1506:
741:
1501:{\displaystyle \underbrace {\left.{\begin{array}{rl}\textstyle {\mathtt {UPDATE~clause{\mathtt {:}}}}&\{{\mathtt {UPDATE\ \overbrace {\mathtt {countries}} ^{\mathtt {table}}}}\}\\\textstyle {\mathtt {SET~clause:}}&\{{{\mathtt {SET\ \overbrace {\mathtt {population}} ^{\mathtt {column}}=~}}\overbrace {\mathtt {{population}+\underbrace {\mathtt {1}} _{\mathtt {literal}}}} ^{\mathtt {expression}}}\}\\\textstyle {\mathtt {WHERE~clause:}}&\{{{\mathtt {WHERE\ \underbrace {\overbrace {\mathtt {name}} ^{\mathtt {column}}{\mathtt {=}}\overbrace {\overbrace {\mathtt {'USA'}} ^{\mathtt {literal}}} ^{\mathtt {expression}}} _{\mathtt {predicate}}}}\}{\texttt {;}}}\end{array}}\right\}{\textstyle {\texttt {statement}}}} _{\textstyle {\mathtt {SQL~query}}}}
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608:(ISO) in 1987. Since then, the standard has been revised multiple times to include a larger set of features and incorporate common extensions. Despite the existence of standards, virtually no implementations in existence adhere to it fully, and most SQL code requires at least some changes before being ported to different
2048:
ISO/IEC 9075-14:2006 defines ways that SQL can be used with XML. It defines ways of importing and storing XML data in an SQL database, manipulating it within the database, and publishing both XML and conventional SQL data in XML form. In addition, it lets applications integrate queries into their SQL
2318:
An interactive user or program can issue SQL statements to a local RDB and receive tables of data and status indicators in reply from remote RDBs. SQL statements can also be compiled and stored in remote RDBs as packages and then invoked by package name. This is important for the efficient operation
648:
Chamberlin and Boyce's first attempt at a relational database language was SQUARE (Specifying
Queries in A Relational Environment), but it was difficult to use due to subscript/superscript notation. After moving to the San Jose Research Laboratory in 1973, they began work on a sequel to SQUARE. The
1719:
strive for standards compliance, though
PostgreSQL does not adhere to the standard in all cases. For example, the folding of unquoted names to lower case in PostgreSQL is incompatible with the SQL standard, which says that unquoted names should be folded to upper case. Thus, according to the
2415:, whose data types might make accurately representing the data difficult, in terms of parsing and by the absence of modularity. This is usually avoided by declaring a primary key, or a unique constraint, with one or more columns that uniquely identify a row in the table.
2351:
of rows; the same row may occur multiple times, and the order of rows can be employed in queries (e.g., in the LIMIT clause). Critics argue that SQL should be replaced with a language that returns strictly to the original foundation: for example, see
8084:
2823:, 4.22 SQL-statements, 4.22.1 Classes of SQL-statements "There are at least five ways of classifying SQL-statements:", 4.22.2, SQL statements classified by function "The following are the main classes of SQL-statements:";
2808:
We changed the original name "SEQUEL" to SQL because we got a letter from somebody's lawyer that said the name "SEQUEL" belonged to them. We shortened it to SQL, for
Structured Query Language, and the product was known as
722:
standard groups officially adopted the standard "Database
Language SQL" language definition. New versions of the standard were published in 1989, 1992, 1996, 1999, 2003, 2006, 2008, 2011, 2016 and most recently, 2023.
1780:
The SQL standard precisely specifies the syntax that a conforming database system must implement. However, the standard's specification of the semantics of language constructs is less well-defined, leading to
636:
in the early 1970s. This version, initially called SEQUEL (Structured
English Query Language), was designed to manipulate and retrieve data stored in IBM's original quasirelational database management system,
2578:
1784:
Many database vendors have large existing customer bases; where the newer version of the SQL standard conflicts with the prior behavior of the vendor's database, the vendor may be unwilling to break
2187:
A distinction should be made between alternatives to SQL as a language, and alternatives to the relational model itself. Below are proposed relational alternatives to the SQL language. See
668:
After testing SQL at customer test sites to determine the usefulness and practicality of the system, IBM began developing commercial products based on their System R prototype, including
2395:. The Null marker indicates the absence of a value, and is distinct from a value of 0 for an integer column or an empty string for a text column. The concept of Nulls enforces the
4340:
2573:
2460:
are comparable to classes in object-oriented language with their own constructors, observers, mutators, methods, inheritance, overloading, overwriting, interfaces, and so on.
2219:
has two advantages over SQL: it has cleaner semantics, which facilitates program understanding and maintenance, and it is more expressive, in particular for recursive queries.
8833:
7596:
3553:
2372:
Early specifications did not support major features, such as primary keys. Result sets could not be named, and subqueries had not been defined. These were added in 1992.
7591:
5552:
4323:
3357:
Lorentz, Diana; Roeser, Mary Beth; Abraham, Sundeep; Amor, Angela; Arora, Geeta; Arora, Vikas; Ashdown, Lance; Baer, Hermann; Bellamkonda, Shrikanth (October 2010) .
3323:
Lorentz, Diana; Roeser, Mary Beth; Abraham, Sundeep; Amor, Angela; Arora, Geeta; Arora, Vikas; Ashdown, Lance; Baer, Hermann; Bellamkonda, Shrikanth (October 2010) .
3289:
Lorentz, Diana; Roeser, Mary Beth; Abraham, Sundeep; Amor, Angela; Arora, Geeta; Arora, Vikas; Ashdown, Lance; Baer, Hermann; Bellamkonda, Shrikanth (October 2010) .
8843:
4786:
1703:
SQL implementations are incompatible between vendors and do not necessarily completely follow standards. In particular, date and time syntax, string concatenation,
8853:
7096:
6474:
4335:
2568:
1817:
719:
605:
214:
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5356:
2319:
of application programs that issue complex, high-frequency queries. It is especially important when the tables to be accessed are located in remote systems.
8848:
7318:
2315:(DRDA) was designed by a workgroup within IBM from 1988 to 1994. DRDA enables network-connected relational databases to cooperate to fulfill SQL requests.
8828:
5577:
5070:
1820:(NIST) data-management standards program certified SQL DBMS compliance with the SQL standard. Vendors now self-certify the compliance of their products.
8393:
8313:
8104:
8099:
7945:
5709:
5687:
5118:
1983:
389:
2424:
589:. The model was described in his influential 1970 paper, "A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks". Despite not entirely adhering to
8111:
2623:
2379:
has been described as a roadblock to full use of SQL's user-defined types. JSON support, for example, needed to be added by a new standard in 2016.
2323:
3434:
6465:
5351:
5075:
1940:
700:
2938:
8644:
1755:
type) and MS SQL Server (before the 2008 version). As a result, SQL code can rarely be ported between database systems without modifications.
7006:
5823:
5226:
5191:
5065:
3869:
3537:
3509:
3399:
3106:
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715:
601:
490:
8813:
8713:
8514:
8037:
7420:
7011:
6981:
4733:
1643:
1798:
Users evaluating database software tend to place other factors such as performance higher in their priorities than standards conformance.
1777:
The SQL standard defers some decisions to individual implementations, such as how to name a results column that was not named explicitly.
8858:
8358:
7688:
7485:
5567:
4806:
4779:
4406:
4295:
2703:
2343:
SQL deviates in several ways from its theoretical foundation, the relational model and its tuple calculus. In that model, a table is a
207:
1743:
data types. The most obvious such examples, and incidentally the most popular commercial and proprietary SQL DBMSs, are Oracle (whose
6809:
6430:
6320:
3122:
7885:
6909:
6054:
5629:
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5968:
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6400:
6390:
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1636:
1624:
315:
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8544:
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5017:
4890:
4772:
4357:
3375:
Do not define columns with the following SQL/DS and DB2 data types, because they have no corresponding Oracle data type:...
3358:
1994:, support for procedural and control-of-flow statements, nonscalar types (arrays), and some object-oriented features (e.g.,
8338:
7668:
7601:
7181:
6829:
6293:
6059:
5321:
5111:
5060:
5038:
4992:
4965:
4940:
4900:
4649:
3946:
2608:
2427:, a mismatch occurs between the declarative SQL language and the procedural languages in which SQL is typically embedded.
2412:
2239:
1679:
1594:
319:
3918:, developed the SQL database language. Chamberlin also briefly discusses his more recent research on XML query languages.
6420:
6415:
6024:
5206:
5146:
5032:
4935:
4905:
3227:
PostgreSQL prides itself in standards compliance. Its SQL implementation strongly conforms to the ANSI-SQL:2008 standard
2613:
2163:. Interested parties may purchase the standards documents from ISO, IEC, or ANSI. Some old drafts are freely available.
1865:("ess cue el"). Regardless, many English-speaking database professionals (including Donald Chamberlin himself) use the
1646:
programmability is available on many SQL platforms via DBMS integration with other languages. The SQL standard defines
1588:(";") statement terminator. Though not required on every platform, it is defined as a standard part of the SQL grammar.
703:
agencies. In June 1979, Relational
Software introduced one of the first commercially available implementations of SQL,
8794:
8683:
8161:
6458:
5917:
5809:
5007:
5002:
4945:
4925:
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4394:
2638:
1651:
696:
642:
127:
3598:
2963:"ISO 9075:1987: Information technology – Database languages – SQL – Part 1: Framework (SQL/Framework)"
1670:, while prior versions of SQL Server were restricted to unmanaged extended stored procedures primarily written in C.
8780:
8343:
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8201:
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6288:
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4364:
2588:
556:
3914:, and his work on relational database technology. Chamberlin was a member of the System R research team and, with
341:
8609:
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8333:
8318:
8298:
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6996:
6492:
5402:
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4915:
4685:
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3903:
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2294:
2268:
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536:
513:
303:
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687:) saw the potential of the concepts described by Codd, Chamberlin, and Boyce, and developed their own SQL-based
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8657:
8564:
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7535:
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2243:
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486:
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665:
Dynamics
Engineering Limited company. The label SQL later became the acronym for Structured Query Language.
8211:
7753:
7743:
7738:
7313:
7298:
7238:
6672:
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6627:
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4634:
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1767:
The complexity and size of the SQL standard means that most implementers do not support the entire standard.
567:
59:
39:
4347:
8761:
8529:
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7648:
7066:
6647:
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5885:
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3175:
ANSI/ISO/IEC International
Standard (IS). Database Language SQL—Part 2: Foundation (SQL/Foundation). 1999.
2873:
2228:
2072:
Legalizes ORDER BY outside cursor definitions. Adds INSTEAD OF triggers, TRUNCATE statement, FETCH clause
1785:
1616:
575:
517:
419:
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6834:
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6279:
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5495:
5267:
5251:
5211:
4690:
4122:
3092:
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2188:
1598:
is generally ignored in SQL statements and queries, making it easier to format SQL code for readability.
552:
4444:
562:
The scope of SQL includes data query, data manipulation (insert, update, and delete), data definition (
3776:
3467:
3276:"(Second Informal Review Draft) ISO/IEC 9075:1992, Database Language SQL, Section 5.2, syntax rule 11"
2411:
Another popular criticism is that it allows duplicate rows, making integration with languages such as
8708:
8614:
8348:
8323:
8166:
8007:
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7248:
7121:
6904:
6134:
6044:
5998:
5993:
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5368:
5221:
4795:
4743:
4680:
4562:
4532:
4401:
4352:
4150:
3686:
2290:
1807:
SQL was adopted as a standard by the ANSI in 1986 as SQL-86 and the ISO in 1987. It is maintained by
1735:
Popular implementations of SQL commonly omit support for basic features of
Standard SQL, such as the
1578:
650:
625:
327:
221:
81:
54:
28:
4214:
3311:
value, Oracle stores the following information: century, year, month, date, hour, minute, and second
3185:
8549:
8288:
6308:
6170:
6105:
5910:
5853:
5819:
4871:
4700:
4593:
4578:
4505:
4330:
4209:
4193:
3911:
3907:
2092:
2030:
1808:
1612:
688:
544:
97:
3888:: transcript of a reunion meeting devoted to the personal history of relational databases and SQL.
3442:
3151:
3039:
2878:
1522:, which are constituent components of statements and queries. (In some cases, these are optional.)
8494:
8429:
6769:
6283:
6258:
6158:
6140:
5804:
4695:
4639:
4608:
4557:
4389:
4281:
4029:
3836:
3787:
3004:
2891:
2400:
2271:: Runs SQL statements written like language constructs to query collections directly from inside
1987:
1551:
1529:
692:
684:
597:
532:
358:
92:
4449:
590:
3862:
A Guide to the SQL standard : a users guide to the standard database language SQL, 4th ed.
3064:
2699:
1791:
Little commercial incentive exists for vendors to make changing database suppliers easier (see
7323:
6395:
6342:
6236:
6231:
6095:
6019:
5614:
5582:
5490:
5422:
5407:
5314:
4851:
4515:
4369:
3939:
3865:
3533:
3505:
3501:
3495:
3395:
3102:
3098:
2844:
2764:
2357:
2344:
2088:
1642:
In addition to the standard SQL/PSM extensions and proprietary SQL extensions, procedural and
1537:
654:
3882:
2231:(IBM BS12): one of the first fully relational database management systems, introduced in 1982
2033:, standardized sequences, and columns with autogenerated values (including identity columns)
8057:
7798:
7126:
6325:
6128:
6120:
6049:
5951:
5879:
5480:
5437:
5432:
4705:
4552:
4542:
4510:
3979:
3974:
3915:
3826:
3722:
3629:
3392:
Relational Theory for
Computer Professionals: What Relational Databases are Really All About
3275:
2996:
2883:
2838:
2793:
2734:
2648:
2583:
2348:
2284:
2252:
1991:
1872:
1830:
1771:
1708:
1533:
629:
586:
432:
337:
172:
85:
17:
3130:
8667:
8388:
8293:
8047:
7975:
7970:
7965:
7450:
7413:
7408:
7403:
7398:
7393:
7388:
7383:
6303:
6216:
6039:
5978:
5624:
5547:
5417:
4613:
4583:
4537:
4318:
2913:
2674:
2563:
2327:
1995:
1810:
ISO/IEC JTC 1, Information technology, Subcommittee SC 32, Data management and interchange
704:
662:
563:
76:
98:
ISO/IEC JTC 1 (Joint Technical Committee 1) / SC 32 (Subcommittee 32)
7955:
7703:
7515:
7378:
7368:
7363:
7358:
7353:
7348:
7343:
7338:
7333:
6702:
6692:
6352:
6226:
6221:
6182:
6110:
6064:
5983:
5692:
5572:
5346:
5338:
5127:
4665:
4603:
4547:
4520:
4413:
4374:
4143:
4073:
2618:
2272:
1792:
1770:
The SQL standard does not specify the database behavior in some important areas (e.g.,
1663:
1561:
and are used to limit the effects of statements and queries, or to change program flow.
1541:
525:
177:
69:
3891:
3755:
3415:
2864:
Codd, Edgar F. (June 1970). "A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks".
1567:, which retrieve the data based on specific criteria. This is an important element of
8807:
8743:
8718:
8703:
8639:
8634:
8629:
8624:
8619:
8464:
8409:
8378:
8368:
8231:
8221:
8191:
8186:
8136:
8116:
8094:
8079:
8032:
7997:
7940:
7935:
7925:
7803:
7748:
7723:
7718:
7698:
7571:
7111:
6687:
6550:
6520:
6201:
6176:
6146:
5932:
5653:
5592:
5500:
5475:
5390:
4970:
4484:
4469:
4188:
4129:
3840:
3490:
3036:
Proceedings of the 1974 ACM SIGFIDET Workshop on Data Description, Access and Control
2895:
2142:
Adds data type JSON (SQL/Foundation); Adds Part 16, Property Graph Queries (SQL/PGQ)
1555:
669:
633:
582:
500:
Introduced in the 1970s, SQL offered two main advantages over older read–write
165:
161:
3516:
SQL (correctly pronounced "ess cue ell," instead of the somewhat common "sequel")...
3239:
8818:
8604:
8574:
8434:
7778:
7773:
7636:
7631:
7626:
7545:
7490:
7440:
7373:
7328:
7303:
7233:
7228:
7223:
7218:
7213:
7171:
7136:
7046:
7041:
6869:
6677:
6443:
6370:
6164:
6152:
5757:
5752:
5731:
5307:
5022:
4861:
4239:
4157:
4136:
4087:
4080:
4059:
4052:
3932:
3008:
2603:
2167:
2159:
638:
566:
creation and modification), and data access control. Although SQL is essentially a
424:
2785:
1510:
A chart showing several of the SQL language elements comprising a single statement
3897:
Collection documents the H2 committee's development of the NDL and SQL standards.
1650:
extensions (SQL Routines and Types for the Java Programming Language) to support
8789:
8579:
8276:
8271:
8266:
7850:
7767:
6739:
6241:
6211:
6034:
5922:
5646:
5641:
5412:
4474:
4454:
4164:
4101:
4038:
3857:
3530:
SQL/XML:2006 - Evaluierung der Standardkonformität ausgewählter Datenbanksysteme
2643:
1823:
The original standard declared that the official pronunciation for "SQL" was an
1558:
540:
156:
753:
539:, SQL consists of many types of statements, which may be informally classed as
8569:
8474:
8181:
8156:
7920:
7875:
7611:
7268:
7081:
6974:
6969:
6964:
6924:
6899:
6774:
6530:
5963:
5956:
5890:
5636:
5457:
5447:
4930:
4618:
4527:
4489:
4464:
4273:
4171:
4108:
4094:
4066:
4045:
3853:
2593:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2322:
The messages, protocols, and structural components of DRDA are defined by the
2258:
1824:
1763:
Several reasons for the lack of portability between database systems include:
1712:
1687:
1671:
732:
673:
494:
370:
311:
8738:
8733:
8728:
8723:
8698:
8688:
8649:
8599:
8594:
8589:
8584:
8489:
8484:
8479:
8469:
8459:
8444:
8424:
8419:
8414:
8363:
8308:
8303:
8283:
8261:
8241:
8196:
8176:
8131:
8126:
8121:
8089:
8052:
8042:
8027:
8022:
8017:
8002:
7987:
7982:
7910:
7905:
7900:
7880:
7870:
7865:
7860:
7845:
7840:
7788:
7783:
7763:
7733:
7708:
7693:
7663:
7616:
7606:
7586:
7581:
7566:
7561:
7475:
7196:
7191:
7086:
6732:
6727:
6722:
6717:
6712:
6620:
6615:
6610:
6605:
5721:
5714:
5530:
5452:
5442:
5027:
4260:
2436:
1716:
1585:
658:
1898:("sequel"), mirroring the language's prerelease development name, "SEQUEL".
680:, which were commercially available in 1979, 1981, and 1983, respectively.
3906:
In this oral history Chamberlin recounts his early life, his education at
3831:
3814:
3365:. Oracle Database Documentation Library. Redwood City, CA: Oracle USA, Inc
3331:. Oracle Database Documentation Library. Redwood City, CA: Oracle USA, Inc
3297:. Oracle Database Documentation Library. Redwood City, CA: Oracle USA, Inc
2962:
2887:
1577:, which may have a persistent effect on schemata and data, or may control
1515:
The SQL language is subdivided into several language elements, including:
448:
188:
8373:
8151:
7855:
7683:
7520:
7510:
7495:
7470:
7455:
7430:
7425:
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7283:
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7263:
7258:
7253:
7243:
7208:
7203:
7186:
7166:
7161:
7156:
7151:
7146:
7141:
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7116:
7106:
7101:
7091:
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7071:
7061:
7056:
7051:
7036:
7031:
7026:
7021:
7016:
7001:
6986:
6959:
6954:
6949:
6944:
6939:
6934:
6929:
6919:
6914:
6894:
6889:
6879:
6874:
6864:
6859:
6849:
6844:
6839:
6814:
6804:
6697:
6600:
6595:
6590:
6585:
6580:
6575:
6570:
6565:
6560:
6380:
6337:
6085:
6029:
5794:
5779:
5762:
5607:
5535:
5505:
4479:
4434:
4304:
4115:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3000:
2824:
2376:
2135:
2103:
2080:
2065:
2041:
2014:
1974:
1667:
609:
272:
267:
262:
257:
252:
247:
242:
133:
4764:
3726:
2797:
657:, was later changed to SQL (dropping the vowels) because "SEQUEL" was a
8662:
8454:
8439:
8236:
8226:
8216:
7992:
7808:
7758:
7653:
7641:
6799:
6794:
6789:
6784:
6779:
6764:
6759:
6754:
6749:
6744:
6707:
6662:
6657:
6642:
6637:
6632:
6347:
5789:
5784:
5726:
5557:
5485:
5288:
5176:
5171:
4920:
4910:
4249:
4244:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
2539:
2326:. Distributed SQL processing ala DRDA is distinctive from contemporary
2262:
2216:
2212:
2026:
2003:
1999:
1866:
1647:
677:
287:
2110:
Adds row pattern matching, polymorphic table functions, operations on
1946:
Minor revision that added integrity constraints adopted as FIPS 127-1
8524:
8509:
8504:
8499:
8171:
8146:
8074:
7930:
7915:
7895:
7890:
7835:
7828:
7823:
7818:
7713:
7678:
7525:
7176:
6991:
6555:
5774:
5747:
5704:
5682:
5602:
5241:
5231:
4987:
4955:
4839:
4384:
3984:
3969:
3847:
3666:
3647:
2820:
2738:
2726:
2598:
2300:
2053:, the XML Query Language published by the World Wide Web Consortium (
2050:
1954:
1659:
307:
237:
35:
2840:
Structured Query Language By Example - Volume I: Data Query Language
1674:
lets users write functions in a wide variety of languages—including
8012:
4885:
3210:
2127:
Adds Part 15, multidimensional arrays (MDarray type and operators)
497:, i.e., data incorporating relations among entities and variables.
45:
Programming language for management and use of relational databases
8559:
8534:
8256:
8141:
7793:
7658:
7530:
7505:
7500:
7480:
6854:
6824:
6819:
6540:
6525:
6515:
6510:
5395:
5246:
5096:
4895:
4856:
4834:
4379:
3615:
2633:
2628:
2293:
introduced in 1974 by the U.C. Berkeley Ingres project, closer to
2222:
2192:
1632:
2518:
Exact numeric types (NUMERIC, DECIMAL, SMALLINT, INTEGER, BIGINT)
1774:, file storage), leaving implementations to decide how to behave.
27:
This article is about the database language. For other uses, see
8206:
8069:
8062:
7728:
7673:
7273:
6884:
5619:
5562:
5186:
4977:
4439:
2545:
2312:
2251:(JPQL): The query language used by the Java Persistence API and
2234:
2111:
1675:
1608:
509:
505:
323:
6447:
5303:
5100:
4768:
4277:
4264:
3928:
2057:), to concurrently access ordinary SQL-data and XML documents.
8693:
8383:
5330:
5141:
4982:
3892:
American National Standards Institute. X3H2 Records, 1978–1995
2558:
2200:
2054:
2022:
1890:
1881:
1683:
708:
621:
571:
501:
385:
3900:
3152:"ISO - ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 32 - Data management and interchange"
3038:. Association for Computing Machinery: 249–64. Archived from
1848:
649:
original name SEQUEL, which is widely regarded as a pun on
3363:
Oracle Database SQL Language Reference 11g Release 2 (11.2)
3329:
Oracle Database SQL Language Reference 11g Release 2 (11.2)
3295:
Oracle Database SQL Language Reference 11g Release 2 (11.2)
2579:
Comparison of object–relational database management systems
1854:
1836:
750:
3022:
3020:
3018:
2521:
Approximate numeric types (FLOAT, REAL, DOUBLE PRECISION)
1900:
The SQL standard has gone through a number of revisions:
4245:
SQL Routines and Types for the Java Programming Language
3815:"A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks"
1550:, which specify conditions that can be evaluated to SQL
34:"SEQUEL" redirects here. For the topic of the word, see
1581:, program flow, connections, sessions, or diagnostics.
512:. Firstly, it introduced the concept of accessing many
5299:
3924:
3741:
Distributed Relational Database Architecture Reference
2784:
Chamberlin, Donald D.; Frana, Philip L. (2001-10-03).
2347:
of tuples, while in SQL, tables and query results are
2173:
ISO/IEC 13249: SQL Multimedia and Application Packages
1463:
1446:
1159:
902:
756:
8778:
3571:
Krishna Kulkarni, Jan-Eike Michels (September 2012).
3554:"SQL:2008 now an approved ISO international standard"
2087:
Adds temporal data (PERIOD FOR) (more information at
1887:
1884:
1878:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1833:
1662:(SQL Server Common Language Runtime) to host managed
744:
593:, SQL became the most widely used database language.
581:
SQL was one of the first commercial languages to use
3713:
Reinsch, R. (1988). "Distributed database for SAA".
2759:
Beaulieu, Alan (April 2009). Mary E Treseler (ed.).
2574:
Comparison of relational database management systems
2399:, which is a concrete implementation of the general
1857:
8676:
8402:
7554:
6503:
6250:
6192:
6119:
6078:
6007:
5941:
5837:
5740:
5675:
5666:
5518:
5468:
5383:
5376:
5367:
5337:
5281:
5260:
5134:
4658:
4627:
4571:
4498:
4427:
4311:
4202:
4181:
4028:
3962:
2987:Chamberlin, Donald (2012). "Early History of SQL".
2941:. International Business Machines. October 27, 2006
2464:are intrinsically supported by the implementation.
1875:
1851:
1639:functionality, such as control-of-flow constructs.
443:
430:
418:
410:
395:
381:
369:
357:
293:
281:
220:
205:
183:
171:
155:
126:
104:
91:
75:
65:
53:
3799:XML supported was added in ANSI SQL 2003, part 14.
3777:"SQL 2003 Standard Support in Oracle Database 10g"
3489:
3394:(1. ed.). Sebastopol, Calif: O'Reilly Media.
3086:
3084:
2907:
2905:
2786:"Oral history interview with Donald D. Chamberlin"
2265:implements its query language in a JavaScript API.
1500:
683:In the late 1970s, Relational Software, Inc. (now
2456:are one of ARRAY, MULTISET, REF(erence), or ROW.
2153:The standard is commonly denoted by the pattern:
1607:SQL is designed for a specific purpose: to query
5553:Criminal Reduction Utilising Statistical History
3901:Oral history interview with Donald D. Chamberlin
3884:1995 SQL Reunion: People, Projects, and Politics
2982:
2980:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2957:
2955:
3027:Chamberlin, Donald D; Boyce, Raymond F (1974).
2763:(2nd ed.). Sebastopol, CA, USA: O'Reilly.
632:after learning about the relational model from
493:(RDBMS). It is particularly useful in handling
2675:"A guided tour of the Microsoft Command Shell"
2569:List of relational database management systems
1818:National Institute of Standards and Technology
606:International Organization for Standardization
520:. Secondly, it eliminates the need to specify
6459:
5315:
5112:
4780:
4289:
3940:
3065:"Dynamic SQL, Plumbing, and the Internal API"
3029:"SEQUEL: A Structured English Query Language"
2700:"Media Type registration for application/sql"
8:
3687:"Outer Joins in a Deductive Database System"
3674:, Whitemarsh Information Systems Corporation
3655:, Whitemarsh Information Systems Corporation
3461:
3459:
3101:: McGraw-Hill Osborne Media. pp. 90–1.
2313:Distributed Relational Database Architecture
1426:
1206:
1152:
943:
895:
810:
524:to reach a record, i.e., with or without an
352:
48:
3497:Understanding the New SQL: A Complete Guide
3217:. PostgreSQL Global Development Group. 2012
8834:Programming languages with an ISO standard
6466:
6452:
6444:
5672:
5380:
5373:
5322:
5308:
5300:
5119:
5105:
5097:
5053:
4787:
4773:
4765:
4296:
4282:
4274:
4261:
3947:
3933:
3925:
3359:"Basic Elements of Oracle SQL: Data Types"
3325:"Basic Elements of Oracle SQL: Data Types"
3291:"Basic Elements of Oracle SQL: Data Types"
2727:"The application/sql Media Type, RFC 6922"
2493:National character varying (NCHAR VARYING)
2195:for alternatives to the relational model.
1635:. However, extensions to Standard SQL add
47:
3830:
2877:
2827:4.11 SQL-statements, and later revisions.
1465:
1464:
1462:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1430:
1429:
1393:
1392:
1352:
1351:
1321:
1320:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1280:
1279:
1257:
1256:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1161:
1160:
1117:
1116:
1085:
1084:
1074:
1072:
1036:
1035:
1033:
1002:
1001:
964:
962:
948:
947:
946:
904:
903:
874:
873:
839:
837:
814:
813:
799:
798:
758:
757:
752:
746:
743:
591:the relational model as described by Codd
3422:. American National Standards Institute.
2624:Relational data stream management system
2435:The SQL standard defines three kinds of
2324:Distributed Data Management Architecture
1902:
1449:
1431:
1227:
958:
833:
8785:
2989:IEEE Annals of the History of Computing
2665:
2496:National character large object (NCLOB)
2114:data stored in character string fields
8844:Relational database management systems
3129:. IBM. 23 January 2003. Archived from
2529:Datetime types (DATE, TIME, TIMESTAMP)
2524:Decimal floating-point type (DECFLOAT)
1998:), support for embedding SQL in Java (
691:with aspirations of selling it to the
351:
8854:Programming languages created in 1974
5688:Center for The Business of Government
3246:. Mimer Information Technology. 2009.
3190:PostgreSQL 9.1 official documentation
1490:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1307:
1303:
1300:
1281:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1075:
1068:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1024:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1003:
992:
989:
986:
983:
980:
977:
974:
971:
968:
965:
955:
952:
949:
935:
932:
929:
926:
923:
920:
917:
911:
908:
905:
887:
884:
881:
878:
875:
864:
861:
858:
855:
852:
849:
846:
843:
840:
830:
827:
824:
821:
818:
815:
800:
795:
792:
789:
786:
783:
780:
774:
771:
768:
765:
762:
759:
602:American National Standards Institute
491:relational database management system
489:used to manage data, especially in a
7:
6376:
2609:Online transaction processing (OLTP)
2425:object–relational impedance mismatch
2356:by Hugh Darwen and C.J. Date (2006,
1694:Interoperability and standardization
4749:
3556:. Sybase. July 2008. Archived from
3468:"Pronouncing SQL: S-Q-L or Sequel?"
2704:Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
2614:Online analytical processing (OLAP)
2439:(chapter 4.1.1 of SQL/Foundation):
1982:Added regular expression matching,
8849:Data-centric programming languages
4240:Information and Definition Schemas
3488:Melton, Jim; Alan R Simon (1993).
2287:) created by Moshè Zloof, IBM 1977
100:/ WG 3 (Working Group 3)
25:
8829:Declarative programming languages
5357:PC business acquisition by Lenovo
3532:. Diplomica Verlag. p. 100.
3091:Oppel, Andy (February 27, 2004).
2939:"Structured Query Language (SQL)"
2244:internal domain-specific language
2155:ISO/IEC 9075-n:yyyy Part n: title
8788:
8757:
8756:
6386:
6385:
6375:
6366:
6365:
6055:Sabre airline reservation system
5901:Thomas J. Watson Research Center
5081:
5080:
5052:
4748:
4738:
4729:
4728:
2242:: SQL implemented in Java as an
1871:
1829:
1621:declarative programming language
1584:SQL statements also include the
645:had developed during the 1970s.
643:IBM San Jose Research Laboratory
336:
5568:Information Management Software
4739:
3848:Discussion on alleged SQL flaws
3573:"Temporal features in SQL:2011"
3433:Doll, Shelley (June 19, 2002).
3240:"Mimer SQL, Built on Standards"
3215:PostgreSQL 9.1 official website
3186:"PostgreSQL server programming"
2731:Internet Engineering Task Force
2725:Shafranovich, Y. (April 2013).
2249:Java Persistence Query Language
1637:procedural programming language
1625:imperative programming language
620:SQL was initially developed at
49:SQL (Structured Query Language)
6321:International chess tournament
6101:Globally integrated enterprise
6091:Commercial Processing Workload
3743:. IBM Corp. SC26-4651-0. 1990.
3441:. TechRepublic. Archived from
2790:University Digital Conservancy
2673:Paul, Ryan (24 October 2005).
2604:Microsoft Transact-SQL (T-SQL)
2368:Orthogonality and completeness
1:
6060:Scanning tunneling microscope
2482:Character large object (CLOB)
1966:SQL-92 adopted as FIPS 127-2
3864:, Addison Wesley, USA 1997,
3754:Brandon, Jamie (July 2021).
3435:"Is SQL a Standard Anymore?"
3341:The datetime data types are
1711:vary from vendor to vendor.
18:Transaction Control Language
8814:Database management systems
5928:Canada Head Office Building
5918:Cambridge Scientific Center
5810:Science Research Associates
5578:Mainframe operating systems
4305:Database management systems
4230:Management of External Data
3813:Codd, Edgar F (June 1970).
3500:. Morgan Kaufmann. p.
2639:Hierarchical database model
2479:Character varying (VARCHAR)
1962:Major revision (ISO 9075),
1759:Reasons for incompatibility
1528:, which can produce either
697:Central Intelligence Agency
110:; 50 years ago
8875:
8859:Table-oriented programming
5989:Virtual Universe Community
5710:International subsidiaries
5630:Service Automation Manager
4711:Object–relational database
4250:XML-Related Specifications
3439:TechRepublic's Builder.com
3244:Mimer SQL official website
2510:Binary large object (BLOB)
2507:Binary varying (VARBINARY)
2490:National character (NCHAR)
2308:Distributed SQL processing
730:
604:(ANSI) in 1986 and of the
557:Data Manipulation Language
33:
26:
8752:
6485:
6361:
5048:
4825:
4802:
4724:
4686:Federated database system
4419:Blockchain-based database
4271:
4266:Links to related articles
4225:Persistent Stored Modules
3904:Charles Babbage Institute
3895:Charles Babbage Institute
3819:Communications of the ACM
2866:Communications of the ACM
2487:National character types
2295:tuple relational calculus
2203:: object-oriented Datalog
2089:Temporal database#History
1929:First formalized by ANSI
1656:Microsoft SQL Server 2005
537:tuple relational calculus
468:Structured Query Language
342:Structured Query Language
333:
298:
286:
227:
213:
151:
138:; 1 year ago
122:
6015:Automated teller machine
5969:The Great Mind Challenge
5352:Mergers and acquisitions
4235:Object Language Bindings
3599:"What's new in SQL:2011"
3528:Wagner, Michael (2010).
3262:PostgreSQL documentation
3258:"4.1. Lexical Structure"
2532:Interval type (INTERVAL)
2225:: URL based query method
1724:should be equivalent to
1595:Insignificant whitespace
1554:(true/false/unknown) or
1552:three-valued logic (3VL)
653:, the query language of
549:Data Definition Language
487:domain-specific language
371:Internet media type
8824:Data modeling languages
5974:Linux Technology Center
3886:, by Paul McJones (ed.)
3390:Date, Chris J. (2013).
2843:. Lulu.com. p. 8.
2391:is the subject of some
2215:: critics suggest that
1869:-like pronunciation of
1803:Standardization history
1654:code in SQL databases.
40:Sequel (disambiguation)
6299:Dynamic infrastructure
6264:Big Blue sports teams
6070:Universal Product Code
4716:Transaction processing
4671:Database normalization
4614:Query rewriting system
3685:Fernando Saenz-Perez.
3192:. postgresql.org. 2011
3123:"History of IBM, 1978"
2837:Chatham, Mark (2012).
2423:In a sense similar to
2229:IBM Business System 12
1786:backward compatibility
1502:
531:Originally based upon
38:. For other uses, see
6431:Vacuum tube computers
6315:IBM and the Holocaust
6280:Common Public License
6165:Louis V. Gerstner Jr.
5948:Academy of Technology
5403:Power microprocessors
4796:Programming languages
4691:Referential integrity
3832:10.1145/362384.362685
3604:. Oracle Corporation.
3420:X3H2 Records, 1978–95
3094:Databases Demystified
2888:10.1145/362384.362685
2468:Predefined data types
2462:Predefined data types
2443:predefined data types
2397:3-valued-logic in SQL
2279:Object Query Language
2189:navigational database
2157:, or, as a shortcut,
1603:Procedural extensions
1503:
553:Data Control Language
8795:Computer programming
6045:Magnetic stripe card
5994:World Community Grid
5870:Toronto Software Lab
5526:Carbon Design System
5481:Cell microprocessors
4681:Distributed database
4220:Call-Level Interface
3466:Gillespie, Patrick.
3001:10.1109/MAHC.2012.61
2091:). Enhancements for
742:
626:Donald D. Chamberlin
574:), it also includes
568:declarative language
82:Donald D. Chamberlin
29:SQL (disambiguation)
6309:GUIDE International
6171:Samuel J. Palmisano
6030:Electronic keypunch
5854:One Atlantic Center
5824:Weather Underground
5820:The Weather Company
4701:Relational calculus
4579:Concurrency control
4194:Relational database
3912:Stanford University
3908:Harvey Mudd College
3727:10.1147/sj.273.0362
3715:IBM Systems Journal
3597:Fred Zemke (2012).
3491:"1.2. What is SQL?"
3133:on January 17, 2005
2449:user-defined types.
2354:The Third Manifesto
2255:persistence library
2171:is complemented by
2025:-related features (
1613:relational database
641:, which a group at
545:Data query Language
354:
136:/ June 2023
105:First appeared
50:
6479:by standard number
6411:Personal computers
6401:Midrange computers
6391:Navigational boxes
6284:IBM Public License
6259:A Boy and His Atom
6217:Michelle J. Howard
6159:John Fellows Akers
6141:T. Vincent Learson
5848:1250 René-Lévesque
5588:Planning Analytics
4696:Relational algebra
4640:Query optimization
4445:Armstrong's axioms
3788:Oracle Corporation
3211:"About PostgreSQL"
2914:"SQL Fundamentals"
2589:SQL reserved words
2458:User-defined types
2419:Impedance mismatch
2095:and FETCH clause.
2002:) and vice versa (
1988:transitive closure
1707:s, and comparison
1666:assemblies in the
1498:
1497:
1495:
1460:
1454:
1439:
1423:
1390:
1203:
1109:
1082:
940:
807:
707:V2 (Version2) for
685:Oracle Corporation
533:relational algebra
359:Filename extension
8776:
8775:
8770:
8769:
6493:ISO romanizations
6441:
6440:
6406:Operating systems
6268:American football
6237:Joseph R. Swedish
6232:Martha E. Pollack
6135:Thomas Watson Jr.
6096:Customer engineer
6020:Cynefin framework
5906:Hakozaki Facility
5865:Rome Software Lab
5833:
5832:
5662:
5661:
5615:Rational Software
5514:
5513:
5496:Personal Computer
5491:Midrange computer
5297:
5296:
5094:
5093:
5076:Non-English-based
4762:
4761:
4370:Wide-column store
4365:Document-oriented
4258:
4257:
4203:ISO/IEC SQL parts
3870:978-0-201-96426-4
3539:978-3-8366-9609-8
3511:978-1-55860-245-8
3401:978-1-449-36943-9
3108:978-0-07-146960-9
3099:San Francisco, CA
3069:www.ibphoenix.com
2770:978-0-596-52083-0
2454:Constructed types
2446:constructed types
2207:4D Query Language
2177:Technical reports
2146:
2145:
1984:recursive queries
1959:SQL2, FIPS 127-2
1477:
1451:
1433:
1385:
1349:
1345:
1318:
1278:
1254:
1232:
1230:
1229:
1179:
1150:
1114:
1073:
1071:
1029:
1023:
999:
960:
916:
892:
871:
835:
779:
747:
745:
484:
477:
465:
464:
382:Developed by
353:SQL (file format)
350:
349:
157:Typing discipline
16:(Redirected from
8866:
8793:
8792:
8784:
8760:
8759:
6480:
6468:
6461:
6454:
6445:
6389:
6388:
6379:
6378:
6369:
6368:
6129:Thomas J. Watson
6050:Relational model
5999:Think conference
5880:330 North Wabash
5800:Microelectronics
5673:
5598:Quantum Platform
5543:Cognos Analytics
5381:
5374:
5324:
5317:
5310:
5301:
5121:
5114:
5107:
5098:
5084:
5083:
5056:
5055:
4789:
4782:
4775:
4766:
4752:
4751:
4742:
4741:
4732:
4731:
4706:Relational model
4676:Database storage
4553:Stored procedure
4298:
4291:
4284:
4275:
4262:
4174:
4167:
4160:
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3926:
3916:Raymond F. Boyce
3844:
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2747:
2745:
2739:10.17487/RFC6922
2722:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2696:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2670:
2649:Snowflake schema
2584:Query by Example
2476:Character (CHAR)
2473:Character types
2285:Query By Example
2149:Current standard
2093:window functions
2031:window functions
1996:structured types
1903:
1897:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1864:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1856:
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1850:
1847:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1816:Until 1996, the
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1709:case sensitivity
1706:
1507:
1505:
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867:
838:
836:
806:
805:
804:
803:
777:
661:of the UK-based
630:Raymond F. Boyce
587:relational model
516:with one single
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436:
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86:Raymond F. Boyce
77:Designed by
51:
21:
8874:
8873:
8869:
8868:
8867:
8865:
8864:
8863:
8839:Query languages
8804:
8803:
8801:
8799:
8787:
8779:
8777:
8772:
8771:
8766:
8748:
8672:
8398:
7550:
6499:
6481:
6478:
6472:
6442:
6437:
6357:
6343:SHARE computing
6304:GlobalFoundries
6246:
6194:
6188:
6115:
6074:
6065:Financial swaps
6040:Hard disk drive
6003:
5937:
5911:Yamato Facility
5829:
5736:
5668:
5658:
5625:Tivoli Software
5510:
5464:
5363:
5333:
5328:
5298:
5293:
5277:
5256:
5130:
5128:Query languages
5125:
5095:
5090:
5044:
4821:
4798:
4793:
4763:
4758:
4720:
4666:Database models
4654:
4623:
4609:Query optimizer
4584:Data dictionary
4567:
4538:Transaction log
4494:
4450:Codd's 12 rules
4423:
4353:Column-oriented
4319:Object-oriented
4307:
4302:
4267:
4259:
4254:
4198:
4177:
4170:
4163:
4156:
4149:
4142:
4135:
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4121:
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4107:
4100:
4093:
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4079:
4072:
4065:
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4037:
4024:
3958:
3953:
3922:
3879:
3874:
3812:
3808:
3803:
3793:
3791:
3790:. November 2003
3779:
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3342:
3334:
3332:
3322:
3321:
3317:
3308:
3300:
3298:
3288:
3287:
3283:
3278:. 30 July 1992.
3274:
3273:
3269:
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3251:
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3209:
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3016:
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2970:
2961:
2960:
2953:
2944:
2942:
2937:
2936:
2932:
2923:
2921:
2912:Chapple, Mike.
2911:
2910:
2903:
2863:
2862:
2858:
2851:
2836:
2835:
2831:
2819:
2815:
2802:
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2771:
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2709:
2707:
2706:. 10 April 2013
2698:
2697:
2693:
2683:
2681:
2672:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2564:Object database
2554:
2504:Binary (BINARY)
2470:
2433:
2421:
2409:
2387:The concept of
2385:
2370:
2341:
2336:
2328:distributed SQL
2310:
2305:
2185:
2151:
1899:
1874:
1870:
1832:
1828:
1805:
1761:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1704:
1701:
1696:
1690:(PL/V8) and C.
1644:object-oriented
1611:contained in a
1605:
1513:
1512:
1511:
1508:
1438:
1437:
1306:
1293:
1233:
1204:
1156:
1155:
941:
899:
898:
808:
749:
748:
740:
739:
735:
729:
701:U.S. government
663:Hawker Siddeley
618:
495:structured data
485:"sequel") is a
447:
431:
402:
400:
396:Initial release
377:
376:application/sql
365:
277:
208:implementations
187:
147:
142:
140:
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114:
112:
109:
84:
46:
43:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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7119:
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6752:
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6507:
6505:
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6500:
6486:
6483:
6482:
6473:
6471:
6470:
6463:
6456:
6448:
6439:
6438:
6436:
6435:
6434:
6433:
6428:
6423:
6418:
6413:
6408:
6403:
6398:
6383:
6373:
6362:
6359:
6358:
6356:
6355:
6350:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6328:
6326:Lucifer cipher
6323:
6318:
6311:
6306:
6301:
6296:
6291:
6286:
6277:
6276:
6275:
6270:
6262:
6254:
6252:
6248:
6247:
6245:
6244:
6242:Peter R. Voser
6239:
6234:
6229:
6227:Andrew Liveris
6224:
6222:Arvind Krishna
6219:
6214:
6209:
6204:
6198:
6196:
6190:
6189:
6187:
6186:
6183:Arvind Krishna
6180:
6174:
6168:
6162:
6156:
6150:
6144:
6138:
6132:
6125:
6123:
6117:
6116:
6114:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6093:
6088:
6082:
6080:
6076:
6075:
6073:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6011:
6009:
6005:
6004:
6002:
6001:
5996:
5991:
5986:
5984:Smarter Planet
5981:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5961:
5960:
5959:
5949:
5945:
5943:
5939:
5938:
5936:
5935:
5930:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5914:
5913:
5908:
5903:
5895:
5894:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5876:IBM Buildings
5874:
5873:
5872:
5867:
5861:Software Labs
5859:
5858:
5857:
5851:
5850:, Montreal, QC
5841:
5839:
5835:
5834:
5831:
5830:
5828:
5827:
5817:
5815:Service Bureau
5812:
5807:
5805:Product Center
5802:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5770:Ambra Computer
5767:
5766:
5765:
5760:
5750:
5744:
5742:
5738:
5737:
5735:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5718:
5717:
5707:
5702:
5701:
5700:
5690:
5685:
5679:
5677:
5670:
5664:
5663:
5660:
5659:
5657:
5656:
5651:
5650:
5649:
5639:
5634:
5633:
5632:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5611:
5610:
5605:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5573:Lotus Software
5570:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5539:
5538:
5528:
5522:
5520:
5516:
5515:
5512:
5511:
5509:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5472:
5470:
5466:
5465:
5463:
5462:
5461:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5427:
5426:
5425:
5420:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5399:
5398:
5387:
5385:
5378:
5371:
5365:
5364:
5362:
5361:
5360:
5359:
5349:
5343:
5341:
5335:
5334:
5329:
5327:
5326:
5319:
5312:
5304:
5295:
5294:
5292:
5291:
5285:
5283:
5279:
5278:
5276:
5275:
5270:
5264:
5262:
5258:
5257:
5255:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5138:
5136:
5135:In current use
5132:
5131:
5126:
5124:
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4659:Related topics
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4637:
4635:Administration
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4606:
4604:Query language
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3877:External links
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3721:(3): 362–389.
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3668:SQL:2011 draft
3658:
3649:SQL:2008 draft
3639:
3631:SQL:1992 draft
3621:
3616:"ISO/IEC 9075"
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3563:
3560:on 2011-06-28.
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3063:Starkey, Jim.
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2122:SQL:2019–2020
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1793:vendor lock-in
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1751:, and lacks a
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731:Main article:
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128:Stable release
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70:Query language
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6768:
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6763:
6761:
6758:
6756:
6753:
6751:
6748:
6746:
6743:
6741:
6738:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6714:
6711:
6710:
6709:
6706:
6704:
6701:
6699:
6696:
6694:
6691:
6689:
6686:
6684:
6681:
6679:
6676:
6674:
6671:
6669:
6666:
6664:
6661:
6659:
6656:
6654:
6651:
6649:
6646:
6644:
6641:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6631:
6629:
6626:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6614:
6612:
6609:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6599:
6597:
6594:
6592:
6589:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6579:
6577:
6574:
6572:
6569:
6567:
6564:
6562:
6559:
6558:
6557:
6554:
6552:
6549:
6547:
6544:
6542:
6539:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6508:
6506:
6502:
6498:
6497:IEC standards
6494:
6490:
6489:ISO standards
6484:
6476:
6469:
6464:
6462:
6457:
6455:
6450:
6449:
6446:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6393:
6392:
6384:
6382:
6374:
6372:
6364:
6363:
6360:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6333:
6329:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6316:
6312:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6281:
6278:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6265:
6263:
6261:
6260:
6256:
6255:
6253:
6249:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6230:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6202:Thomas Buberl
6200:
6199:
6197:
6191:
6184:
6181:
6178:
6177:Ginni Rometty
6175:
6172:
6169:
6166:
6163:
6160:
6157:
6154:
6151:
6148:
6147:Frank T. Cary
6145:
6142:
6139:
6136:
6133:
6130:
6127:
6126:
6124:
6122:
6118:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6083:
6081:
6077:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6012:
6010:
6006:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5958:
5955:
5954:
5953:
5950:
5947:
5946:
5944:
5940:
5934:
5933:IBM Rochester
5931:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5898:
5896:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:, Chicago, IL
5881:
5878:
5877:
5875:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5862:
5860:
5856:, Atlanta, GA
5855:
5852:
5849:
5846:
5845:
5843:
5842:
5840:
5836:
5825:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5755:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5745:
5743:
5739:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5716:
5713:
5712:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5699:
5696:
5695:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5680:
5678:
5674:
5671:
5665:
5655:
5652:
5648:
5645:
5644:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5631:
5628:
5627:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5600:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5583:Mashup Center
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5537:
5534:
5533:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5523:
5521:
5517:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5473:
5471:
5467:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5430:
5428:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5415:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5408:Power Systems
5406:
5404:
5401:
5397:
5394:
5393:
5392:
5389:
5388:
5386:
5382:
5379:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5366:
5358:
5355:
5354:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5344:
5342:
5340:
5336:
5332:
5325:
5320:
5318:
5313:
5311:
5306:
5305:
5302:
5290:
5287:
5286:
5284:
5280:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5265:
5263:
5259:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5139:
5137:
5133:
5129:
5122:
5117:
5115:
5110:
5108:
5103:
5102:
5099:
5087:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5051:
5050:
5047:
5041:
5040:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4972:
4971:Object Pascal
4969:
4968:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4864:
4863:
4860:
4859:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4841:
4838:
4837:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4827:
4824:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4804:
4801:
4797:
4790:
4785:
4783:
4778:
4776:
4771:
4770:
4767:
4755:
4747:
4745:
4737:
4735:
4727:
4726:
4723:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4663:
4661:
4657:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4632:
4630:
4626:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4576:
4574:
4570:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4508:
4507:
4504:
4503:
4501:
4497:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4485:Surrogate key
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4470:Candidate key
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4432:
4430:
4426:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4408:
4405:
4404:
4403:
4400:
4396:
4393:
4392:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4359:
4356:
4355:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4333:
4332:
4329:
4325:
4322:
4321:
4320:
4317:
4316:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4299:
4294:
4292:
4287:
4285:
4280:
4279:
4276:
4270:
4263:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4207:
4205:
4201:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4186:
4184:
4180:
4173:
4169:
4166:
4162:
4159:
4155:
4152:
4148:
4145:
4141:
4138:
4134:
4131:
4127:
4124:
4120:
4117:
4113:
4110:
4106:
4103:
4099:
4096:
4092:
4089:
4085:
4082:
4078:
4075:
4071:
4068:
4064:
4061:
4057:
4054:
4050:
4047:
4043:
4040:
4036:
4035:
4033:
4031:
4027:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3950:
3945:
3943:
3938:
3936:
3931:
3930:
3927:
3923:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3902:
3899:
3896:
3893:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3881:
3880:
3876:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3852:
3849:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3825:(6): 377–87.
3824:
3820:
3816:
3811:
3810:
3805:
3789:
3785:
3778:
3772:
3769:
3757:
3756:"Against SQL"
3750:
3747:
3742:
3736:
3733:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3709:
3706:
3695:
3688:
3681:
3678:
3670:
3669:
3662:
3659:
3651:
3650:
3643:
3640:
3633:
3632:
3625:
3622:
3617:
3611:
3608:
3600:
3593:
3590:
3585:
3581:
3580:SIGMOD Record
3574:
3567:
3564:
3559:
3555:
3549:
3546:
3541:
3535:
3531:
3524:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3498:
3492:
3484:
3481:
3469:
3462:
3460:
3456:
3445:on 2012-07-05
3444:
3440:
3436:
3429:
3426:
3421:
3417:
3416:"Finding Aid"
3411:
3408:
3403:
3397:
3393:
3386:
3383:
3379:
3364:
3360:
3353:
3350:
3346:
3330:
3326:
3319:
3316:
3312:
3296:
3292:
3285:
3282:
3277:
3271:
3268:
3263:
3259:
3253:
3250:
3245:
3241:
3235:
3232:
3228:
3216:
3212:
3206:
3203:
3191:
3187:
3181:
3178:
3172:
3169:
3157:
3153:
3147:
3144:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3118:
3115:
3110:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3095:
3087:
3085:
3081:
3070:
3066:
3059:
3056:
3045:on 2007-09-26
3041:
3037:
3030:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3015:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2969:
2965:. 1987-06-01.
2964:
2958:
2956:
2952:
2940:
2934:
2931:
2919:
2915:
2908:
2906:
2902:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2880:
2879:10.1.1.88.646
2875:
2872:(6): 377–87.
2871:
2867:
2860:
2857:
2852:
2850:9781291199512
2846:
2842:
2841:
2833:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2817:
2814:
2810:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2780:
2777:
2772:
2766:
2762:
2755:
2752:
2740:
2736:
2733:. p. 3.
2732:
2728:
2721:
2718:
2705:
2701:
2695:
2692:
2680:
2676:
2669:
2666:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2599:Oracle PL/SQL
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2551:
2547:
2544:
2541:
2537:
2534:
2531:
2528:
2523:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2501:Binary types
2500:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2481:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2471:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2448:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2373:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2362:0-321-39942-0
2359:
2355:
2350:
2346:
2338:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2320:
2316:
2314:
2307:
2302:
2299:
2296:
2292:
2289:
2286:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2274:
2270:
2267:
2264:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2169:
2164:
2162:
2161:
2156:
2148:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1901:
1895:
1868:
1862:
1826:
1821:
1819:
1814:
1812:
1811:
1802:
1797:
1794:
1790:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1764:
1758:
1756:
1733:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1698:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1602:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1587:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1516:
1457:
1441:
1387:
1346:
1315:
1310:
1296:
1294:
1251:
1111:
1079:
996:
868:
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634:Edgar F. Codd
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611:
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596:SQL became a
594:
592:
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6111:Think slogan
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5753:AIM alliance
5438:Q System Two
5433:Q System One
5236:
5071:Generational
5061:Alphabetical
5057:
5037:
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4862:Visual Basic
3955:
3921:
3883:
3861:
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3818:
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3367:. Retrieved
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3131:the original
3127:IBM Archives
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3072:. Retrieved
3068:
3058:
3047:. Retrieved
3040:the original
3035:
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2992:
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2933:
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2917:
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2859:
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2798:11299/107215
2789:
2779:
2761:Learning SQL
2760:
2754:
2742:. Retrieved
2720:
2708:. Retrieved
2694:
2682:. Retrieved
2679:Ars Technica
2678:
2668:
2559:Wikibook SQL
2461:
2457:
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2452:
2434:
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2410:
2386:
2375:The lack of
2374:
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2183:Alternatives
2176:
2172:
2168:ISO/IEC 9075
2166:
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2160:ISO/IEC 9075
2158:
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2152:
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682:
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543:, commonly:
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530:
521:
499:
483:historically
478:
471:
467:
466:
425:ISO/IEC 9075
344:at Wikibooks
8403:20000–29999
7555:10000–19999
6426:Typewriters
6332:Mathematica
6273:Rugby union
6212:Alex Gorsky
6179:(2012–2020)
6173:(2002–2011)
6167:(1993–2002)
6161:(1985–1993)
6155:(1981–1985)
6149:(1973–1981)
6143:(1971–1973)
6137:(1956–1971)
6131:(1914–1956)
6079:Terminology
6035:Floppy disk
5979:SkillsBuild
5942:Initiatives
5923:IBM Hursley
5897:Facilities
5548:Connections
5418:FlashSystem
5261:Proprietary
5066:Categorical
4754:WikiProject
4645:Replication
4533:Transaction
4475:Foreign key
4455:CAP theorem
4402:Multi-model
3858:Hugh Darwen
3473:12 February
3156:www.iso.org
2920:. About.com
2644:Star schema
2330:databases.
2021:Introduced
1964:Entry Level
1747:behaves as
1615:. SQL is a
1532:values, or
1526:Expressions
711:computers.
555:(DCL), and
433:Open format
60:Declarative
8808:Categories
8182:16949 (TS)
7779:11941 (TR)
6477:standards
6421:System/370
6416:System/360
6207:David Farr
6106:e-business
6008:Inventions
5957:Develothon
5838:Facilities
5698:Promontory
5693:Consulting
5282:Superseded
4931:JavaScript
4807:Comparison
4619:Query plan
4572:Components
4490:Unique key
4407:comparison
4341:comparison
4331:Relational
4324:comparison
4215:Foundation
4189:Edgar Codd
3854:C. J. Date
3794:2024-03-27
3699:2017-01-16
3694:Lbd.udc.es
3449:2016-04-12
3196:2012-03-09
3137:2007-06-09
3074:2023-01-19
3049:2007-06-09
2945:2007-06-10
2924:2009-01-28
2803:2020-01-14
2661:References
2594:SQL syntax
2437:data types
2407:Duplicates
2334:Criticisms
2259:JavaScript
2049:code with
1825:initialism
1781:ambiguity.
1720:standard,
1713:PostgreSQL
1688:JavaScript
1672:PostgreSQL
1575:Statements
1548:Predicates
733:SQL syntax
578:elements.
576:procedural
476:pronounced
312:PowerShell
294:Influenced
8137:15926 WIP
7501:9592/9593
7426:9000/9001
7314:8805/8806
6289:Deep Blue
6195:directors
5654:WebSphere
5593:PureQuery
5501:Selectric
5476:Blue Gene
5391:Mainframe
5028:Smalltalk
4628:Functions
4563:Partition
4390:In-memory
4348:Key–value
4210:Framework
3850:(C2 wiki)
3841:207549016
3307:For each
3161:2 January
2918:Databases
2896:207549016
2874:CiteSeerX
2538:XML (see
2377:sum types
2253:Hibernate
2175:and some
1915:Comments
1717:Mimer SQL
1658:uses the
1623:, not an
1586:semicolon
1458:⏟
1450:statement
1388:⏟
1347:⏞
1316:⏞
1252:⏞
1112:⏞
1080:⏟
997:⏞
869:⏞
714:By 1986,
693:U.S. Navy
670:System/38
659:trademark
612:systems.
455:/standard
195:/standard
93:Developer
8762:Category
6487:List of
6371:Category
6338:IBM Plex
6193:Board of
6086:Big Blue
5886:Honolulu
5795:Merative
5780:EduQuest
5763:Taligent
5732:Research
5669:entities
5667:Business
5608:OpenQASM
5536:Cloudant
5506:ThinkPad
5429:Quantum
5377:Hardware
5369:Products
5086:Category
4852:Assembly
4812:Timeline
4734:Category
4650:Sharding
4506:Relation
4480:Superkey
4435:Database
4428:Concepts
4144:Truncate
4116:Order by
4074:Group by
4030:Keywords
4020:SQL:2023
4015:SQL:2016
4010:SQL:2011
4005:SQL:2008
4000:SQL:2006
3995:SQL:2003
3990:SQL:1999
3963:Versions
3761:2 August
3221:March 9,
2825:SQL:2003
2744:10 April
2710:10 April
2684:10 April
2552:See also
2297:than SQL
2136:SQL:2023
2104:SQL:2016
2081:SQL:2011
2066:SQL:2008
2042:SQL:2006
2015:SQL:2003
1992:triggers
1975:SQL:1999
1749:DATETIME
1699:Overview
1668:database
1619:-based,
1311:′
1297:′
639:System R
610:database
598:standard
504:such as
420:Standard
414:Database
310:, SOQL,
273:SQL:2023
268:SQL:2016
263:SQL:2011
258:SQL:2008
253:SQL:2006
248:SQL:2003
243:SQL:1999
222:Dialects
134:SQL:2023
55:Paradigm
8663:29199-2
8535:23094-2
8530:23094-1
8520:23090-3
8389:19794-5
8384:19775-1
8172:16612-2
8162:16355-1
7851:13406-2
7809:12234-2
7577:10118-3
6381:Commons
6348:ScicomP
5891:Seattle
5844:Towers
5790:Lexmark
5785:Kyndryl
5727:Red Hat
5676:Current
5647:Granite
5642:Watsonx
5558:Fortran
5486:PowerPC
5413:Storage
5384:Current
5347:History
5339:History
5289:CODASYL
5182:Gremlin
5177:GraphQL
5172:Datalog
5039:more...
5018:Scratch
4921:Haskell
4911:Fortran
4867:classic
4817:History
4744:Outline
4543:Trigger
4499:Objects
4182:Related
4130:Prepare
3806:Sources
3264:. 2018.
3009:1322572
2809:SQL/DS.
2540:SQL/XML
2535:Boolean
2263:MongoDB
2217:Datalog
2213:Datalog
2209:(4D QL)
2027:SQL/XML
2004:SQL/JRT
2000:SQL/OLB
1986:(e.g.,
1937:SQL-89
1926:SQL-87
1923:SQL-86
1867:acronym
1772:indices
1648:SQL/JRT
1565:Queries
1556:Boolean
1544:of data
1538:columns
1520:Clauses
678:IBM Db2
616:History
600:of the
559:(DML).
551:(DDL),
547:(DQL),
518:command
514:records
444:Website
401: (
288:Datalog
184:Website
143:2023-06
141: (
113: (
8781:Portal
8677:30000+
7516:9797-1
7324:8820-5
7269:8501-1
6825:1073-2
6820:1073-1
6504:1–9999
6353:Unions
5964:Fellow
5775:Cognos
5748:AdStar
5741:Former
5705:Kenexa
5683:Apptio
5637:Watson
5603:Qiskit
5469:Former
5458:Condor
5448:Osprey
5423:DS8000
5242:XQuery
5232:SPARQL
5227:SMARTS
5157:Cypher
5058:Lists:
4993:Python
4988:Prolog
4966:Pascal
4956:MATLAB
4941:Kotlin
4901:Erlang
4840:Simula
4558:Cursor
4516:column
4385:NewSQL
4158:Update
4137:Select
4088:Insert
4081:Having
4060:Delete
4053:Create
3985:SQL-92
3980:SQL-89
3975:SQL-86
3970:SEQUEL
3868:
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3784:Oracle
3635:(text)
3536:
3508:
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3105:
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2821:SQL-92
2767:
2413:Python
2393:debate
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2339:Design
2301:XQuery
2051:XQuery
1955:SQL-92
1943:127-1
1912:Alias
1728:, not
1680:Python
1660:SQLCLR
1534:tables
1530:scalar
1476:
1228:
1178:
1028:
959:
915:
834:
778:
727:Syntax
705:Oracle
676:, and
674:SQL/DS
655:Ingres
564:schema
457:/76583
308:SPARQL
238:SQL-92
234:SQL-89
231:SQL-86
206:Major
197:/76583
166:strong
162:Static
66:Family
36:sequel
8744:80000
8739:56000
8734:55000
8729:50001
8724:45001
8719:42010
8714:40500
8709:39075
8704:38500
8699:37001
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8668:29500
8658:29148
8654:29110
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8640:27006
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8630:27002
8625:27001
8620:27000
8610:26324
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8600:26262
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8525:23092
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8445:21001
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8430:20802
8425:20400
8420:20121
8415:20022
8410:20000
8394:19831
8379:19770
8374:19757
8369:19752
8364:19600
8359:19510
8354:19509
8349:19508
8344:19507
8339:19506
8334:19505
8329:19503
8324:19502
8319:19501
8314:19500
8309:19439
8304:19407
8299:19136
8294:19125
8289:19115
8284:19114
8267:19092
8262:19011
8257:19005
8252:18916
8247:18629
8242:18245
8237:18181
8232:18014
8227:18004
8222:17799
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8212:17442
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8202:17203
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8192:17025
8187:17024
8177:16750
8167:16485
8157:16262
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8142:15930
8132:15926
8127:15924
8122:15919
8117:15897
8112:15707
8100:15706
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8090:15686
8085:15511
8080:15504
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8070:15445
8053:15444
8048:15408
8043:15398
8038:15291
8033:15288
8028:15189
8023:15022
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8013:14882
8008:14764
8003:14698
7998:14651
7993:14649
7988:14644
7983:14617
7931:14496
7926:14443
7921:14396
7916:14289
7911:14224
7906:14031
7901:14000
7896:13818
7891:13816
7886:13616
7881:13584
7876:13568
7871:13567
7866:13490
7861:13485
7856:13450
7846:13399
7841:13250
7836:13216
7819:13211
7814:12620
7804:12207
7799:12182
7794:12052
7789:12006
7784:11992
7774:11941
7764:11940
7759:11898
7754:11889
7749:11801
7744:11785
7739:11784
7734:11783
7729:11544
7724:11404
7719:11179
7714:11172
7709:11170
7704:11073
7699:10967
7694:10962
7689:10957
7684:10861
7679:10746
7674:10664
7669:10646
7664:10628
7659:10589
7654:10585
7649:10383
7617:10303
7612:10279
7607:10218
7602:10206
7597:10179
7592:10165
7587:10161
7582:10160
7572:10116
7567:10007
7562:10006
6251:Other
5722:Press
5715:India
5531:Cloud
5519:Other
5453:Heron
5443:Eagle
5396:IBM Z
5247:XPath
5147:ALPHA
5033:Swift
5023:Shell
4936:Julia
4906:Forth
4896:COBOL
4857:BASIC
4835:ALGOL
4548:Index
4511:table
4414:Cloud
4380:NoSQL
4375:Graph
4312:Types
4165:Where
4151:Union
4102:Merge
3856:with
3837:S2CID
3780:(PDF)
3690:(PDF)
3672:(Zip)
3653:(Zip)
3602:(PDF)
3576:(PDF)
3043:(PDF)
3032:(PDF)
3005:S2CID
2892:S2CID
2656:Notes
2634:MUMPS
2629:NoSQL
2349:lists
2283:QBE (
2223:HTSQL
2193:NoSQL
2132:2023
2119:2019
2100:2016
2077:2011
2062:2008
2038:2006
2011:2003
1979:SQL3
1971:1999
1951:1992
1934:1989
1920:1986
1909:Name
1906:Year
1633:BASIC
1627:like
689:RDBMS
526:index
479:S-Q-L
459:.html
199:.html
7642:-238
7546:9995
7541:9985
7536:9984
7531:9945
7526:9899
7521:9897
7511:9660
7506:9594
7496:9564
7491:9529
7486:9506
7481:9496
7476:9407
7471:9362
7466:9314
7461:9293
7456:9241
7451:9227
7446:9141
7441:9126
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7431:9036
7421:8879
7374:-8-I
7329:8859
7319:8807
7309:8691
7304:8652
7299:8651
7294:8632
7289:8613
7284:8601
7279:8583
7274:8571
7264:8373
7259:8217
7254:8178
7249:8093
7244:8000
7239:7942
7234:7816
7229:7813
7224:7812
7219:7811
7214:7810
7209:7736
7204:7637
7192:7498
7187:7200
7182:7185
7177:7098
7172:7064
7167:7027
7162:7010
7157:7002
7152:7001
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7142:6709
7137:6523
7132:6438
7127:6429
7122:6425
7117:6385
7112:6373
7107:6346
7102:6344
7097:6166
7092:5964
7087:5807
7082:5800
7077:5776
7072:5775
7067:5725
7062:5428
7057:5427
7052:5426
7047:5218
7042:4909
7037:4217
7032:4165
7027:4157
7022:4031
7017:3977
7012:3950
7007:3901
7002:3864
6997:3602
6992:3601
6987:3307
6982:3297
6960:3166
6955:3103
6950:3029
6945:2921
6940:2852
6935:2848
6930:2788
6925:2720
6920:2711
6915:2709
6910:2533
6905:2281
6900:2240
6895:2146
6890:2145
6885:2108
6880:2047
6875:2033
6870:2022
6865:2015
6860:2014
6855:1989
6850:1745
6845:1629
6840:1538
6835:1413
6830:1155
6815:1007
6810:1004
6805:1000
6628:68-1
6396:FOSS
6121:CEOs
6025:DRAM
5620:SPSS
5563:ILOG
5273:LINQ
5222:QUEL
5197:LINQ
5192:LDAP
5187:ISBL
5008:Rust
5003:Ruby
4978:Perl
4946:Lisp
4926:Java
4872:.NET
4599:ODBC
4589:JDBC
4528:View
4465:Null
4460:CRUD
4440:ACID
4395:list
4358:list
4336:list
4172:With
4123:Over
4109:Null
4095:Join
4067:From
4046:Case
3910:and
3866:ISBN
3763:2021
3586:(3).
3534:ISBN
3506:ISBN
3475:2012
3396:ISBN
3377:TIME
3371:2010
3343:DATE
3337:2010
3309:DATE
3303:2010
3223:2012
3163:2021
3103:ISBN
2845:ISBN
2765:ISBN
2746:2013
2712:2013
2686:2011
2546:JSON
2389:Null
2383:Null
2358:ISBN
2291:QUEL
2275:code
2273:.Net
2269:LINQ
2240:jOOQ
2235:ISBL
2191:and
2112:JSON
1941:FIPS
1753:TIME
1745:DATE
1741:TIME
1737:DATE
1715:and
1705:NULL
1676:Perl
1664:.NET
1652:Java
1609:data
1542:rows
1540:and
718:and
716:ANSI
651:QUEL
628:and
535:and
510:VSAM
506:ISAM
502:APIs
453:.org
451:.iso
403:1986
399:1986
364:.sql
324:N1QL
320:jOOQ
316:JPQL
304:LINQ
215:Many
193:.org
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