31:
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1206:
352:
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247:. With new seafloor being pushed and pulled out, the older seafloor slowly slides away from the mid-oceanic ridges toward the continents. Although separated only by tens of kilometers, this separation between segments of the ridges causes portions of the seafloor to push past each other in opposing directions. This lateral movement of seafloors past each other is where transform faults are currently active.
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a ridge linked to a subducting plate, where all the lithosphere (new seafloor) being created by the ridge is subducted, or swallowed up, by the subduction zone. Finally, when two upper subduction plates are linked there is no change in length. This is due to the plates moving parallel with each other and no new lithosphere is being created to change that length.
2104:
147:, from which the sense of slip is derived. The new class of faults, called transform faults, produce slip in the opposite direction from what one would surmise from the standard interpretation of an offset geological feature. Slip along transform faults does not increase the distance between the ridges it separates; the distance remains constant in
314:
In other cases, transform faults will remain at a constant length. This steadiness can be attributed to many different causes. In the case of ridge-to-ridge transforms, the constancy is caused by the continuous growth by both ridges outward, canceling any change in length. The opposite occurs when
258:
Transform faults move differently from a strike-slip fault at the mid-oceanic ridge. Instead of the ridges moving away from each other, as they do in other strike-slip faults, transform-fault ridges remain in the same, fixed locations, and the new ocean seafloor created at the ridges is pushed away
288:
In his work on transform-fault systems, geologist Tuzo Wilson said that transform faults must be connected to other faults or tectonic-plate boundaries on both ends; because of that requirement, transform faults can grow in length, keep a constant length, or decrease in length. These length changes
271:
rocks were discovered in the edges of the transform ridges. These rocks are created deep inside the Earth's mantle and then rapidly exhumed to the surface. This evidence helps to prove that new seafloor is being created at the mid-oceanic ridges and further supports the theory of plate tectonics.
195:
Transform faults are closely related to transcurrent faults and are commonly confused. Both types of fault are strike-slip or side-to-side in movement; nevertheless, transform faults always end at a junction with another plate boundary, while transcurrent faults may die out without a junction with
279:
represent the previously active transform-fault lines, which have since passed the active transform zone and are being pushed toward the continents. These elevated ridges on the ocean floor can be traced for hundreds of miles and in some cases even from one continent across an ocean to the other
330:
Decreasing length faults: In rare cases, transform faults can shrink in length. These occur when two descending subduction plates are linked by a transform fault. In time as the plates are subducted, the transform fault will decrease in length until the transform fault disappears completely,
262:
A paper written by geophysicist Taras Gerya theorizes that the creation of the transform faults between the ridges of the mid-oceanic ridge is attributed to rotated and stretched sections of the mid-oceanic ridge. This occurs over a long period of time with the spreading center or ridge slowly
422:. The collision led to the subduction of the Farallon Plate underneath the North American Plate. Once the spreading center separating the Pacific and the Farallon Plates was subducted beneath the North American plate, the San Andreas Continental Transform-Fault system was created.
251:
263:
deforming from a straight line to a curved line. Finally, fracturing along these planes forms transform faults. As this takes place, the fault changes from a normal fault with extensional stress to a strike-slip fault with lateral stress. In the study done by
Bonatti and Crane,
295:
In situations where a transform fault links a spreading center and the upper block of a subduction zone or where two upper blocks of subduction zones are linked, the transform fault itself will grow in length.
651:
Reid, H.F., (1910). The
Mechanics of the Earthquake. in The California Earthquake of April 18, 1906, Report of the State Earthquake Investigation Commission, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington
99:
where the direction of motion is not perpendicular to the trend of the overall divergent boundary. A smaller number of such faults are found on land, although these are generally better-known, such as the
375:, Chain, and Ascension fracture zones, these areas have deep, easily identifiable transform faults and ridges. Other locations include: the East Pacific Ridge located in the South Eastern
155:
was confirmed in a study of the fault plane solutions that showed the slip on transform faults points in the opposite direction than classical interpretation would suggest.
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1824:
883:
30:
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by transferring displacement between mid-ocean ridges or subduction zones. They also act as the plane of weakness, which may result in splitting in
1155:
923:
599:
289:
are dependent on which type of fault or tectonic structure connect with the transform fault. Wilson described six types of transform faults:
1387:
1277:
715:
Sykes, L.R. (1967). Mechanism of earthquakes and nature of faulting on the mid-oceanic ridges, Journal of
Geophysical Research, 72, 5–27.
876:
549:
1982:
1409:
1297:
1829:
1100:
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2155:
1287:
410:, making it a ridge-to-transform-style fault. The formation of the San Andreas Fault system occurred fairly recently during the
2107:
2017:
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319:
1690:
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being split into an eastern and western section several hundred kilometres apart. The majority of the syncline is found in
1145:
2140:
1205:
300:
340:
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407:
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70:. It ends abruptly where it connects to another plate boundary, either another transform, a spreading ridge, or a
2150:
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2007:
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or spreading centres). These mid-oceanic ridges are where new seafloor is constantly created through the
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another fault. Finally, transform faults form a tectonic plate boundary, while transcurrent faults do not.
2039:
1977:
1404:
1090:
466:
324:
144:
1872:
1854:
1362:
1257:
892:
822:(1970). "Implications of Plate Tectonics for the Cenozoic Tectonic Evolution of Western North America".
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in rock at the surface or deep in the Earth's subsurface. Transform faults specifically accommodate
2054:
1939:
1934:
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1332:
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1997:
1710:
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from the ridge. Evidence of this motion can be found in paleomagnetic striping on the seafloor.
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2069:
2012:
1992:
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1427:
1115:
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380:
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233:
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76:
673:
Wilson, J.T. (24 July 1965). "A new class of faults and their bearing on continental drift".
386:
Transform faults are not limited to oceanic crust and spreading centers; many of them are on
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2002:
1972:
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1635:
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63:
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1472:
1322:
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1182:
1140:
1073:
998:
958:
555:
474:
372:
55:
858:
The
Encyclopedia of Structural Geology and Plate Tectonics – Ed. by Carl K. Seyfert, 1987
725:
Gerya, T. (2010). "Dynamical
Instability Produces Transform Faults at Mid-Ocean Ridges".
570: – Science of the description and interpretation of deformation in the Earth's crust
461:
is a transform fault for much of its length. This has resulted in the folded land of the
140:
by faults do not follow the classical pattern of an offset fence or geological marker in
1194:
835:
792:
738:
686:
17:
1949:
1944:
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993:
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217:
137:
59:
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2119:
1967:
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1135:
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978:
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430:
376:
364:
355:
Map of Earth's principal plates (transform boundaries shown as yellow or green lines)
276:
84:
762:
2114:
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1962:
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425:
359:
The most prominent examples of the mid-oceanic ridge transform zones are in the
148:
121:
38:
182:
34:
Diagram showing a transform fault with two plates moving in opposite directions
1882:
1730:
1705:
1600:
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1432:
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1172:
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1130:
1125:
1120:
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264:
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Transform faults are commonly found linking segments of divergent boundaries (
168:
152:
71:
394:
on the
Pacific coast of the United States. The San Andreas Fault links the
1954:
1816:
1801:
1715:
1560:
1399:
1394:
1177:
1105:
1033:
953:
943:
900:
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Period between 34 million and 24 million years ago. During this period, the
411:
237:
221:
754:
564: – Deformation dominated by horizontal movement in Earth's lithosphere
2049:
1771:
1630:
1522:
1512:
1457:
933:
494:
241:
861:
473:
in the island's southeast, but a smaller section is also present in the
1918:
1908:
1078:
1048:
521:
275:
Active transform faults are between two tectonic structures or faults.
1625:
1038:
694:
503:
368:
268:
92:
779:
Bonatti, Enrico; Crane, Kathleen (1984). "Oceanic
Fracture Zones".
1987:
1806:
1585:
1540:
424:
350:
249:
244:
37:
29:
331:
leaving only two subduction zones facing in opposite directions.
1419:
87:, where they accommodate the lateral offset between segments of
865:
208:, which are the response of built-up stresses in the form of
445:. About 500 kilometres (300 mi) long; northwest at top.
27:
Plate boundary where the motion is predominantly horizontal
844:
10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[3513:ioptft]2.0.co;2
619:. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 84–90.
398:
off the West coast of Mexico (Gulf of
California) to the
855:
International
Tectonic Dictionary – AAPG Memoir 7, 1967
204:
Faults in general are focused areas of deformation or
159:
Difference between transform and transcurrent faults
1927:
1901:
1863:
1815:
1754:
1649:
1521:
1418:
1213:
899:
418:, followed by the Pacific plate, collided into the
1835:North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System
151:because the ridges are spreading centers. This
1825:Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis
877:
824:Bulletin of the Geological Society of America
8:
120:because they involve no addition or loss of
546: – Transform fault producing new crust
74:. A transform fault is a special case of a
884:
870:
862:
814:
812:
810:
774:
772:
540: – Linear feature on the ocean floor
228:Transform faults and divergent boundaries
668:
666:
664:
662:
660:
658:
552: – Movements of Earth's lithosphere
580:
558: – Movement of Earth's lithosphere
116:Transform boundaries are also known as
1156:one-dimensional Saint-Venant equations
7:
2103:
550:List of tectonic plate interactions
95:pattern. This results from oblique
1983:National Oceanographic Data Center
1410:World Ocean Circulation Experiment
1298:Global Ocean Data Analysis Project
80:that also forms a plate boundary.
25:
1830:Global Sea Level Observing System
801:10.1038/scientificamerican0584-40
633:. British Geological Survey. 2020
2113:
2102:
2093:
2092:
1288:Geochemical Ocean Sections Study
1204:
1193:
588:Moores E.M.; Twiss R.J. (2014).
339:
334:
323:
318:
304:
299:
181:
167:
2018:Ocean thermal energy conversion
1741:Vine–Matthews–Morley hypothesis
594:. Waveland Press. p. 130.
136:recognized that the offsets of
42:Transform fault (the red lines)
83:Most such faults are found in
1:
433:rise dramatically beside the
118:conservative plate boundaries
1278:El Niño–Southern Oscillation
1248:Craik–Leibovich vortex force
1004:Luke's variational principle
477:in the island's northwest.
390:. The best example is the
254:Spreading center and strips
132:Geophysicist and geologist
2172:
1343:Ocean dynamical thermostat
1191:
408:Northwestern United States
371:. Known as the St. Paul,
145:rebound theory of faulting
2088:
1878:Ocean acoustic tomography
1691:Mohorovičić discontinuity
1283:General circulation model
919:Benjamin–Feir instability
400:Mendocino Triple Junction
2008:Ocean surface topography
1383:Thermohaline circulation
1373:Subsurface ocean current
1313:Hydrothermal circulation
1146:Wave–current interaction
924:Boussinesq approximation
480:Other examples include:
124:at the Earth's surface.
18:Transform plate boundary
2156:Strike-slip earthquakes
2045:Sea surface temperature
2028:Outline of oceanography
1223:Atmospheric circulation
1161:shallow water equations
1151:Waves and shallow water
1044:Significant wave height
747:10.1126/science.1191349
406:) off the coast of the
2040:Sea surface microlayer
1405:Wind generated current
615:Kearey, K. A. (2007).
446:
379:, which meets up with
356:
255:
43:
35:
1873:Deep scattering layer
1855:World Geodetic System
1363:Princeton Ocean Model
1243:Coriolis–Stokes force
893:Physical oceanography
562:Strike-slip tectonics
544:Leaky transform fault
517:Queen Charlotte Fault
508:North Anatolian Fault
428:
354:
253:
106:North Anatolian Fault
41:
33:
1893:Underwater acoustics
1453:Perigean spring tide
1318:Langmuir circulation
1029:Rossby-gravity waves
420:North American Plate
89:divergent boundaries
2055:Science On a Sphere
1661:Convergent boundary
1333:Modular Ocean Model
1293:Geostrophic current
1009:Mild-slope equation
836:1970GSAB...81.3513A
793:1984SciAm.250e..40B
781:Scientific American
739:2010Sci...329.1047G
733:(5995): 1047–1050.
687:1965Natur.207..343W
388:continental margins
2141:Structural geology
1711:Seafloor spreading
1701:Outer trench swell
1666:Divergent boundary
1566:Continental margin
1551:Carbonate platform
1448:Lunitidal interval
568:Structural geology
489:Dead Sea Transform
463:Southland Syncline
447:
404:Juan de Fuca Plate
357:
256:
234:mid-oceanic ridges
188:Transcurrent fault
97:seafloor spreading
52:transform boundary
44:
36:
2128:
2127:
2120:Oceans portal
2080:World Ocean Atlas
2070:Underwater glider
2013:Ocean temperature
1676:Hydrothermal vent
1641:Submarine volcano
1576:Continental shelf
1556:Coastal geography
1546:Bathymetric chart
1428:Amphidromic point
1116:Wave nonlinearity
974:Infragravity wave
830:(12): 3513–3536.
681:(4995): 343–347.
631:"Plate Tectonics"
601:978-1-4786-2660-2
396:East Pacific Rise
392:San Andreas Fault
381:San Andreas Fault
102:San Andreas Fault
77:strike-slip fault
66:is predominantly
16:(Redirected from
2163:
2151:Faults (geology)
2118:
2117:
2106:
2105:
2096:
2095:
2035:Pelagic sediment
1973:Marine pollution
1767:Deep ocean water
1636:Submarine canyon
1571:Continental rise
1463:Rule of twelfths
1378:Sverdrup balance
1308:Humboldt Current
1233:Boundary current
1208:
1197:
1014:Radiation stress
984:Iribarren number
959:Equatorial waves
914:Ballantine scale
909:Airy wave theory
886:
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695:10.1038/207343a0
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627:
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617:Global Tectonics
612:
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343:
338:
327:
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312:Constant length:
308:
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185:
171:
134:John Tuzo Wilson
21:
2171:
2170:
2166:
2165:
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2146:Plate tectonics
2131:
2130:
2129:
2124:
2112:
2084:
1923:
1897:
1859:
1840:Sea-level curve
1811:
1750:
1736:Transform fault
1686:Mid-ocean ridge
1652:
1645:
1611:Oceanic plateau
1517:
1503:Tidal resonance
1473:Theory of tides
1414:
1323:Longshore drift
1273:Ekman transport
1209:
1203:
1202:
1201:
1200:
1199:
1198:
1189:
1141:Wave turbulence
1074:Trochoidal wave
999:Longshore drift
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851:
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629:
628:
624:
614:
613:
609:
602:
587:
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582:
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556:Plate tectonics
534:
475:Tasman District
349:
293:Growing length:
286:
230:
202:
193:
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177:
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174:Transform fault
172:
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130:
114:
72:subduction zone
48:transform fault
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2060:Stratification
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2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
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1995:
1990:
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1970:
1965:
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1952:
1950:Color of water
1947:
1945:Benthic lander
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1937:
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1916:
1911:
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1903:
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1875:
1869:
1867:
1861:
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1858:
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1850:Sea level rise
1847:
1845:Sea level drop
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1821:
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1733:
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1708:
1703:
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1683:
1681:Marine geology
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1657:
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1646:
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1643:
1638:
1633:
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1621:Passive margin
1618:
1616:Oceanic trench
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
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1397:
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1355:
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1348:Ocean dynamics
1345:
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1290:
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1238:Coriolis force
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1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
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1061:
1059:Stokes problem
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1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
994:Kinematic wave
991:
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849:
820:Atwater, Tanya
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559:
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547:
541:
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492:
416:Farallon Plate
383:to the North.
361:Atlantic Ocean
348:
345:
285:
282:
277:Fracture zones
229:
226:
218:lateral strain
212:, tension, or
201:
198:
187:
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173:
166:
165:
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157:
138:oceanic ridges
129:
126:
113:
110:
60:plate boundary
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2168:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2109:
2101:
2099:
2091:
2090:
2087:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1968:Marine energy
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1958:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1935:Acidification
1933:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1888:SOFAR channel
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1862:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1814:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1753:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1696:Oceanic crust
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1671:Fracture zone
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1648:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1606:Oceanic basin
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1536:Abyssal plain
1534:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1520:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1443:Internal tide
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1338:Ocean current
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1196:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1136:Wave shoaling
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1096:Ursell number
1094:
1092:
1089:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
979:Internal wave
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
929:Breaking wave
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
906:
904:
902:
898:
894:
887:
882:
880:
875:
873:
868:
867:
864:
857:
854:
853:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
815:
813:
811:
807:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
775:
773:
769:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
721:
718:
712:
709:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
669:
667:
665:
663:
661:
659:
655:
648:
645:
632:
626:
623:
618:
611:
608:
603:
597:
593:
592:
584:
581:
574:
569:
566:
563:
560:
557:
554:
551:
548:
545:
542:
539:
538:Fracture zone
536:
535:
531:
527:
526:Sagaing Fault
523:
520:
518:
514:
513:North America
511:
509:
505:
502:
500:
496:
493:
490:
486:
483:
482:
481:
478:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
444:
440:
436:
432:
431:Southern Alps
427:
423:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
402:(Part of the
401:
397:
393:
389:
384:
382:
378:
377:Pacific Ocean
374:
370:
366:
365:South America
362:
353:
346:
344:
342:
337:
332:
328:
326:
321:
316:
313:
309:
307:
302:
297:
294:
290:
283:
281:
278:
273:
270:
266:
260:
252:
248:
246:
243:
239:
235:
227:
225:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
199:
197:
184:
170:
158:
156:
154:
150:
146:
143:
139:
135:
127:
125:
123:
119:
111:
109:
107:
103:
98:
94:
90:
86:
85:oceanic crust
81:
79:
78:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
40:
32:
19:
2075:Water column
2023:Oceanography
1998:Observations
1993:Explorations
1963:Marginal sea
1956:
1914:OSTM/Jason-2
1746:Volcanic arc
1735:
1721:Slab suction
1438:Head of tide
1328:Loop Current
1268:Ekman spiral
1054:Stokes drift
964:Gravity wave
939:Cnoidal wave
827:
823:
787:(5): 40–52.
784:
780:
730:
726:
720:
711:
678:
674:
647:
635:. Retrieved
625:
616:
610:
590:
583:
499:Chaman Fault
479:
459:Alpine Fault
455:South Island
448:
435:Alpine Fault
385:
358:
333:
329:
317:
311:
310:
298:
292:
291:
287:
274:
261:
257:
231:
214:shear stress
203:
194:
131:
117:
115:
112:Nomenclature
91:, forming a
82:
75:
51:
47:
45:
2065:Thermocline
1782:Mesopelagic
1755:Ocean zones
1726:Slab window
1591:Hydrography
1531:Abyssal fan
1498:Tidal range
1488:Tidal power
1483:Tidal force
1368:Rip current
1303:Gulf Stream
1263:Ekman layer
1253:Downwelling
1228:Baroclinity
1215:Circulation
1111:Wave height
1101:Wave action
1084:megatsunami
1064:Stokes wave
1024:Rossby wave
989:Kelvin wave
969:Green's law
637:16 February
485:Middle East
471:The Catlins
451:New Zealand
439:New Zealand
280:continent.
210:compression
149:earthquakes
122:lithosphere
2135:Categories
2003:Reanalysis
1902:Satellites
1883:Sofar bomb
1731:Subduction
1706:Ridge push
1601:Ocean bank
1581:Contourite
1508:Tide gauge
1493:Tidal race
1478:Tidal bore
1468:Slack tide
1433:Earth tide
1353:Ocean gyre
1173:Wind setup
1168:Wind fetch
1131:Wave setup
1126:Wave radar
1121:Wave power
1019:Rogue wave
949:Dispersion
575:References
443:West Coast
265:peridotite
222:rift zones
153:hypothesis
128:Background
68:horizontal
62:where the
1865:Acoustics
1817:Sea level
1716:Slab pull
1653:tectonics
1561:Cold seep
1523:Landforms
1400:Whirlpool
1395:Upwelling
1178:Wind wave
1106:Wave base
1034:Sea state
954:Edge wave
944:Cross sea
591:Tectonics
467:Southland
412:Oligocene
238:upwelling
200:Mechanics
2098:Category
2050:Seawater
1777:Littoral
1772:Deep sea
1631:Seamount
1513:Tideline
1458:Rip tide
1388:shutdown
1358:Overflow
1091:Undertow
934:Clapotis
763:10943308
755:20798313
532:See also
495:Pakistan
373:Romanche
363:between
347:Examples
242:basaltic
58:along a
2108:Commons
1978:Mooring
1928:Related
1919:Jason-3
1909:Jason-1
1792:Pelagic
1787:Oceanic
1762:Benthic
1079:Tsunami
1049:Soliton
832:Bibcode
789:Bibcode
735:Bibcode
727:Science
703:4294401
683:Bibcode
522:Myanmar
240:of new
54:, is a
1797:Photic
1626:Seabed
1039:Seiche
761:
753:
701:
675:Nature
598:
504:Turkey
453:, the
369:Africa
269:gabbro
206:strain
142:Reid's
93:zigzag
64:motion
1988:Ocean
1957:Alvin
1807:Swash
1651:Plate
1596:Knoll
1586:Guyot
1541:Atoll
1420:Tides
1183:model
1069:Swell
901:Waves
759:S2CID
699:S2CID
491:Fault
284:Types
245:magma
56:fault
1955:DSV
1940:Argo
1802:Surf
1258:Eddy
751:PMID
652:D.C.
639:2020
596:ISBN
469:and
429:The
367:and
267:and
104:and
840:doi
797:doi
785:250
743:doi
731:329
691:doi
679:207
524:'s
515:'s
506:'s
497:'s
487:'s
457:'s
449:In
441:'s
437:on
50:or
2137::
838:.
828:81
826:.
809:^
795:.
783:.
771:^
757:.
749:.
741:.
729:.
697:.
689:.
677:.
657:^
224:.
108:.
46:A
885:e
878:t
871:v
846:.
842::
834::
803:.
799::
791::
765:.
745::
737::
705:.
693::
685::
641:.
604:.
20:)
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