494:
The procedure entails removing the segment of cancerous ureter and reattaching the end. Patients with advanced bladder cancer or disease, also often look to bladder reconstruction as a treatment. Current methods of bladder reconstruction include the use of gastrointestinal tissue. However, while this method is effective in improving the function of the bladder, it can actually increases the risk of cancer, and can cause other complications, such as infections, urinary stones, and electrolyte imbalance. Therefore, other methods loom in the future. For example, current research paves the way for use of pluripotent stem cells to derive urothelium, as they are highly and indefinitely proliferative in vitro (i.e. outside of the body).
402:
is due to a highly keratinized cellular membrane synthesized in the Golgi apparatus. The membrane is made up of a hexagonal lattice put together in the Golgi apparatus and implanted into the surface of the cell by reverse pinocytosis, a type of exocytosis. The cells in the superficial layer of the transitional epithelium are highly differentiated, allowing for maintenance of this barrier membrane. The basal layer of the epithelium is much less differentiated; however, it does act as a replacement source for more superficial layer. While the Golgi complex is much less prominent in the cells of the basal layer, these cells are rich in cytoplasmic proteins that bundle together to form
486:, and the second leading cause of cancer of the kidney. Transitional cell carcinoma can develop in two different ways. Should the transitional cell carcinoma grow toward the inner surface of the bladder via finger-like projections, it is known as papillary carcinoma. Otherwise, it is known as flat carcinoma. Either form can transition from non-invasive to invasive by spreading into the muscle layers of the bladder. Transitional cell carcinoma is commonly multifocal, more than one tumor occurring at the time of diagnosis.
687:
293:
29:
347:(column-shaped), while the cells of the superficial layer vary in appearance depending on the degree of distension. These cells appear to be cuboidal with a domed apex when the organ or the tube in which they reside is not stretched. When the organ or tube is stretched (such as when the bladder is filled with urine), the tissue compresses and the cells become stretched. When this happens, the cells flatten, and they appear to be
675:
41:
699:
711:
427:, or inside hollow space of the tract that it lines and the bloodstream. To help achieve this, the cells of transitional epithelium are connected by tight junctions, or virtually impenetrable junctions that seal together to the cellular membranes of neighboring cells. This barrier prevents re-absorption of toxic wastes and pathogens by the bloodstream.
493:
Transitional cell carcinoma patients have a variety of treatment options. These include nephroureterectomy, or the removal of kidney, ureter, and bladder cuff, and segmental resection of the ureter. This is an option only when the cancer is superficial and infects only the bottom third of the ureter.
509:
is a chronic disease of the bladder that causes feelings of pressure and pain in the bladder among other symptoms which can range from mild to severe. Urinary frequency and urgency are the most common symptoms associated with the disease. The exact causes of IC/BPS are unknown, but there is evidence
401:
The urothelium is the most impermeable membrane in the mammalian body. Because of its importance in acting as an osmotic barrier between the contents of the urinary tract and the surrounding organs and tissues, transitional epithelium is relatively impermeable to water and salts. This impermeability
489:
Transitional cell carcinoma can metastasize, or spread to other parts of the body via the surrounding tissues, the lymph system, and the bloodstream. It can spread to the tissues and fat surrounding the kidney, the fat surrounding the ureter, or, more progressively, lymph nodes and other organs,
392:
The epithelium contains many intimate and delicate connections to neural and connective tissue. These connections allow for communication to tell the cells to expand or contract. The superficial layer of transitional epithelium is connected to the basal layer via cellular projections, such as
912:
Poon, Song Ling; Huang, Mi Ni; Choo, Yang; McPherson, John R.; Yu, Willie; Heng, Hong Lee; Gan, Anna; Myint, Swe Swe; Siew, Ee Yan; Ler, Lian Dee; Ng, Lay Guat; Weng, Wen-Hui; Chuang, Cheng-Keng; Yuen, John SP; Pang, See-Tong; Tan, Patrick; Teh, Bin Tean; Rozen, Steven G. (Dec 2015).
418:
The transitional epithelium cells stretch readily in order to accommodate fluctuation of volume of the liquid in an organ (the distal part of the urethra becomes non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium in females; the part that lines the bottom of the tissue is called the
385:. This layer is the only fully differentiated layer of the epithelium. It provides an impenetrable barrier between the lumen and the bloodstream, so as not to allow the bloodstream to reabsorb harmful wastes or pathogens. All transitional epithelial cells are covered in
393:
intermediate filaments protruding from the cellular membrane. These structural elements cause the epithelium to allow distension; however, these also cause the tissue to be relatively fragile and, therefore, difficult to study. All cells touch the basement membrane.
510:
of an association between increased permeability of the urothelium and IC. Since the purpose of the urothelium is to act as a highly resistant barrier, the loss of this function has serious clinical implications. Many patients with IC have exhibited a loss of
359:
Transitional epithelium is made up of three types of cell layers: basal, intermediate, and superficial. The basal layer fosters the epithelial stem cells in order to provide constant renewal of the epithelium. These cells' cytoplasm is rich in tonofilaments and
307:. Transitional epithelium is a type of tissue that changes shape in response to stretching (stretchable epithelium). The transitional epithelium usually appears cuboidal when relaxed and squamous when stretched. This tissue consists of multiple layers of
376:
and an array of membrane-bound vesicles. These function in the packaging and transport of proteins, such as keratin, to the superficial cell layer. The cells of the superficial cell layer that lines the lumen are known as
372:. The intermediate cell layer is highly proliferative and, therefore, provides for rapid cell regeneration in response to injury or infection of the organ or tube in which it resides. These cells contain a prominent
490:
including bone. Common risk factors of transitional cell carcinoma include long-term misuse of pain medication, smoking, and exposure to chemicals used in the making of leather, plastic, textiles, and rubber.
1267:
296:
Transitional epithelium animation, highlighting the epithelial layer, then underlying connective tissue. Contrast the messy appearance of the epithelial surface to other epithelial tissues.
804:
902:
Firth, J. A., & Hicks, R. M. (1973). Interspecies variation in the fine structure and enzyme cytochemistry of mammalian transitional epithelium. Journal of
Anatomy, 116(Pt 1), 31–43.
538:
803:
Osborn, S. L., & Kurzrock, E. A. (2015). Production of
Urothelium from Pluripotent Stem Cells for Regenerative Applications. Current Urology Reports, 16(1), 1+. Retrieved from
726:
1009:
964:
455:
mutations and is a cause of liver, urothelial and bladder cancers. Occupational exposure to certain chemicals is also a risk factor for bladder cancer. This can include
435:
Urothelium is susceptible to carcinoma. Because the bladder is in contact with urine for extended periods, chemicals that become concentrated in the urine can cause
1260:
787:
Monis, B., & Zambrano, D. (1968). Ultrastructure of transitional epithelium of man. Zeitschrift für
Zellforschung und Microscopical Anatomie, 87(1), 101-117.
1064:
Hurst, Robert E.; Greenwood-Van
Meerveld, Beverley; Wisniewski, Amy B.; VanGordon, Samuel; Lin, HsuehKung; Kropp, Bradley P.; Towner, Rheal A. (October 2015).
805:
http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA390522720&v=2.1&u=clemsonu_main&it=r&p=AONE&sw=w&asid=bf6961c15c9b9523113dee93fd8df89c
279:
1212:
1151:
1253:
1028:
686:
648:
1236:
978:
1224:
658:
638:
623:
1135:
1404:
163:
633:
311:
cells which can contract and expand in order to adapt to the degree of distension needed. Transitional epithelium lines the organs of the
653:
618:
613:
253:
628:
1006:
89:
643:
580:
553:
460:
548:
1384:
1377:
1370:
272:
186:
158:
135:
49:, known as urothelium. The rounded surface of the apical cells is a distinguishing characteristic of this type of epithelium.
603:
558:
230:
878:
Hicks, R. (1966). THE FUNCTION OF THE GOLGI COMPLEX IN TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM: Synthesis of the Thick Cell
Membrane.
528:
475:
365:
1350:
1343:
1324:
575:
235:
181:
153:
130:
590:
1613:
1180:
1029:
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases_conditions/hic_Transitional_Cell_Cancer_of_Renal_Pelvis_and_Ureter
523:
265:
570:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1203:
1188:
www.urothelium.com is an online resource for information about Human
Urothelium and the "Biomimetic Urothelium"
172:
144:
121:
77:
698:
1209:
1169:
607:
565:
339:
The appearance of transitional epithelium differs according to its cell layer. Cells of the basal layer are
1409:
710:
674:
585:
207:
958:
502:
212:
82:
1233:
1176:
598:
533:
482:, occurring in 9 out of 10 cases. It is also the leading cause of cancer of the ureter, urethra, and
202:
1190:
1040:
292:
1464:
1221:
368:. The tonofilaments play a role in the attachment of the basal layer to the basement membrane via
1550:
443:
leads to the concentration of carcinogens in the urine and is a leading cause of bladder cancer.
222:
841:
842:"Membranes and membrane surfaces: Dynamics of cytoplasmic membranes in pancreatic acinar cells"
1577:
1567:
1131:
1103:
1085:
1007:
http://www.cancer.org/cancer/bladdercancer/detailedguide/bladder-cancer-what-is-bladder-cancer
946:
861:
444:
440:
420:
28:
1093:
1077:
936:
926:
853:
448:
1555:
1486:
1481:
1240:
1228:
1216:
1194:
1162:
1156:
1013:
424:
373:
1081:
1588:
1562:
1509:
1098:
1065:
941:
914:
479:
456:
436:
407:
312:
65:
1199:
1607:
1572:
1504:
1041:"What is Interstitial Cystitis(IC)/Bladder Pain Syndrome? - Urology Care Foundation"
748:
1530:
1525:
1005:
American Cancer
Society. (2014). Bladder cancer. Retrieved November 25, 2014, from
886:
820:
Hicks, R. (1965). The Fine
Structure Of The Transitional Epithelium Of Rat Ureter.
361:
60:
1066:"Increased bladder permeability in interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome"
828:
1125:
846:
Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London. B, Biological Sciences
1334:
1329:
403:
40:
915:"Mutation signatures implicate aristolochic acid in bladder cancer development"
1423:
1276:
1027:
Transitional Cell Cancer. (2012, April 13). Retrieved
December 14, 2014, from
931:
511:
386:
378:
369:
308:
304:
114:
1089:
1476:
1459:
471:
1107:
950:
857:
865:
840:
Meldolesi, J.; Markham, Roy; Horne, R. W.; Hicks, R. Marian (1974-07-04).
1471:
348:
344:
340:
1165:
at the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center - "urinary bladder"
95:
483:
328:
46:
1584:
749:"Transitional epithelium- definition, structure, functions, examples"
542:
1245:
423:). Transitional epithelium also functions as a barrier between the
291:
1249:
1159:
at the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center - "ureter"
452:
1187:
649:
Urothelial carcinoma with syncitiotrophoblastic giant cells
659:
Urothelial carcinoma similar to giant cell tumor of bone
639:
Urothelial carcinoma, clear cell (glycogen-rich) variant
624:
Urothelial carcinoma with villoglandular differentiation
539:
Papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential
474:
is a type of cancer that occurs in epithelial cells.
634:
Urothelial carcinoma, lymphoepithelioma-like variant
1543:
1518:
1497:
1452:
1445:
1438:
1397:
1363:
1317:
1310:
1284:
727:
List of distinct cell types in the adult human body
76:
71:
59:
54:
21:
1170:Anatomy Atlases – Microscopic Anatomy, plate 02.24
654:Urothelial carcinoma with rhabdoid differentiation
619:Urothelial carcinoma with squamous differentiation
1001:
999:
614:Urothelial carcinoma with inverted growth pattern
887:http://jcb.rupress.org/content/30/3/623.abstract
885:(3), 623-643. Retrieved November 25, 2014, from
331:, for example, has a need for great distension.
829:http://jcb.rupress.org/content/26/1/25.abstract
827:(1), 25-48. Retrieved November 25, 2014, from
410:to attach the cells at the basement membrane.
1261:
963:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of March 2024 (
273:
8:
1023:
1021:
816:
814:
812:
629:Urothelial carcinoma, micropapillary variant
783:
781:
447:, a compound found in plants of the family
1449:
1442:
1394:
1360:
1314:
1268:
1254:
1246:
280:
266:
105:
39:
27:
1202:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
1097:
940:
930:
692:Schematic view of transitional epithelium
644:Urothelial carcinoma, lipoid cell variant
581:Urothelial atypia of unknown significance
554:High-grade papillary urothelial carcinoma
799:
797:
795:
793:
775:(9th ed., pp. 122-124). Boston: Pearson.
549:Low-grade papillary urothelial carcinoma
898:
896:
894:
736:
670:
245:
194:
171:
143:
120:
113:
956:
93:
18:
7:
1405:Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
771:Marieb, E., & Hoehn, K. (2013).
742:
740:
1173:- "Transitional Epithelium", Ureter
1082:10.3978/j.issn.2223-4683.2015.10.03
1070:Translational Andrology and Urology
320:
109:This article is part of a series on
254:Table of epithelia of human organs
14:
704:Vertical section of bladder wall.
709:
697:
685:
673:
529:Papillary urothelial hyperplasia
461:polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
406:. These tonofibrils converge at
90:Anatomical terms of microanatomy
747:Sapkota, Anupama (2020-09-28).
45:Transitional epithelium of the
1385:Stratified columnar epithelium
1378:Stratified cuboidal epithelium
1371:Stratified squamous epithelium
773:Human anatomy & physiology
1:
1124:Andersson, Karl-Erik (2011).
979:"Bladder cancer risk factors"
716:Transverse section of ureter.
604:Invasive urothelial carcinoma
576:Urothelial inverted papilloma
559:Invasive urothelial carcinoma
463:, and diesel engine exhaust.
389:and a fibrillar mucous coat.
880:The Journal of Cell Biology,
822:The Journal of Cell Biology,
591:Urothelial carcinoma in situ
524:Papillary urothelial lesions
364:; however, they contain few
476:Transitional cell carcinoma
366:rough endoplasmic reticulum
1630:
1351:Simple columnar epithelium
1344:Simple cuboidal epithelium
1325:Simple squamous epithelium
571:Reactive urothelial atypia
932:10.1186/s13073-015-0161-3
88:
38:
26:
1204:Medical Subject Headings
507:painful bladder syndrome
173:Cuboidal epithelial cell
145:Columnar epithelial cell
122:Squamous epithelial cell
1419:Transitional epithelium
1210:Histology at qmul.ac.uk
935:(inactive 2024-03-19).
566:Flat urothelial lesions
478:is the leading type of
301:Transitional epithelium
33:Transitional epithelium
22:Transitional epithelium
1410:Respiratory epithelium
1163:Histology image: 37_02
1157:Histology image: 36_02
858:10.1098/rstb.1974.0014
297:
1234:Histology at wisc.edu
1152:Histology at utmb.edu
1045:www.urologyhealth.org
503:Interstitial cystitis
498:Interstitial cystitis
431:Clinical significance
315:and is known here as
305:stratified epithelium
295:
195:Specialised epithelia
1222:Diagram at umich.edu
599:urothelial carcinoma
586:Urothelial dysplasia
534:Urothelial papilloma
680:Types of epithelium
1551:Myoepithelial cell
1239:2008-06-10 at the
1227:2006-09-10 at the
1215:2011-07-21 at the
1193:2011-02-01 at the
1012:2016-12-01 at the
983:Cancer Research UK
518:Urothelial lesions
343:(cube-shaped), or
298:
83:H2.00.02.0.02033
1601:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1539:
1538:
1434:
1433:
1393:
1392:
1359:
1358:
1177:Histology at KUMC
1137:978-3-642-16498-9
445:Aristolochic acid
441:cigarette smoking
421:basement membrane
290:
289:
104:
103:
99:
1621:
1614:Epithelial cells
1450:
1443:
1395:
1361:
1315:
1270:
1263:
1256:
1247:
1141:
1112:
1111:
1101:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1052:
1051:
1037:
1031:
1025:
1016:
1003:
994:
993:
991:
989:
975:
969:
968:
962:
954:
944:
934:
909:
903:
900:
889:
876:
870:
869:
837:
831:
818:
807:
801:
788:
785:
776:
769:
763:
762:
760:
759:
744:
713:
701:
689:
677:
449:Aristolochiaceae
439:. For example,
322:
282:
275:
268:
164:Pseudostratified
106:
96:edit on Wikidata
43:
31:
19:
16:A type of tissue
1629:
1628:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1604:
1603:
1602:
1593:
1556:Serous demilune
1535:
1514:
1493:
1430:
1389:
1355:
1306:
1280:
1274:
1241:Wayback Machine
1229:Wayback Machine
1217:Wayback Machine
1195:Wayback Machine
1181:urinary-renal16
1148:
1138:
1123:
1120:
1115:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1049:
1047:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1026:
1019:
1014:Wayback Machine
1004:
997:
987:
985:
977:
976:
972:
955:
919:Genome Medicine
911:
910:
906:
901:
892:
877:
873:
839:
838:
834:
819:
810:
802:
791:
786:
779:
770:
766:
757:
755:
746:
745:
738:
734:
724:
717:
714:
705:
702:
693:
690:
681:
678:
669:
520:
505:(IC) a type of
500:
469:
459:(aniline dye),
457:aromatic amines
433:
416:
399:
374:Golgi apparatus
357:
351:and irregular.
337:
286:
100:
50:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1627:
1625:
1617:
1616:
1606:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1591:
1582:
1581:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1559:
1558:
1553:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1533:
1528:
1522:
1520:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1512:
1510:Alveolar gland
1507:
1501:
1499:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1491:
1490:
1489:
1484:
1474:
1469:
1468:
1467:
1456:
1454:
1447:
1440:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1428:
1427:
1426:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1412:
1401:
1399:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1367:
1365:
1357:
1356:
1354:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1338:
1337:
1332:
1321:
1319:
1312:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1281:
1275:
1273:
1272:
1265:
1258:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1231:
1219:
1207:
1197:
1185:
1174:
1166:
1160:
1154:
1147:
1146:External links
1144:
1143:
1142:
1136:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1113:
1076:(5): 563–571.
1056:
1032:
1017:
995:
970:
904:
890:
871:
852:(891): 39–53.
832:
808:
789:
777:
764:
735:
733:
730:
723:
720:
719:
718:
715:
708:
706:
703:
696:
694:
691:
684:
682:
679:
672:
668:
665:
664:
663:
662:
661:
656:
651:
646:
641:
636:
631:
626:
621:
616:
611:
595:
594:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
563:
562:
561:
556:
551:
546:
536:
531:
519:
516:
512:umbrella cells
499:
496:
480:bladder cancer
468:
465:
451:, also causes
437:bladder cancer
432:
429:
415:
412:
408:hemidesmosomes
398:
395:
383:umbrella cells
356:
353:
336:
333:
313:urinary system
288:
287:
285:
284:
277:
270:
262:
259:
258:
257:
256:
248:
247:
243:
242:
241:
240:
239:
238:
233:
225:
220:
215:
210:
205:
197:
196:
192:
191:
190:
189:
184:
176:
175:
169:
168:
167:
166:
161:
156:
148:
147:
141:
140:
139:
138:
133:
125:
124:
118:
117:
111:
110:
102:
101:
92:
86:
85:
80:
74:
73:
69:
68:
66:Urinary system
63:
57:
56:
52:
51:
44:
36:
35:
32:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1626:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1590:
1586:
1583:
1579:
1578:Intercalated
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1542:
1532:
1531:Mucous glands
1529:
1527:
1526:Serous glands
1524:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1505:Tubular gland
1503:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1448:
1444:
1441:
1437:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1366:
1362:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1313:
1309:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1271:
1266:
1264:
1259:
1257:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1242:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1139:
1133:
1129:
1128:
1127:Urinary Tract
1122:
1121:
1117:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1060:
1057:
1046:
1042:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1015:
1011:
1008:
1002:
1000:
996:
984:
980:
974:
971:
966:
960:
952:
948:
943:
938:
933:
928:
924:
920:
916:
908:
905:
899:
897:
895:
891:
888:
884:
881:
875:
872:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
836:
833:
830:
826:
823:
817:
815:
813:
809:
806:
800:
798:
796:
794:
790:
784:
782:
778:
774:
768:
765:
754:
753:Microbe Notes
750:
743:
741:
737:
731:
729:
728:
721:
712:
707:
700:
695:
688:
683:
676:
671:
666:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
609:
605:
602:
601:
600:
596:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
568:
567:
564:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
544:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
526:
525:
522:
521:
517:
515:
513:
508:
504:
497:
495:
491:
487:
485:
481:
477:
473:
466:
464:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
430:
428:
426:
422:
413:
411:
409:
405:
397:Cell membrane
396:
394:
390:
388:
384:
380:
375:
371:
367:
363:
354:
352:
350:
346:
342:
334:
332:
330:
326:
318:
314:
310:
306:
303:is a type of
302:
294:
283:
278:
276:
271:
269:
264:
263:
261:
260:
255:
252:
251:
250:
249:
244:
237:
234:
232:
229:
228:
226:
224:
221:
219:
216:
214:
211:
209:
206:
204:
201:
200:
199:
198:
193:
188:
185:
183:
180:
179:
178:
177:
174:
170:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
151:
150:
149:
146:
142:
137:
134:
132:
129:
128:
127:
126:
123:
119:
116:
112:
108:
107:
97:
91:
87:
84:
81:
79:
75:
70:
67:
64:
62:
58:
53:
48:
42:
37:
30:
25:
20:
1568:Intralobular
1418:
1179:
1168:
1130:. Springer.
1126:
1118:Bibliography
1073:
1069:
1059:
1048:. Retrieved
1044:
1035:
986:. Retrieved
982:
973:
959:cite journal
922:
918:
907:
882:
879:
874:
849:
845:
835:
824:
821:
772:
767:
756:. Retrieved
752:
725:
506:
501:
492:
488:
470:
434:
417:
400:
391:
382:
362:mitochondria
358:
338:
324:
316:
300:
299:
218:Transitional
217:
1335:Mesothelium
1330:Endothelium
404:tonofibrils
379:facet cells
355:Cell layers
208:Respiratory
72:Identifiers
1544:Components
1424:Urothelium
1364:stratified
1277:Epithelial
1200:Urothelium
1050:2021-07-12
758:2021-10-17
732:References
387:microvilli
370:desmosomes
317:urothelium
309:epithelial
213:Intestinal
187:Stratified
159:Stratified
136:Stratified
1573:Striated
1519:Secretion
1487:Meibomian
1482:Sebaceous
1477:Holocrine
1460:Merocrine
1453:Mechanism
1297:Cuboidal
1292:Squamous
1090:2223-4691
925:(1): 38.
597:Invasive
472:Carcinoma
467:Carcinoma
335:Structure
325:urothelia
227:Germinal
203:Olfactory
115:Epithelia
1608:Category
1472:Apocrine
1302:Columnar
1237:Archived
1225:Archived
1213:Archived
1191:Archived
1184:"ureter"
1108:26751576
1010:Archived
951:26015808
722:See also
414:Function
349:squamous
345:columnar
341:cuboidal
1465:Eccrine
1099:4706376
988:27 July
942:4443665
866:4155089
667:Gallery
484:urachus
329:bladder
327:). The
223:Vaginal
55:Details
47:bladder
1585:Acinus
1439:Glands
1318:Simple
1279:tissue
1206:(MeSH)
1134:
1106:
1096:
1088:
949:
939:
864:
543:PUNLMP
231:female
182:Simple
154:Simple
131:Simple
61:System
1563:Ducts
1498:Shape
1446:Types
1398:Other
1311:Types
1285:Cells
425:lumen
246:Other
94:[
1589:Lobe
1132:ISBN
1104:PMID
1086:ISSN
990:2014
965:link
947:PMID
862:PMID
236:male
1094:PMC
1078:doi
937:PMC
927:doi
854:doi
850:268
608:NOS
453:DNA
381:or
321:pl.
1610::
1102:.
1092:.
1084:.
1072:.
1068:.
1043:.
1020:^
998:^
981:.
961:}}
957:{{
945:.
921:.
917:.
893:^
883:30
860:.
848:.
844:.
825:26
811:^
792:^
780:^
751:.
739:^
514:.
323::
78:TH
1587:/
1269:e
1262:t
1255:v
1140:.
1110:.
1080::
1074:4
1053:.
992:.
967:)
953:.
929::
923:7
868:.
856::
761:.
610:)
606:(
545:)
541:(
319:(
281:e
274:t
267:v
98:]
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
