31:
338:'s Sections 118 as provincial subsidies. By 1907, these payments were altered as new provinces joined the Dominion. In a 1957 arrangement, poorer provinces received annual payments: Prince Edward Island received $ 2.5 million and the three provinces, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick each received $ 7.5 million. These payments ended and were rolled into the 1967 equalization program intended to "enable each province to provide an adequate level of public services without resort to rates of taxation substantially higher than those of other provinces."
42:
733:
342:
the
Atlantic provinces. Canada measures average fiscal capacity of each province which varies widely. Alberta is the highest at $ 12,577 per person and PEI is the lowest at $ 6,013 per person. In 2016 federal income tax in Alberta was more than $ 8,000 compared to less than $ 3,000 in PEI. All provinces pay the same federal tax rates.
341:
In Canada, transfers payments are contentious and equalization formulas are often revised. Implicit transfers through federal taxation, for example, are greater in higher income provinces such as
British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Ontario and lower in provinces such as Manitoba, Quebec, and
310:
as part of Canada's "fiscal federalism" through explicit and implicit redistribution. These transfers are intended to assist provinces with less fiscal capacity than others in providing comparable public services in all regions, including health and education. Transfers include explicit programs such
345:
Economist Trevor Tombe wrote that by 2018, transfer payments had become "complex arrangements" that are much larger than the original subsidies and are "more equally distributed". By 2018, inter-provincial redistribution has decreased to less than 2% of Canada's GDP, its lowest in 60 years. In the
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Since July 2011, existing regional and local social security schemes, including pooling arrangements, are gradually being unified under the country's first national law on social transfer payments. The government aims to establish a comprehensive, equitable, and unified pension system that covers
156:
together and spend the money to further a certain agenda. Some of the spending pays for goods and services, such as buildings, equipment, and government worker salaries. These expenditures are exchanges in which money is traded for something with a recognized value. The payments may be viewed as
376:
The U.S. still utilizes paper transfer payments in its Social
Security administration as many recipients, particularly those in lower-income categories, are unbanked, i.e. do not have a bank account to facilitate direct deposits. However, the U.S. has been able to implement electronic transfer
202:
More than 100 million poor people worldwide receive a government transfer payment. It is estimated that 90% of high-income nations make these payments via electronic transfer methods, whereas over half of the world's developing countries utilizes paper payments such as cash or checks. Transfer
116:
transaction which mutually benefits all the parties involved in it, the transfer payment consists of a donor and a recipient, with the donor giving up something of value without receiving anything in return. Transfers can be made both between individuals and entities, such as private
355:
both urban and rural residents by 2020. In 2016, the government decided to establish a unified health insurance system for both rural and non-salaried urban residents. The government has also announced that medical insurance and maternity insurance programs will be merged.
226:
transfer payments consist of individual goods and services provided to households by governmental bodies and non-profit institutions serving households (NPISHs), which are either acquired on the market or produced as non-market output by governmental bodies or NPISHs.
252:
Primarily, social security benefits are designed to provide income continuity to those persons who have retired from labour force because of either inability to work (physical disability or mental trauma), to find employment or due to old age (retirement).
203:
payment via cash is the most popular method of transferring benefits to beneficiaries. However, cash transfer programs are constrained by three factors: financial resources, institutional capacity, and ideology, particularly in countries in the
447:
Payments that are made without any good or service being received in return. Much Public
Spending goes on transfers, such as pensions and WELFARE benefits. Private-sector transfers include charitable donations and prizes to lottery
293:
arises because of the mismatch between the tax revenues and government expenses for the various state and territorial governments. This imbalance is addressed by a horizontal fiscal equalisation (HFE) policy overseen by the
363:
India has four types of social transfer payments – old age and disability benefits, sickness and maternity benefits, work injury transfers, and unemployment benefits. Most sources of payments are employers (via
606:
583:
182:
largest share of transfer payments is typically administered to the older age groups, which constitute to a smallest share of population of the lower income countries, regions or states
165:. However, government transfer payments do not boost production or economic activity. For example, foreign aid does not necessarily prompt foreign trade. Additionally, some argue that
207:. Many governments in poorer countries, where cash transfers could potentially have the most impressive impact, are often unwilling to implement such programmes due to fears of
698:
172:
Furthermore, the macroeconomic effect of transfer payments is reduced in the lower income countries and regions/states. The reasons for such disparity are the following:
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does not include transfer payments, which are the reallocation of money from one party to another rather than expenditure on newly produced goods and services.
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A criticism of transfer payments is that they do not produce outcomes that are economically advantageous. Governments pool
806:
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In Canada, Federal-Provincial transfers usually refer to a system of payments from the federal government to the
94:
750:
726:
331:. There are also implicit transfers that result from federal taxation and spending decisions and policies.
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133:
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86:
82:
125:. These transactions can be both voluntary or involuntary and are generally motivated either by the
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the size of transfer payments is generally dependent on the previous earnings of the beneficiary
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the level of transfer payments is subject to the fiscal capacities of the administering entity
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431:
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85:). These payments are considered to be non-exhaustive because they do not directly absorb
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50:
800:
737:
699:"Final, Unalterable (and Up for Negotiation): Federal-Provincial Transfers in Canada"
628:
469:
406:
197:
35:
539:
Smeeding, Timothy M. (1977). "The
Antipoverty Effectiveness of In-Kind Transfers".
204:
751:"Social Security Programs Throughout the World: Asia and the Pacific, 2014: India"
727:"Social Security Programs Throughout the World: Asia and the Pacific, 2014: China"
17:
791:
792:
Department of
Finance (Canada): Federal Transfers to Provinces and Territories
162:
74:
560:
208:
629:"OECD Glossary of Statistical Terms - Social transfers in kind Definition"
411:
126:
106:
769:"General Guidelines for the Development of Government Payment Programs"
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118:
102:
54:
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169:, such as unemployment benefits, reduce incentives to take paid work.
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Transfer payments to (persons) as a percent of federal revenue in the
552:
113:
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
652:
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systems in its food stamps and education assistance programs.
149:
45:
Transfer payments to (persons + business) in the United States
607:"Cash Transfers and Political Economy in Sub-Saharan Africa"
523:"Transfer Payments," Encyclopedia of Business and Finance
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Other social security benefits in kind (e.g. food stamps)
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Slater, Rachel; Farrington, John (November 27, 2009).
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Transfers of individual non-market goods or services
129:of the donor or the malevolence of the recipient.
460:Lampman, Robert J. (2016), "Transfer Payments",
432:"Economics A–Z terms beginning with T –transfer"
494:"Chapter 6: Production, Income, and Employment"
334:Canada's transfer payments originated in the
8:
653:"Benefits | Social Security Administration"
498:Macroeconomics: Principles and Applications
729:. US Social Security Administration. 2014.
492:Hall, Robert E.; Lieberman, Marc (2012).
81:being received in return (in contrast to
462:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
234:Social security benefits, reimbursements
93:. Examples of transfer payments include
40:
29:
464:, Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 1–3,
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256:These include, but are not limited to:
7:
534:
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269:State and local government pensions
71:redistribution of income and wealth
240:Social assistance benefits in kind
27:Governmental wealth redistribution
25:
500:. Cengage Learning. p. 145.
325:Canada Health and Social Transfer
731:
470:10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_1755-1
336:British North America Act (1867)
132:For the purpose of calculating
755:Social Security Administration
611:Overseas Development Institute
605:McCord, Anna (November 2009).
588:Overseas Development Institute
541:The Journal of Human Resources
296:Commonwealth Grants Commission
1:
329:Territorial Formula Financing
289:In Australia, the horizontal
402:Transfer payments multiplier
275:Supplemental Security Income
817:Taxation and redistribution
584:"Cash Transfers: Targeting"
521:Evans, Kim Masters (2014).
833:
260:Unemployment compensations
195:
77:making a payment, without
525:. Gale. pp. 750–752.
346:early 1980s it was 3.5%.
708:, Working Papers 2018-13
430:Bishop, Matthew (2012).
230:The items included are:
368:), and the government.
248:Social security benefit
321:Canada Social Transfer
317:Canada Health Transfer
266:Civil service pensions
211:and more importantly,
134:gross domestic product
95:welfare, financial aid
46:
38:
706:University of Calgary
313:equalization payments
83:Financial transaction
44:
33:
807:Government in Canada
697:Tombe, Trevor (nd),
323:(CST) (formerly the
159:industrial activity
138:government spending
123:governmental bodies
63:government transfer
272:Survivors benefits
215:on the transfers.
187:Methods of payment
154:sources of revenue
47:
39:
507:978-1-111-82235-4
392:Government budget
263:Old age insurance
101:, and government
79:goods or services
18:Transfer payments
16:(Redirected from
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613:. Archived from
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219:In-kind transfer
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73:by means of the
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99:social security
67:fiscal transfer
61:(also called a
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786:External links
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633:stats.oecd.org
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617:on 2011-07-04.
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657:www.ssa.gov
112:Unlike the
801:Categories
776:World Bank
662:2019-04-28
638:2019-04-28
418:References
280:By country
213:dependency
163:employment
152:and other
107:businesses
89:or create
75:government
65:or simply
561:0022-166X
308:provinces
285:Australia
209:inflation
157:boosting
144:Criticism
119:companies
103:subsidies
87:resources
812:Payments
448:winners.
412:Workfare
381:See also
127:altruism
114:exchange
778:. 2012.
757:. 2014.
441:11 July
224:In-kind
136:(GDP),
69:) is a
55:finance
569:145496
567:
559:
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327:) and
302:Canada
91:output
772:(PDF)
702:(PDF)
565:JSTOR
359:India
350:China
150:taxes
714:2018
557:ISSN
502:ISBN
474:ISBN
443:2012
192:Cash
161:and
57:, a
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549:doi
466:doi
311:as
121:or
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
