445:
365:
389:
401:
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132:
227:
medical personnel of at least one nurse to monitor/administer sedation and a physician to perform the procedure (a third physician/sonographer can be used to push buttons on the ultrasound machine). It takes longer to perform a TEE than a TTE. It may be uncomfortable for the patient, who may require general anesthesia at the extreme to perform a TEE safely. Due to being an invasive procedure often involving sedation, it is more technically difficult to perform and requires experience to do it well while maintaining safety.
199:
the images obtained through those windows This reduces the attenuation (weakening) of the ultrasound signal, generating a stronger return signal, ultimately enhancing image and
Doppler quality. Comparatively, transthoracic ultrasound must first traverse skin, fat, ribs and lungs before reflecting off the heart and back to the probe before an image can be created. All these structures, along with the increased distance the beam must travel, weaken the ultrasound signal thus degrading the image and Doppler quality.
271:
the setting of any operation. TEE is very useful during many cardiac surgical procedures (e.g., mitral valve repair). It is actually an essential monitoring tool during this procedure. It helps to detect and quantify the disease preoperatively as well as to assess the results of surgery immediately after the procedure. If the repair is found to be inadequate, showing significant residual regurgitation, the surgeon can decide whether to go back to
2599:
1802:
40:
218:
pathologies before and after surgical repair, and immediate assessment of the success of surgical interventions after cardiopulmonary bypass. TEE can also evaluate for unintended complications from surgery, for example unintended injury to cardiac valves, the aorta, or other structures during the procedure.
242:, or other esophageal or stomach problems then this can increase the risk of a TEE significantly. Performing an esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) beforehand may be necessary to visualize the anatomy for safety, which exposes the patient to a second procedure. The anatomy may result in prohibitive risk.
597:
Hahn RT, Abraham T, Adams MS, Bruce CJ, Glas KE, Lang RM, Reeves ST, Shanewise JS, Siu SC, Stewart W, Picard MH (September 2013). "Guidelines for performing a comprehensive transesophageal echocardiographic examination: recommendations from the
American Society of Echocardiography and the Society of
270:
In addition to use by cardiologists in outpatient and inpatient settings, TEE can be performed by a cardiac anesthesiologist to evaluate, diagnose, and treat patients in the perioperative period. Most commonly used during open heart procedures, if the patient's status warrants it, TEE can be used in
770:
Douglas, P. S.; Garcia, M. J.; Haines, D. E.; Lai, W. W.; Manning, W. J.; Patel, A. R.; Picard, M. H.; Polk, D. M.; Ragosta, M.; Ward, R. P.; Douglas, R. B.; Weiner, R. B.; Society for
Cardiovascular Angiography Interventions; Society of Critical Care Medicine; American Society of Echocardiography;
332:
Transthoracic echo is far more commonly used than TEE and transthoracic echo is limited to by the available windows through the chest wall to visualize the heart. TEE does not have such discrete locations and can visualize the heart anywhere along the esophagus to the stomach. With that said, there
198:
The advantage of TEE over TTE is usually clearer images, especially of structures that are difficult to view transthoracically (through the chest wall). This difficulty with TTE is exemplified with obesity and COPD, as both of these can drastically limit both the window available and the quality of
226:
TEE has several disadvantages, although they should be weighed against its significant benefits. The patient must follow the ASA NPO guidelines (usually not eat anything for eight hours and not drink anything for two hours prior to the procedure). Rather than one sonographer, a TEE needs a team of
217:
TEE is also frequently used concurrently with cardiac surgery to provide immediate visualization, inspection, and monitoring of the patient throughout the procedure. Its intraoperative utility includes real-time hemodynamic monitoring by the cardiac anesthesiologist, evaluation of relevant cardiac
185:
Once adequate sedation and anesthesia are achieved, the probe is passed through the mouth and into the esophagus. From here, the protocol used for the procedure is highly variable. As the study could be terminated any second (e.g., respiratory compromise, hypotension, intolerance to the probe) the
433:
Pulling back of the TEE probe higher into the esophagus reveals the aortic arch. Typically, in the midesophageal view the probe is rotated until the descending aorta is visualized. Pulling back the probe permits visualization of the aorta and any atheromatous plaques within the aorta. Short axis
297:
Most TEE probes contain a two-dimensional ultrasound crystal. This permits rotation of the 2-D echo plane without physical movement of the probe. This is often referred to the "angle" and varies between 0° and 180° (flipped image of 0°). For any given position of the probe in the body, different
261:
recommend against using transesophageal echocardiography to detect cardiac sources of embolization after a patient's health care provider has identified a source of embolization and if that person would not change a patient's management as a result of getting more information. Such organizations
320:
These two degrees are typically adjusted using dials on the handle of the probe. A third degree is axial rotation of the probe (clockwise or counter-clockwise) and is present regardless of the other two degrees of freedom. A fourth degree is the translation of the probe long its axis to permit
156:) is used for the back of the throat or as a jelly/lubricant anesthetic for the esophagus. Sedation and anesthesia are required to make the procedure tolerable and safer, as biting the probe, coughing, vomiting, and patient movement would drastically reduce the value of the procedure.
139:
TEE is a semi-invasive procedure in that the probe must enter the body but does not require surgical (i.e., invasive) cutting for this procedure. Before inserting the probe, mild to moderate sedation is induced in the patient to ease the discomfort and to decrease the
288:
except the probe contains an ultrasound crystal rather than a visual camera. The ultrasound crystal images radially to the probe rather than axially (along the probe length) as the heart is not inline with the esophagus, but rather adjacent (anterior) to it.
434:
visualization at 0° allows for descending aorta size measurements. Further pulling back will eventually reach the aorta arch and clockwise rotation will bring the arch into view. Continuous visualization of the aorta to the arch level can visualize
348:
At 45°, the short-axis view of the aortic valve can be obtained. At this angle, a short-axis view of the right ventricle can be seen to visualize the right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, and pulmonary valve in a single view.
262:
further recommend that doctors and patients should avoid seeking transesophageal echocardiography only for the sake of protocol-driven testing and to agree to the test only if it is right for the individual patient.
116:. This allows image and Doppler evaluation which can be recorded. It is commonly used during cardiac surgery and is an excellent modality for assessing the aorta, although there are some limitations.
344:
At 0°, the long-axis four chamber view can be obtained with slight retroflexion of the probe. However, slight rotation and insertion may be needed to better visualize the right heart and tricuspid valve.
275:
to try to correct the defect. Aortic dissections are another important condition where TEE is very helpful. TEE can also help the surgeon during the insertion of a catheter for retrograde cardioplegia.
425:
It is in the transgastric position that is best used to quantify the aortic valve with pulse- and continuous-wave
Doppler as this is the best view to be best coaxial with the valve.
699:
Min JK, Spencer (September 18, 2005). "Clinical features of complications from transesophageal echocardiography: a single-center case series of 10,000 consecutive examinations".
358:
The left atrial appendage, with proper probe positioning, can be visualized at all angles and often visualized at 0*, 45°, 90°, and 135° to adequately rule out a thrombus.
416:
Pushing the TEE probe past the gastroesophageal junction into the stomach and flexing the probe (pointing it toward the superior) yields a short-axis view of the heart.
1476:
1160:
352:
At 90°, the probe can be rotated clockwise to obtain the "bicaval view" in which the right atrial and both the inferior and superior vena cava can be viewed.
190:
then the mitral valve may be fully inspected first. At the completion of the study, the probe is removed and patient is monitored for recovery from sedation.
1838:
1290:
1302:
2547:
1873:
1630:
775:; Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance; Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography; American Heart Association; Heart Rhythm Society (2011).
1969:
902:
1738:
1268:
2367:
1957:
400:
376:
2242:
1273:
755:
737:
444:
364:
252:
Some risks are associated with the procedure, such as esophageal perforation around 1 in 10,000, and adverse reactions to the medication.
1114:
549:
Moeller, Shaun, Serbanescu, Mara, Abernathy, James, et al. "The
Epiaortic Ultrasound Diagnosis of Iatrogenic Subadventitial Hematoma".
388:
2492:
2168:
2073:
1666:
1545:
1285:
1194:
472:
While TEE can be used to answer many questions that a transthoracic echo can answer, the TEE is used for some diseases in particular.
2373:
1124:
324:
The combination of these four degrees of freedom permit 2-D, color, and
Doppler echo of practically every structure in the heart.
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1831:
1109:
1104:
987:
772:
2380:
2187:
1189:
1172:
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The midesophageal view is positioned posterior from the left atrium and at 0° this provides for a long-axis four chamber view.
2177:
1550:
1297:
1280:
634:"Practice Guidelines for Preoperative Fasting and the Use of Pharmacologic Agents to Reduce the Risk of Pulmonary Aspiration"
464:, Maywood, and Veterans Administration Hospital, Hines, Illinois. His early findings were published in 1976 in Circulation
741:
2502:
1676:
1530:
1129:
1004:
996:
895:
2003:
460:
The transesophageal echocardiogram was first invented by Dr. Leon Frazin in 1974 while working at the Loyola
University
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2356:
1787:
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1643:
1621:
1392:
1360:
991:
120:
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At 0°, the short-axis of the left ventricle can be obtained to see wall motion in the basal, mid, and distal sections.
2602:
1824:
1451:
1419:
1402:
1525:
1260:
1000:
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During cardiothoracic surgery for numerous procedures including immediately before and after replacement of a valve
491:
Left atrial appendage thrombus and evaluation, follow up, and insertion of a left atrial appendage occlusion device
461:
285:
258:
2127:
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The angle can be adjusted with buttons or a dial, and this varies with the specific probe and ultrasound machine.
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1964:
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1387:
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888:
537:
435:
131:
50:
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2351:
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1704:
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1481:
1466:
1355:
1177:
1153:
533:
245:
With transthoracic echo, numerous measurements are taken to aid in diagnosis and grading of diseases. These
186:
structures of particular interest could be visualized first. For example, if the TEE is ordered to look for
182:
Due to the procedure being invasive, sonographers do not perform this procedure unlike transthoracic echo.
2555:
1761:
1575:
1444:
1375:
1182:
476:
272:
239:
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are not as well defined for TEE and so there is less accepted standards (e.g., left atrial enlargement).
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2390:
2311:
1439:
1370:
1236:
1119:
1038:
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207:
633:
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2117:
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1471:
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255:
235:
187:
2439:
2417:
2103:
1942:
1915:
1728:
1606:
1429:
1165:
777:"ACCF/ASE/AHA/ASNC/HFSA/HRS/SCAI/SCCM/SCCT/SCMR 2011 Appropriate Use Criteria for Echocardiography"
112:. A specialized probe containing an ultrasound transducer at its tip is passed into the patient's
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2335:
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2213:
2134:
2042:
1991:
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950:
849:
510:
231:
17:
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to get better quality images of the affected valve and better plan surgery, or need for surgery
422:
If the probe is rotated clockwise, then the right heart and tricuspid valve can be visualized.
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2411:
2341:
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2237:
2098:
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1986:
1937:
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681:
615:
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are commonly accepted positions along this path that are used when performing a standard TEE.
211:
658:
Ramadan AS, Stefanidis C, Ngatchou W, LeMoine O, De
Canniere D, Jansens JL (September 2007).
202:
In adults, several structures can be evaluated and imaged better with the TEE, including the
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105:
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2017:
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109:
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1365:
1334:
1322:
1317:
1075:
970:
676:
659:
313:
Flexion or retroflexion can point the crystal superiorly or inferiorly, respectively
214:. TEE has a very high sensitivity for locating a blood clot inside the left atrium.
2346:
1748:
1601:
1596:
1503:
1327:
1312:
1246:
853:
246:
179:. Adults are sometimes anesthetized as well if moderate sedation is unsuccessful.
660:"Esophageal stents for iatrogenic esophageal perforations during cardiac surgery"
558:
56:
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1910:
1895:
1671:
1226:
1058:
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1028:
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1307:
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176:
149:
141:
69:
1634:
1570:
1023:
836:
819:
160:
153:
145:
113:
870:
802:
720:
685:
619:
845:
1657:
482:
Aortic root abscess, which generally is not visible on transthoracic echo
172:
168:
78:
1686:
1089:
485:
Eccentric mitral regurgitation can be better appreciated on TEE due to
64:
39:
2182:
1681:
503:
321:
passing through the mouth, into the esophagus, and into the stomach.
230:
TEE is limited to available anatomy. For example, if the patient has
206:, pulmonary artery, valves of the heart, both atria, atrial septum,
175:(a sedative/general anesthetic, depending on dosage). Children are
2531:
2361:
2192:
2037:
1852:
1708:
919:
880:
203:
159:
Mild or moderate sedation can be induced with medications such as
130:
355:
At 135°, the long-axis view of the aortic valve can be obtained.
119:
It has several advantages and some disadvantages compared with a
875:
1820:
884:
513:
safely without poking the needle through an undesired structure
572:
742:"Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question"
316:
Left and right flexion tilts the probe left and right
309:
The probes often have one or two degrees of freedom:
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1343:
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1219:
1138:
1097:
1088:
932:
918:
63:
49:
32:
871:Virtual TEE – online interactive learning resource
284:TEE probes are similar in style to those used for
298:angles permit viewing structures more optimally.
1832:
896:
781:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
8:
509:Monitoring during a procedure to cross the
1891:
1874:Cardiology diagnostic tests and procedures
1839:
1825:
1817:
1626:
1508:
1498:
1094:
938:
929:
903:
889:
881:
144:. Usually a local anesthetic spray (e.g.,
38:
1970:Transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement
835:
792:
732:
730:
675:
536:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
2013:shunt from heart chamber to blood vessel
1739:Orthogonal polarization spectral imaging
771:American Society of Nuclear Cardiology;
135:Transesophageal echocardiography diagram
2113:shunt from blood vessel to blood vessel
526:
440:
360:
108:) is an alternative way to perform an
29:
2243:Valve-sparing aortic root replacement
1982:enlargement of existing septal defect
7:
1977:production of septal defect in heart
756:American Society of Echocardiography
738:American Society of Echocardiography
167:with sedating, amnesiac qualities),
598:Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists".
74:
2074:transposition of the great vessels
1999:creation of septal defect in heart
1546:Sestamibi parathyroid scintigraphy
25:
2374:Cardiac resynchronization therapy
876:TEE online simulator, interactive
506:, and insertion of a PFO/ASD plug
2598:
2597:
1801:
1800:
773:Heart Failure Society of America
677:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2007.04.047
534:Transesophageal+Echocardiography
443:
399:
387:
375:
363:
33:Transesophageal echocardiography
18:Transesophageal echocardiography
2381:Left atrial appendage occlusion
1303:Cholangiopancreatography (MRCP)
98:transoesophageal echocardiogram
1551:Radioactive iodine uptake test
90:transesophageal echocardiogram
1:
2503:Radionuclide ventriculography
1531:Radionuclide ventriculography
1005:Lower gastrointestinal series
997:Upper gastrointestinal series
820:"Esophageal Echocardiography"
2488:Myocardial perfusion imaging
1722:Optical coherence tomography
1644:Myocardial perfusion imaging
1232:Dental panoramic radiography
559:10.1213/XAA.0000000000001333
121:transthoracic echocardiogram
406:135° aortic valve long-axis
382:45° aortic valve short-axis
2643:
2095:for univentricular defect
1526:Ventilation/perfusion scan
1001:Small-bowel follow-through
818:Frazin, Leon (July 1976).
794:10.1016/j.jacc.2010.11.002
713:10.1016/j.echo.2005.01.034
612:10.1016/j.echo.2013.07.009
573:"Welcome to HeartSite.com"
462:Stritch School of Medicine
286:esophagogastroduodenoscopy
259:professional organizations
2595:
2435:Implantable loop recorder
2079:Arterial switch operation
1869:Interventional cardiology
1859:
1796:
1767:Dynamic angiothermography
1511:
1435:Abdominal ultrasonography
941:
75:
37:
2514:Coronary catheterization
2004:Blalock–Hanlon procedure
1965:Mitral valve replacement
1948:Aortic valve replacement
1757:Non-contact thermography
1536:Radionuclide angiography
1388:Doppler echocardiography
571:Abdulla, Dr. Abdulla M.
538:Medical Subject Headings
436:coarctation of the aorta
2627:Medical ultrasonography
2510:Cardiac catheterization
2452:Electrophysiology study
2352:Radiofrequency ablation
2317:Alcohol septal ablation
1541:Radioisotope renography
837:10.1161/01.CIR.54.1.102
749:: an initiative of the
2556:Impedance cardiography
2178:Coronary artery bypass
1576:Gastric emptying study
477:Infective endocarditis
273:cardiopulmonary bypass
136:
27:Type of echocardiogram
2587:Transcutaneous pacing
2391:Heart transplantation
2312:Ventricular reduction
2128:Blalock–Taussig shunt
1237:X-ray motion analysis
1120:X-ray microtomography
1039:Hysterosalpingography
946:Pneumoencephalography
701:J Am Soc Echocardiogr
600:J Am Soc Echocardiogr
553:2020;14(13):e01333.
208:left atrial appendage
134:
2561:Ballistocardiography
2118:systemic circulation
1762:Contact thermography
1472:Emergency ultrasound
1410:Transcranial Doppler
1161:Abdominal and pelvis
740:(20 December 2012),
500:atrial septal defect
496:patent foramen ovale
236:esophageal stricture
188:mitral regurgitation
2440:Cardiac stress test
2418:Electrocardiography
2357:Pacemaker insertion
2104:Kawashima procedure
2068:compound procedures
1943:Aortic valve repair
1916:Mitral valve repair
1729:Confocal microscopy
1607:Indium-111 WBC scan
1430:Echoencephalography
1166:Virtual colonoscopy
240:Barrett's esophagus
2493:Cardiovascular MRI
2423:Vectorcardiography
2278:Pericardial window
2273:Pericardiocentesis
2214:Drug-eluting stent
2043:Rastelli procedure
1992:Balloon septostomy
1717:Optical tomography
1566:Dacryoscintigraphy
1561:Immunoscintigraphy
1200:Whole body imaging
951:Dental radiography
511:interatrial septum
256:Specialty medicine
232:esophageal varices
137:
2609:
2608:
2466:Angiocardiography
2412:Electrophysiology
2399:
2398:
2342:Catheter ablation
2325:Conduction system
2250:LeCompte maneuver
2238:Bentall procedure
2099:Norwood procedure
2089:Senning procedure
2084:Mustard procedure
1987:Atrial septostomy
1938:Valve replacement
1814:
1813:
1776:Target conditions
1699:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1615:
1614:
1556:Bone scintigraphy
1521:Scintimammography
1516:Cholescintigraphy
1361:contrast-enhanced
1255:
1254:
1215:
1214:
1205:Full-body CT scan
1105:General operation
1084:
1083:
1054:Angiocardiography
664:Ann. Thorac. Surg
577:www.heartsite.com
212:coronary arteries
86:
85:
65:OPS-301 code
16:(Redirected from
2634:
2601:
2600:
2566:Cardiotocography
2534:
2498:Ventriculography
2471:Echocardiography
2462:
2414:
2330:Maze procedure (
2327:
2293:
2269:
2222:
2221:Obstacle removal
2209:Bare-metal stent
2205:
2165:
2122:pulmonary artery
2114:
2069:
2054:pulmonary artery
2027:Fontan procedure
2022:pulmonary artery
2014:
1978:
1892:
1841:
1834:
1827:
1818:
1804:
1803:
1627:
1509:
1499:
1383:Echocardiography
1242:Hounsfield scale
1095:
1014:Cholecystography
939:
930:
905:
898:
891:
882:
858:
857:
839:
815:
809:
806:
796:
787:(9): 1126–1166.
765:
764:
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734:
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638:ASA Publications
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171:(an opioid), or
79:edit on Wikidata
59:
42:
30:
21:
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2631:
2622:Cardiac imaging
2612:
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2610:
2605:
2591:
2570:
2542:
2538:Phonocardiogram
2530:
2460:Cardiac imaging
2458:
2410:
2395:
2323:
2307:Septal myectomy
2297:Cardiomyoplasty
2289:
2283:Pericardiectomy
2265:
2254:
2220:
2201:
2161:
2155:Cardiac vessels
2150:
2144:Glenn procedure
2112:
2067:
2050:right ventricle
2012:
1976:
1898:
1883:
1879:Cardiac imaging
1864:Cardiac surgery
1855:
1845:
1815:
1810:
1792:
1771:
1743:
1691:
1677:PET mammography
1648:
1611:
1597:Gallium-67 scan
1592:Octreotide scan
1580:
1488:
1339:
1251:
1211:
1134:
1115:High-resolution
1080:
1044:Skeletal survey
1010:Cholangiography
923:
914:
912:Medical imaging
909:
867:
862:
861:
817:
816:
812:
769:
760:
758:
751:ABIM Foundation
747:Choosing Wisely
736:
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494:Evaluation for
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429:Upper esophagus
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407:
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394:90° two chamber
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383:
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371:
370:0° four chamber
368:
339:
330:
307:
295:
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268:
224:
196:
129:
106:British English
96:; also spelled
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55:
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2571:
2569:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2552:
2550:
2548:Function tests
2544:
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2541:
2540:
2535:
2527:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2507:
2506:
2505:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2484:
2483:
2478:
2468:
2463:
2455:
2454:
2449:
2448:
2447:
2445:Bruce protocol
2437:
2432:
2430:Holter monitor
2427:
2426:
2425:
2415:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2400:
2397:
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2260:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2226:Endarterectomy
2223:
2217:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2203:Coronary stent
2198:
2197:
2196:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2171:
2166:
2158:
2156:
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2149:
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2132:
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2115:
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2091:
2086:
2081:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2062:
2061:
2047:
2046:
2045:
2034:left ventricle
2031:
2030:
2029:
2015:
2009:
2008:
2007:
2006:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1961:
1960:
1955:
1953:Ross procedure
1945:
1940:
1935:
1934:
1933:
1928:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1902:
1900:
1889:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1851:involving the
1846:
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1770:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1753:
1751:
1745:
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1742:
1741:
1736:
1734:Endomicroscopy
1731:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1713:
1711:
1701:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1690:
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1127:
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1007:
994:
985:
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975:
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948:
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936:
927:
916:
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910:
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900:
893:
885:
879:
878:
873:
866:
865:External links
863:
860:
859:
830:(1): 102–108.
810:
808:
807:
766:, which cites
726:
707:(9): 925–929.
691:
650:
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589:
563:
542:
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294:
291:
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267:
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223:
220:
195:
192:
165:benzodiazepine
128:
125:
110:echocardiogram
84:
83:
76:
73:
72:
67:
61:
60:
53:
47:
46:
43:
35:
34:
26:
24:
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10:
9:
6:
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3:
2:
2639:
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2625:
2623:
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2604:
2594:
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2583:
2582:Cardioversion
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2329:
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2321:
2318:
2315:
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2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2302:Dor procedure
2300:
2298:
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2292:
2288:
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2199:
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2186:
2184:
2181:
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2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2153:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2137:to the right
2136:
2133:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2119:
2116:
2111:
2110:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2087:
2085:
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2077:
2076:
2075:
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2060:
2057:
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2051:
2048:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2032:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2023:
2019:
2016:
2011:
2010:
2005:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1983:
1980:
1975:
1974:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1959:
1958:Transcatheter
1956:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1921:Valvuloplasty
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1890:
1886:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1842:
1837:
1835:
1830:
1828:
1823:
1822:
1819:
1807:
1799:
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1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1778:
1774:
1768:
1765:
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1746:
1740:
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1727:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1618:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1602:Ga-68-DOTATOC
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1491:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1415:Intravascular
1413:
1411:
1408:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1384:
1381:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1336:
1335:Synthetic MRI
1333:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1174:
1171:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1162:
1159:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1125:Electron beam
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1077:
1076:Orbital x-ray
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1002:
998:
995:
993:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
972:
971:Bronchography
969:
968:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
943:
940:
937:
935:
931:
928:
926:
921:
917:
913:
906:
901:
899:
894:
892:
887:
886:
883:
877:
874:
872:
869:
868:
864:
855:
851:
847:
843:
838:
833:
829:
825:
821:
814:
811:
804:
800:
795:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
768:
767:
757:
753:
752:
748:
743:
739:
733:
731:
727:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
695:
692:
687:
683:
678:
673:
670:(3): 1034–6.
669:
665:
661:
654:
651:
639:
635:
629:
626:
621:
617:
613:
609:
606:(9): 921–64.
605:
601:
593:
590:
578:
574:
567:
564:
560:
556:
552:
546:
543:
539:
535:
530:
527:
520:
515:
512:
508:
505:
501:
497:
493:
490:
488:
487:Coandă effect
484:
481:
478:
475:
474:
473:
467:
465:
463:
455:
446:
441:
439:
437:
428:
426:
423:
420:
417:
411:
402:
397:
390:
385:
378:
373:
366:
361:
359:
356:
353:
350:
346:
342:
337:Midesophageal
336:
334:
327:
325:
322:
315:
312:
311:
310:
304:
302:
299:
292:
290:
287:
279:
277:
274:
266:Clinical uses
265:
263:
260:
257:
253:
250:
248:
247:normal ranges
243:
241:
237:
233:
228:
222:Disadvantages
221:
219:
215:
213:
209:
205:
200:
193:
191:
189:
183:
180:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
157:
155:
151:
147:
143:
133:
126:
124:
122:
117:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
80:
71:
68:
66:
62:
58:
54:
52:
48:
41:
36:
31:
19:
2480:
2370:implantation
2364:implantation
2347:Cryoablation
2188:Off-pump CAB
1998:
1981:
1906:Valve repair
1896:Heart valves
1783:Acute stroke
1749:Thermography
1504:scintigraphy
1494:Radionuclide
1482:pre-hospital
1397:
1328:Tractography
1247:Radiodensity
1149:calcium scan
1110:Quantitative
827:
823:
813:
784:
780:
761:February 27,
759:, retrieved
745:
704:
700:
694:
667:
663:
653:
641:. Retrieved
637:
628:
603:
599:
592:
580:. Retrieved
576:
566:
550:
545:
529:
471:
459:
432:
424:
421:
418:
415:
412:Transgastric
357:
354:
351:
347:
343:
340:
331:
323:
319:
308:
300:
296:
283:
269:
254:
251:
244:
229:
225:
216:
201:
197:
184:
181:
177:anesthetized
158:
138:
118:
101:
97:
93:
89:
87:
2524:Cardiac PET
2267:Pericardium
2231:Atherectomy
2169:Angioplasty
1911:Valvulotomy
1672:Cardiac PET
1445:renal tract
1420:Gynecologic
1352:Techniques
1323:restriction
1298:Angiography
1281:Neurography
1227:Fluoroscopy
1173:Angiography
1154:angiography
1098:Techniques:
1059:Aortography
1049:Angiography
1029:Cystography
1019:Mammography
961:Myelography
956:Sialography
925:radiography
824:Circulation
450:Aortic arch
2616:Categories
2519:Cardiac CT
2386:Cardiotomy
2291:Myocardium
2059:Sano shunt
1849:procedures
1847:Tests and
1585:Full body:
1371:endoscopic
1345:Ultrasound
1274:functional
1071:Lymphogram
1066:Venography
1034:Arthrogram
551:A A Pract.
521:References
194:Advantages
150:benzocaine
142:gag reflex
1899:and septa
1788:Pregnancy
1667:Brain PET
1635:gamma ray
1571:DMSA scan
1425:Obstetric
1318:diffusion
1313:Sequences
1291:perfusion
1183:Pulmonary
1130:Cone beam
1024:Pyelogram
643:August 9,
328:Positions
161:midazolam
154:xylocaine
146:lidocaine
114:esophagus
2603:Category
2336:minimaze
2332:Cox maze
1806:Category
1658:positron
1178:Coronary
803:21349406
721:16153515
686:17720433
620:23998692
582:12 April
502:after a
468:Diseases
305:Movement
173:propofol
169:fentanyl
1888:Surgery
1705:Optical
1687:PET-MRI
1467:Carotid
1462:Scrotal
1356:doppler
1286:Cardiac
1195:Thyroid
1139:Targets
1090:CT scan
854:7801244
846:1277411
456:History
127:Details
123:(TTE).
57:D017548
2575:Pacing
2183:MIDCAB
2174:Bypass
2124:shunt
2018:atrium
1931:mitral
1926:aortic
1682:PET-CT
1457:Breast
1452:Rectal
1376:duplex
1308:Breast
1145:Heart
852:
844:
801:
719:
684:
618:
540:(MeSH)
504:stroke
280:Probes
210:, and
2532:sound
2404:Tests
2362:S-ICD
2259:Other
2193:TECAB
2038:aorta
1853:heart
1709:Laser
1631:SPECT
1440:renal
1269:Brain
1220:Other
920:X-ray
850:S2CID
293:Angle
204:aorta
77:[
70:3-052
2334:and
2072:for
1477:FAST
1190:Head
842:PMID
799:PMID
763:2013
717:PMID
682:PMID
645:2019
616:PMID
584:2018
498:and
51:MeSH
2481:TEE
2476:TTE
2368:ICD
2163:CHD
2135:SVC
2120:to
2052:to
2036:to
2020:to
1654:PET
1622:ECT
1620:3D/
1502:2D/
1403:ICE
1398:TEE
1393:TTE
1261:MRI
992:DXR
988:DXA
983:KUB
978:AXR
966:CXR
832:doi
789:doi
709:doi
672:doi
608:doi
555:doi
163:(a
104:in
102:TOE
94:TEE
44:TEE
2618::
2139:PA
1660:):
1637:):
1366:3D
934:2D
848:.
840:.
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