Transatlantic flight - Knowledge (XXG)

2099:, which may be substantial at cruising altitudes and have a strong influence on trip duration and fuel economy. Eastbound flights generally operate during night-time hours, while westbound flights generally operate during daytime hours, for passenger convenience. The eastbound flow, as it is called, generally makes European landfall from about 0600UT to 0900UT. The westbound flow generally operates within a 1200–1500UT time slot. Restrictions on how far a given aircraft may be from an airport also play a part in determining its route; in the past, airliners with three or more engines were not restricted, but a twin-engine airliner was required to stay within a certain distance of airports that could accommodate it (since a single engine failure in a four-engine aircraft is less crippling than a single engine failure in a twin). Modern aircraft with two engines flying transatlantic (the most common models used for transatlantic service being the 924: 633: 226: 1053: 765: 239: 1259:. The "Clippers" were built for "one-class" luxury air travel, a necessity given the long duration of transoceanic flights. The seats could be converted into 36 bunks for overnight accommodation; with a cruising speed of only 188 miles per hour (303 km/h). The 314s had a lounge and dining area, and the galleys were crewed by chefs from four-star hotels. Men and women were provided with separate dressing rooms, and white-coated stewards served five and six-course meals with gleaming silver service. 1234: 448: 3682: 2255: 1623: 3920: 1648:, into airline service, operating on routes in Europe and beyond (but not transatlantic). All Comet 1 aircraft were grounded in April 1954 after four Comets crashed, the last two being BOAC aircraft which suffered catastrophic failure at altitude. Later jet airliners, including the larger and longer-range Comet 4, were designed so that in the event of for example a skin failure due to cracking the damage would be localized and not catastrophic. 363: 1004:(PAA) flights from the United States in 1936, but began exploring the possibility of using it for transatlantic flights from 1937. PAA would begin scheduled trans-Atlantic flights via Bermuda before Imperial Airways did, enabling the United States Government to covertly assist the British Government before the United States entry into the Second World War as mail was taken off trans-Atlantic PAA flights by the Imperial Censorship of 852:, and made 36 Atlantic crossings (North and South). The first passenger trip across the North Atlantic left Friedrichshafen on 6 May with 56 crew and 50 passengers, arriving at Lakehurst on 9 May. The fare was $ 400 one way; the ten westward trips that season took 53 to 78 hours and eastward took 43 to 61 hours. The last eastward trip of the year left Lakehurst on 10 October; the first North Atlantic trip of 1937 ended in the 735: 1507: 1311: 386: 932: 119: 2719: 4063: 4008:, Canada. Trappe had expected to arrive in Europe sometime between three and six days after liftoff. The craft ascended by the dropping of ballast, and was to drift at an altitude of up to 25,000 ft (7.6 km). It was intended to follow wind currents toward Europe, the intended destination, although unpredictable wind currents could have forced the craft to 251: 2287:, because they operate "line of sight", are mostly useless for ocean crossings, except in initial and final legs within about 240 nautical miles (440 km) of those facilities. In the late 1950s and early 1960s an important facility for low-flying aircraft was the Radio Range. Inertial navigation systems became prominent in the 1970s. 5087: 4869: 3975:, a distance of 6,222 km, in 27 hours. The crew set course for co-ordinates 34°S 31°W to take advantage of the westerly winds and at the turning point proceeded in an easterly direction, roughly following the 35°S parallel. This took them within 140 km north of the most remote inhabited island in the world, 2780:) in 53h 58m, spread over 23 days. The crossing from Newfoundland to the European mainland had taken 10 days 22 hours, with the total time in flight of 26h 46m. The longest non-stop leg of the journey, from Trepassey, Newfoundland, to Horta in the Azores, was 1,200 statute miles (1,900 km) and lasted 15h 18m. 6462: 1614:

The September 1947 ABC Guide shows 27 passenger flights a week west across the North Atlantic to the US and Canada on BOAC and other European airlines and 151 flights every two weeks on Pan Am, AOA, TWA, and TCA, 15 flights a week to the Caribbean and South America, plus three a month on Iberia and a

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of new aircraft from factory to operational unit. Ferry Command did this over only one area of the world, rather than the more general routes that Transport Command later developed. The Command's operational area was the North Atlantic, and its responsibility was to bring the larger aircraft that had

1097:, proposed mounting a small, long-range seaplane on top of a larger carrier aircraft, using the combined power of both to bring the smaller aircraft to operational height, at which time the two aircraft would separate, the carrier aircraft returning to base while the other flew on to its destination. 1610:

To aid aircraft crossing the Atlantic, six nations grouped to divide the Atlantic into ten zones. Each zone had a letter and a vessel station in that zone, providing radio relays, radio navigation beacons, weather reports, and rescues if an aircraft went down. The six nations of the group split the

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It would take two more decades after Alcock and Brown's first nonstop flight across the Atlantic in 1919 before commercial airplane flights became practical. The North Atlantic presented severe challenges for aviators due to weather and the long distances involved, with few stopping points. Initial

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system to stimulate the possibility for long-range transoceanic commercial aircraft flights, and publicly demonstrated it for the first time in 1935. In the system, the receiver aircraft trailed a steel cable which was then grappled by a line shot from the tanker. The line was then drawn back into

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were used in the 1939 trials to aerial refuel the Empire flying boats for regular transatlantic crossings. From 5 August – 1 October 1939, sixteen crossings of the Atlantic were made by Empire flying boats, with 15 crossings using FRL's aerial refuelling system. After the 16 crossings more trials

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As the Short Empire only had enough range with enlarged fuel tanks at the expense of a passenger room, several pioneering experiments were done with the aircraft to work around the problem. It was known that aircraft could maintain flight with a greater load than is possible to take off with, so

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were offered from 1976 to 2003, from London (by British Airways) and Paris (by Air France) to New York and Washington, and back, with flight times of around three and a half hours one-way. Since the loosening of regulations in the 1970s and 1980s, many airlines now compete across the Atlantic.

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and returned non-stop as a proving flight for the development of passenger-carrying services. This was the first landplane to fulfil this function and marked a departure from the British and American reliance on flying boats for long over-water routes. Operators of the Fw 200 focussed on other

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Hawker and Mackenzie-Grieve made the first attempt on 18 May, but engine failure brought them down into the ocean where they were rescued. Raynham and Morgan also attempted on 18 May but crashed on takeoff due to the high fuel load. The Handley Page team was in the final stages of testing its

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Gaps in air traffic control and radar coverage over large stretches of the Earth's oceans, as well as an absence of most types of radio navigation aids, impose a requirement for a high level of autonomy in navigation upon transatlantic flights. Aircraft must include reliable systems that can

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IV twin-engined bomber in the competition but had not yet found a pilot. Alcock's enthusiasm impressed Vickers's team, and he was appointed as its pilot. Work began on converting the Vimy for the long flight, replacing its bomb racks with extra petrol tanks. Shortly afterwards Brown, who was

1429:, he made an impulsive decision to complete it by a direct flight from Bermuda to Plymouth, England aboard Berwick, marking the first trans-Atlantic air crossing by a national leader. When the first runway at Kindley Field became operational in 1943, the Royal Navy Fleet Air Arm relocated 2812:

radio was out of order, so that it was not until six days later when the boat reached Scotland that word was received that they were safe. The wheels from the undercarriage, jettisoned soon after takeoff, were later recovered by local fishermen and are now in the Newfoundland Museum in

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the tanker where the receiver's cable was connected to the refueling hose. The receiver could then haul back in its cable bringing the hose to it. Once the hose was connected, the tanker climbed sufficiently above the receiver aircraft to allow the fuel to flow under gravity.

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Every day, between two and three thousand aircraft fly across the North Atlantic between Canada, the United States and Europe. This visualization shows Transatlantic traffic over a 24-hour period taken from a day in August last year and shows 2,524 flights crossing the North

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The organization was passed to the Air Ministry administration by retaining civilian pilots, some of whom were Americans, alongside RAF navigators and British radio operators. After completing delivery, crews were flown back to Canada for the next run.

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across the Atlantic three times: from Germany 4,391 statute miles (7,067 km) east to west in four days from 1 August; return 4,391 statute miles (7,067 km) west to east in two days from 8 August; after completing the circumnavigation to

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360 hp engines. It was not an easy flight, with unexpected fog, and a snow storm almost causing the crewmen to crash into the sea. Their altitude varied between sea level and 12,000 feet (3,700 m) and upon takeoff, they carried 865

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On the night of 16–17 April 1927, the Portuguese aviators Sarmento de Beires, Jorge de Castilho and Manuel Gouveia, flew from the Bijagós islands, Portuguese Guinea to Fernando de Noronha island, Brazil in the Dornier Wal flying boat

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In the 1930s a flying boat route was the only practical means of transatlantic air travel, as land-based aircraft lacked sufficient range for the crossing. An agreement between the governments of the US, Britain, Canada, and the

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The British and United States Governments hurried a secret agreement before Britain declared war on Germany in 1939 for the United States to establish a base in Bermuda. Ultimately, the agreement would be expanded to include a

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was supposed to make a trans-atlantic flight attempt in 1914 but WW1 broke out. At one point the aircraft had three engines, one on the top wing, to build duration. The plane could not take off fully fueled with three

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In the US, attention was at first focused on transatlantic flights for a faster postal service between Europe and the United States. In 1931 W. Irving Glover, the second assistant postmaster, wrote an article for

531:), and it was the first flight to transport paying passengers. The R34 wasn't built as a passenger carrier, so extra accommodations were arranged by slinging hammocks in the keel walkway. The return journey to 1433:

target tugs that had been operating on floats from RNAS Bermuda to the airfield to operate as land planes, and RAF Transport Command moved its operations there, leaving RAF Ferry Command at Darrell's Island.

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did not have the reliability nor the power to lift the required fuel to make a transatlantic flight. There were difficulties navigating over the featureless expanse of water for thousands of miles, and the

5678: 4000:. The craft was essentially a small yellow lifeboat attached to 370 balloons filled with helium. A short time later, due to difficulty controlling the balloons, Trappe was forced to land near the town of 1084:

for Pan American in the opposite direction. Both flights were a success and both airlines made a series of subsequent proving flights that same year to test out a variety of different weather conditions.

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opened a regular weekly airmail route between South America and Africa. German airlines experimented with mail routes over the North Atlantic in the early 1930s, with flying boats and dirigibles.

3376:– empty weight below 450 kilograms (990 lb). If considering the total takeoff weight (as per FAI records) then there is a longer distance Atlantic crossing: the distance world record holder, 2437: 420:

Vickers's team quickly assembled its plane and at around 1:45 p.m. on 14 June, while the Handley Page team was conducting yet another test, the Vickers plane took off from Lester's Field, in

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In 2015, 44 million seats were offered on the transatlantic routes, an increase of 6% over the previous year. Of the 67 European airports with links to North America, the busiest was London

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initiated the first transatlantic Comet 4 service and the first scheduled transatlantic passenger jet service in history, flying from London to New York with a stopover at Gander.

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are emerging on the transatlantic market with 545,000 seats offered over 60 city pairs in September 2017 (a 66% growth over one year), compared to 652,000 seats over 96 pairs for

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in October 1930, the British rigid airship program was abandoned and the R100 scrapped, leaving DELAG as the sole remaining operator of transatlantic passenger airship flights.

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for the first crossing of the Atlantic Ocean in "less than 72 consecutive hours". There was a small amount of mail carried on the flight making it also the first transatlantic

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biplane. After fourteen and a half hours of flight the engine overheated and they were forced to divert towards the shipping lanes: they found a passing freighter, the Danish

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E. C. Shepherd, 'Brown, Sir Arthur Whitten (1886–1948)’, rev. Peter G. Cooksley, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2011

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In September 1986, Evelien Brink, her husband Henk and Willem Hageman completed the first transatlantic balloon flight by a European team and first with a woman aboard. The

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in 49:20 hours in completely crossing the North Atlantic and much of the Mediterranean Sea; establishing a straight-line distance record of 5,011.8 miles (8,065.7 km).

3573: 6416: 3584:, Newfoundland. The flight covered almost 1,800 nautical miles (3,300 km) in 4h 37 m. The aircraft was being flown to the U.S. to act as a pattern aircraft for the 1977:

In 2016 Dr. Paul Williams of the University of Reading published a scientific study showing that transatlantic flight times are expected to change as the North Atlantic

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named "Crystal City", attempting to cross the Atlantic and land in Portugal, via Brazil. His plane crashed just before a stopover in Rio de Janeiro, on 15 January 1937.

1378:, which were flown there from United States factories to be tested before acceptance by the Air Ministry and delivery across the Atlantic, usually on direct flights to 4710: 632: 3236:

operated the world's first scheduled transatlantic passenger flights, mainly between Germany and Brazil (64 such round trips overall) sometimes stopping in Spain,

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until 1939 by the Royal Air Force, and the Darrell's Island airport, which the Royal Air Force took over for trans-Atlantic ferrying of flying boats such as the

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after 6,411 km of flying, only 650 km short of their final destination after a flying time 37 hours, 11 minutes. They carried the first transatlantic

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It was from the emergency exigencies of World War II that crossing the Atlantic by land-based aircraft became a practical and commonplace possibility. With the

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Peter G. Cooksley, 'Alcock, Sir John William (1892–1919)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online ed., Jan 2011

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on the continent, the need for the British to purchase replacement materiel from the United States was urgent. Airbases for refuelling were built in

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Larger aircraft could be flown directly to the UK and an organization was set up to manage this using civilian pilots. The program was begun by the

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sleeve valve radial engines and designed with the capability of crossing the Atlantic without refuelling. It was intended to form the backbone of

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was declared in 1918. The war saw tremendous advances in aerial capabilities, and a real possibility of transatlantic flight by aircraft emerged.

5631: 3002:, with the assistance of João Negrão (co-pilot), Newton Braga (navigator), and Vasco Cinquini (mechanic), crossed the Atlantic in the hydroplane 2937:), after two ditchings, with only internal means of navigation (the Coutinho-invented sextant with artificial horizon) from Lisbon, Portugal, to 2295:

The twenty busiest commercial routes between North America and Europe (traffic traveling in both directions) during June until August 2022 were:

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unemployed, approached Vickers seeking a post and his knowledge of long-distance navigation convinced them to take him on as Alcock's navigator.

370: 225: 6626: 5791: 1147:, separated from her carrier at 8 pm to continue what was to become the first commercial non-stop east-to-west transatlantic flight by a 586:

The first transpolar flight eastbound and the first flight crossing the North Pole ever was the airship carrying Norwegian explorer and pilot

4620: 4033: 2621: 2332: 1704: 1700: 5931: 661:, on his successful attempt to fly nonstop from New York to the European continental land mass. Over the next 33.5 hours, Lindbergh and the 3595: 2352: 1708: 1626: 1553: 1222:. Although two aircraft were handed over to Imperial Airways for crew training, all three were impressed (along with their crews) into the 1052: 997: 3952:

in Paris was completed in 17 hours and 7 minutes, or just a little more than half the time of his grandfather's 33.5-hour original flight.

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was formed on 20 July 1941, by the raising of the RAF Atlantic Ferry Service to Command status. Its commander for its whole existence was

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separated from the carrier aircraft to continue what was to become the first commercial non-stop east-to-west transatlantic flight by a

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and Kazimierz Kubala attempt a crossing of the Atlantic westbound from Paris to the US in an Amiot 123 biplane, but crash in the Azores.

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In 1936 the first woman aviator to cross the Atlantic east to west, and the first person to fly solo from England to North America, was

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made the first non-stop transatlantic flight. During the War, Alcock resolved to fly the Atlantic, and after the war, he approached the

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entry John Alcock and Arthur Whitten Brown. Each group had to ship its aircraft to Newfoundland and make a rough field for the takeoff.

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flew from Canada to New York, then via the West Indies, Venezuela, British Guiana, Brazil and the South Atlantic to Great Britain in a

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The first transatlantic flight between Spain and South America was completed in January 1926 with a crew of Spanish aviators on board

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the aviator who shall first cross the Atlantic in an aeroplane in flight from any point in the United States of America, Canada or

4591: 2046:. LCC seats grew to 7.7% of North Atlantic seats in 2018 from 3.0% in 2016, led by Norwegian with 4.8% then WOW air with 1.6% and 6492: 6363: 3487: 3195:

Amelia Earhart was the first woman to cross the Atlantic Ocean by air with pilot Wilmer Stultz and copilot/mechanic Louis Gordon.

1473: 1295: 5347: 5323: 5624:"Over 80 new routes between North America and Europe launched since S12; North America to Asia routes up by 50% in same period" 4162: 3968: 3960: 3825: 2403: 1902:, allowing coordination on prices, schedules, and strategy, control almost 75% of Transatlantic capacity. They are parallel to 1712: 1477: 1461: 1359: 1347: 1299: 1013: 246:

in an east-to-west Atlantic attempt. Hamel disappeared in May 1914 and the large monoplane partially built was never completed.

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in July–August 1930, in what was intended to be a proving flight for regularly scheduled passenger services. Following the

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transatlantic services, therefore, focused on the South Atlantic, where some French, German, and Italian airlines offered

3720: 3366: 3092: 6621: 6434: 6385: 3581: 3439:), intended to fly to New York, but was forced down at Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, due to icing of fuel tank vents. 2284: 2088:(NATs). These change daily in position (although altitudes are standardized) to compensate for weather—particularly the 1600: 1576: 1503:. "Atfero hired the pilots, planned the routes, selected the airports set up weather and radiocommunication stations." 1315: 1294:

fleet was then pressed into military service and the flying boats were used for ferrying personnel and equipment to the

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at 8:40 a.m. on 15 June 1919, not far from their intended landing place, after less than sixteen hours of flying.

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The plane of Alcock and Brown having landed in Ireland. While the touchdown had been smooth, the plane had landed on a

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as well. A single fare was US$ 375.00 ($ 8,214 in 2023 dollars). Scheduled landplane flights started in October 1945.

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determine the aircraft's course and position with great accuracy over long distances. In addition to the traditional

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made the first non-stop transatlantic flight in 1919. The first successful transatlantic flight in a balloon was the

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machine. This initial journey took 20 hrs, 21 min at an average ground speed of 144 miles per hour (232 km/h).

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The first night-time crossing of the South Atlantic was accomplished on 16–17 April 1927 by the Portuguese aviators

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and not grass as Alcock had thought, and as the plane ran on it eventually sank axle-deep, pivoting over its wheels.

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prize since it took more than 72 consecutive hours and also because more than one aircraft was used in the attempt.

6400: 5565: 5224: 3015: 2562: 2272: 1696: 1391: 1191: 1001: 981: 877: 467: 459: 259: 5460: 4364: 3219:, a final 4,391 statute miles (7,067 km) west to east landing 4 September, making three crossings in 34 days. 812:

to Lakehurst. In the summer of 1931, a South Atlantic route was introduced, from Frankfurt and Friedrichshafen to

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from New York to London in 1 hour 55 minutes in 1974. The fastest time for an airliner is 2 hours 53 minutes for

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First solo transatlantic flight and first non-stop fixed-wing aircraft flight between America and mainland Europe

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in the Azores. The final leg of the first transatlantic crossing was about a 20-hour flight from the Azores to

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aircraft expected to be delivered from May 2017. Norwegian Air performed its first transatlantic flight with a

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seat share is 72.3%, down from 79.8% in 2015. By July 2018, Norwegian became the largest European airline for

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to Floyd Bennett in 24 hours, 56 minutes and did the return flight three days later in 19 hours, 47 minutes.

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machine. This initial journey took 20 hrs 21 min at an average ground speed of 144 mph (232 km/h).

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flying boat as part of the first transatlantic commercial passenger test flights. On 6 July 1937, Captain

3821: 3650: 3491: 3381: 3348: 3312: 3106: 2958: 2796:, attempted to become the first to achieve a non-stop flight across the Atlantic Ocean. They set off from 2769: 2508: 2043: 1411: 1395: 712: 610: 378: 286: 155: 6250: 6060: 5609: 5476: 4263: 314:. The whole journey took 23 days, with six stops along the way. A trail of 53 "station ships" across the 6578: 6568: 6554: 6183: 5402: 5047: 5024: 4935: 4538: 4500: 4439: 4234: 4202: 4096: 3607: 3529: 3420:

First solo westbound crossing of the Atlantic by a woman and first person to solo westbound from England

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US Navy warships "strung out like a string of pearls" along the Navy Curtiss NC-4's flightpath (3rd leg)

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biplanes, and they covered a distance of 8,383 kilometres (5,209 mi) between 30 March and 17 June.

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Four teams were competing for the first non-stop flight across the Atlantic. They were Australian pilot

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the range to do the trip over the ocean from American and Canadian factories to the RAF home Commands.

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began similar ferrying services to transport aircraft, supplies, and passengers to the British Isles.

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was carried out on 6 February 1938, and the first transatlantic flight was made on 21 July 1938 from

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In February 2017, Norwegian Air International announced it would start transatlantic flights to the

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began to get interested in the feasibility of a transatlantic passenger service using flying boats.

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during World War II. This base was used throughout the war for trans-Atlantic ferrying of aircraft.

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Listen to interviews with people that met the plane on Bowman Sunday Morning, RTÉ radio archives,

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to search for secret communications from Axis spies operating in the United States, including the

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The prototype Sling 4 Light Sport Aircraft on arrival at Stellenbosch, Western Cape, South Africa

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After World War II long runways were available, and North American and European carriers such as

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Karl-Dieter Seifert "Der Deutsche Luftverkehr 1926–1945" Bernard & Graefe Verlag, Bonn 1996

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made a solo flight across the South Atlantic, covering 3,582 kilometres (2,226 mi), in a

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sent him off course, and then engine failure forced him to ditch halfway between New York and

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First nonstop east-to-west fixed-wing aircraft flight between European and American mainlands

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in 75 hours, thus also completing the first double crossing of the Atlantic (east-west-east).

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with 79,611. Of the 45 airports in North America, the busiest linked to Europe was New York

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acquired larger piston airliners that could cross the North Atlantic with stops (usually in

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The first east-west non-stop transatlantic crossing by an aeroplane was made in 1928 by the

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The flight was intended as a testing ground for postwar commercial services by airship (see

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Note – on one flight there was a high westerly wind and no need for aerial refuelling

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on the challenges and the need for a regular service. In the 1930s, under the direction of

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on 11 May 1926. He flew with the airship "NORGE" ("Norway") piloted by the Italian colonel

524:), covering a distance of about 3,000 miles (4,800 km) in about four and a half days. 6438: 6370: 6345: 6323: 6301: 6278: 6119: 6097: 6014: 5950: 5464: 5440: 5375: 5370: 5351: 5266: 5119: 5031: 4997: 4942: 4873: 4595: 4545: 4427: 4323: 4068: 4045: 3788: 3637: 3569: 3499: 3284: 2914: 2861: 2063: 1939: 1931: 1907: 1850: 1770: 1754: 1738: 1584: 1438: 1403: 790: 547: 542:

The first aerial crossing of the South Atlantic was made by the Portuguese naval aviators

505: 433: 346: 202: 135: 86: 6294: 4815: 3158: 1996:

and Ireland in the summer of 2017 on behalf of its parent company using the parent's new

675:, at 10:22 p.m. on 21 May 1927, completing the first solo crossing of the Atlantic. 576: 5661: 2688:, who had in 1909 attempted to reach the North Pole by balloon, set out for Europe from 1556:(BOAC), as Imperial Airways had by then become, had made 1,000 transatlantic crossings. 6509: 4650: 4177: 4048: 3993: 3989: 3929: 3658: 3646: 3414: 3192: 3132: 3055: 3036: 2938: 2765: 2685: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1982: 1484:, a specialist in long-distance flying and later Air Vice Marshal and commander of the 1323: 993: 970: 889: 817: 741: 599: 591: 587: 555: 496:, and the first return transatlantic flight, was made just a couple of weeks after the 486: 311: 39: 6484: 4588: 2254: 1506: 1310: 973:

routes to Africa, Asia and Australia, and had established an international airport on

6610: 6364:"World news: Helium balloons lift aviator Jonathan Trappe Up for transatlantic trip." 5344: 5319: 4561: 4295: 4044:

in 1996. The fastest JFK-LHR time for a subsonic airliner is 4 hours 56 minutes by a

4017: 3844: 3829: 3754: 3562: 3475: 3424: 3356: 3322: 2918: 2881: 2689: 2067: 2059: 2055: 2015: 1989: 1935: 1899: 1641: 1430: 1367: 1116:

flying-boat fitted with a trestle or pylon on the top of the fuselage to support the

1081: 1017: 989: 794: 719: 693: 543: 509: 493: 441: 334: 254:

The U.S. Navy's NC-4, first aircraft to cross the Atlantic though in stages May 1919.

63: 59: 17: 4394: 4316: 1457:

made it particularly hazardous for merchant ships between Newfoundland and Britain.

1056:

Captain Wilcockson signing an autograph for one of his admirers, in July 1937, near

1016:. The range of the Short Empire flying boat was less than that of the equivalent US 385: 6339:"Hundreds of helium-filled balloons being used in attempt to cross Atlantic Ocean." 5217: 4009: 4001: 3972: 3869: 3852: 3770: 3750: 3629:

jet made its first commercial flight. Supersonic flights were available until 2003.

3599: 3344: 3308: 2974: 2836: 2789: 2259: 1651:

On 4 October 1958, BOAC started the "first-ever transatlantic jet service" between

1588: 1535: 1415: 1227: 1203: 1179: 1136: 1113: 1104:

project, co-designed by Mayo and Shorts chief designer Arthur Gouge, comprised the

1077: 1065: 966: 931: 773: 768:

Flown picture postcard from the "First North American Flight" of the D-LZ127 (1928)

700: 626: 572: 413: 342: 326: 243: 194: 179: 118: 6271: 4990: 942:

was the European terminus for all transatlantic flying boat flights in the 1930s.

789:'s operations, began the first non-stop transatlantic passenger flights, leaving 6150: 5212: 4172: 3955:

22–23 September 2011: Mike Blyth and Jean d'Assonville flew a Sling 4 prototype

3945: 3888: 3642: 3495: 3458: 3436: 3390: 3207:

On 1–8 August 1929, in making the circumnavigation, Dr Hugo Eckener piloted the

3166: 2891: 2877: 2797: 2737: 2104: 2100: 2084:

Unlike over land, transatlantic flights use standardized aircraft routes called

2039: 2027:

in the US state of Connecticut, followed by a second rotation from Edinburgh to

1481: 1442: 1351: 1267: 1252: 1159: 1144: 1042: 704: 685: 532: 521: 282: 55: 6401:"Man Using Cluster Balloons Lands in Newfoundland: York Harbour, Newfoundland." 6316: 4348: 4336: 1542:

With the entry of the United States into the War, the Atlantic Division of the

6589: 6528:

Seaplanes & Flying Boats: A Timeless Collection from Aviation's Golden Age

4664: 4058: 3454: 3450: 3259: 3136: 3023: 2970: 2922: 2734: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2089: 1978: 1943: 1927: 1866: 1834: 1818: 1664: 1572: 1419: 1402:

visited Bermuda on his return to Britain, following December 1941 meetings in

1363: 1215: 1199: 1086: 897: 798: 559: 369:

made the first non-stop transatlantic flight in June 1919. They took off from

338: 318:

gave the aircraft points to navigate by. This flight was not eligible for the

151: 51: 6431: 3902:

10 August 1938: The first non-stop flight from Berlin to New York was with a

2279:

all have their place in transatlantic navigation. Land-based systems such as

1491:

In 1941, MAP took the operation off CPR to put the whole operation under the

1425:. Although it had been planned to continue the journey aboard the battleship 1350:, containing a Naval Air Station serving anti-submarine flying boats, on the 1266:

s inaugural trip across the Atlantic was on 24 June 1939. Its route was from

4742:, Ireland Island, Sandys Parish, Bermuda: National Museum of Bermuda Press. 4665:"Focke-Wulf Fw 200 Condor record flight between Berlin and New York in 1938" 4051:

in February 2020. The distance JFK-LHR is 5,540 kilometres (3,440 mi).

3857: 3805: 3785: 3432: 3402: 3078: 3019: 2761: 2731: 2718: 2693: 1923: 1786: 1331: 893: 809: 409: 174:

prepared a massive balloon of 725,000 cubic feet (20,500 m) called the

107: 5990:(Die deutsche: German). Bonn: Luftfahrt Bernard & Graefe Verlag, 1996. 5761: 3150:

First non-stop fixed-wing aircraft westbound flight over the North Atlantic

1020:

and as such was initially unable to provide a true trans-Atlantic service.

729:

The first transpolar transatlantic (and transcontinental) crossing was the

4478: 583:, Teniente de Navio (Navy Lieutenant), Juan Manuel Durán, and Pablo Rada. 353:

aircraft for the flight in June, but the Vickers group was ready earlier.

250: 6272:"Also contains an eye-witness account of the first in-flight separation." 6007: 5259: 5122:

close-up drawing of receiver pawl grapnel and tanker haul line projectile

4041: 3626: 3541: 3494:, Newfoundland. From Argentia, the blimps flew approximately 22 hours to 3398: 3298: 3281: 3180: 3118: 3114: 2954: 2869: 2777: 2749: 2711: 2703: 2096: 2092: 1985:, with eastbound flights speeding up and westbound flights slowing down. 1951: 1919: 1671: 1496: 1383: 1379: 1327: 1256: 866: 836: 808:

on regularly scheduled passenger flights across the North Atlantic, from

595: 482: 315: 307: 163: 150:, but with enough lift to use the winds that would later be known as the 143: 139: 130:, taking on mail prior to the first non-stop transatlantic flight in 1919 103: 99: 35: 5455: 4669: 3937: 3932:, celebrated the 75th anniversary of the pioneering 1927 flight of the 3907: 3836: 3814: 3810: 3774: 3662: 3654: 3537: 3511: 3507: 3410: 3326: 3140: 2847: 2753: 2707: 2268: 2047: 1971: 1967: 1955: 1335: 1283: 1073: 985: 956: 939: 777: 536: 474: 437: 405: 210: 91: 75: 5967:

USS Los Angeles: The Navy's venerable Airship and Aviation Technology.

4991:

Also contains an eye-witness account of the first in-flight separation

4148:

Nevin, David. "Two Daring Flyers Beat the Atlantic before Lindbergh."

2950:

First non-stop aircraft flight between European and American mainlands

2710:. Wellman, his crew of five – and the balloon's cat – were rescued by 6031:"'Cape Cod's' Success Climaxes 5 Years [of] Bellanca Records" 5879:"on the fly: What are the busiest North Atlantic routes this summer?" 5675:"Norwegian unveils £69 flights to the USA from 5 UK and Irish cities" 4966: 4013: 3979:. The Cabo Frio/Cape Town leg was part of an around the world flight. 3964: 3876:, Canada, a flight of 2,930 statute miles (4,720 km). The Short 3840: 3800: 3778: 3446: 3352: 3245: 3241: 3176: 3144: 2942: 2839: 2773: 1660: 1560: 1450: 1275: 1154:

Another technology developed for transatlantic commercial flight was

1132: 1046: 952: 935: 881: 869:

service for mail between South America and West Africa in the 1930s.

813: 749: 745: 551: 303: 147: 47: 43: 5433: 4525:"The Flight of the Bremen". Republished 50 years on, retrieved from 2593: