54:
607:
1145:; Toplis, Michael J.; Beck, Pierre; Mangold, Nicolas; Wiens, Roger; Pinet, Patrick; Cousin, Agnes; Maurice, Sylvestre; LeDeit, Laetitia; Hewins, Roger; Gasnault, Olivier; Quantin, Cathy; Forni, Olivier; Newsom, Horton; Meslin, Pierre-Yves; Wray, James; Bridges, Nathan; Payré, Valérie; Rapin, William; Le Mouélic, Stéphane (June 2016). "Magmatic complexity on early Mars as seen through a combination of orbital, in-situ and meteorite data".
839:
2091:
2115:
260:
1655:
584:
1862:
2127:
316:
308:
2103:
410:
minerals rarely occur in large crystals, and are usually not conspicuous in hand-sized specimens of these rocks. Two types of groundmass are generally recognized: the trachytic, composed mainly of long, narrow, subparallel rods of sanidine, and the orthophyric, consisting of small squarish or
496:; sometimes the replacement is complete and no hornblende or biotite is left, though the outlines of the cluster of magnetite and augite may clearly indicate from which of these minerals it was derived. Olivine is unusual, though found in some trachytes, for example those of the Arso in
405:
on the Rhine, show striking porphyritic character, having large sanidine crystals of tabular form an inch or two in length scattered through their fine-grained groundmass. In many trachytes, however, the phenocrysts are few and small, and the groundmass comparatively coarse. The
626:
while still underground. This process removes calcium, magnesium, and iron from the magma to give it a composition close to that of alkali feldspar. As a result, trachyte is common wherever alkali magma is erupted, including late eruptions of ocean islands and in continental
1209:
Germinario, Luigi; Siegesmund, Siegfried; Maritan, Lara; Mazzoli, Claudio (November 2017). "Petrophysical and mechanical properties of
Euganean trachyte and implications for dimension stone decay and durability performance".
575:
varieties are known (in
Tenerife and elsewhere), but these rocks as contrasted with the rhyolites have a remarkably strong tendency to crystallize, and are rarely to any considerable extent vitreous.
418:
which make the broken surfaces of specimens of these rocks rough and irregular, and it is from this distinctive texture that they received their name. It was first given to rocks of this class from
299:
quartz content over 20%. Trachydacite is not a recognized rock type in the QAPF classification, where rocks rich in alkali feldspar and with quartz over 20% would be classified as rhyolites.
777:
Among the older volcanic rocks trachytes also are not scarce, though they have often been described under the names orthophyre and orthoclase-porphyry, while trachyte was reserved for
378:
Trachytes are typically fine-grained and light-colored, but can be black if they consist mostly of glass. They are often porphyritic, with large well-shaped crystals of sanidine in a
461:, like a mosaic or like the tiles on a roof. They often cover the surfaces of the larger feldspars or line the vesicles of the rock, where they may be mingled with amorphous
411:
rectangular prisms of the same mineral. Sometimes granular augite or spongy riebeckite occurs in the groundmass, but as a rule this part of the rock is highly feldspathic.
789:
trachytes are found in many parts of the central valley of
Scotland. The latter differ in no essential respect from their modern representatives in Italy and the
1693:
1409:
Vitale, Stefano; Isaia, Roberto (April 2014). "Fractures and faults in volcanic rocks (Campi
Flegrei, southern Italy): insight into volcano-tectonic processes".
1688:
1679:
2044:
1512:
Troll, Valentin R.; Emeleus, C. Henry; Nicoll, Graeme R.; Mattsson, Tobias; Ellam, Robert M.; Donaldson, Colin H.; Harris, Chris (24 January 2019).
1452:
Troll, Margherita; Bouvet D.M, Caroline; Giordano, Daniele; Piochi, Monica; Mancini, Lucia; Degruyter, Wim; Bachmann, Oliver (1 April 2013).
1075:
623:
2165:
1720:
1670:
2131:
1193:
1126:
1016:
989:
759:
1269:
881:
1105:
Pe-Piper, G.; Piper, D.J.W. (2005). "The South Aegean active volcanic arc: relationships between magmatism and tectonics".
220:
Trachyte is common wherever alkali magma is erupted, including in late stages of ocean island volcanism and in continental
1360:"Magmatic control along a strike-slip volcanic arc: The central Aeolian arc (Italy): MAGMATISM AND STRIKE-SLIP FAULTING"
470:
422:, and was long used in a much wider sense than that defined above, so that it included quartz-trachytes (now known as
402:
484:
is the most common. It is usually of pale green color, and its small crystals are often very perfect in form. Brown
2074:
2069:
1453:
719:
31:
504:, are known also as phenocrysts in some Italian trachytes. Dark brown varieties of augite and rhombic pyroxene (
763:
1578:
3167:
2218:
2198:
2158:
1713:
610:
Iron Pot is one of several trachyte plugs in the Hedlow Creek region west of
Yeppoon in Central Queensland.
539:, are present in trachytes, and rocks of this kind are known as foid-bearing trachytes. The sodium-bearing
2643:
917:
678:
or intrusions, but they are much more common on the continent of Europe, as in the Rhine district and the
267:
Trachyte has a silica content of 60 to 65% and an alkali oxide content of over 7%. This gives it less SiO
3172:
2608:
615:
2107:
816:. Alkaline rocks with an age close to 570 million years are common around the perimeters of many
209:
minerals, and is formed by the rapid cooling of lava (or shallow intrusions) enriched with silica and
3162:
1624:
1525:
1418:
1219:
1150:
909:
296:
922:
458:
53:
2893:
2114:
2439:
2151:
2095:
2039:
1826:
1801:
1706:
1494:
1434:
1391:
1235:
935:
852:
817:
288:
248:
295:
occupies the same field in the TAS diagram as trachyte, but is distinguished from trachyte by a
2394:
2034:
1893:
1831:
1559:
1541:
1486:
1265:
1189:
1122:
1071:
1012:
877:
555:
may be present in spongy growths among the feldspars of the groundmass (as in the trachyte of
449:) is not uncommon. It is rarely in crystals large enough to be visible without the aid of the
419:
415:
3091:
2803:
2590:
2459:
2119:
2049:
2018:
2013:
1796:
1666:
1632:
1615:
1549:
1533:
1476:
1468:
1426:
1381:
1371:
1227:
1181:
1158:
1142:
1114:
927:
751:
723:
715:
606:
591:
543:
and pyroxenes so characteristic of the phonolites may also be found in some trachytes; thus
398:
323:
The mineral assemblage of trachytes consists of essential alkali feldspar. Relatively minor
143:
2903:
2663:
2516:
1988:
1851:
1763:
1753:
755:
711:
648:
619:
488:
and biotite occur also, and are usually surrounded by black corrosion borders composed of
240:
198:
90:
993:
1628:
1529:
1422:
1223:
1154:
913:
3096:
2938:
2531:
2454:
2064:
1993:
1811:
1791:
1554:
1513:
1185:
844:
794:
687:
675:
595:
587:
407:
383:
1118:
953:
339:
may also be present. This is reflected in the position of the trachyte fields in the
3156:
3141:
3056:
3021:
2868:
2429:
2334:
2059:
1963:
1870:
1846:
1821:
1816:
1806:
1674:
1661:
1636:
1472:
1438:
1395:
1239:
786:
663:
652:
599:
348:
1498:
939:
3066:
3046:
2918:
2565:
2543:
2484:
2384:
2329:
2314:
2180:
2054:
1998:
1836:
1768:
1176:
Troll, Valentin R.; Carracedo, Juan Carlos (2016). "The
Geology of Fuerteventura".
900:
LE BAS, M. J.; STRECKEISEN, A. L. (1991). "The IUGS systematics of igneous rocks".
838:
731:
667:
632:
524:
454:
364:
340:
332:
244:
225:
210:
194:
108:
1358:
Ruch, J.; Vezzoli, L.; De Rosa, R.; Di
Lorenzo, R.; Acocella, V. (February 2016).
259:
1162:
1065:
287:. These chemical differences are consistent with the position of trachyte in the
2955:
2846:
2826:
2816:
2743:
2693:
2618:
2464:
2399:
2369:
2324:
2282:
2255:
2250:
2240:
2203:
1948:
1903:
1878:
1786:
1758:
1748:
1454:"Permeability of Campi Flegrei magmas and comparison with rhyolites and basalts"
824:
813:
739:
735:
707:
628:
505:
501:
394:
387:
324:
239:
Trachyte has been used as decorative building stone and was extensively used as
233:
221:
100:
1537:
1514:"A large explosive silicic eruption in the British Palaeogene Igneous Province"
738:). There is one known voluminous flow from Puʻu Waʻawaʻa on the north flank of
3121:
3106:
3081:
3076:
2986:
2971:
2888:
2856:
2821:
2811:
2793:
2773:
2718:
2698:
2653:
2575:
2560:
2536:
2496:
2469:
2449:
2419:
2379:
2354:
2344:
2339:
2319:
2228:
1973:
1923:
1898:
1430:
1231:
834:
767:
644:
552:
485:
466:
450:
431:
379:
356:
59:
1683:. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 116–117.
1545:
1490:
931:
3136:
3126:
3116:
3101:
3071:
3051:
3036:
3031:
2996:
2991:
2950:
2943:
2908:
2878:
2863:
2841:
2783:
2763:
2758:
2748:
2733:
2713:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2668:
2658:
2633:
2598:
2511:
2479:
2424:
2414:
2389:
2364:
2359:
2299:
2260:
2223:
1958:
1943:
1928:
1861:
1776:
798:
742:
in Hawaiʻi. Here the trachyte is glassy and black in color. In
Iceland, the
671:
636:
583:
556:
540:
528:
489:
442:
336:
191:
1563:
315:
307:
3111:
3086:
3011:
2981:
2976:
2898:
2883:
2851:
2831:
2728:
2703:
2580:
2548:
2526:
2521:
2474:
2409:
2294:
2245:
2235:
2193:
1978:
1953:
1883:
1376:
1359:
802:
778:
747:
659:
640:
564:
548:
544:
532:
509:
493:
435:
427:
423:
368:
360:
272:
229:
202:
63:
17:
1386:
1011:(2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 140.
355:
are common accessory minerals. The plagioclase is typically sodium-rich
3131:
3061:
3026:
3001:
2933:
2768:
2708:
2648:
2613:
2506:
2434:
2349:
2309:
2277:
2272:
2188:
1933:
1918:
1743:
1729:
1587:
1586:. Brisbane, Queensland: Geological Society of Australia. Archived from
1481:
809:
782:
754:
there are recent trachytic lavas, and rocks of this kind occur also in
683:
639:
or even more evolved alkaline magmas. Trachyte also occurs in areas of
635:. Only rarely does magmatic differentiation proceed beyond trachyte to
568:
536:
513:
390:
352:
344:
291:, and they account for the feldspar-rich mineralogy of the rock type.
214:
127:
44:
457:
it may appear as small hexagonal plates, which overlap and form dense
3041:
3016:
2913:
2873:
2836:
2738:
2603:
2501:
2491:
2444:
2404:
2374:
2304:
2289:
2267:
2213:
2208:
1983:
1968:
1938:
1913:
1908:
1888:
1841:
743:
727:
695:
691:
572:
517:
497:
481:
446:
372:
328:
284:
104:
80:
706:
are of common occurrence. Trachytes are also found on the island of
520:
and magnetite are practically always present as accessory minerals.
3006:
2928:
2923:
2788:
2753:
2673:
2628:
2623:
1660:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
790:
771:
679:
605:
582:
560:
477:
314:
306:
258:
206:
2143:
2778:
2723:
2638:
2570:
2008:
1781:
703:
699:
462:
2147:
1702:
1613:
Schermerhorn, L. J. G. (January 1973). "What is keratophyre?".
827:, which is the sodium-rich-plagioclase equivalent of trachyte.
710:. In the United States, trachytes crop out extensively in the
797:
and other secondary products. Permian trachytes occur also in
781:
and recent rocks of similar composition. In
England there are
1698:
401:. Some of the best known trachytes, such as the trachyte of
1050:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1042:
793:
valley, but their augite and biotite are often replaced by
161:
155:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1249:
371:, with alternating microscopic bands of sodium feldspar (
179:
1264:(2nd ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman. pp. 55–56.
1032:
1030:
1028:
1320:
1318:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1262:
Petrology : igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic
876:(2nd ed.). Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
1283:
1281:
961:
British
Geological Survey: Rock Classification Scheme
182:
158:
1091:
1089:
1087:
820:
and are evidence of worldwide rifting at that time.
614:
Trachyte is the usual silica-rich end member of the
469:. In the older trachytes, secondary quartz from the
359:. The alkali feldspar is typically also sodium-rich
176:
173:
164:
152:
149:
2964:
2802:
2589:
2179:
2027:
1869:
1736:
823:Closely allied to trachyte is the rock type called
655:volcanic field, where trachytes have been erupted.
170:
146:
122:
114:
96:
86:
76:
71:
382:containing much smaller imperfect sanidine laths.
874:Volcanoes in the sea : the geology of Hawaii
808:Alkaline rocks such as trachyte are rare in the
651:arc of Italy. The Aeolian back-arc includes the
1070:. GeoGuide. Springer International Publishing.
1009:Principles of igneous and metamorphic petrology
954:"Rock Classification Scheme - Vol 1 - Igneous"
2159:
1714:
311:QAPF diagram with trachyte fields highlighted
8:
1067:The Alnö Carbonatite Complex, Central Sweden
1007:Philpotts, Anthony R.; Ague, Jay J. (2009).
37:
1064:Kresten, Peter; Troll, Valentin R. (2018).
414:Trachytes very often have minute irregular
263:TAS diagram with trachyte field highlighted
232:extension. Trachyte has also been found in
2166:
2152:
2144:
1721:
1707:
1699:
500:. Basic varieties of plagioclase, such as
52:
1553:
1480:
1385:
1375:
921:
658:Trachytes are well represented among the
512:) have been observed but are not common.
1260:Blatt, Harvey; Tracy, Robert J. (1996).
434:-trachytes, which are now classified as
1411:International Journal of Earth Sciences
864:
547:or aegirine augite forms outgrowths on
984:
982:
785:trachytes in the Exeter district, and
205:(fine-grained), with minor amounts of
36:
1336:
1324:
1309:
895:
893:
375:) and potassium feldspar (sanidine).
7:
2102:
1603:Philpotts and Ague 2009, pp. 390–391
1095:Philpotts and Ague 2009, pp. 390-394
1054:Philpotts and Ague 2009, pp. 369–370
2126:
1577:Stevens, Neville (September 1996).
213:. It is the volcanic equivalent of
1689:Porphyritic trachyte hand specimen
1186:10.1016/B978-0-12-809663-5.00008-6
201:. It is usually light-colored and
25:
1178:The Geology of the Canary Islands
990:"CLASSIFICATION OF IGNEOUS ROCKS"
902:Journal of the Geological Society
386:is an example with usually large
2125:
2113:
2101:
2090:
2089:
1860:
1653:
1473:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2013.12.002
837:
643:extension, such as the northern
441:Quartz is rare in trachyte, but
397:embedded in a very fine-grained
142:
690:. In the neighborhood of Rome,
58:A cut sample of trachyte, with
1:
1119:10.1016/S1871-644X(05)80034-8
872:Macdonald, Gordon A. (1983).
774:and in many other districts.
662:volcanic rocks of Europe. In
563:). Glassy forms of trachyte (
523:Occasionally minerals of the
1637:10.1016/0024-4937(73)90076-5
1212:Environmental Earth Sciences
1163:10.1016/j.lithos.2016.02.023
726:region, as well as southern
445:(which likewise consists of
1107:Developments in Volcanology
812:, but become common in the
3189:
1538:10.1038/s41598-018-35855-w
1348:Blatt and Tracy 1996, p.74
624:fractional crystallization
473:of tridymite is not rare.
29:
2085:
1858:
1431:10.1007/s00531-013-0979-0
1232:10.1007/s12665-017-7034-6
1036:MacDonald 1983, pp. 51-52
720:Big Bend Ranch State Park
319:Polished opal on trachyte
51:
42:
32:Trachyte (disambiguation)
1764:Cryptovolcanic structure
932:10.1144/gsjgs.148.5.0825
2219:Basaltic trachyandesite
2199:Alkali feldspar granite
2045:Eruptions by death toll
1680:Encyclopædia Britannica
579:Geographic distribution
1287:MacDonald 1983, p. 128
611:
603:
320:
312:
264:
66:, in a wall in Germany
27:Extrusive igneous rock
2609:Banded iron formation
1694:Trachyte thin section
996:on 30 September 2011.
805:district in Germany.
616:alkaline magma series
609:
602:of eastern Australia.
586:
318:
310:
262:
126:Intrusive variant is
1377:10.1002/2015TC004060
682:, also in Auvergne,
255:Chemical composition
30:For other uses, see
1629:1973Litho...6....1S
1530:2019NatSR...9..494T
1423:2014IJEaS.103..801V
1339:, pp. 116–117.
1224:2017EES....76..739G
1155:2016Litho.254...36S
914:1991JGSoc.148..825L
818:continental shields
197:composed mostly of
39:
2965:Specific varieties
2040:Lists of volcanoes
1827:Subglacial volcano
1802:Pyroclastic shield
1518:Scientific Reports
1461:Scientific Reports
1149:. 254–255: 36–52.
853:List of rock types
694:and the island of
622:magma experiences
612:
604:
480:minerals present,
321:
313:
289:TAS classification
265:
249:Republic of Venice
228:, and in areas of
3150:
3149:
2395:Nepheline syenite
2141:
2140:
1894:Basaltic andesite
1832:Submarine volcano
1143:Sautter, Violaine
1077:978-3-319-90223-4
620:alkaline basaltic
471:recrystallization
133:
132:
16:(Redirected from
3180:
3092:Rapakivi granite
2804:Metamorphic rock
2591:Sedimentary rock
2460:Quartz monzonite
2168:
2161:
2154:
2145:
2129:
2128:
2117:
2105:
2104:
2093:
2092:
2050:Decade Volcanoes
2028:Lists and groups
2019:Pyroclastic flow
2014:Pyroclastic fall
1864:
1797:Pyroclastic cone
1723:
1716:
1709:
1700:
1684:
1659:
1657:
1656:
1641:
1640:
1610:
1604:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1593:on 19 July 2008.
1592:
1585:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1557:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1484:
1458:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1389:
1379:
1355:
1349:
1346:
1340:
1334:
1328:
1322:
1313:
1307:
1288:
1285:
1276:
1275:
1257:
1244:
1243:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1173:
1167:
1166:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1102:
1096:
1093:
1082:
1081:
1061:
1055:
1052:
1037:
1034:
1023:
1022:
1004:
998:
997:
992:. Archived from
986:
977:
976:
974:
972:
958:
950:
944:
943:
925:
897:
888:
887:
869:
847:
842:
841:
766:), East Africa,
760:Cambewarra Range
724:Big Bend (Texas)
716:Chisos Mountains
189:
188:
185:
184:
181:
178:
175:
172:
167:
166:
163:
160:
157:
154:
151:
148:
56:
40:
21:
3188:
3187:
3183:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3178:
3177:
3153:
3152:
3151:
3146:
2960:
2904:Pseudotachylite
2798:
2585:
2517:Tephriphonolite
2175:
2172:
2142:
2137:
2081:
2023:
1989:Tephriphonolite
1865:
1856:
1852:Harmonic tremor
1754:Complex volcano
1732:
1727:
1665:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1645:
1644:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1602:
1598:
1590:
1583:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1456:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1343:
1335:
1331:
1323:
1316:
1308:
1291:
1286:
1279:
1272:
1259:
1258:
1247:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1196:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1129:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1094:
1085:
1078:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1040:
1035:
1026:
1019:
1006:
1005:
1001:
988:
987:
980:
970:
968:
956:
952:
951:
947:
923:10.1.1.692.4446
899:
898:
891:
884:
871:
870:
866:
861:
843:
836:
833:
762:), Queensland (
756:New South Wales
712:Davis Mountains
581:
567:) occur, as in
527:group, such as
369:cryptoperthitic
367:) and is often
305:
282:
278:
270:
257:
241:dimension stone
199:alkali feldspar
169:
145:
141:
91:Alkali feldspar
67:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3186:
3184:
3176:
3175:
3170:
3168:Volcanic rocks
3165:
3155:
3154:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3097:Rhomb porphyry
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2968:
2966:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2947:
2946:
2939:Talc carbonate
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2860:
2859:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2808:
2806:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2595:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2552:
2551:
2541:
2540:
2539:
2532:Trachyandesite
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2482:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2455:Quartz diorite
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2286:
2285:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2264:
2263:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2232:
2231:
2226:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2185:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2174:Types of rocks
2173:
2171:
2170:
2163:
2156:
2148:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2135:
2123:
2111:
2099:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2079:
2078:
2077:
2072:
2065:Volcanic field
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2031:
2029:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1994:Trachyandesite
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1875:
1873:
1871:Volcanic rocks
1867:
1866:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1812:Shield volcano
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1792:Parasitic cone
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1740:
1738:
1734:
1733:
1728:
1726:
1725:
1718:
1711:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1691:
1675:Chisholm, Hugh
1667:Flett, John S.
1649:
1648:External links
1646:
1643:
1642:
1605:
1596:
1580:The Main Range
1569:
1504:
1444:
1417:(3): 801–819.
1401:
1370:(2): 407–424.
1350:
1341:
1329:
1327:, p. 116.
1314:
1312:, p. 117.
1289:
1277:
1270:
1245:
1201:
1194:
1168:
1134:
1127:
1097:
1083:
1076:
1056:
1038:
1024:
1017:
999:
978:
945:
908:(5): 825–833.
889:
882:
863:
862:
860:
857:
856:
855:
849:
848:
845:Geology portal
832:
829:
688:Euganean Hills
666:they occur in
588:The Breadknife
580:
577:
551:crystals, and
408:ferromagnesian
384:Rhomb porphyry
304:
301:
280:
276:
268:
256:
253:
131:
130:
124:
120:
119:
116:
112:
111:
98:
94:
93:
88:
84:
83:
78:
77:Classification
74:
73:
69:
68:
57:
49:
48:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3185:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3057:Litchfieldite
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3022:Hyaloclastite
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2963:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2869:Litchfieldite
2867:
2865:
2862:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2801:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2588:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2545:
2542:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2430:Phonotephrite
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2335:Hyaloclastite
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2169:
2164:
2162:
2157:
2155:
2150:
2149:
2146:
2134:
2133:
2124:
2122:
2121:
2116:
2112:
2110:
2109:
2100:
2098:
2097:
2088:
2087:
2084:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2060:Volcanic belt
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1964:Phonotephrite
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1868:
1863:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1847:Volcanic cone
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1822:Stratovolcano
1820:
1818:
1817:Somma volcano
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1807:Rootless cone
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1724:
1719:
1717:
1712:
1710:
1705:
1704:
1701:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1663:
1662:public domain
1647:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1617:
1609:
1606:
1600:
1597:
1589:
1582:
1581:
1573:
1570:
1565:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1508:
1505:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1455:
1448:
1445:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1405:
1402:
1397:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1354:
1351:
1345:
1342:
1338:
1333:
1330:
1326:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1273:
1267:
1263:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1205:
1202:
1197:
1195:9780128096635
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1172:
1169:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1138:
1135:
1130:
1128:9780444520463
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1101:
1098:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1079:
1073:
1069:
1068:
1060:
1057:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1018:9780521880060
1014:
1010:
1003:
1000:
995:
991:
985:
983:
979:
966:
962:
955:
949:
946:
941:
937:
933:
929:
924:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
896:
894:
890:
885:
879:
875:
868:
865:
858:
854:
851:
850:
846:
840:
835:
830:
828:
826:
821:
819:
815:
811:
806:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
787:Carboniferous
784:
780:
775:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
656:
654:
653:Campi Flegrei
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
633:mantle plumes
630:
625:
621:
617:
608:
601:
600:Warrumbungles
597:
593:
589:
585:
578:
576:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
521:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
474:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
455:thin sections
452:
448:
444:
439:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
412:
409:
404:
400:
396:
392:
389:
385:
381:
376:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
349:clinopyroxene
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
317:
309:
302:
300:
298:
294:
290:
286:
274:
261:
254:
252:
250:
246:
242:
237:
235:
231:
227:
226:mantle plumes
223:
218:
216:
212:
211:alkali metals
208:
204:
200:
196:
193:
187:
139:
135:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
110:
106:
102:
99:
95:
92:
89:
85:
82:
79:
75:
70:
65:
61:
55:
50:
47:
46:
41:
33:
19:
3173:Felsic rocks
3067:Luxullianite
3047:Lapis lazuli
2992:Blue Granite
2919:Serpentinite
2894:Metapsammite
2644:Conglomerate
2566:Trondhjemite
2555:
2544:Trachybasalt
2485:Pantellerite
2385:Monzogranite
2330:Hornblendite
2315:Granodiorite
2181:Igneous rock
2130:
2118:
2106:
2094:
2055:Volcanic arc
2003:
1999:Trachybasalt
1837:Supervolcano
1769:Fissure vent
1678:
1651:
1620:
1614:
1608:
1599:
1588:the original
1579:
1572:
1521:
1517:
1507:
1467:(1): 16–22.
1464:
1460:
1447:
1414:
1410:
1404:
1387:10754/594981
1367:
1363:
1353:
1344:
1332:
1261:
1215:
1211:
1204:
1177:
1171:
1146:
1137:
1110:
1106:
1100:
1066:
1059:
1008:
1002:
994:the original
971:23 September
969:. Retrieved
967:: 1–52. 1999
964:
960:
948:
905:
901:
873:
867:
822:
807:
776:
732:South Dakota
657:
629:rift valleys
613:
525:feldspathoid
522:
475:
440:
413:
377:
365:anorthoclase
341:QAPF diagram
333:feldspathoid
322:
293:Trachydacite
292:
275:and more (Na
266:
245:Roman Empire
238:
222:rift valleys
219:
195:igneous rock
137:
136:
134:
109:feldspathoid
45:Igneous rock
43:
3163:Volcanology
2956:Whiteschist
2847:Greenschist
2827:Cataclasite
2817:Amphibolite
2744:Phosphorite
2694:Itacolumite
2619:Calcarenite
2465:Quartzolite
2400:Nephelinite
2370:Lamprophyre
2325:Harzburgite
2283:Napoleonite
2256:Charnockite
2251:Carbonatite
2241:Blairmorite
2204:Anorthosite
2132:WikiProject
2075:polygenetic
2070:monogenetic
1949:Nephelinite
1904:Blairmorite
1879:Agglomerate
1787:Mud volcano
1759:Cryovolcano
1749:Cinder cone
1623:(1): 1–11.
1482:2318/149313
1218:(21): 739.
1180:: 531–582.
1113:: 113–133.
825:keratophyre
814:Proterozoic
736:Black Hills
708:Pantelleria
618:, in which
592:peralkaline
506:hypersthene
502:labradorite
465:or fibrous
403:Drachenfels
395:phenocrysts
388:porphyritic
325:plagioclase
234:Gale crater
123:Equivalents
101:Plagioclase
72:Composition
60:phenocrysts
3157:Categories
3122:Teschenite
3107:Shonkinite
3082:Pietersite
3077:Novaculite
2987:Borolanite
2972:Adamellite
2889:Metapelite
2857:Calcflinta
2822:Blueschist
2812:Anthracite
2794:Wackestone
2774:Travertine
2719:Lumachelle
2699:Jaspillite
2654:Diamictite
2576:Websterite
2561:Troctolite
2537:Benmoreite
2497:Shonkinite
2470:Rhyodacite
2450:Pyroxenite
2420:Peridotite
2380:Lherzolite
2355:Kimberlite
2345:Ignimbrite
2340:Icelandite
2320:Granophyre
2229:Shoshonite
1974:Rhyodacite
1924:Ignimbrite
1899:Benmoreite
1524:(1): 494.
1337:Flett 1911
1325:Flett 1911
1310:Flett 1911
1271:0716724383
883:0824808320
768:Madagascar
764:Main Range
698:trachytic
672:lava flows
645:Aegean Sea
553:riebeckite
541:amphiboles
486:hornblende
467:chalcedony
459:aggregates
451:microscope
432:oligoclase
380:groundmass
357:oligoclase
303:Mineralogy
3137:Variolite
3127:Theralite
3117:Tachylite
3102:Rodingite
3072:Mangerite
3052:Larvikite
3037:Jasperoid
3032:Jadeitite
2997:Epidosite
2951:Tectonite
2944:Soapstone
2909:Quartzite
2879:Migmatite
2864:Itabirite
2842:Granulite
2784:Turbidite
2764:Sylvinite
2759:Siltstone
2749:Sandstone
2734:Oil shale
2714:Limestone
2689:Gritstone
2684:Greywacke
2679:Geyserite
2669:Evaporite
2659:Diatomite
2634:Claystone
2599:Argillite
2512:Tachylyte
2480:Comendite
2425:Phonolite
2415:Pegmatite
2390:Monzonite
2365:Lamproite
2360:Komatiite
2300:Foidolite
2261:Enderbite
2224:Mugearite
1959:Phonolite
1944:Leucitite
1929:Komatiite
1777:Lava dome
1773:Lava cone
1730:Volcanoes
1669:(1911). "
1546:2045-2322
1491:0377-0273
1439:129909337
1396:130297493
1364:Tectonics
1240:133942939
918:CiteSeerX
799:Thuringia
752:Ascension
637:phonolite
594:trachyte
573:pumiceous
529:nepheline
490:magnetite
453:, but in
443:tridymite
436:andesites
428:rhyolites
424:liparites
337:nepheline
297:normative
236:on Mars.
203:aphanitic
192:extrusive
118:Aphanitic
97:Secondary
18:Trachytes
3112:Taconite
3087:Pyrolite
3012:Ganister
2982:Aphanite
2977:Appinite
2899:Phyllite
2884:Mylonite
2852:Hornfels
2832:Eclogite
2729:Mudstone
2704:Laterite
2664:Dolomite
2581:Wehrlite
2556:Trachyte
2549:Hawaiite
2527:Tonalite
2522:Tephrite
2475:Rhyolite
2440:Porphyry
2410:Obsidian
2295:Essexite
2246:Boninite
2236:Basanite
2194:Andesite
2096:Category
2004:Trachyte
1979:Rhyolite
1954:Obsidian
1884:Andesite
1671:Trachyte
1564:30679443
1499:53633119
940:28548230
831:See also
801:and the
795:chlorite
779:Tertiary
748:Tenerife
740:Hualālai
686:and the
660:Cenozoic
647:and the
641:back-arc
565:obsidian
549:diopside
545:aegirine
533:sodalite
510:bronzite
494:pyroxene
420:Auvergne
416:vesicles
361:sanidine
335:such as
283:O) than
279:O plus K
273:rhyolite
247:and the
230:back-arc
224:, above
190:) is an
138:Trachyte
64:sanidine
38:Trachyte
3132:Unakite
3062:Llanite
3027:Ijolite
3002:Felsite
2934:Suevite
2769:Tillite
2709:Lignite
2649:Coquina
2614:Breccia
2507:Syenite
2435:Picrite
2350:Ijolite
2310:Granite
2278:Diorite
2273:Diabase
2189:Adakite
2108:Commons
2035:Hotspot
1934:Lapilli
1919:Felsite
1744:Caldera
1677:(ed.).
1664::
1625:Bibcode
1555:6345756
1526:Bibcode
1419:Bibcode
1220:Bibcode
1151:Bibcode
910:Bibcode
810:Archean
783:Permian
722:in the
684:Bohemia
674:and as
664:Britain
649:Aeolian
598:in the
569:Iceland
559:on the
537:leucite
514:Apatite
476:Of the
393:shaped
353:olivine
345:Biotite
243:in the
215:syenite
128:syenite
115:Texture
87:Primary
3042:Kenyte
3017:Gossan
2914:Schist
2874:Marble
2837:Gneiss
2739:Oolite
2604:Arkose
2502:Sovite
2492:Scoria
2445:Pumice
2405:Norite
2375:Latite
2305:Gabbro
2290:Dunite
2268:Dacite
2214:Basalt
2209:Aplite
2120:Portal
1984:Tephra
1969:Pumice
1939:Latite
1914:Dacite
1909:Cinder
1889:Basalt
1842:Tossol
1673:". In
1658:
1616:Lithos
1562:
1552:
1544:
1497:
1489:
1437:
1394:
1268:
1238:
1192:
1147:Lithos
1125:
1074:
1015:
938:
920:
880:
744:Azores
728:Nevada
718:, and
696:Ischia
692:Naples
571:, and
557:Berkum
518:zircon
498:Ischia
482:augite
447:silica
430:) and
399:matrix
373:albite
329:quartz
285:dacite
105:quartz
81:Felsic
3007:Flint
2929:Slate
2924:Skarn
2789:Varve
2754:Shale
2674:Flint
2629:Chert
2624:Chalk
1737:Types
1591:(PDF)
1584:(PDF)
1495:S2CID
1457:(PDF)
1435:S2CID
1392:S2CID
1236:S2CID
957:(PDF)
936:S2CID
859:Notes
791:Rhine
772:Yemen
704:tuffs
700:lavas
680:Eifel
676:dikes
590:is a
561:Rhine
478:mafic
391:rhomb
331:or a
271:than
207:mafic
107:, or
2779:Tufa
2724:Marl
2639:Coal
2571:Tuff
2009:Tuff
1782:Maar
1560:PMID
1542:ISSN
1487:ISSN
1266:ISBN
1190:ISBN
1123:ISBN
1072:ISBN
1013:ISBN
973:2020
878:ISBN
803:Saar
750:and
730:and
702:and
668:Skye
631:and
596:dike
535:and
492:and
463:opal
426:and
351:and
327:and
3142:Wad
1633:doi
1550:PMC
1534:doi
1477:hdl
1469:doi
1465:272
1427:doi
1415:103
1382:hdl
1372:doi
1228:doi
1182:doi
1159:doi
1115:doi
928:doi
906:148
670:as
508:or
62:of
3159::
1631:.
1619:.
1558:.
1548:.
1540:.
1532:.
1520:.
1516:.
1493:.
1485:.
1475:.
1463:.
1459:.
1433:.
1425:.
1413:.
1390:.
1380:.
1368:35
1366:.
1362:.
1317:^
1292:^
1280:^
1248:^
1234:.
1226:.
1216:76
1214:.
1188:.
1157:.
1121:.
1109:.
1086:^
1041:^
1027:^
981:^
963:.
959:.
934:.
926:.
916:.
904:.
892:^
770:,
746:,
714:,
531:,
516:,
438:.
347:,
343:.
251:.
217:.
186:-/
162:aɪ
156:eɪ
103:,
2167:e
2160:t
2153:v
1722:e
1715:t
1708:v
1639:.
1635::
1627::
1621:6
1566:.
1536::
1528::
1522:9
1501:.
1479::
1471::
1441:.
1429::
1421::
1398:.
1384::
1374::
1274:.
1242:.
1230::
1222::
1198:.
1184::
1165:.
1161::
1153::
1131:.
1117::
1111:7
1080:.
1021:.
975:.
965:1
942:.
930::
912::
886:.
758:(
734:(
363:(
281:2
277:2
269:2
183:k
180:æ
177:r
174:t
171:ˈ
168:,
165:t
159:k
153:r
150:t
147:ˈ
144:/
140:(
34:.
20:)
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