1814:2014
1765:ISBN
1731:ISBN
1704:2024
1676:2024
1648:2024
1620:2018
1571:Tiki
1216:The
1005:The
747:The
669:CEO
627:clan
367:and
309:and
269:and
255:clan
120:and
112:and
92:and
1806:119
1152:in
886:'s
700:to
681:in
647:CCC
579:in
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