649:
text typing. Loops of translation units are thought to be the basic units by which translations are produced. Thus, Malmkjaer, for instance, defines process oriented translation units as a “stretch of the source text that the translator keeps in mind at any one time, in order to produce translation equivalents in the text he or she is creating” (p. 286). Records of keystrokes and eye movements allow to investigate these mental constructs through their physical (observable) behavioral traces in the translation process data. Empirical
Translation Process Research has deployed numerous theories to explain and models the behavioral traces of these assumed mental units.
146:
773:
29:
645:, supported by German linguist Wolfgang Lörscher: isolating units using self-reports by translating subjects. It also relates to how experienced the translator in question is: language learners take a word as a translation unit, whereas experienced translators isolate and translate units of meaning in the form of phrases, clauses or sentences.
661:, in which 27 English-Hebrew student-produced translations were mapped onto a source text. Those students that were less experienced had larger numbers of small units at word and morpheme level in their translations, while one student with translation experience had approximately half of those units, mostly at phrase or clause level.
600:
However, Russian scholar Leonid
Barkhudarov stated that, limiting it to poetry, for instance, a translation unit can take the form of a complete text. This seems to relate to his conception that a translation unit is the smallest unit in the source language with an equivalent in the target one, and
648:
Since 1996 and 2005 keylogging and eyetracking technologies were introduced in
Translation Process Research. These more advanced and non-invasive research methods made it possible to elaborate a finer-grained assessment of translation units as loops of (source or target text) reading and target
597:'s original concepts of the linguistic sign when beginning to discuss the idea of a single word as a translation unit. According to Saussure, the sign is naturally arbitrary, so it can only derive meaning from contrast in other signs in that same system.
569:
When a translator segments a text into translation units, the larger these units are, the better chance there is of obtaining an idiomatic translation. This is true not only of human translation, but also where human translators use
607:
widened
Barkhudarov's poetry perception to include prose, adding that in this type of translation text is the prime unit, including the idea that sentence-by-sentence translation could cause loss of important structural features.
611:
Swiss linguist Werner Koller connected
Barkhudarov's idea of unit sizing to the difference between the two languages involved, by stating that the more different or unrelated these languages were, the larger the unit would be.
640:
According to this point of view, a translation unit is a stretch of text on which attention is focused to be represented as a whole in the target language. In this point of view we can consider the concept of the
565:
is a segment of a text which the translator treats as a single cognitive unit for the purposes of establishing an equivalence. It may be a single word, a phrase, one or more sentences, or even a larger unit.
732:
Jakobsen, Arnt L., and Lasse Schou. 1999 “Translog
Documentation, Version 1.0.” In Probing the Process in Translation: Methods and Results ed. by Gyde Hansen, 1–36. Copenhagen: Samfundslitteratur
506:
741:
Hvelplund (2017) Eye
Tracking in Translation Process Research. In The Handbook of Translation and Cognition, (Eds.) John W. Schwieter and Aline Ferreira, Willey,
682:
409:
518:
544:
601:
when its parts are taken individually, they become untranslatable; these parts can be as small as phonemes or morphemes, or as large as entire texts.
491:
878:
378:
353:
745:
705:
Urovni yazykovoy iyerarkhii i perevod (Levels of language hierarchy and translation). In: Tetradi perevodchika (The
Translator's Notebooks)
404:
760:
Malmkjaer (1998) Unit of
Translation. In M. Baker (Ed.) Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies (pp. 286–88). London: Routledge
496:
856:
790:
486:
394:
112:
46:
623:. To him, translation units have a tendency to be small groups of language building up into sentences, thus forming what he called
837:
93:
809:
794:
537:
460:
266:
65:
50:
17:
678:
657:
Here, the target-text unit can be mapped into an equivalent source-text unit. A case study on this matter was reported by
571:
307:
292:
883:
816:
72:
430:
399:
225:
823:
783:
79:
39:
530:
170:
481:
805:
61:
363:
271:
210:
185:
446:
332:
230:
200:
594:
501:
358:
261:
205:
190:
513:
373:
368:
215:
129:
579:
440:
297:
256:
246:
220:
195:
575:
302:
180:
175:
830:
425:
276:
160:
86:
451:
749:
456:
435:
145:
16:
This article is about the linguistic meaning of the term. For the C programming term, see
604:
872:
348:
251:
658:
772:
720:
EinfĂĽhrung in die Ăśbersetzungswissenschaft (Introduction to
Translation Studies)
620:
558:
327:
322:
165:
137:
28:
476:
742:
317:
312:
471:
466:
766:
679:"Dr. Shadia Y. Banjar: Lecture Notes: The unit of translation"
22:
797:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
53:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
538:
8:
743:https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119241485.ch14
545:
531:
124:
857:Learn how and when to remove this message
578:, and when translations are performed by
113:Learn how and when to remove this message
631:Points of view towards translation units
670:
417:
386:
340:
284:
238:
152:
136:
497:Bhagavad-gita translations by language
354:Internationalization and localization
7:
795:adding citations to reliable sources
615:One final perception on the idea of
51:adding citations to reliable sources
487:Books and magazines on translation
14:
722:. Heidelberg: Quelle & Meyer.
771:
625:meaningful mouthfuls of language
144:
27:
782:needs additional citations for
685:from the original on 2024-04-28
38:needs additional citations for
586:Perceptions on the concept of
519:Kural translations by language
492:Bible translations by language
267:Dynamic and formal equivalence
18:translation unit (programming)
1:
879:Computer-assisted translation
572:computer-assisted translation
507:List of most translated works
308:Translation management system
703:Barkhudarov, Leonid (1969).
593:Vinay and Darbelnet took to
900:
15:
482:Journalistic translation
718:Koller, Werner (1992).
364:Video game localization
272:Contrastive linguistics
447:Telephone interpreting
333:Multimedia translation
379:Software localization
359:Language localization
262:Translation criticism
191:Linguistic validation
791:improve this article
653:Product-oriented POV
643:think-aloud protocol
636:Process-oriented POV
576:translation memories
374:Website localization
47:improve this article
884:Machine translation
619:came from linguist
580:machine translation
441:Video relay service
298:Machine translation
257:Translation project
247:Translation studies
806:"Translation unit"
748:2024-04-28 at the
303:Mobile translation
62:"Translation unit"
867:
866:
859:
841:
555:
554:
426:Untranslatability
277:Polysystem theory
123:
122:
115:
97:
891:
862:
855:
851:
848:
842:
840:
799:
775:
767:
761:
758:
752:
739:
733:
730:
724:
723:
715:
709:
708:
707:. pp. 3–12.
700:
694:
693:
691:
690:
675:
563:translation unit
557:In the field of
547:
540:
533:
502:Translated books
452:Language barrier
369:Dub localization
148:
125:
118:
111:
107:
104:
98:
96:
55:
31:
23:
899:
898:
894:
893:
892:
890:
889:
888:
869:
868:
863:
852:
846:
843:
800:
798:
788:
776:
765:
764:
759:
755:
750:Wayback Machine
740:
736:
731:
727:
717:
716:
712:
702:
701:
697:
688:
686:
677:
676:
672:
667:
655:
638:
633:
591:
551:
457:Fan translation
436:Transliteration
226:Sense-for-sense
119:
108:
102:
99:
56:
54:
44:
32:
21:
12:
11:
5:
897:
895:
887:
886:
881:
871:
870:
865:
864:
779:
777:
770:
763:
762:
753:
734:
725:
710:
695:
681:. 2009-11-05.
669:
668:
666:
663:
654:
651:
637:
634:
632:
629:
605:Susan Bassnett
590:
584:
553:
552:
550:
549:
542:
535:
527:
524:
523:
522:
521:
516:
511:
510:
509:
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
461:of video games
454:
449:
444:
438:
433:
428:
420:
419:
418:Related topics
415:
414:
413:
412:
407:
402:
397:
389:
388:
384:
383:
382:
381:
376:
371:
366:
361:
356:
351:
343:
342:
338:
337:
336:
335:
330:
325:
320:
315:
310:
305:
300:
295:
287:
286:
282:
281:
280:
279:
274:
269:
264:
259:
254:
249:
241:
240:
236:
235:
234:
233:
228:
223:
218:
213:
211:Interpretation
208:
203:
198:
193:
188:
183:
178:
173:
168:
163:
155:
154:
150:
149:
141:
140:
134:
133:
121:
120:
35:
33:
26:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
896:
885:
882:
880:
877:
876:
874:
861:
858:
850:
839:
836:
832:
829:
825:
822:
818:
815:
811:
808: –
807:
803:
802:Find sources:
796:
792:
786:
785:
780:This article
778:
774:
769:
768:
757:
754:
751:
747:
744:
738:
735:
729:
726:
721:
714:
711:
706:
699:
696:
684:
680:
674:
671:
664:
662:
660:
652:
650:
646:
644:
635:
630:
628:
626:
622:
618:
613:
609:
606:
602:
598:
596:
589:
585:
583:
581:
577:
573:
567:
564:
560:
548:
543:
541:
536:
534:
529:
528:
526:
525:
520:
517:
515:
512:
508:
505:
504:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
462:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
431:Transcription
429:
427:
424:
423:
422:
421:
416:
411:
408:
406:
405:Organizations
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
392:
391:
390:
387:Institutional
385:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
349:Glocalization
347:
346:
345:
344:
339:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
290:
289:
288:
283:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
252:Skopos theory
250:
248:
245:
244:
243:
242:
237:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
221:Word-for-word
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
171:Bhagavad-gita
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
158:
157:
156:
151:
147:
143:
142:
139:
135:
131:
127:
126:
117:
114:
106:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71:
67:
64: –
63:
59:
58:Find sources:
52:
48:
42:
41:
36:This article
34:
30:
25:
24:
19:
853:
847:January 2017
844:
834:
827:
820:
813:
801:
789:Please help
784:verification
781:
756:
737:
728:
719:
713:
704:
698:
687:. Retrieved
673:
659:Gideon Toury
656:
647:
642:
639:
624:
616:
614:
610:
603:
599:
592:
587:
568:
562:
556:
395:Associations
341:Localization
285:Technologies
109:
103:January 2017
100:
90:
83:
76:
69:
57:
45:Please help
40:verification
37:
621:Eugene Nida
559:translation
514:Translators
328:Postediting
323:Pre-editing
138:Translation
873:Categories
817:newspapers
689:2016-01-15
665:References
574:, such as
477:Scanlation
318:Subtitling
231:Homophonic
201:Regulatory
73:newspapers
582:systems.
206:Technical
746:Archived
683:Archived
595:Saussure
216:Cultural
166:Literary
130:a series
128:Part of
831:scholar
410:Schools
313:Dubbing
196:Medical
87:scholar
833:
826:
819:
812:
804:
472:Fandub
467:Fansub
400:Awards
239:Theory
89:
82:
75:
68:
60:
838:JSTOR
824:books
443:(VRS)
186:Kural
181:Quran
176:Bible
161:Legal
153:Types
94:JSTOR
80:books
810:news
617:unit
588:unit
561:, a
66:news
793:by
293:CAT
49:by
875::
627:.
132:on
860:)
854:(
849:)
845:(
835:·
828:·
821:·
814:·
787:.
692:.
546:e
539:t
532:v
463:)
459:(
116:)
110:(
105:)
101:(
91:·
84:·
77:·
70:·
43:.
20:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.