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of the whole, it must be equally operative when that percentage is only thirty; and such a principle in truth must postulate authority in the
Dominion to assume the regulation of almost any trade in the country, provided it does so by setting up a scheme embracing the local, as well as the external and interprovincial trade; and regulation of trade, according to the conception of it which governs this legislation, includes the regulation in the provinces of the occupations of those engaged in the trade, and of the local establishments in which it is carried on. Precisely the same thing was attempted in the Insurance Act of 1910, unsuccessfully. The other fallacy is (the two are, perhaps, different forms of the same error) that the Dominion has such power because no single province, nor, indeed, all the provinces acting together, could put into effect such a sweeping scheme.
332:
to equalize the bargaining or competitive position of producers or distributors or retailers, or all three classes; it may wish to ensure an adequate supply of certain products. These objects may not all nor always be realizable through legislation which fastens on the regulated product as being within the province. That is no longer, if it ever was, the test of validity. Just as the province may not, as a general rule, prohibit an owner of goods from sending them outside the province, so it may not be able to subject goods to a regulatory scheme upon their entry into the province. This is not to say that goods that have come into a province may not, thereafter, be subject to the same controls in, for example, retail distribution to consumers as apply to similar goods produced in the province.
94:
parliament, down to minute rules for regulating particular trades. But a consideration of the Act shews that the words were not used in this unlimited sense. In the first place the collocation of No. 2 with classes of subjects of national and general concern affords an indication that regulations relating to general trade and commerce were in the mind of the legislature, when conferring this power on the dominion parliament. If the words had been intended to have the full scope of which in their literal meaning they are susceptible, the specific mention of several of the other classes of subjects enumerated in sect. 91 would have been unnecessary; as, 15, banking; 17, weights and measures; 18, bills of exchange and promissory notes; 19, interest; and even 21, bankruptcy and insolvency.
103:
that they would include general regulation of trade affecting the whole dominion. Their
Lordships abstain on the present occasion from any attempt to define the limits of the authority of the dominion parliament in this direction. It is enough for the decision of the present case to say that, in their view, its authority to legislate for the regulation of trade and commerce does not comprehend the power to regulate by legislation the contracts of a particular business or trade, such as the business of fire insurance in a single province, and therefore that its legislative authority does not in the present case conflict or compete with the power over property and civil rights assigned to the legislature of Ontario by No. 13 of sect. 92.
173:...the Dominion possesses legislative powers… to regulate this branch of external trade for the purpose of protecting it, by ensuring correctness in grading and freedom from adulteration, as well as providing for effective and reliable public guarantees as to quality. It does not follow that it is within the power of Parliament to accomplish this object by assuming, as this legislation does, the regulation in the provinces of particular occupations, as such, by a licensing system and otherwise, and of local works and undertakings, as such, however important and beneficial the ultimate purpose of the legislation may be.
405:
regulations established under federal authority. In my view this is perfectly legitimate, otherwise it would mean that our
Constitution makes it impossible by federal-provincial cooperative action to arrive at any practical scheme for the orderly and efficient production and marketing of a commodity which all governments concerned agree requires regulation in both intraprovincial and extraprovincial trade. As early as 1912, it was asserted by the Privy Council that “whatever belongs to self-government in Canada belongs either to the Dominion or to the provinces”. I do not overlook the admonition in the
311:, that each transaction and each regulation must be examined in relation to its own facts. In the present case, the orders under question were not, in my opinion, directed at the regulation of interprovincial trade. They did not purport directly to control or to restrict such trade. There was no evidence that, in fact, they did control or restrict it. The most that can be said of them is that they had some effect upon the cost of doing business in Quebec of a company engaged in interprovincial trade, and that, by itself, is not sufficient to make them invalid.
353:
or goods moving out, subject to possible exceptions, as in the case of danger to life or health. Again, the
Manitoba scheme cannot be considered in isolation from similar schemes in other provinces; and to permit each province to seek its own advantage, so to speak, through a figurative sealing of its borders to entry of goods from others would be to deny one of the objects of Confederation, evidenced by the catalogue of federal powers and by s. 121, namely, to form an economic unit of the whole of Canada: see the
338:
begs the question to say that out-of-province producers who come in voluntarily (certainly they cannot be compelled by
Manitoba) must not expect to be treated differently from local producers. I do not reach the question of discriminatory standards applied to out-of-province producers or distributors (that is, the question of a possibly illegal administration of the scheme as bearing on its validity) because I am of opinion that the scheme is on its face an invasion of federal power in relation to s. 91 (2).
422:
regulate the intraprovincial trade and it has delegated authority from the federal in respect of the extraprovincial trade. I fail to see what objection there can be to overall quotas established by a board thus vested with dual authority, unless it is said that our constitution precludes any businesslike marketing of products in both local and extraprovincial trade except under a federal assumption of power, something which I think, is directly contrary to the basic principle of the
1738:
1750:
554:... Canada’s problem is that the proposed Act reflects an attempt that goes well beyond these matters of undoubted national interest and concern and reaches down into the detailed regulation of all aspects of securities. In this respect, the proposed Act is unlike federal competition legislation, which has been held to fall under s. 91(2) of the
379:(1978) where the Supreme Court upheld a federal egg marketing scheme that imposed quotas of different provinces. This was a particularly broad interpretation of extraprovincial trade as it included even egg producers who did not export their products. In endorsing the federal-provincial scheme that had been established,
297:
that a trade transaction, completed in a province, is not necessarily, by that fact alone, subject only to provincial control, I also hold the view that the fact that such a transaction incidentally has some effect upon a company engaged in interprovincial trade does not necessarily prevent its being
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was that the fact that a transaction took place wholly within a province did not necessarily mean that it was thereby subject solely to provincial control. The regulation of some such transactions relating to products destined for interprovincial trade could constitute a regulation of interprovincial
185:
is an export trade, you can regulate it locally in order to give effect to your policy in relation to the regulation of that part of it which is export. Obviously that is not a principle the application of which can be ruled by percentages. If it is operative when the export trade is seventy per cent
352:
that “it is common ground that the prohibition of importation is beyond the legislative jurisdiction of the province”. Conversely, the general limitation upon provincial authority to exercise of its powers within or in the province precludes it from intercepting either goods moving into the province
233:
Murphy v. C.P.R. (1958): Murphy overturns
Eastern Terminal Elevators. Change from '25 -’58 is that the Gov of Canada has declared all grain elevators to be working for the "general advantage of Canada." Every Mill and recipient was numbered under S.92 (c) and was taken control of by the Wheat board.
411:
case, that the legislation has to be carefully framed but, when after 40 years a sincere cooperative effort has been accomplished, it would really be unfortunate if this was all brought to nought. While I adhere to the view that provinces may not make use of their control over local undertakings to
331:
There may be a variety of reasons which impel a province to enact regulatory legislation for the marketing of various products. For example, it may wish to secure the health of the inhabitants by establishing quality standards; it may wish to protect consumers against exorbitant prices; it may wish
102:
Construing therefore the words "regulation of trade and commerce" by the various aids to their interpretation above suggested, they would include political arrangements in regard to trade requiring the sanction of parliament, regulation of trade in matters of inter-provincial concern, and it may be
421:
case. Those quotas are fixed by the provincial board so the total will equal what the plan, established under the federal Act, provides for
Ontario in respect of extraprovincial trade in addition to what comes under intraprovincial trade. The Board is properly empowered by provincial authority to
337:
Assuming such controls to be open to a province, the scheme before this court is not so limited. It embraces products which are in the current of interprovincial trade and, as noted at the beginning of these reasons, it embraces them in whatever degree they seek to enter the provincial market. It
216:
The general power of legislation conferred up on the
Parliament of the Dominion by section 91 of the Act in supplement of the power to legislate upon the subjects expressly enumerated must be strictly confined to such matters as are unquestionably of national interest and importance, and must not
111:
Having taken this view of the present case, it becomes unnecessary to consider the question how far the general power to make regulations of trade and commerce, when competently exercised by the dominion parliament, might legally modify or affect property and civil rights in the provinces, or the
93:
The words "regulation of trade and commerce," in their unlimited sense are sufficiently wide, if uncontrolled by the context and other parts of the Act, to include every regulation of trade ranging from political arrangements in regard to trade with foreign governments, requiring the sanction of
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case. However, “Marketing” does not include production and, therefore, provincial control of production is prima facie valid. In the instant case, the provincial regulation is not aimed at controlling the extraprovincial trade. In so far as it affects this trade, it is only complementary to the
534:
In determining whether a matter has attained the required degree of singleness, distinctiveness and indivisibility that clearly distinguishes it from matters of provincial concern it is relevant to consider what would be the effect on extra‑provincial interests of a provincial failure to deal
256:
It is clear, therefore, that the existence and extent of provincial regulatory authority over specific trades within the province is not the sole criterion to be considered in deciding whether a federal regulation affecting such a trade is invalid. On the contrary, it is no objection when the
388:
We are not called upon to decide in the present case whether the federal
Parliament could assume control over egg farms devoted exclusively to the production of eggs for extraprovincial trade. Under the present circumstances such farms are, like any other farms, local undertakings subject to
357:
case. The existence of egg marketing schemes in more than one province, with objectives similar to the proposed
Manitoba scheme, makes it clear that interprovincial trade in eggs is being struck at by the provincial barriers to their movement into various provincial markets. If it be thought
220:
It is within the competence of the Dominion Parliament to provide for matters which though otherwise within the legislative competence of the Provincial Legislature, are necessarily incidental to effective legislation by the Parliament of the Dominion upon a subject of legislation expressly
528:
For a matter to qualify as a matter of national concern in either sense it must have a singleness, distinctiveness and indivisibility that clearly distinguishes it from matters of provincial concern and a scale of impact on provincial jurisdiction that is reconcilable with the fundamental
516:
The national concern doctrine is separate and distinct from the national emergency doctrine of the peace, order and good government power, which is chiefly distinguishable by the fact that it provides a constitutional basis for what is necessarily legislation of a temporary
522:
The national concern doctrine applies to both new matters which did not exist at Confederation and to matters which, although originally matters of a local or private nature in a province, have since, in the absence of national emergency, become matters of national
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provincial authority, irrespective of the destination of their output. I can see no reason why such legislative authority would not extend to the control of production as to quantity just as it extends undoubtedly to the price to be paid for raw materials.
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The legislation of the Parliament of the Dominion, so long as it strictly relates to subjects of legislation expressly enumerated in section 91, is of paramount authority, even if it trenches upon matters assigned to the Provincial Legislature by section
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anti-competitive contracts and conduct — a particular aspect of economic activity that falls squarely within the federal domain. In short, the proposed federal Act overreaches the legislative interest of the federal government.
343:
There are several grounds upon which I base this conclusion. The proposed scheme has as a direct object the regulation of the importation of eggs, and it is not saved by the fact that the local market is under the same regime.
546:, where the Court was asked to give its opinion on the Federal Government's proposal to federalize the regulation of the securities industry in Canada. In dismissing the attempt as being unconstitutional as currently drafted,
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impugned enactment is an integral part of a scheme for the regulation of international or interprovincial trade, a purpose that is clearly outside provincial jurisdiction and within the exclusive federal field of action.
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trench on any of the subjects enumerated in section 92, as within the scope of Provincial legislation, unless these matters have attained such dimensions as to affect the body politic of the Dominion.
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it includes not only arrangements with regard to international and interprovincial trade but "it may be that .. . would include general regulation of trade affecting the whole dominion";
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In so far as the producer quotas are to be viewed as marketing quotas rather than as production quotas, it seems to me that their validity is established by the principle of the
199:
268:
143:, the Privy Council suggested that the trade and commerce power applied only as an ancillary power to some other valid federal power. This principle was eventually rejected in
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396:
318:
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the failure to include one or more provinces or localities in a legislative scheme would jeopardize the successful operation of the scheme in other parts of the country.
829:
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164:(1925), a federal law regulating trade of provincially produced grain destined entirely for export was found not to be within the meaning of extraprovincial trade. As
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analysis is still considered to be vague and problematical in many respects, as it does not lend itself easily to either categorical or balancing styles of analysis.
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necessary or desirable to arrest such movement at any provincial border then the aid of the Parliament of Canada must be sought, as was done through Part V of the
63:
1472:
1083:
1078:
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affect extraprovincial marketing, this does not, in my view, prevent the use of provincial control to complement federal regulation of extraprovincial trade.
248:(1971) the Court upheld a law prohibiting the movement of imported oil as a form of regulating inter-provincial trade. As noted in the majority judgment by
915:
1012:
1007:
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854:
283:
145:
1209:
714:
694:
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1002:
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687:
The Attorney General for the Province of Ontario and others v The Attorney General for the Dominion of Canada and another ("References Case")
76:
1634:
822:
1717:
160:
1424:
507:
1488:
1030:
1088:
707:
The Attorney General of British Columbia v The Attorney General of Canada and others ("Natural Products Marketing Act Reference")
874:
204:
1776:
1754:
1573:
895:
815:
467:
the legislation should be of a nature that provinces jointly or severally would be constitutionally incapable of enacting; and
407:
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There can be a domain in which Provincial and Dominion legislation may overlap, in which case, neither legislation will be
121:
establishes three basic propositions about the trade and commerce power that have underlined all subsequent jurisprudence:
1781:
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if the field is clear, but if the field is not clear and the two legislations meet, the Dominion legislation must prevail.
1669:
1483:
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There are two lurking fallacies in the argument advanced on behalf of the Crown; first, that, because in large part the
890:
568:
aspects of public protection and professional competence within the provinces. Competition law, by contrast, regulates
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has given this power characteristics that are unique from those that are specified in the United States Constitution's
1623:
1145:
542:
435:
doctrine in the United States, in order to better address conflicts between the federal and provincial jurisdictions.
55:
1180:
475:
The regulation of general trade must be broad and sweeping, and cannot single out a particular trade or industry. In
394:
This does not mean that such power is unlimited, a province cannot control extraprovincial trade, as was held in the
322:, if the provincial scheme limits the free flow of trade between provinces than it will be struck down. As noted by
1124:
900:
477:
745:"Awakening Canada's Dormant Trade and Commerce Clause: How Canadian Courts Test Concurrent Provincial Legislation"
1542:
1525:
974:
744:
780:"Balancing and its alternatives: Jurisprudential choice, securities regulation and the trade and commerce power"
979:
957:
345:
193:
674:
617:
203:, the division of responsibilities between federal and provincial jurisdictions was summarized as follows by
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1537:
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946:
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139:
32:
649:
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There has been discussion as to whether Canadian jurisprudence ought to adopt an approach similar to the
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380:
360:
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With the abolition of appeals to the Privy Council, the interpretation of the power became broader. In
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1594:
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779:
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held that provincial regulations that had an incidental effect on extraprovincial trade were valid:
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997:
547:
370:
591:
The Attorney-General Canada v The Attorney-General of Ontario and others ("Aeronautics Reference")
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1674:
1639:
1508:
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967:
885:
487:
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Initially the scope for extraprovincial trade was set very narrowly by the Privy Council. In the
17:
464:
the legislation must be concerned with trade as a whole rather than with a particular industry;
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The Court has also considered the effect of provincial law on the trade and commerce power. In
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1552:
927:
756:
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it does not correspond to the literal meaning of the words "regulation of trade and commerce";
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595:
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effectively with the control or regulation of the intra‑provincial aspects of the matter.
710:
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502:
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How a matter becomes one of national concern is governed by the principles stated by
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450:
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legislative power of the provincial legislatures in relation to those subjects ...
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it does not extend to regulating the contracts of a particular business or trade.
1135:
461:
the scheme must be monitored by the continuing oversight of a regulatory agency;
323:
182:
1190:
1169:
905:
165:
453:
listed five indicia of competence for the Parliament of Canada to legislate:
613:
Attorney-General for Manitoba v. Manitoba Egg and Poultry Association et al.
319:
Attorney-General for Manitoba v. Manitoba Egg and Poultry Association et al.
807:
364:, in respect of provincial regulation of the sale of intoxicating liquor.
485:
held that the regulation of the composition of "light beer" under the
564:
aspects of contracts for securities within the provinces, including
152:
Proprietary Articles Trade Association v. Attorney General of Canada
439:
Modern developments on the general regulation of trade and commerce
671:
Burns Foods Limited et al. v. Attorney General for Manitoba et al.
646:
Lawson v. Interior Tree Fruit and Vegetable Committee of Direction
1696:
1621:
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1167:
1113:
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872:
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was invalid as it was too narrow to be directed towards trade.
262:
Provincial jurisdiction over extraprovincial trade and commerce
749:
Loyola of Los Angeles International and Comparative Law Review
458:
the impugned legislation must be part of a regulatory scheme;
529:
distribution of legislative power under the Constitution;
540:
The general trade branch was also considered in 2011 in
1115:
Amendments and other constitutional documents 1867–1982
446:
General Motors of Canada Ltd. v. City National Leasing
293:
While I agree with the view of the four judges in the
1402:
Part II – Rights of the Aboriginal peoples of Canada
269:
Carnation Co. v. Quebec Agricultural Marketing Board
238:
Modern interpretation by the Supreme Court of Canada
1433:
1417:
1401:
1208:
1199:
1054:
1021:
988:
727:P.E.I. Potato Marketing Board v. H.B. Willis Inc.
1418:Part III – Equalization and regional disparities
1210:Part I – Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
376:Reference re Agricultural Products Marketing Act
713: at p. 389, AC 377 (28 January 1937),
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513:
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254:
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922:Report on the Affairs of British North America
823:
8:
916:Declaration of Independence of Lower Canada
693: at p. 583, AC 571 (16 May 1912),
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1618:
1568:
1467:
1205:
1196:
1164:
1110:
1018:
985:
941:
875:Pre-Confederation constitutional documents
869:
830:
816:
808:
191:By the 1930s, as noted succinctly in the
155:, but the power was still read strictly.
49:2. The Regulation of Trade and Commerce.
146:Toronto Electric Commissioners v. Snider
1191:Kitchen Accord/Night of the Long Knives
1084:Fines and penalties for provincial laws
582:
288:trade and be beyond provincial control.
168:(as he then was) noted in his opinion:
86:Judicial Committee of the Privy Council
630:Gold Seal Ltd. v. Dominion Express Co.
369:A significant decision with impact on
350:Gold Seal Ltd. v. Dominion Express Co.
1521:Individual ministerial responsibility
326:(as he then was) in the latter case:
7:
1089:Matters of a local or private nature
1718:Constitution Act (British Columbia)
677:, 1 SCR 494 (21 December 1973)
636:, 62 SCR 424 (18 October 1921)
281:The view of the four judges in the
161:R. v. Eastern Terminal Elevator Co.
64:interstate trade and commerce power
1698:Provincial constitutions of Canada
1624:Interpretation of the Constitution
508:R. v. Crown Zellerbach Canada Ltd.
77:Citizen's Insurance Co. v. Parsons
62:and the Australian Constitution's
25:
1489:Cabinet collective responsibility
1031:Peace, order, and good government
652:, SCR 357 (16 February 1930)
620:, 1971 SCR 689 (28 June 1971)
18:Trade and commerce (Canadian law)
1749:
1748:
1736:
850:List of constitutional documents
598:, AC 54 (22 October 1931),
733:, 2 SCR 392 (30 June 1952)
44:the authority to legislate on:
958:Charlottetown Conference, 1864
855:Amendments to the Constitution
408:Natural Products Marketing Act
197:and then subsequently in the
1:
1605:Other unsuccessful amendments
787:Canadian Business Law Journal
1670:Interjurisdictional immunity
1494:Disallowance and reservation
1146:Statute of Westminster, 1931
717: (on appeal from Canada)
697: (on appeal from Canada)
602: (on appeal from Canada)
1046:Matters excepted from s. 92
543:Reference re Securities Act
88:determined its scope thus:
56:Canadian constitutional law
1798:
1635:Indigenous self-government
1125:British North America Acts
911:Constitutional Act of 1791
901:Royal Proclamation of 1763
896:Constitution of New France
478:Labatt Breweries v. Canada
1730:
1703:
1692:
1630:
1617:
1580:
1567:
1543:Parliamentary sovereignty
1484:At His Majesty's pleasure
1479:
1466:
1176:
1163:
1120:
1109:
1079:Administration of justice
1074:Property and civil rights
953:
940:
881:
868:
845:
793:. Canada Law Book: 72–105
743:Chelsea A. Sneed (1997).
303:I agree with the view of
221:enumerated in section 91.
980:Fathers of Confederation
860:Quasi-constitutional law
298:subject to such control.
194:Fish Canneries Reference
38:trade and commerce power
1708:Constitution of Alberta
1650:Equal authenticity rule
1538:Parliamentary privilege
975:London Conference, 1866
963:Quebec Conference, 1864
433:dormant commerce clause
1777:Constitution of Canada
1713:Constitution of Quebec
1665:Implied Bill of Rights
1499:Responsible government
1201:Constitution Act, 1982
1181:Fulton–Favreau formula
1151:Newfoundland Act, 1949
1141:Saskatchewan Act, 1905
1069:Works and undertakings
990:Constitution Act, 1867
839:Constitution of Canada
691:[1912] UKPC 35
596:[1931] UKPC 93
575:
557:Constitution Act, 1867
538:
473:
429:
397:Manitoba Egg Reference
367:
314:
259:
231:
189:
140:Board of Commerce case
135:
115:
52:
33:Constitution Act, 1867
1574:Constitutional debate
886:Iroquois constitution
711:[1937] UKPC 9
560:. It would regulate
361:Canada Temperance Act
245:Caloil Inc. v. Canada
200:Aeronautics Reference
70:Initial jurisprudence
1782:Federalism in Canada
1595:Charlottetown Accord
891:Mi'kmaq constitution
316:However, as held in
42:Parliament of Canada
36:, also known as the
1600:Calgary Declaration
998:Canadian federalism
778:Ian B. Lee (2011).
371:Canadian federalism
54:The development of
1680:Dialogue principle
1640:Pith and substance
1509:King-in-Parliament
1434:Part VII – General
1131:Manitoba Act, 1870
1036:Trade and commerce
968:Quebec Resolutions
906:Quebec Act of 1774
661:R.S.C. 1952, c. 30
488:Food and Drugs Act
82:Sir Montague Smith
74:First examined in
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1743:Canada portal
1726:
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1590:Meech Lake Accord
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1553:Royal prerogative
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1136:Alberta Act, 1905
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928:Act of Union 1840
757:Loyola Law School
309:Ontario Reference
295:Ontario Reference
284:Ontario Reference
16:(Redirected from
1789:
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1675:Purposive theory
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1504:Fusion of powers
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1186:Victoria Charter
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1585:Triple-E Senate
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1531:Question Period
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675:1973 CanLII 194
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624:
618:1971 CanLII 193
610:
606:
588:
584:
580:
441:
264:
240:
72:
60:Commerce Clause
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1795:
1793:
1785:
1784:
1779:
1769:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1758:
1746:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1697:
1690:
1689:
1686:
1685:
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1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
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1642:
1637:
1631:
1628:
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1622:
1615:
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1611:
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1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1572:
1565:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1557:
1556:
1555:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1534:
1533:
1526:Interpellation
1523:
1518:
1516:Implied repeal
1513:
1512:
1511:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1471:
1464:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1448:
1443:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1427:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1411:
1405:
1403:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1214:
1212:
1203:
1194:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1168:
1161:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1154:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1107:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1092:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1060:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1049:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1027:
1025:
1016:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
994:
992:
983:
982:
977:
972:
971:
970:
960:
954:
951:
950:
945:
938:
937:
934:
933:
931:
930:
925:
919:
913:
908:
903:
898:
893:
888:
882:
879:
878:
873:
866:
865:
863:
862:
857:
852:
846:
843:
842:
837:
835:
834:
827:
820:
812:
805:
804:
770:
735:
731:1952 CanLII 26
719:
699:
679:
663:
654:
638:
634:1921 CanLII 25
622:
604:
581:
579:
576:
537:
536:
531:
530:
525:
524:
519:
518:
496:General Motors
472:
471:
468:
465:
462:
459:
440:
437:
428:
427:
414:
413:
391:
390:
366:
365:
340:
339:
334:
333:
313:
312:
300:
299:
290:
289:
263:
260:
239:
236:
230:
229:
222:
218:
214:
188:
187:
175:
174:
134:
133:
130:
127:
114:
113:
105:
104:
96:
95:
71:
68:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1794:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1757:
1756:
1747:
1745:
1744:
1733:
1732:
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1705:
1702:
1695:
1691:
1681:
1678:
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1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1645:Double aspect
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1629:
1625:
1620:
1616:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1566:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1549:
1548:Reserve power
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1510:
1507:
1506:
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1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
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1481:
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1469:
1465:
1447:
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1439:
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1436:
1432:
1426:
1423:
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1420:
1416:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1175:
1171:
1166:
1162:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1112:
1108:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1059:
1055:Powers under
1053:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1026:
1020:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
995:
993:
991:
987:
981:
978:
976:
973:
969:
966:
965:
964:
961:
959:
956:
955:
952:
948:
947:Confederation
943:
939:
929:
926:
923:
920:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
883:
880:
876:
871:
867:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
847:
844:
840:
833:
828:
826:
821:
819:
814:
813:
810:
792:
788:
781:
774:
771:
758:
754:
750:
746:
739:
736:
732:
728:
723:
720:
716:
712:
708:
703:
700:
696:
692:
688:
683:
680:
676:
672:
667:
664:
658:
655:
651:
650:1930 CanLII 2
647:
642:
639:
635:
631:
626:
623:
619:
615:
614:
608:
605:
601:
597:
593:
592:
586:
583:
577:
574:
571:
567:
563:
559:
558:
551:
549:
545:
544:
533:
532:
527:
526:
521:
520:
515:
514:
512:
510:
509:
504:
499:
497:
492:
490:
489:
484:
480:
479:
469:
466:
463:
460:
457:
456:
454:
452:
448:
447:
438:
436:
434:
425:
420:
416:
415:
410:
409:
403:
399:
398:
393:
392:
387:
386:
384:
382:
378:
377:
372:
363:
362:
356:
351:
347:
342:
341:
336:
335:
330:
329:
327:
325:
321:
320:
310:
306:
302:
301:
296:
292:
291:
286:
285:
280:
279:
277:
275:
271:
270:
261:
258:
253:
251:
247:
246:
237:
235:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
210:
208:
206:
202:
201:
196:
195:
184:
180:
179:
178:
172:
171:
169:
167:
163:
162:
156:
154:
153:
148:
147:
142:
141:
131:
128:
125:
124:
122:
120:
110:
109:
108:
101:
100:
99:
92:
91:
89:
87:
83:
79:
78:
69:
67:
65:
61:
57:
51:
50:
45:
43:
40:, grants the
39:
35:
34:
29:
28:Section 91(2)
19:
1753:
1734:
1041:Criminal law
1035:
1022:Powers under
795:. Retrieved
790:
786:
773:
761:. Retrieved
752:
748:
738:
726:
722:
706:
702:
686:
682:
670:
666:
657:
645:
641:
629:
625:
611:
607:
589:
585:
569:
565:
561:
555:
553:
541:
539:
506:
500:
495:
493:
486:
476:
474:
451:Dickson C.J.
444:
442:
430:
423:
418:
406:
401:
395:
374:
368:
359:
354:
349:
317:
315:
308:
294:
282:
267:
265:
255:
243:
241:
232:
225:
198:
192:
190:
176:
159:
157:
150:
144:
138:
136:
118:
116:
106:
97:
75:
73:
53:
48:
47:
37:
31:
27:
26:
1660:Living tree
1655:Paramountcy
1473:Conventions
1127:, 1867–1982
1013:Section 125
1008:Section 121
402:Burns Foods
400:and in the
274:Martland J.
226:ultra vires
205:Lord Sankey
183:grain trade
117:Therefore,
1771:Categories
1170:Patriation
1057:Section 92
1024:Section 91
797:10 January
503:Le Dain J.
494:Such post-
424:B.N.A. Act
1064:Licensing
763:3 October
759:: 193–221
548:the Court
381:Pigeon J.
346:Anglin J.
324:Laskin J.
307:, in the
305:Abbott J.
250:Pigeon J.
1755:Category
1218:Preamble
1003:Preamble
523:concern;
483:Estey J.
383:stated:
348:said in
80:(1881),
729:,
673:,
648:,
632:,
616:,
550:noted:
517:nature;
166:Duff J.
119:Parsons
84:of the
30:of the
924:(1839)
918:(1838)
419:Willis
355:Lawson
783:(PDF)
755:(1).
709:
689:
594:
578:Notes
1303:16.1
799:2013
765:2012
715:P.C.
695:P.C.
600:P.C.
570:only
177:...
149:and
107:...
98:...
566:all
562:all
505:in
443:In
213:92.
158:In
1773::
1446:59
1441:52
1425:36
1409:35
1393:34
1388:33
1383:32
1378:31
1373:30
1368:29
1363:28
1358:27
1353:26
1348:25
1343:24
1338:23
1333:22
1328:21
1323:20
1318:19
1313:18
1308:17
1298:16
1293:15
1288:14
1283:13
1278:12
1273:11
1268:10
791:50
789:.
785:.
753:20
751:.
747:.
511::
481:,
449:,
272:,
252::
207::
66:.
1263:9
1258:8
1253:7
1248:6
1243:5
1238:4
1233:3
1228:2
1223:1
831:e
824:t
817:v
801:.
767:.
426:.
20:)
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