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1517:. These can be erected very quickly. Telescopic masts are used predominantly in setting up temporary radio links for reporting on major news events, and for temporary communications in emergencies. They are also used in tactical military networks. They can save money by needing to withstand high winds only when raised, and as such are widely used in
597:
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antennas are used. Such structures require no tall masts. They consist of two electrodes buried deep in the ground at least a few dozen kilometres apart. From the transmitter building to the electrodes, overhead feeder lines run. These lines look like power lines of the 10 kV level, and are installed
1214:
Carbon fibre monopoles and towers have traditionally been too expensive but recent developments in the way the carbon fibre tow is spun have resulted in solutions that offer strengths exceeding steel (10 times) for a fraction of the weight (70% less) which has allowed monopoles and towers to be built
1241:
As of 2022, wood, previously an uncommon material for telecommunications tower construction, has started to become increasingly common. In 2022, a wood telecommunications tower – the first of its kind in Italy – replaced a previously-existing steel structure to blend in with its wooded surroundings.
1062:
are sometimes also constructed out of steel tubes. This construction type has the advantage that cables and other components can be protected from weather inside the tube and consequently the structure may look cleaner. These masts are mainly used for FM-/TV-broadcasting, but sometimes also as mast
2044:
Broadcast engineers in the U.K. use the same terminology as the U.S., but terminology "mast" and "tower" as used in
English speaking countries makes a different distinction from their use in continental Europe: The distinction in the terminology in non-English speaking countries is based on how the
1307:
also had a 110-metre (360 ft) telecommunications antenna atop its roof, constructed in 1978–1979, and began transmission in 1980. When the buildings collapsed, several local TV and radio stations were knocked off the air until backup transmitters could be put into service. Such facilities also
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as ugly and an intrusion into their neighbourhoods. Even though people increasingly depend upon cellular communications, they are opposed to the bare towers spoiling otherwise scenic views. Many companies offer to 'hide' cellphone towers in, or as, trees, church towers, flag poles, water tanks and
1083:
Several tubular guyed masts were built in cities in Russia and
Ukraine. These masts featured horizontal crossbars running from the central mast structure to the guys and were built in the 1960s. The crossbars of these masts are equipped with a gangway that holds smaller antennas, though their main
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One problem with radio masts is the danger of wind-induced oscillations. This is particularly a concern with steel tube construction. One can reduce this by building cylindrical shock-mounts into the construction. One finds such shock-mounts, which look like cylinders thicker than the mast, for
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Telescopic lattice masts are raised by means of a winch, which may be powered by hand or an electric motor. These tend to cater for greater heights and loads than the pump-up type. When retracted, the whole assembly can sometimes be lowered to a horizontal position by means of a second tiltover
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Reinforced concrete towers are relatively expensive to build but provide a high degree of mechanical rigidity in strong winds. This can be important when antennas with narrow beamwidths are used, such as those used for microwave point-to-point links, and when the structure is to be occupied by
655:
is a self-supporting structure, possibly also placed on a rooftop, that accomplishes the same purpose of raising actual radiating antennas to a functional height. Since it does not require land area from which to anchor guy lines, towers are more commonly used in cities where land is in short
917:
was needed, at its wide waist. The pointed lower end of the antenna ended in a large ceramic insulator in the form of a ball-and-socket joint on a concrete base, relieving bending moments on the structure. The first, a 665 foot (203 m) half-wave mast was installed at radio station
852:
that was much higher than the ground resistance, reducing the fraction of transmitter power that was lost in the ground system without assistance from a capacitive top-load. In a second paper the same year he showed that the amount of power radiated horizontally in
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The steel lattice is the most widespread form of construction. It provides great strength, low weight and wind resistance, and economy in the use of materials. Lattices of triangular cross-section are most common, and square lattices are also widely used.
1736:
Height requirements vary across states and countries, and may include additional rules such as requiring a white flashing strobe in the daytime and pulsating red fixtures at night. Structures over a certain height may also be required to be painted with
1246:. For this reason, some utility pole distributors started to offer wood towers to meet the growing demands of 5G infrastructure. In the United States, for example, wood utility pole distributor Bell Lumber & Pole began developing products for the
1983:
Radio, television and cell towers have been documented to pose a hazard to birds. Reports have been issued documenting known bird fatalities and calling for research to find ways to minimize the hazard that communications towers can pose to birds.
738:, which was initially a wire suspended from a tall wooden pole. He found that the higher the antenna was suspended, the further he could transmit, the first recognition of the need for height in antennas. Radio began to be used commercially for
1079:
collapsed in 1985. Tubular masts were not built in all countries. In
Germany, France, UK, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Japan and the Soviet Union, many tubular guyed masts were built, while there are nearly none in Poland or North America.
1379:
The level of detail and realism achieved by disguised cellphone towers is remarkably high; for example, such towers disguised as trees are nearly indistinguishable from the real thing. Such towers can be placed unobtrusively in
581:. There are two main types: guyed and self-supporting structures. They are among the tallest human-made structures. Masts are often named after the broadcasting organizations that originally built them or currently use them.
1549:
can serve as a temporary support. It can carry an antenna or a wire (for VLF, LW or MW) up to an appropriate height. Such an arrangement is used occasionally by military agencies or radio amateurs. The
American broadcasters
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above ground level, and at lower frequencies and longer wavelengths, the height becomes infeasibly great (greater than 85 metres (279 ft)). Shortwave transmitters rarely use masts taller than about 100 metres.
1729:, usually red, to warn pilots of the structure's existence. In the past, ruggedized and under-run filament lamps were used to maximize the bulb life. Alternatively, neon lamps were used. Nowadays such lamps tend to use
1360:
other features. There are many providers that offer these services as part of the normal tower installation and maintenance service. These are generally called "stealth towers" or "stealth installations", or simply
3142:
1399:, and highlighted the sentiment that such disguises serve more to allow the installation of such towers in subterfuge, away from public scrutiny, rather than to serve towards the beautification of the landscape.
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Structurally, the only difference is that some mast radiators require the mast base to be insulated from the ground. In the case of an insulated tower, there will usually be one insulator supporting each leg.
934:
in the listening area. By the 1940s the AM broadcast industry had abandoned the Blaw-Knox design for the narrow, uniform cross section lattice mast used today, which had a better radiation pattern.
1027:
When built as a tower, the structure may be parallel-sided or taper over part or all of its height. When constructed of several sections which taper exponentially with height, in the manner of the
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which follow the contour of the Earth. The ground-hugging waves allowed the signals to travel beyond the horizon, out to hundreds of kilometers. However the newer FM and TV transmitters used the
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is a good example of this. A disadvantage of this mast type is that it is much more affected by winds than masts with open bodies. Several tubular guyed masts have collapsed. In the UK, the
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band – such long waves that they are nearly unused at present. Because the extreme wavelengths were one to several kilometers long, even the tallest feasible antennas by comparison were still
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A guyed mast needs additional land to accommodate the guys, and is thus best suited to rural locations where land is relatively cheap. An unguyed tower will fit into a much smaller plot.
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1996:
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in 1931. During the 1930s it was found that the diamond shape of the Blaw-Knox tower had an unfavorable current distribution which increased the power emitted at high angles, causing
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allows local jurisdictions to set maximum heights for towers, such as limiting tower height to below 200 feet (61 m) and therefore not requiring aircraft illumination under US
1352:
Disguised cell sites sometimes can be introduced into environments that require a low-impact visual outcome, by being made to look like trees, chimneys or other common structures.
1528:
Pump-up masts are often used on vehicles, and are raised to their full height pneumatically or hydraulically. They are usually only strong enough to support fairly small antennas.
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Because masts, towers and the antennas mounted on them require maintenance, access to the whole of the structure is necessary. Small structures are typically accessed with a
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transmitters wire antennas spun across deep valleys are used. The wires are supported by small masts or towers or rock anchors. The same technique was also used at
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frequencies for broadcasting raised the possibility of using single vertical masts without top loading. The antenna used for broadcasting through the 1920s was the
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are of steel lattice or tubular steel construction. Masts tend to be cheaper to build but require an extended area surrounding them to accommodate the guy wires.
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814:, which consisted of two masts with loading wires on top, strung between them, requiring twice the construction costs and land area of a single mast. In 1924
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Concrete towers can be built with aesthetic design considerations. They are sometimes built in prominent places and include observation decks or restaurants.
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is a concern, tower heights may be restricted so as to reduce or eliminate the need for aircraft warning lights. For example, in the United States the
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2826:— Towers transmitting on certain frequencies, or having transmitters over a certain power, must be registered in the US. This is the online directory.
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There have also been instances of rare birds nesting in cell towers and thereby preventing repair work due to legislation intended to protect them.
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Even when disguised, however, such towers can create controversy; a tower doubling as a flagpole attracted controversy in 2004 in relation to the
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American
Society of Civil Engineers. Subcommittee on Guyed Transmission Structures (1997). "Design of Guyed Electrical Transmission Structures".
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and they are exclusively used for FM and TV and are between 150–200-metre (490–660 ft) tall with one exception. The exception being the
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antenna, in which the metal structure of the mast itself functions as the antenna. One of the first types used was the diamond cantilever or
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1717:. Larger structures, which tend to require more frequent maintenance, may have stairs and sometimes a lift, also called a service elevator.
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structure is kept aloft; in
English speaking countries, the distinction is more over whether the structure seems relatively big or small.
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In the 1950s, AT&T built numerous concrete towers, more resembling silos than towers, for its first transcontinental microwave route.
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1169:, Canada. In addition to accommodating technical staff, these buildings may have public areas such as observation decks or restaurants.
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Shorter masts may consist of a self-supporting or guyed wooden pole, similar to a telegraph pole. Sometimes self-supporting tubular
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in locations that were too expensive or difficult to access with the heavy lifting equipment that is needed for a steel structure.
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One of the most commonly cited reasons telecom companies opt for wood is because it is the only material in the industry that is
769:, since the low-resistance antenna cannot effectively compete for power with the high-resistance earth. To partially compensate,
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consisting of horizontal wires strung between multiple 100–300 meters (330–980 ft) steel towers to increase efficiency.
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are typically relatively small, un-guyed structures, while larger structures, whether guyed or un-guyed, are referred to as
1064:
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Those few of the towers still standing do the opposite: They have a guyed lower section surmounted by a freestanding part.
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or radiating tower is one in which the metal mast or tower itself is energized and functions as the transmitting antenna.
413:
165:
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was the first tower in the world to be built in reinforced concrete. It was designed in 1956 by the local civil engineer
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which has height of 354 m (1161 ft) and is currently the tallest guyed tubular mast in the world after the
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published two historic papers which led to the development of the single mast antenna. In the first he derived the
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765:(only 5~25 Ohms). In any antenna, low radiation resistance leads to excessive power losses in its surrounding
240:
1429:
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969:. The only way to cover larger areas is to raise the antenna high enough so it has a line-of-sight path to them.
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2024:
1389:
1052:
674:
2438:"Wooden-structured telecommunication towers introduce a low-carbon option for Europe's accelerating 5G market"
1218:
Overall a carbon fiber structure is 40 - 50% faster to be erected compared to traditional building materials.
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4121:
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to describe structures used for radio or television transmission, regardless of whether it is guyed or not.
1726:
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erected in 1936 a mast for broadcasting early television on one of the towers of a
Victorian building, the
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1937:
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poles are occasionally used for low-power non-directional beacons or medium-wave broadcast transmitters.
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The terms "mast" and "tower" are often used interchangeably. However, in structural engineering terms, a
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2244:(December 1924). "On the optimum transmitting wave length for a vertical antenna over perfect earth".
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Two small towers may be less intrusive, visually, than one big one, especially if they look identical.
4198:
4136:
2994:
2646:
2293:. Vol. 3, no. 5. Mount Morris, IL: Techni-Craft Publishing Corp. November 1931. p. 269
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carry lateral forces such as wind loads, allowing the mast to be very narrow and simply constructed.
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range, there is little to be gained by raising the antenna more than a half to three quarters of a
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winch. This enables antennas to be fitted and adjusted at ground level before winching the mast up.
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In some cases, it is possible to install transmitting antennas on the roofs of tall buildings. In
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as the tallest. There are over 50 radio structures in the United States that are 600 m (
67:
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2010:
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1176:, Madhya Pradesh, in central India hosts a high-power transmitter for the public broadcasters
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Telescopic masts consist of two or more concentric sections and come in two principal types:
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Sreevidya, S.; Subramanian, N. (September 2003). "Aesthetic appraisal to antenna towers".
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in the 1940s–1950s created a need for even taller masts. The earlier AM broadcasting used
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There are a few borderline designs that are partly free-standing and partly guyed, called
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2517:"Some New York City TV and radio stations off the air after World Trade Center collapse"
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1975:
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A radio mast base showing how virtually all lateral support is provided by the guy-wires
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is a guyed tower with a guyed mast on top where the tower portion is not free-standing.
636:, a thin structure without the shear strength to stand unsupported, that uses attached
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353:
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85:
2865:
international tower photographer who has documented thousands of towers in his travels
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1104:
4273:
4233:
2282:"Half wave mast antenna: A 665 foot structure which constitutes a new departure"
2107:
2101:
1894:
1778:. There are also constructions, which consist of a free-standing tower, usually from
1741:
such as white and orange or white and red to make them more visible against the sky.
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do not require insulation, however, so base insulation is not an essential feature.
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Towers look less ugly if they and the antennas mounted on them appear symmetrical.
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for stability. They may be mounted on the ground or on top of buildings. Typical
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2289:
2143:
1920:
1915:
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1725:
Tall structures in excess of certain legislated heights are often equipped with
1643:
A steel lattice tower is cheaper to build than a concrete tower of equal height.
1634:
The cost of a mast or tower is roughly proportional to the square of its height.
1551:
1546:
1488:
1336:
1177:
1143:
1051:
Typical 200 foot (61 m) triangular guyed lattice mast of an AM radio station in
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807:
473:
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328:
190:
41:
37:
17:
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2325:. Vol. 8, no. 6. New York, NY: Teck Publishing Corp. pp. 462–463
2259:
2004:
1123:
826:. He found that the radiation resistance increased to a maximum at a length of
3102:
2464:"A celebration of the innovations and inventors that are shaping connectivity"
2321:
2000:
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1701:
1637:
A guyed mast is cheaper to build than a self-supporting tower of equal height.
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was the world's tallest supported structure on land; its collapse left the
2924:
2548:(photos). Electrical & Computer Engineering 1202. Charlotte, NC:
2254:(6). Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers: 823–832, 833–839.
30:"Telecommunications tower" redirects here. For individual structures, see
2387:"The Stations of AT&T's First Transcontinental Microwave Radio Route"
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1128:
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purpose is oscillation damping. The design designation of these masts is
1021:
938:
923:
914:
789:
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619:
260:
1790:, Netherlands. Further towers of this building method can be found near
1146:
most towers constructed for point-to-point microwave links are built of
1878:
1542:
1483:
is an antenna. Mast antennas are the transmitting antennas typical for
1166:
1139:
1005:
966:
596:
2944:
towers at least 80 meters tall, used in wind resource assessment"
703:
is a tall tower with a guyed mast on top with guys which go to ground.
3107:
2389:. The Microwave Radio and Coaxial Cable Networks of the Bell System.
1714:
1385:
1317:
1309:
1036:
2955:
1436:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
2742:"Angry Birds fire back: Vulture cousins menace U.K. city's mobiles"
2366:. The Microwave Radio and Coaxial Cable Networks of the Bell System
1974:
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1813:
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1671:
1655:
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1103:
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880:
779:
659:
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518:
255:
245:
135:
36:
1782:, onto which a guyed radio mast is installed. One example is the
2908:— contains tower pictures from New England, New York, and beyond
2833:
2694:
Avian
Collisions at Communication Towers: Sources of information
1555:
496:
3059:
3019:
Various communication masts & towers near
Atlanta, Georgia
2899:
contains tower pictures from New
England, New York, and beyond
2619:"Stealth cell towers and the 2004 U.S. Presidential Elections"
1401:
1321:
749:
stations, transmitting over long distances by using very long
745:
The first 20 years of commercial radio were dominated by
3043:
2661:
Shire, Gavin G.; Brown, Karen; Winegrad, Gerald (June 2000).
2642:"Telecom-equipped drones could revolutionize wireless market"
1384:
and other such protected places, such as towers disguised as
687:
consists of a self-supporting tower with a guyed mast on top.
3044:"Searchable map of all registered transmitters in Australia"
1335:
This 100-foot (30 m) tall cross conceals equipment for
1161:
Concrete towers can form prestigious landmarks, such as the
3003:"Mobile phone masts & radio base station planning U.K."
2936:
2385:
Michaels, Terry (31 July 2010). la France, Albert (ed.).
1312:, particularly for portable radio services and low-power
1075:
TV stations masts collapsed in the 1960s. In Germany the
668:
was, in 2012, the tallest freestanding tower in the world
2912:
2863:
1997:
List of catastrophic collapses of radio masts and towers
2897:
2719:"Nesting falcon hits Vodafone customers in Southampton"
2362:
Weishan, Wayne (26 May 2008). la France, Albert (ed.).
1425:
1279:, for instance, there are transmitting antennas on the
2413:"edotco Pioneers the First Carbon Fibre Tower in Asia"
1479:
or mast antenna is a radio tower or mast in which the
4184:
4099:
3836:
3788:
3777:
3652:
3210:
3125:
3116:
1371:Communications tower, at the horizon on the right,
1115:, Germany: the first reinforced-concrete TV tower.
565:are typically tall structures designed to support
2236:
2234:
2225:. Radio Antenna Engineering – via vias.org.
2217:. Radio Antenna Engineering – via vias.org.
1580:List of spans § Antenna spans across valleys
1127:Katanga TV tower, a reinforced-concrete tower in
1031:, the tower is said to be an Eiffelized one. The
2880:Western Michigan's website on towers of Michigan
2792:ASCE manuals and reports on engineering practice
2493:"Treated wood utility poles: A beginners' guide"
913:) shape which made it rigid, so only one set of
734:beginning in 1894. In 1895–1896 he invented the
4244:List of visionary tall buildings and structures
2247:Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers
1267:poles are used: these may be termed monopoles.
2663:Communication towers: A deadly hazard to birds
2497:Bell Structural Solutions (bellstructural.com)
1254:Other types of antenna supports and structures
3071:
2208:. McGraw-Hill Book Co. pp. 77–78, 79–81.
2199:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2189:
1945:
543:
8:
2991:Anorak Zone photo gallery (the-moores.co.uk)
2968:"The legal landscape when a tower collapses"
27:Tall structures designed to support antennas
773:stations used huge capacitively top-loaded
761:, and consequently had inherently very low
3785:
3122:
3078:
3064:
3056:
2925:"Amateur radio tower construction project"
2798:(91). American Society of Civil Engineers.
1952:
1938:
1804:
550:
536:
46:
2602:. Coronado National Forest / Tucson, AZ.
1513:A special form of the radio tower is the
1452:Learn how and when to remove this message
806:began around 1920. The allocation of the
32:Telecommunications Tower (disambiguation)
2835:Broadcast transmission sites in the U.K.
1679:antenna with a webcam mounted to aid in
2160:
2104:(also lists radio towers built of wood)
2037:
1907:
1886:
1855:
1828:
1812:
1503:Telescopic, pump-up and tiltover towers
1397:U.S. presidential campaign of that year
58:
2598:Wunderlich, Marv; Wunderlich, Elaine.
2364:"AT&T's Concrete Microwave Towers"
2223:"section 2.1.2, pages 79–81"
2215:"section 2.1.1, pages 77–78"
953:bands, where radio waves propagate as
857:reached a maximum at a mast height of
285:Wireless electronic devices and health
2393:from the original on 11 February 2021
2333:– via americanradiohistory.com.
2301:– via americanradiohistory.com.
1745:Light pollution and nuisance lighting
1609:Economic and aesthetic considerations
961:band, in which radio waves travel by
497:Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO)
291:International Telecommunication Union
7:
2986:U.K. TV and radio transmission sites
2818:"All U.S. towers over 200 feet"
2774:Journal of Architectural Engineering
2587:from the original on 11 August 2019.
2349:Skyscraper Page (skyscraperpage.com)
2312:Siemens, Frederick (December 1931).
848:so a mast around that length had an
736:vertical monopole or Marconi antenna
316:Radiation sources / regions
280:Wireless device radiation and health
2783:American Society of Civil Engineers
2469:Wireless Infrastructure Association
303:World Radiocommunication Conference
2538:la Fave, T.J. (22 May 2006).
1554:broadcast a television program to
25:
2600:"Sabino Canyon Recreational Area"
2060:Federal Communications Commission
1759:Federal Communications Commission
1566:In 2013, interest began in using
1343:, US. Completed in December 2009.
3087:Tallest buildings and structures
2640:Jones, Trahern (27 April 2013).
2444:(Press release). 13 January 2022
2314:"WABC's new "wire-less" antenna"
2017:
2003:
1820:
1406:
66:
3680:Countries with most skyscrapers
2050:In the U.S., structures called
1770:example, at the radio masts of
1692:Masts for HF/shortwave antennas
1570:(drones) for telecom purposes.
1339:at Epiphany Lutheran Church in
1096:was reduced in height in 2010.
1020:are often used; the supporting
822:of a vertical conductor over a
2698:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
2577:"Cell phone trees (fake tree)"
2139:Telecom infrastructure sharing
2098:(a newer type of mast antenna)
2062:regulations, for example, use
1065:Mühlacker transmitting station
972:Until 8 August 1991, the
901:led broadcasters to adopt the
1:
4209:Antenna height considerations
2904:NECRAT.US tower based website
2130:(an old type of mast antenna)
1415:This Radio masts and towers
965:, so they are limited by the
166:Low-noise block downconverter
4204:All buildings and structures
3675:Cities with most skyscrapers
2550:University of North Carolina
1558:by means of such a balloon.
1094:Belmont transmitting station
151:Counterpoise (ground system)
3670:Buildings by height to roof
2847:"Constructing stayed masts"
2740:Ray, Bill (17 April 2013).
2473:(Press release). 3 May 2022
2401:– via long-lines.net.
2374:– via long-lines.net.
2175:. Honekai Media. 2010-10-31
1755:1996 Telecommunications Act
1432:the claims made and adding
1248:telecommunications industry
897:By 1930 the expense of the
742:communication around 1900.
404:Friis transmission equation
4296:
2351:. Skyscraper Source Media.
2260:10.1109/JRPROC.1924.220011
2204:Laport, Edmund A. (1952).
2173:Telecom Tower Manufacturer
2123:Personal RF safety monitor
1994:
1968:
1618:Felsenegg-Girstel TV-tower
1577:
1506:
1468:
1172:The Katanga TV tower near
1063:radiator. The big mast of
1008:-type TV tower located in
794:Springfield, Massachusetts
719:
241:Municipal wireless network
29:
4214:Architectural engineering
3735:Skyscrapers by floor area
3093:
2721:. BBC News. 15 April 2013
2674:American Bird Conservancy
2206:Radio Antenna Engineering
1900:Most listened-to programs
1765:Wind-induced oscillations
1739:contrasting color schemes
1721:Aircraft warning features
1696:For transmissions in the
1497:Some mast antenna designs
726:The first experiments in
675:additionally guyed towers
488:Bell Laboratories Layered
4194:Additionally guyed tower
2993:(photos). Archived from
2887:(photos). Archived from
2575:Armstrong, W.P. (2004).
2025:Telecommunication portal
1749:In some countries where
1683:and observations of the
1574:Other special structures
1568:unmanned aerial vehicles
1390:Coronado National Forest
1131:, Madhya Pradesh, India.
1053:Mount Vernon, Washington
608:is a self-supporting or
4239:Height restriction laws
4117:Before the 20th century
1979:Radio tower in Jamshoro
1908:Physics and engineering
943:television broadcasting
759:too short, electrically
722:History of broadcasting
618:is held up by stays or
521:Multiple Access (WSDMA)
519:Wideband Space Division
4280:Radio masts and towers
3745:Voluntarily demolished
3260:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2972:mobar.org/journal/2001
2096:Folded unipole antenna
1991:Catastrophic collapses
1980:
1794:, Netherlands and the
1727:aircraft warning lamps
1688:
1669:
1630:
1620:
1590:Criggion radio station
1376:
1355:Many people view bare
1344:
1328:. It is still in use.
1297:One World Trade Center
1233:
1132:
1116:
1056:
1012:
909:. This had a diamond (
894:
797:
669:
601:
563:Radio masts and towers
251:Radio masts and towers
44:
4254:Partially guyed tower
3032:"UK masts and towers"
3012:on 16 September 2008.
2885:broadcast.net/~sbe102
2169:"Telecom Tower Types"
1978:
1675:
1659:
1626:
1616:
1595:For ELF transmitters
1370:
1334:
1281:Empire State Building
1224:
1126:
1107:
1077:Bielstein transmitter
1050:
1003:
887:Rugby VLF transmitter
884:
783:
663:
599:
439:Signal-to-noise ratio
274:Safety and regulation
40:
4199:Air traffic obstacle
3614:United Arab Emirates
2978:on 19 February 2002.
2851:Transmission Gallery
2839:Transmission Gallery
2647:The Arizona Republic
2556:on 12 September 2006
1362:concealed cell sites
1348:Disguised cell-sites
820:radiation resistance
788:of early AM station
784:Multiwire broadcast
763:radiation resistance
424:Radiation resistance
3816:former Soviet Union
3143:Indian subcontinent
2997:on 9 December 2012.
2896:Fitzpatrick, Mike.
2857:on 14 January 2006.
2149:Transmitter station
1869:Internet talk radio
1780:reinforced concrete
1681:weather forecasting
1668:steel-lattice tower
1600:on similar pylons.
1341:Lake Worth, Florida
1316:radio stations. In
1148:reinforced concrete
1100:Reinforced concrete
978:KVLY / KTHI-TV mast
728:radio communication
707:Torre de Collserola
612:structure, while a
3048:maps.spench.net/rf
3006:mobilemastinfo.com
2242:Ballantine, Stuart
2011:Electronics portal
1981:
1709:Access for riggers
1689:
1670:
1631:
1628:Uetliberg TV-tower
1621:
1537:Balloons and kites
1417:possibly contains
1388:in United States'
1377:
1345:
1305:World Trade Center
1234:
1189:Stuttgart TV tower
1133:
1117:
1057:
1013:
895:
804:radio broadcasting
798:
755:very low frequency
730:were conducted by
699:Zendstation Smilde
670:
602:
571:telecommunications
490:Space-Time (BLAST)
344:Near and far field
45:
4267:
4266:
4224:Early skyscrapers
4180:
4179:
4112:400 to 500 metres
4107:300 to 400 metres
3773:
3772:
3755:Early skyscrapers
3690:Designed by women
2604:Marlaine Services
2118:Mobile cell sites
2113:Measurement tower
1962:
1961:
1808:Part of series on
1462:
1461:
1454:
1419:original research
1090:mast in Vinnytsia
974:Warsaw radio mast
928:Wayne, New Jersey
816:Stuart Ballantine
732:Guglielmo Marconi
560:
559:
444:Spurious emission
429:Radio propagation
419:Radiation pattern
394:Equivalent radius
389:Electrical length
296:Radio Regulations
141:Block upconverter
16:(Redirected from
4287:
3786:
3695:Eastern Orthodox
3123:
3080:
3073:
3066:
3057:
3051:
3039:
3027:
3013:
3008:. Archived from
2998:
2983:Moore, Richard.
2979:
2974:. Archived from
2963:
2951:
2943:
2942:
2932:
2920:
2913:"Turkish towers"
2907:
2892:
2873:
2858:
2853:. Archived from
2842:
2825:
2822:wireless.fcc.gov
2799:
2786:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2715:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2705:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2670:Earthjustice.org
2667:
2658:
2652:
2651:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2625:. Archived from
2614:
2608:
2607:
2595:
2589:
2588:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2552:. Archived from
2535:
2529:
2528:
2523:. Archived from
2513:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2503:
2489:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2434:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2424:
2409:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2341:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2318:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2286:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2238:
2229:
2226:
2218:
2209:
2201:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2180:
2165:
2134:Targeting Towers
2067:
2042:
2027:
2022:
2021:
2020:
2013:
2008:
2007:
1954:
1947:
1940:
1824:
1805:
1457:
1450:
1446:
1443:
1437:
1434:inline citations
1410:
1409:
1402:
1357:cellphone towers
1326:Alexandra Palace
1303:of the original
1289:Prudential Tower
1265:galvanized steel
1244:climate positive
986:
985:
932:multipath fading
878:
873:
871:
870:
867:
864:
850:input resistance
847:
842:
840:
839:
836:
833:
775:flattop antennas
740:radiotelegraphic
691:Blaw-Knox towers
552:
545:
538:
317:
231:Cellular network
171:Passive radiator
70:
47:
21:
18:Transmitter mast
4295:
4294:
4290:
4289:
4288:
4286:
4285:
4284:
4270:
4269:
4268:
4263:
4186:
4176:
4172:Twin structures
4095:
3832:
3781:
3769:
3648:
3489:North Macedonia
3206:
3190:Central America
3112:
3089:
3084:
3054:
3042:
3036:thebigtower.com
3030:
3016:
3001:
2982:
2966:
2956:"French towers"
2954:
2940:
2938:
2937:"Displays over
2935:
2923:
2911:
2895:
2877:Bosscher, Tom.
2876:
2862:Fybush, Scott.
2861:
2845:
2832:
2816:
2813:
2789:
2770:
2767:
2765:Further reading
2762:
2752:
2750:
2739:
2738:
2734:
2724:
2722:
2717:
2716:
2712:
2703:
2701:
2692:
2691:
2687:
2678:
2676:
2665:
2660:
2659:
2655:
2639:
2638:
2634:
2617:Conway, Bruce.
2616:
2615:
2611:
2597:
2596:
2592:
2574:
2573:
2569:
2559:
2557:
2537:
2536:
2532:
2515:
2514:
2510:
2501:
2499:
2491:
2490:
2486:
2476:
2474:
2462:
2461:
2457:
2447:
2445:
2436:
2435:
2431:
2422:
2420:
2411:
2410:
2406:
2396:
2394:
2384:
2383:
2379:
2369:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2356:
2343:
2342:
2338:
2328:
2326:
2316:
2311:
2310:
2306:
2296:
2294:
2284:
2280:
2279:
2275:
2240:
2239:
2232:
2221:
2213:
2210:
2203:
2202:
2187:
2178:
2176:
2167:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2153:
2081:Antenna (radio)
2076:
2071:
2070:
2043:
2039:
2034:
2023:
2018:
2016:
2009:
2002:
1999:
1993:
1973:
1967:
1965:Hazard to birds
1958:
1879:Call-in (radio)
1843:Satellite radio
1784:Gerbrandy Tower
1767:
1751:light pollution
1747:
1723:
1711:
1694:
1685:Großer Feldberg
1611:
1606:
1604:Design features
1582:
1576:
1564:
1539:
1515:telescopic mast
1511:
1505:
1481:whole structure
1473:
1467:
1458:
1447:
1441:
1438:
1423:
1411:
1407:
1375:as a tall tree.
1350:
1273:
1261:
1256:
1239:
1226:Kamzík TV Tower
1212:
1201:
1193:Fritz Leonhardt
1150:, while in the
1102:
1045:
1039:is an example.
998:
993:
983:
981:
926:transmitter at
907:Blaw-Knox tower
868:
865:
862:
861:
859:
858:
837:
834:
831:
830:
828:
827:
724:
718:
683:Gerbrandy tower
594:
556:
527:
526:
523:
520:
514:
510:Spread spectrum
505:Reconfiguration
492:
489:
483:
458:
450:
449:
448:
368:
367:Characteristics
360:
359:
358:
318:
315:
308:
307:
299:
293:
275:
267:
266:
265:
215:
207:
206:
205:
130:
122:
121:
120:
80:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4293:
4291:
4283:
4282:
4272:
4271:
4265:
4264:
4262:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4190:
4188:
4182:
4181:
4178:
4177:
4175:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4103:
4101:
4097:
4096:
4094:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4081:United Kingdom
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3896:Czech Republic
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3842:
3840:
3834:
3833:
3831:
3830:
3829:
3828:
3820:
3819:
3818:
3808:
3807:
3806:
3798:
3792:
3790:
3783:
3775:
3774:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3740:Twin buildings
3737:
3732:
3727:
3725:Most expensive
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3656:
3654:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3619:United Kingdom
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3319:Czech Republic
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3216:
3214:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3204:
3203:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3179:
3174:
3173:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3152:
3151:
3150:
3145:
3135:
3129:
3127:
3120:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3085:
3083:
3082:
3075:
3068:
3060:
3053:
3052:
3040:
3028:
3014:
2999:
2980:
2964:
2952:
2933:
2921:
2909:
2893:
2891:on 1 May 2006.
2874:
2859:
2843:
2829:
2828:
2827:
2812:
2811:External links
2809:
2808:
2807:
2787:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2760:
2732:
2710:
2685:
2653:
2632:
2629:on 2007-02-17.
2609:
2590:
2567:
2530:
2527:on 2006-12-31.
2508:
2484:
2455:
2429:
2404:
2377:
2354:
2336:
2304:
2273:
2230:
2228:
2227:
2219:
2185:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2099:
2093:
2088:
2086:Cell on wheels
2083:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2049:
2048:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2028:
2014:
1995:Main article:
1992:
1989:
1969:Main article:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1956:
1949:
1942:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1929:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1858:
1857:
1856:Uses and forms
1853:
1852:
1851:
1850:
1848:Internet radio
1845:
1840:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1825:
1817:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1766:
1763:
1746:
1743:
1722:
1719:
1710:
1707:
1693:
1690:
1666:do it yourself
1654:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1575:
1572:
1563:
1560:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1533:
1529:
1509:Cell on wheels
1507:Main article:
1504:
1501:
1491:broadcasting.
1469:Main article:
1466:
1465:Mast radiators
1463:
1460:
1459:
1414:
1412:
1405:
1382:national parks
1349:
1346:
1293:4 Times Square
1272:
1269:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1238:
1235:
1228:, overlooking
1211:
1208:
1200:
1197:
1182:Prasar Bharati
1156:lattice towers
1101:
1098:
1044:
1041:
1033:Crystal Palace
997:
994:
992:
989:
967:visual horizon
771:radiotelegraph
747:radiotelegraph
717:
714:
713:
712:
709:
704:
701:
696:
693:
688:
685:
658:
657:
653:
646:
645:
630:
593:
590:
558:
557:
555:
554:
547:
540:
532:
529:
528:
525:
524:
517:
513:
512:
507:
501:
500:
499:
493:
486:
482:
481:
476:
471:
466:
460:
459:
456:
455:
452:
451:
447:
446:
441:
436:
434:Radio spectrum
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
376:
370:
369:
366:
365:
362:
361:
357:
356:
354:Vertical plane
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
320:
319:
314:
313:
310:
309:
306:
305:
300:
289:
287:
282:
276:
273:
272:
269:
268:
264:
263:
258:
253:
248:
243:
238:
233:
228:
223:
217:
216:
213:
212:
209:
208:
204:
203:
198:
193:
188:
183:
178:
173:
168:
163:
158:
153:
148:
143:
138:
132:
131:
128:
127:
124:
123:
119:
118:
113:
108:
106:Satellite dish
103:
98:
93:
88:
82:
81:
76:
75:
72:
71:
63:
62:
56:
55:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4292:
4281:
4278:
4277:
4275:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4234:Groundscraper
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4191:
4189:
4183:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4147:Ferris wheels
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4104:
4102:
4098:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4086:United States
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4031:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3839:
3835:
3827:
3826:South America
3824:
3823:
3822:The Americas
3821:
3817:
3814:
3813:
3812:
3809:
3805:
3802:
3801:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3793:
3791:
3787:
3784:
3782:(of any type)
3780:
3776:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3657:
3655:
3651:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3624:United States
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3213:
3209:
3201:
3200:Latin America
3198:
3196:
3195:South America
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3185:North America
3183:
3182:
3181:The Americas
3180:
3178:
3175:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3165:Baltic states
3163:
3161:
3158:
3157:
3156:
3153:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3115:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3092:
3088:
3081:
3076:
3074:
3069:
3067:
3062:
3061:
3058:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3020:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2987:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2919:(in Turkish).
2918:
2914:
2910:
2905:
2901:
2900:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2881:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2866:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2831:
2830:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2805:9780784402849
2802:
2797:
2793:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2775:
2769:
2768:
2764:
2749:
2748:
2743:
2736:
2733:
2720:
2714:
2711:
2699:
2695:
2689:
2686:
2675:
2671:
2664:
2657:
2654:
2649:
2648:
2643:
2636:
2633:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2613:
2610:
2605:
2601:
2594:
2591:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2571:
2568:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2542:
2534:
2531:
2526:
2522:
2521:tvantenna.com
2518:
2512:
2509:
2498:
2494:
2488:
2485:
2472:
2470:
2465:
2459:
2456:
2443:
2439:
2433:
2430:
2418:
2414:
2408:
2405:
2392:
2388:
2381:
2378:
2365:
2358:
2355:
2350:
2346:
2340:
2337:
2324:
2323:
2315:
2308:
2305:
2292:
2291:
2283:
2277:
2274:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2248:
2243:
2237:
2235:
2231:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2186:
2174:
2170:
2164:
2161:
2155:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2108:Mast radiator
2106:
2103:
2102:Lattice tower
2100:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2073:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2041:
2038:
2031:
2026:
2015:
2012:
2006:
2001:
1998:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1977:
1972:
1964:
1955:
1950:
1948:
1943:
1941:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1932:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1912:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1895:Radio station
1893:
1892:
1891:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1860:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1833:
1832:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1818:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1764:
1762:
1761:(FCC) rules.
1760:
1756:
1752:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1734:
1732:
1728:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1699:
1691:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1667:
1663:
1662:radio amateur
1658:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1629:
1625:
1619:
1615:
1608:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1597:ground dipole
1593:
1591:
1587:
1581:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1544:
1536:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1519:amateur radio
1516:
1510:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1492:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1477:mast radiator
1472:
1471:Mast radiator
1464:
1456:
1453:
1445:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1413:
1404:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1374:
1369:
1365:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1347:
1342:
1338:
1333:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1277:North America
1270:
1268:
1266:
1258:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1236:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1216:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1136:
1130:
1125:
1121:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1081:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1054:
1049:
1043:Tubular steel
1042:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1011:
1007:
1002:
996:Steel lattice
995:
990:
988:
987:) or taller.
984:968.5 ft
979:
975:
970:
968:
964:
963:line-of-sight
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
935:
933:
929:
925:
921:
916:
912:
908:
904:
903:mast radiator
900:
892:
888:
885:Masts of the
883:
879:
876:
856:
851:
845:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
802:
795:
791:
787:
782:
778:
776:
772:
768:
767:ground system
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
743:
741:
737:
733:
729:
723:
715:
710:
708:
705:
702:
700:
697:
694:
692:
689:
686:
684:
681:
680:
679:
677:
676:
667:
666:Tokyo Skytree
662:
654:
652:
648:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
629:
625:
624:
623:
621:
617:
616:
611:
607:
598:
591:
589:
587:
586:mast radiator
582:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
553:
548:
546:
541:
539:
534:
533:
531:
530:
522:
516:
515:
511:
508:
506:
503:
502:
498:
494:
491:
485:
484:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
464:Beam steering
462:
461:
454:
453:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
371:
364:
363:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
321:
312:
311:
304:
301:
297:
292:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
277:
271:
270:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
226:Amateur radio
224:
222:
219:
218:
211:
210:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
152:
149:
147:
146:Coaxial cable
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
133:
126:
125:
117:
114:
112:
109:
107:
104:
102:
99:
97:
94:
92:
89:
87:
84:
83:
79:
74:
73:
69:
65:
64:
61:
57:
53:
49:
48:
43:
39:
33:
19:
4249:Oil platform
4219:Construction
4152:Freestanding
4076:Turkmenistan
4041:South Africa
4021:Saudi Arabia
3564:South Africa
3539:Saudi Arabia
3047:
3035:
3023:
3018:
3010:the original
3005:
2995:the original
2990:
2985:
2976:the original
2971:
2962:(in French).
2959:
2948:windpole.com
2947:
2928:
2916:
2903:
2898:
2889:the original
2884:
2879:
2869:
2864:
2855:the original
2850:
2838:
2834:
2821:
2795:
2791:
2778:
2772:
2751:. Retrieved
2747:The Register
2745:
2735:
2723:. Retrieved
2713:
2702:. Retrieved
2688:
2677:. Retrieved
2669:
2656:
2645:
2635:
2627:the original
2623:Lightwatcher
2622:
2612:
2603:
2593:
2581:Wayne's Word
2580:
2570:
2558:. Retrieved
2554:the original
2546:ece.uncc.edu
2545:
2540:
2533:
2525:the original
2520:
2511:
2500:. Retrieved
2496:
2487:
2475:. Retrieved
2467:
2458:
2446:. Retrieved
2441:
2432:
2421:. Retrieved
2419:. 2016-08-08
2416:
2407:
2395:. Retrieved
2380:
2368:. Retrieved
2357:
2348:
2339:
2327:. Retrieved
2320:
2307:
2295:. Retrieved
2288:
2276:
2251:
2245:
2205:
2177:. Retrieved
2172:
2163:
2063:
2055:
2051:
2040:
1986:
1982:
1926:Radio signal
1887:Developments
1768:
1748:
1735:
1724:
1712:
1695:
1594:
1583:
1565:
1540:
1523:
1514:
1512:
1493:
1480:
1474:
1448:
1442:October 2007
1439:
1416:
1394:
1378:
1354:
1351:
1285:Willis Tower
1274:
1262:
1240:
1217:
1213:
1210:Carbon Fiber
1202:
1186:
1171:
1160:
1137:
1134:
1118:
1082:
1058:
1029:Eiffel Tower
1026:
1014:
971:
955:ground waves
937:The rise of
936:
911:rhombohedral
896:
855:ground waves
824:ground plane
799:
744:
725:
678:. Examples:
673:
671:
650:
641:
627:
614:
610:cantilevered
605:
603:
583:
577:, including
575:broadcasting
562:
561:
334:Ground plane
250:
221:Antenna farm
78:Common types
4259:Tower block
4157:Lighthouses
4061:Switzerland
4001:Philippines
3991:New Zealand
3986:Netherlands
3846:Afghanistan
3730:Residential
3705:Educational
3660:100+ floors
3584:Switzerland
3569:South Korea
3514:Philippines
3484:North Korea
3474:Netherlands
3160:Scandinavia
2700:. June 2009
2541:Cell towers
2290:Radio-Craft
2144:Tower array
2058:. The U.S.
1921:Radio tower
1916:Radio waves
1874:Music radio
1802:, Germany.
1796:Fernsehturm
1541:A tethered
1489:medium wave
1373:camouflaged
1301:North Tower
1232:, Slovakia.
1178:Doordarshan
1144:Netherlands
1060:Guyed masts
1018:Guyed masts
922:'s 50
808:medium wave
751:wavelengths
592:Terminology
474:Beamforming
379:Directivity
329:Focal cloud
191:Transmitter
42:Tokyo Tower
4091:Uzbekistan
3976:Luxembourg
3838:By country
3779:Structures
3665:Architects
3404:Kazakhstan
3250:Bangladesh
3245:Azerbaijan
3212:By country
3103:Skyscraper
2960:wanadoo.fr
2917:ser.net.tr
2870:fybush.com
2785:: 102–108.
2704:2010-08-13
2696:(Report).
2679:2010-09-29
2672:(Report).
2502:2022-08-02
2423:2021-08-11
2345:"Diagrams"
2322:Radio News
2297:August 31,
2179:2024-08-21
2156:References
1864:Talk radio
1839:(overland)
1800:Waldenburg
1702:wavelength
1578:See also:
1426:improve it
1230:Bratislava
1204:Fiberglass
1199:Fiberglass
1069:Emley Moor
875:wavelength
844:wavelength
720:See also:
634:guyed mast
579:television
479:Small cell
457:Techniques
384:Efficiency
374:Array gain
129:Components
111:Television
4142:Flagpoles
4051:Sri Lanka
3951:Indonesia
3861:Australia
3804:West Asia
3789:By region
3760:Supertall
3715:Hospitals
3634:Venezuela
3549:Singapore
3434:Lithuania
3374:Indonesia
3294:Hong Kong
3235:Australia
3230:Argentina
3148:Southeast
3126:By region
3118:Buildings
3026:(photos).
3024:troyb.net
2906:(photos).
2872:(photos).
2841:(photos).
2471:(wia.org)
2442:Forest.fi
2128:T-antenna
2091:Cell site
2032:Footnotes
1971:Towerkill
1776:Saterland
1698:shortwave
1677:Bergwacht
1430:verifying
1308:exist in
1271:Buildings
1154:most are
1113:Stuttgart
1035:tower in
1022:guy lines
991:Materials
915:guy lines
899:T-antenna
893:, England
812:T-antenna
786:T-antenna
638:guy lines
620:guy-wires
469:Beam tilt
349:Side lobe
339:Main lobe
324:Boresight
201:Twin-lead
161:Feed line
4274:Category
4127:Chimneys
4036:Slovakia
4011:Portugal
3881:Bulgaria
3765:Megatall
3685:Churches
3644:Zimbabwe
3599:Thailand
3594:Tanzania
3559:Slovakia
3554:Slovenia
3524:Portugal
3504:Pakistan
3459:Mongolia
3439:Malaysia
3304:Colombia
3275:Cambodia
3270:Bulgaria
2929:n0hr.com
2585:Archived
2560:16 March
2477:2 August
2448:2 August
2397:26 March
2391:Archived
2370:26 March
2268:51639724
2074:See also
1733:arrays.
1687:plateau.
1584:For two
1552:TV Martí
1337:T-Mobile
1174:Jabalpur
1163:CN Tower
1142:and the
1129:Jabalpur
1120:people.
1109:TV Tower
1086:30107 KM
939:FM radio
567:antennas
495:Massive
261:Wireless
176:Receiver
101:Monopole
60:Antennas
52:a series
50:Part of
4185:Related
4162:Statues
4132:Crosses
4122:Bridges
4066:Tunisia
4016:Romania
3981:Myanmar
3961:Ireland
3941:Iceland
3936:Hungary
3926:Germany
3916:Finland
3911:Estonia
3901:Denmark
3876:Belgium
3871:Bahrain
3866:Austria
3856:Algeria
3851:Albania
3700:Mosques
3639:Vietnam
3629:Uruguay
3609:Ukraine
3529:Romania
3479:Nigeria
3469:Myanmar
3464:Morocco
3429:Lebanon
3384:Ireland
3364:Iceland
3354:Germany
3349:Georgia
3339:Finland
3334:Estonia
3329:Ecuador
3324:Denmark
3309:Croatia
3255:Bolivia
3240:Austria
3225:Algeria
3220:Albania
3177:Oceania
3170:Balkans
3098:History
2329:May 26,
1543:balloon
1424:Please
1167:Toronto
1140:Germany
1073:Waltham
1006:3803 KM
872:
860:
841:
829:
796:, 1925.
753:in the
716:History
656:supply.
236:Hotspot
214:Systems
181:Rotator
91:Fractal
4187:topics
4167:Towers
4071:Turkey
4056:Sweden
4030:Kosovo
4026:Serbia
4006:Poland
3996:Norway
3931:Greece
3921:France
3886:Canada
3811:Europe
3796:Africa
3720:Hotels
3710:Future
3604:Turkey
3589:Taiwan
3579:Sweden
3544:Serbia
3534:Russia
3519:Poland
3499:Panama
3494:Norway
3454:Monaco
3449:Mexico
3424:Latvia
3419:Kuwait
3414:Kosovo
3389:Israel
3359:Greece
3344:France
3314:Cyprus
3280:Canada
3265:Brazil
3155:Europe
3133:Africa
3108:Storey
2803:
2753:20 May
2725:20 May
2417:edotco
2266:
2056:towers
1792:Smilde
1715:ladder
1562:Drones
1320:, the
1318:London
1310:Europe
1299:. The
1295:, and
1283:, the
1037:London
414:Height
399:Factor
86:Dipole
4229:Fires
4100:Lists
4046:Spain
3971:Japan
3966:Italy
3946:India
3906:Egypt
3891:China
3800:Asia
3653:Lists
3574:Spain
3444:Malta
3409:Kenya
3399:Japan
3394:Italy
3369:India
3298:Macau
3290:China
3285:Chile
2781:(3).
2666:(PDF)
2317:(PDF)
2285:(PDF)
2264:S2CID
2064:tower
2052:masts
1837:Radio
1829:Forms
1814:Radio
1788:Lopik
1772:DHO38
1545:or a
1386:cacti
1259:Poles
1010:Penza
891:Rugby
889:near
651:tower
642:masts
632:is a
606:tower
256:Wi-Fi
246:Radio
196:Tuner
136:Balun
4137:Dams
3956:Iran
3750:Wood
3509:Peru
3379:Iran
3138:Asia
2801:ISBN
2755:2013
2727:2013
2562:2024
2479:2022
2450:2022
2399:2021
2372:2021
2331:2015
2299:2014
1556:Cuba
1547:kite
1485:long
1237:Wood
1187:The
1180:and
1071:and
1055:, US
949:and
941:and
920:WABC
664:The
628:mast
615:mast
573:and
569:for
409:Gain
186:Stub
156:Feed
116:Whip
96:Loop
2941:000
2256:doi
1798:in
1786:in
1774:in
1731:LED
1664:'s
1586:VLF
1487:or
1428:by
1322:BBC
1184:.
1165:in
1138:In
1111:in
959:VHF
790:WBZ
4276::
3296:,
3046:.
3034:.
3022:.
2989:.
2970:.
2958:.
2946:.
2939:12
2927:.
2915:.
2902:.
2883:.
2868:.
2849:.
2820:.
2796:91
2794:.
2777:.
2744:.
2668:.
2644:.
2621:.
2583:.
2579:.
2544:.
2519:.
2495:.
2466:.
2440:.
2415:.
2347:.
2319:.
2287:.
2262:.
2252:12
2250:.
2233:^
2188:^
2171:.
1660:A
1592:.
1521:.
1475:A
1392:.
1364:.
1314:FM
1291:,
1287:,
1250:.
1195:.
1158:.
1152:UK
1004:A
951:MF
947:LF
924:kW
877:.
863:5
838:2
832:1
801:AM
792:,
649:A
626:A
622:.
584:A
54:on
4032:)
4028:(
3300:)
3292:(
3079:e
3072:t
3065:v
3050:.
3038:.
2950:.
2931:.
2824:.
2779:9
2757:.
2729:.
2707:.
2682:.
2650:.
2606:.
2564:.
2505:.
2481:.
2452:.
2426:.
2270:.
2258::
2182:.
1953:e
1946:t
1939:v
1455:)
1449:(
1444:)
1440:(
1422:.
982:1
869:8
866:/
846:,
835:/
551:e
544:t
537:v
298:)
294:(
34:.
20:)
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