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trainee has the ability to "see" things hidden from view. This is proved when other sangomas hide sacred objects for the trainee to find in front of the community. The trainee must call upon their ancestors, find the hidden objects, which include the skin of the sacrificed goat and the ancestors' clothes, and return them back to the sangomas that hid them, thus proving they have the ability to 'see' beyond the physical world. The practise is done at night and involves removing the traditional clothing worn throughout the day to be hidden again for the trainee to find. The graduation ceremony takes three days from Friday to Sunday. During the early hours of the morning the trainee is required to sweep the yard, wash their clothing and bath in the river, only returning home when they are dry.
386:. In possession states, the sangoma works themself into a trance through drumming, dancing and chanting, and allows their ego to step aside for an ancestor to take possession of their body and communicate directly with the patient, or dancing fervently beyond their stated ability. The sangoma will provide specific information about the problems of the patient. Some sangomas speak to their patients through regular conversation, whilst others speak in tongues or languages foreign to their patients, but all languages used by sangomas are indigenous Southern African languages depending on the specific ancestors being called upon. Not all sangomas follow the same rituals or beliefs.
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foreign spirit and your ancestors. They have something, an injustice, a murder that must be worked out, must be healed. During training, as the ancestors come out, you have to finish up with your own ancestors first. That relationship sorts itself out, then you are ready to work with the foreign spirits. It happens in a natural way. The ancestors do the work through you. Maybe the foreign spirit want to be the important or senior ancestor; when the ancestor of your clan comes, well, they may have to fight it out. You might feel some aches during this time. It is friction among them that is working itself out.
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are acting in a manner to cause affliction. For example, a crab could be invoked as a mediator between the human world and the world of spirits because of its ability to move between the world of the land and the sea. Helping and harming spirits are believed to use the human body as a battleground for their own conflicts. By using ngoma, the sangoma believes they can create harmony between the spirits, which is thought to bring an alleviation of the patient's suffering.
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establish the root cause of the headaches, and treat that too. This may mean the healer will provide counselling to the patient. Treatment is usually holistic, and a once-off ointment will generally not do the trick. Many clients come for help with their relationships or marriages. A potion may be given to open the communication channels between couples, so that they can speak about their problems. Counselling will also be on offer, but there is no quick-fix solution.
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doctors trained in bio-medical practice. Traditional healers are consulted by approximately 60% of the South
African population, usually in conjunction with modern bio-medical services. For harmony between the living and the dead, vital for a trouble-free life, traditional healers believe that the ancestors must be shown respect through ritual and animal sacrifice. They perform summoning rituals by burning plants like
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627:, medicines with spiritual significance. The trainee may not see their families during training and must abstain from sexual contact and often live under harsh and strict conditions. This is part of the cleansing process to prepare the healer for a life's work of dedication to healing and the intense experiences of training tend to earn a deeply entrenched place in the sangoma's memory.
551:) – Medicinal herbs are commonly inhaled by steaming them in a bucket of boiling water. A blanket or preferably a plastic sheet (as blankets absorb heat and don't circulate the steam well) is used to cover the patient and container. Hot rocks or a portable stove may be included to keep the bucket boiling. The patient sits under the blanket, breathes in the herbal steam and sweats.
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in trance a sangoma is not conscious of what is happening, and will require witnesses to repeat what had been said during the trance) where the ancestors will be channeled (which is signified in Zulu traditions by episodes of convulsive fits) followed by the singing of ancestral songs. These songs are echoed back to the ancestor via the audience in a process of
903:, the drafting of which was suspended in 2008. On 23 March 2010 the Minister of Justice and Constitutional Development approved a South African Law Reform Commission project to review witchcraft legislation. In March 2012 the South African Law Reform Commission advised that Ms Jennifer Joni has been designated as researcher and Judge
359:, who believe that ancestors in the afterlife guide and protect the living. Sangomas are called to heal, and through them, it is believed that ancestors from the spirit world can give instruction and advice to heal illness, social disharmony and spiritual difficulties. Traditional healers work in a sacred healing hut or
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Sangoma can also literally mean 'person of the drum' or 'the drumming one' and drumming is an important part of summoning the ancestors. During times of celebration (e.g. at an initiation) the possessed sangoma is called to dance and celebrate their ancestors. The sangoma will fall into trance (when
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Bapedi traditional healers use 36 plant species to manage reproductive health problems. These medicinal species are distributed among 35 genera and 20 families. The largest proportion of medicinal species collected belongs to the family
Asteraceae (such as Calendula) followed by Fabaceae (such as the
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In a typical session, a patient will visit the sangoma, and the sangoma must determine what the affliction is or the reason the patient has come to them for help. Before the throwing of the bones, the healer should first ask for the name and surname of the patient; the healer then calls the ancestors
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Niehaus DJ, Oosthuizen P, Lochner C, Emsley RA, Jordaan E, Mbanga NI, Keyter N, Laurent C, Deleuze JF, Stein DJ (March–April 2004). "A culture-bound syndrome 'amafufunyana' and a culture-specific event 'ukuthwasa': differentiated by a family history of schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders".
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In the past decade, the role of traditional healers has become important in fighting the impact of HIV and treating people infected with the virus before they advance to a point where they require (or can obtain) anti-retroviral drugs. However, there are no traditional medicines in South Africa that
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Philip
Kubekeli, director of the Traditional Medical Practitioners, Herbalist and Spiritual Healers Association, and Phephsile Maseko, spokesperson of the Traditional Healers Organisation, see nothing wrong with white sangomas. Kubekeli and Maseko maintain the position that traditional healing knows
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took action and opened nominations for seats on an interim council. In
October 2012, Health Department spokesperson Joe Maila advised that the department aimed to have the council up and running by the end of 2012. The Interim Traditional Health Practitioners Council was eventually inaugurated on 12
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bone signifies a thief and will provide information about stolen objects. The sangoma or patient may physically throw the bones, but the ancestors control how they land. The sangoma then interprets this metaphor in relation to the patient's afflictions, what the ancestors of the patient require, and
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by names, starting with their initiators' names, then their own, followed by the patient's ancestor's names. The patient or diviner throws bones on the floor, which may include animal vertebrae, dominoes, dice, coins, shells and stones, each with a specific significance to human life. For example, a
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During the training period the healer in training will share their ailments in the form of song and dance, a process that is nurtured by the analysis of dreams, anxieties, and with prayer. The story develops into a song that becomes a large part of the graduation-type ceremony that marks the end of
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makes extensive use of botanical products but the medicine prescribed by an inyanga may also include other formulations which are zoological or mineral in composition. Traditional medicine uses approximately 3,000 out of 30,000 species of higher plants of southern Africa. Over 300 species of plants
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have blurred the distinction between the two and traditional healers tend to practice both arts. Traditional healers can alternate between these roles by diagnosing common illnesses, selling and dispensing remedies for medical complaints, and divining cause and providing solutions to spiritually or
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who are highly revered and respected in a society where illness is thought to be caused by witchcraft, pollution (contact with impure objects or occurrences) or through neglect of the ancestors. It is estimated that there are as many as 200,000 traditional healers in South Africa compared to 25,000
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Foreign spirits are not of your family. That is all it means. Foreign spirits are not your ancestors. My forefathers, for instance, were warriors and they killed some people. When these people were killed, they become my family's foreign spirits. There must be a working relationship with your
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that occurred until 500 CE. The practice has evolved along with the social problems of its users. In pre-colonial form ngoma songs dealt mainly with issues of hunting. Over time the system adapted to include the introduction of guns, and later the racial and class struggles of practitioners under
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Ancestral spirits can be the personal ancestors of the sangoma or the patient, or they might be general ancestors associated with the geographic area or the community. It is believed that the spirits have the power to intervene in people's lives who work to connect the sangoma to the spirits that
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The local community, friends and family are all invited to the initiation to witness and celebrate the completion of training. The trainee is tested by the local elder sangomas to determine whether they have the skills and insight necessary to heal. The climactic initiation test is to ensure the
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through divination (throwing the bones or ancestral channelling), purification rituals, or animal sacrifice to appease the spirits through the atonement.Throwing bones to access the advice of ancestors is an alternative practice to the relatively exhausting ritual of possession by the ancestor.
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A sangoma's goal in healing is to establish a balanced and harmless relationship between the afflicted patient and the spirits that are causing their illness or problem. The healer intercedes between the patient and the world of the dead in order to make restitution. This is generally performed
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term that is colloquially used to describe all types of
Southern African traditional healers, there are differences between practices: an inyanga is concerned mainly with medicines made from plants and animals, while a sangoma relies primarily on divination for healing purposes and might also be
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Believing that fake healers harm the reputation of traditional healers, trained sangomas are looking to curb their negative impact through regulation, legal action and awareness. Many sangomas do not advertise through flyers or posters, tending to rely on word of mouth and the belief that their
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colonial rule. In
Zimbabwe, the civil war experience led to a revival of ngoma practice with a new emphasis on the spirits of the victims of war. The service allowed the sangoma to help people cope with their own violent acts as well as those they had fallen victim to. An example of this is the
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An experienced inyanga/sangoma will generally seek the guidance of an ancestral spirit before embarking to find and collect muthi. Healers pay attention to dreams and prayers for ancestral advice on auspicious time to collect plants, which particular plants to collect and where these plants are
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Sangomas don’t do miracles and there is no such a thing as doubling a person’s money. They only help to connect with the ancestors, who gives them directions on how to heal and assist people in need. The ancestors get angry when people play with their name and end up taking away the powers and
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When the diviner comes to an acceptable understanding of the problem and the patient agrees, the diviner then throws the bones again to ask the ancestors if they could help the patient. Depending on the feedback from the bones, they will instruct the patient on a course of medicine, which may
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A true healer is someone who has been through initiation, inducted by an expert in the field, who has undergone rigorous training and completed external healing courses. If a patient complains of headaches, they will be given plants with painkilling properties. But the healer will also try to
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is required to be performed (usually chickens and a goat or cow). At the end of the training, to signify the start of initiation, a female goat is slaughtered during the early hours of the morning and the next day chickens will be sacrificed next to a river before a second large animal is
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as diviners alongside herbalists, traditional birth attendants, and traditional surgeons. The act calls for the establishment of a national council of traditional health practitioners to regulate and register a.o. sangomas in the country. However, it was only in
December 2011 that the
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Dr
Motlalepula Matsabisa, director of the Medical Research Council's Indigenous Knowledge Unit, says there appears to be many fake traditional healers around, however because of a lack of regulation, they go unchecked and explains that if anyone can bring about good luck and predict
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is a deeply personal and spiritual one, marked by various rituals, teachings, and preparations. The process can vary in length, with some sources suggesting a minimum duration of nine months to fully explore and develop the abilities and knowledge of an initiate. The
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623:) trains formally under another sangoma for a period of anywhere between a number of months and many years. The training involves learning humility to the ancestors, purification through steaming, washing in the blood of sacrificed animals, and the use of
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has been designated as project leader for
Project 135: Review of witchcraft legislation. Dr Theodore Petrus, who completed a doctoral thesis on witchcraft-related crime in 2009, was invited to become part of an advisory committee to assist in the review.
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in 2010, claimed that they have been welcomed by the black community in South Africa, aside from isolated experiences of hostility. On the other hand, there have also been reports that white sangomas have been less readily accepted by black sangomas.
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located. Many traditional healers won't have to collect plants for each patient as they have herbs stored in their huts. The healer supplements the perceived advice from an ancestral spirit with their own knowledge, training and experience.
976:, especially if there is a significant extreme relationship between one of the healer's biological ancestors and the foreign spirit that occurred in the past. Dr Nhlavana Maseko, founder of the Traditional Healers Organisation, explains:
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Scammers commonly advertise through flyers and posters plastered on lampposts in streets throughout South Africa, especially in densely populated urban areas. The advertisements claim the ability to bring back lost lovers, potions to
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Nasally – A variety of plants can be taken dried and powdered as snuff. Some are taken to induce sneezing which may traditionally be believed to aid the expulsion of disease. Others are taken for the common conditions such as
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Significant amounts of money have been lost in these scams and women seeking abortions through these unregulated services have suffered damage to their reproductive organs, impacting their ability to conceive in the future.
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Medical doctors have reported cases of patients with serious gastrointestinal problems through the use of muti, especially in enema form, and have coined the phrase "ritual enema induced colitis" to describe the phenomenon.
2660:"Witchcraft education needed; South Africa not only needs new legislation to combat witchcraft-related crime, including muti murders, but also serious education campaigns and initiatives, particularly in rural communities"
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calling given to a person. The sangomas are not rich because they are controlled by the ancestors. The bogus sangomas cause people to not believe ancestors, because they lie about their work with the ancestors.
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fat might be prepared for children to promote courage. There are medicines for everything from physical and mental illness, social disharmony and spiritual difficulties to potions for protection, love and luck.
598:, intractable stomach pain, shoulder, neck complaints, short breath, swollen feet and waist issues or illness that cannot be cured by conventional methods. These problems together must be seen by a sangoma as
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Enemas – Infusions and some decoctions are commonly administered as enemas. The enema is a preferred route of administration of certain plant extracts, as it is believed they are more effective this way.
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sangomas before 1994, since 1994 an increasing number of white people have openly trained as sangomas in South Africa. The question of authenticity is still an ongoing discussion. According to
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in
September 2000, regarding collaboration with traditional healers in HIV/AIDS prevention and care, found that modern and traditional belief systems are not incompatible, but complementary.
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February 2013. Several sections of the act, dealing with the establishment and governance of the national council and the registration of practitioners, came into effect on 1 May 2014.
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355:, which is often a mix of medicinal plants and various animal body fats or skin. Sangomas perform a holistic and symbolic form of healing by drawing on the embedded beliefs of the
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and taken their wives. Once the Ndau spirit has been converted from hostile to benevolent forces, the spirits bestow the powers of divination and healing on the n'angna.
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continue to study the ingredients of traditional medicines in use by sangomas. Well-known contributions to world medicine from South African herbal remedies include
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include the use of ngoma, referral to a herbalist if the sangoma does not have the knowledge themselves, or the recommendation of a Western-style medicine regimen.
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as well as wielding power over patients to sexually assault them, sometimes dressed up as ritual, carries HIV transmission risks. A conclusion from a review by
544:) – A large volume (up to +-2 litres) of a weak, lukewarm herbal infusion is drunk and a process of self-induced vomiting occurs to cleanse and tone the system.
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An igqirha is someone who has been called by their ancestors to heal, whether from the maternal or paternal side, they can't be called by ancestors.
608:. Sangomas believe that failure to respond to the calling will result in further illness until the person concedes and goes to be trained. The word
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Both men and women can become traditional healers. A sangoma is believed to be "called" to heal through an initiation illness; symptoms involve
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how to resolve the disharmony. In the same way, sangomas will interpret metaphors present in dreams, either their own those of their patients.
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asting are important things to do in preparing muthi and healing. Purification practices include bathing, vomiting, steaming, nasal ingestion,
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have been identified as having psychoactive healing effects on the nervous system, many of which need further cultural and scientific study In
3547:"Ancestral calling, traditional health practitioner training and mental illness: An ethnographic study from rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa"
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155:—medications made from plant, animal and minerals—imbued with spiritual significance. These muthi often have powerful symbolism; for example,
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van der Zeijst, Martine; Veling, Wim; Makhathini, Elliot Mqansa; Susser, Ezra; Burns, Jonathan K; Hoek, Hans W; Susser, Ida (August 2021).
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Wreford, Joanne Thobeka (December 2007). "'Long-Nosed' Hybrids? Sharing the Experience of White Izangoma in Contemporary South-Africa".
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While many traditional healers positively contribute toward the healing process, the industry has been exploited for financial gain by
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2464:"Speech by Deputy Minister Gwen Ramokgopa at the inauguration of the interim Traditional Health Practitioners Council of South Africa"
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Rolf P.A. Dauskart "The Changing Geography of Traditional Medicine; urban Herbalism on the witwaterstrand, South Africa" (1990) pp.276
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or ubungoma (in Xhosa) journey which is associated with the "calling" to become a sangoma, though this event also involves those with
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An Anthropological Study of Witchcraft-related Crime in the Eastern Cape and its Implications for Law Enforcement Policy and Practice
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1875:"Traditional plants used for the treatment of gynaecological disorders in Vedaranyam taluk, South India - An ethnomedicinal survey"
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term "ukuthwasa" translates to "come out" or "be reborn," symbolising the transformative nature of the experience. A similar term,
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363:, where they believe their ancestors reside. Where no physical 'indumba' is available, a makeshift miniature sacred place called
924:, Johannesburg, Gogo Mashele of the Tshwane Traditional and Faith Healers Forum welcomes new sangomas (including a white thwasa)
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1816:"The Effect of Hydroalcoholic Calendula Officinalis Extract on Androgen-Induced Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Model in Female Rat"
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received a submission from the Traditional Healers Organisation requesting the investigation of the constitutionality of the
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808:. In more northern areas the practices are generally more diverse and less organised than the southern practices. Among the
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1957:"Herbal Medicines Used by Bapedi Traditional Healers to Treat Reproductive Ailments in the Limpopo Province, South Africa"
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and psychological concerns. After study, it was discovered that this term is directed toward people with varying types of
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and psychological concerns. After study, it was discovered that this term is directed toward people with varying types of
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The formal health sector has shown continued interest in the role of sangomas and the efficacy of their herbal remedies.
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697:. The possessed sangoma will then change into their traditional ancestral clothing and dance vigorously while others
3356:"Collaboration with traditional healers in HIV/AIDS prevention and care in sub-Saharan Africa – A literature review"
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972:) involve the belief that a foreign or alien spirit can call one to become a traditional healer, which they call a
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Sangoma/n'anga in Johannesburg, South Africa, performing a traditional baptism to protect the spirit of the baby.
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who believe that one of the main alien spirits that can bestow powers of clairvoyance and the ability to detect
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Segal, I; Solomon A; Mirwis J. (November 1981). "Radiological manifestations of ritual-enema-induced colitis".
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Janzen, John M (1995). "Self Presentation and Common Culture Structures in Ngoma Rituals of Southern Africa".
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Sangomas believe they are able to access advice and guidance from their ancestors for their patients through
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Muthi is prepared, and depending on the affliction, a number of purification practices can be administered.
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numbers, they would not be poor themselves. However, he also warns that people should not be gullible.
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1022:. Public health specialists are now enlisting sangomas in the fight, not only against the spread of
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1088:. Not all countries in southern Africa have effective regulatory bodies to prevent this practice.
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have clinically been proven to be effective in the treatment of HIV/AIDS. Repeated use of the same
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Gharanjik, Fatemeh; Shojaeifard, Manzar Banoo; Karbalaei, Narges; Nemati, Marzieh (7 July 2022).
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province of South Africa, scammers may adopt Arabic-sounding names in order to attract the local
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Sangomas are legally recognised in South Africa as "traditional health practitioners", under the
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The term sangoma is often used colloquially in South Africa for equivalent professions in other
3669:– Project dedicated to creating online documentaries of African spiritual and healing practices
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John M. Janzen "'Doing Ngoma': A Dominant Trope in African Religion and Healing" (1991) pp.306
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Phephsile Maseko, national coordinator of the Traditional Healers Organization (THO), says:
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3456:"African Traditional Healers: Cultural and religious beliefs intertwined in a holistic way"
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2588:"Current Investigations: Progress Report; Project 135: Review of witchcraft legislation"
2409:"Notice of Nominations: Traditional Health Practitioners Act, 2007 (Act no. 22 of 2007)"
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John M. Janzen "'Doing Ngoma': A Dominant Trope in African Religion and Healing" (1991)
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ritual are practiced throughout southern and south-eastern Africa in countries such as
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slaughtered. All these sacrifices are to call to the ancestors and appease them.
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Balamurugan, S.; Vijayakumar, S.; Prabhu, S.; Morvin Yabesh, J.E. (4 July 2017).
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3492:"WHO launches the first global strategy on traditional and alternative medicine"
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Ngoma has been adapted by many to include both Christian and Muslim beliefs.
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or the calling of the ancestors, though this event also involves those with
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184:
128:
115:
4113:
3621:
3578:
3515:
1998:
1916:
1859:
1832:
1383:
1038:, which are major causes of death in rural areas, especially in children.
39:
3660:
3346:
2936:
994:
Inyanga in her ndumba, a sacred hut used for healing. Behind her are her
4760:
4540:
4061:
3859:
3758:
805:
789:
785:
595:
61:. They fulfil different social and political roles in the community like
2466:. South African Government Information. 12 February 2013. Archived from
1955:
Semenya, SS; Maroyi, A; Potgieter, MJ; Erasmus, LJC (31 December 2012).
1096:
and spells that will make people rich or provide them with luck. In the
537:
Bathing – Herbal mixtures are added to bath water to purify the patient.
4493:
4086:
4009:
3693:
1961:
African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines
1130:
1076:
Typical flyer advertising found around the major cities of South Africa
797:
394:
66:
3612:
3595:
1375:
423:
Sangoma performing a divination by reading bones after they are thrown
237:
Each culture has their own terminology for their traditional healers.
3901:
3753:
2644:
2316:
Violence And Belonging:The Quest For Identity in Post-Colonial Africa
1432:
Pretorius, Engela (1999). Crisp, Nicholas; Ntuli, Antoinette (eds.).
1105:
1051:
840:
is the Ndau Spirit. The Ndau spirit possesses the descendants of the
600:
284:
74:
3313:"Traditional healers in South Africa: a parallel health care system"
2811:"Sangomas take UCT by storm But where does the white sangoma fit in"
3896:
3874:
1071:
1043:
989:
915:
801:
759:
680:
577:
530:
450:
429:
418:
302:
3471:
van Wyk, Ben-Erik; van Oudtshoorn, Bosch; Gericke, Nigel (1999).
2033:
Helman, Cecil G. (26 January 2007). "Cross-Cultural Psychiatry".
936:
of the Icamagu Institute, a Xhosa sangoma and former lecturer in
3891:
3748:
3633:. LAP Lambert Academic Publishing (published 16 December 2010).
1767:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1047:
1027:
624:
446:
156:
151:
30:"Sangoma" and "Ngaka" redirect here. For Inyanga, Rhodesia, see
27:
Practitioners of traditional African medicine in Southern Africa
4497:
4117:
3697:
3420:"Traditional Medicines and Traditional Healers in South Africa"
407:
is also used to communicate with the ancestors through prayer.
3663:– Gallery of sangomas from different cultures around the Cape.
1023:
878:
Traditional Health Practitioners Act of 2004 (Act. 35 of 2004)
861:
Traditional Health Practitioners Act of 2007 (Act. 22 of 2007)
827:
that began around 2000 BCE and was further influenced by the
823:
Ngoma is believed to have come to southern Africa during the
688:
in traditional attire dancing in celebration of his ancestors
4397:
3631:
Ukuthwasa The Training of Xhosa Women as Traditional Healers
2854:
2838:
2836:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2214:
2212:
2011:
1753:
1693:
1654:
1318:
2516:"Sections of Traditional Health Practitioners Act Commence"
664:
At times in the training, and for the graduation, a ritual
3264:
Ngoma:Discourses of Healing in Central and Southern Africa
2171:
Ukuthwasa is a rite of passage that one has to go through.
1493:
1491:
884:
after Doctors for Life International challenged it at the
2491:"Traditional healers and their medicine to be formalised"
2100:
2098:
2096:
1297:
1295:
1293:
403:) or sacrifice animals to please the ancestral spirits.
2612:. paganrightsalliance.org. 6 March 2012. Archived from
1556:
1554:
2639:(PhD thesis). Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University.
2610:"Review of Witchcraft Suppression Act (Act 3 of 1957)"
2586:
Department of Justice and Constitutional Development.
1403:
1401:
84:
and narrating the history, cosmology, and concepts of
3238:
Foster, G.; Anderson, B. (1978). "Chapt. 6 & 7".
1571:
1569:
1331:
1329:
1327:
612:
means 'the light of the new moon' or is derived from
510:
is a result of the historical effects of the British
4748:
4712:
4681:
4648:
4624:
4531:
4409:
4323:
4158:
4151:
4002:
3986:
3955:
3852:
3796:
3731:
506:
for medicine in general. A variation on spelling, "
149:Traditional healers will often give their patients
3394:
3239:
1931:"Phyllanthus - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
1436:. Durban: Health Systems Trust. pp. 249–257.
1084:who have not undergone training, sometimes called
2023:Connor/Keeney "Shamans of the World" (2008) pp118
1879:Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine
518:butterfly pea plant), and Euphorbiaceae (such as
3105:
3103:
3101:
3039:
3037:
2356:Traditional Health Practitioners Act 22 of 2007
1793:"Trip Advisor: South Africa: Important Phrases"
1138:
1121:
978:
946:
753:refers specifically to the practitioner of the
3010:
3008:
3006:
2979:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2308:
2306:
2304:
901:Mpumalanga Witchcraft Suppression Bill of 2007
649:due to members of the Xhosa people exhibiting
463:prescribed by a traditional healer are called
4509:
4129:
3709:
3680:Izangoma Zodumo - Ukuthwasa – Izangoma Zodumo
3657:by the University of the Witwatersrand (WITS)
3082:. South Africa. 24 April 2013. Archived from
2948:
2946:
455:Preparing and drying out freshly picked muthi
8:
2986:"Traditional healers: what you need to know"
2372:
2370:
1116:ancestors will send them the right clients.
142:), dancing, chanting, channeling or playing
77:, finding lost cattle, protecting warriors,
4203:Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
2724:
2722:
2720:
2154:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2131:"What are the signs of Ukuthwasa symptoms?"
1119:Mary Bungeni, a sangoma herself, explains:
964:A number of South African traditions (e.g.
411:Divination, diagnosis and healing practices
107:societies of Southern Africa: the diviner (
4516:
4502:
4494:
4155:
4136:
4122:
4114:
3716:
3702:
3694:
3396:"Some aspects of treatment among the Zulu"
2855:van Wyk, van Oudtshoorn & Gericke 1999
2440:Jasson da Costa, Wendy (23 October 2012).
2036:Culture, Health and Illness, Fifth edition
2012:van Wyk, van Oudtshoorn & Gericke 1999
1754:van Wyk, van Oudtshoorn & Gericke 1999
1694:van Wyk, van Oudtshoorn & Gericke 1999
1655:van Wyk, van Oudtshoorn & Gericke 1999
1616:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1482:
1419:
1319:van Wyk, van Oudtshoorn & Gericke 1999
3611:
3502:(9319). World Health Organisation: 1760.
3336:
3016:"Wealthy women sucked into sangoma scams"
1988:
1906:
1849:
1831:
2866:
2842:
2242:
2230:
2104:
1729:
1678:
1642:
1533:
1509:
1284:
502:, the word muthi is sometimes used as a
38:
3378:. Johannesburg: WITS University Press.
2890:
2878:
1521:
1407:
1265:
956:Several white sangomas, interviewed by
721:), alternatively it is also spelled as
471:. The term "muthi" is derived from the
283:. The Tsonga refer to their healers as
4025:Medicine in the medieval Islamic world
3774:Traditional healers of Southern Africa
2414:. Department of Health. Archived from
2286:
2269:
2218:
2147:
2087:
1630:
1609:
1587:
1497:
1301:
1172:(born 16 February - 13 September 2022)
986:Relationship with bio-medical medicine
928:While there are recorded instances of
51:Traditional healers of Southern Africa
3629:Mlisa, Nomfundo; Nel, Philip (2010).
2442:"Traditional healers to be regulated"
2116:
2075:
2057:from the original on 30 November 2016
1717:
1705:
1666:
1575:
1560:
1545:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1335:
1272:
7:
4280:Reformed Evangelical Anglican Church
3655:Overview of Indigenous Healing in SA
3460:South African Pharmaceutical Journal
3167:"Sangomas and healers must register"
2902:
2489:Makhubu, Ntando (13 February 2013).
2377:Shonisani, Tshifhiwa (13 May 2011).
2129:lovespells, 2fast (12 August 2021).
1062:Fraudulent sangomas and scam artists
315:, a philosophy based on a belief in
3978:Medieval medicine of Western Europe
3447:The Doctor's Communication Handbook
3246:. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
3111:"Community warns of bogus sangomas"
2691:Journal of Southern African Studies
1768:"South African traditional healing"
1603:The Religious System of the Amazulu
1239:Traditional African religion portal
893:South African Law Reform Commission
18:Traditional healers of South Africa
4792:Traditional healthcare occupations
3844:Traditional Alaska Native medicine
3267:. University of California Press.
3143:. 5 September 2011. Archived from
2984:Lewis, Esther (13 November 2012).
2956:. Africa Witness. 11 February 2011
2757:"Are white sangomas fake or real?"
2729:Bosworth, Brendon (26 July 2010).
897:Witchcraft Suppression Act of 1957
616:meaning 'to be led to the light'.
25:
3596:"Traditional healers formalised?"
3594:van Niekerk, JP (February 2012).
3200:Campbell, Susan Schuster (1998).
3173:. 5 December 2012. Archived from
3076:"Sangoma defrauds teacher of R1m"
3044:Boyce, Aphiwe (21 January 2013).
2731:"Testing time for white sangomas"
1160:(c. late 18th century – c. 1820s)
920:After a successful initiation in
241:traditional healers are known as
124:). These healers are effectively
4730:Glossary of alternative medicine
4478:
4477:
4442:Witchcraft Suppression Act, 1957
4098:
4097:
3787:
3475:. Pretoria: Briza Publications.
3473:Medicinal Plants of South Africa
3401:Social Anthropology and Medicine
2954:"Inside the Fake healers shrine"
2755:Sibanda, Mapula (7 March 2004).
2574:Witchcraft Suppression Act, 1957
2567:
2319:. Psychology Press. p. 97.
2259:. Cape Town: Gothic. p. 13.
1245:
1231:
1166:(28 October 1947 – 15 June 2010)
998:, medicine stored in containers.
4235:Evangelical Presbyterian Church
4057:History of alternative medicine
3942:Traditional Vietnamese medicine
3912:Sri Lankan traditional medicine
3454:Truter, Ilse (September 2007).
3223:. Claremont: New Africa Books.
3046:"Sangomas cannot make you rich"
3022:. South Africa. 6 December 2010
2379:"Healers threaten poll boycott"
311:A sangoma is a practitioner of
3932:Traditional Mongolian medicine
3809:Brazilian traditional medicine
3204:. Halfway House: Zebra Press.
2817:. South Africa. Archived from
2809:Ngcai, Sabata (7 March 2004).
2786:Kaganof, Agan (7 April 2011).
2763:. South Africa. Archived from
2666:. South Africa. Archived from
2658:De Lange, Ilse (6 July 2012).
2385:. South Africa. Archived from
2257:Zulu Medicine and Medicine-Men
677:Drumming and ancestral dancing
461:spiritually curative medicines
273:respectively, while among the
1:
4668:Manual and body-based methods
4265:Presbyterian Church of Africa
4104:Category:Traditional medicine
3600:South African Medical Journal
3508:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08676-2
3490:Niagia, S. F. (16 May 2002).
3284:Journal of Religion in Africa
2929:10.1016/s0009-9260(81)80334-0
1820:BioMed Research International
880:. However, the act was ruled
866:National Department of Health
820:, a term meaning witchcraft.
357:Bantu peoples in South Africa
234:socially centred complaints.
4787:Traditional African medicine
4606:Traditional Chinese medicine
4285:United Congregational Church
3937:Traditional Tibetan medicine
3922:Traditional Chinese medicine
3880:Iranian traditional medicine
3814:Chumash traditional medicine
3764:Traditional African medicine
3449:(4th ed.). Oxford: OUP.
3376:Dungamanzi (Stirring Waters)
3137:"Crack down on fake healers"
2733:. The Big Issue South Africa
2543:"Sangoma sick notes invalid"
1104:population, who are in part
574:Sangoma calling and training
353:traditional African medicine
307:Sangomas greeting each other
91:There are two main types of
55:traditional African medicine
4761:Anti-quackery organizations
4290:Uniting Presbyterian Church
4230:Evangelical Lutheran Church
4168:Afrikaans Protestant Church
3927:Traditional Korean medicine
3675:Ukuthwasa – Izangoma Zodumo
2545:. HR future. Archived from
1891:10.1016/j.jtcme.2017.06.009
73:, directing birth or death
4823:
4658:Biologically based therapy
4331:African Traditional Belief
4315:The Church of Almighty God
3769:Traditional Hausa medicine
3374:Liebhammer, Nessa (2007).
2313:Broch-Due, Vigdis (2005).
2192:"The journey of Ukuthwasa"
2135:MAGIC SPELL CASTING ONLINE
1065:
444:
29:
4475:
4395:
4310:People's Church of Africa
4275:Reformed Church in Africa
4198:Christian Reformed Church
4095:
3917:Traditional Thai medicine
3785:
3739:Ancient Egyptian medicine
3418:Richter, Marlise (2003).
3403:. London:Academic Press.
3329:10.1136/bmj.310.6988.1182
2703:10.1080/03057070701646936
2635:Petrus, Theodore (2009).
2255:Bryant, Alfred T (1970).
1766:Sobiecki, Jean-Francois.
1008:pharmaceutical scientists
812:, the practice is called
701:and sing in celebration.
661:the ukuthwasa training.
69:physical, emotional, and
4145:Religion in South Africa
3973:Medicine in ancient Rome
3563:10.1177/1363461520909615
3551:Transcultural Psychiatry
2361:16 November 2013 at the
1600:Callaway, Henry (1870).
1460:The Function of Diviners
1178:(born 28 September 1955)
874:South African Parliament
520:Phyllanthus Muellerianus
178:. A trainee sangoma (or
4756:Evidence-based medicine
4295:Uniting Reformed Church
4255:Nazareth Baptist Church
4183:Apostolic Faith Mission
3317:British Medical Journal
3296:10.1163/157006695X00173
3261:Janzen, John M (1992).
2744:(subscription required)
1973:10.4314/ajtcam.v10i2.19
942:University of Cape Town
829:eastern Bantu migration
825:western Bantu migration
630:The training period or
4725:Complementary medicine
4673:Mind-body intervention
4634:Mind-body intervention
4403:
4245:Free Reformed Churches
3963:Ancient Greek medicine
3870:Georgian folk medicine
1224:Vusamazulu Credo Mutwa
1152:Vusamazulu Credo Mutwa
1143:
1126:
1077:
1046:to make incisions for
999:
983:
950:
925:
765:
705:History and background
689:
666:sacrifice of an animal
619:A trainee sangoma (or
587:
456:
424:
351:) and the practice of
308:
202:due to members of the
47:
4586:Naturopathic medicine
4427:CRL Rights Commission
4401:
4300:Zion Christian Church
4208:Dutch Reformed Church
3661:Sangoma Photo Gallery
3354:King, Rachel (2010).
3290:(2). Brill: 141–162.
3219:Cumes, David (2004).
3141:The Voice of the Cape
1935:www.sciencedirect.com
1219:Murder for body parts
1194:San healing practices
1075:
993:
919:
763:
684:
581:
496:South African English
454:
422:
393:The sangoma may burn
306:
299:Beliefs and tradition
174:considered a type of
139:Helichrysum petiolare
53:are practitioners of
42:
4720:Alternative medicine
4682:Public-health issues
4611:Traditional medicine
4525:Alternative medicine
4402:Flag of South Africa
4260:New Apostolic Church
4077:Prehistoric medicine
4015:Alternative medicine
3725:Traditional medicine
3242:Medical Anthropology
2788:"Who's healing WHO?"
2119:, p. 41, 43–44.
1833:10.1155/2022/7402598
1606:. Springvale, Natal.
1467:on 15 February 2014.
1158:Matshobana KaMangete
886:Constitutional Court
741:means "those who do
713:word with prefix is
645:refers to claims of
491:traditional medicine
384:dream interpretation
198:refers to claims of
4749:Contrary viewpoints
4447:Traditional healers
4417:Freedom of religion
4173:Afrikaner Calvinism
3393:Loudon, JB (1976).
3323:(6988): 1182–1185.
3177:on 11 November 2013
3147:on 11 November 2013
3056:on 11 November 2013
1253:South Africa portal
816:or more negatively
441:Medicines and muthi
374:by an ancestor, or
93:traditional healers
71:spiritual illnesses
4740:Skeptical movement
4704:Water fluoridation
4437:Marriage Act, 1961
4432:Equality Act, 2000
4404:
3968:Byzantine medicine
3221:Africa in my bones
3117:. 14 February 2013
3020:Independent Online
2869:, p. 151-153.
2616:on 8 February 2013
2421:on 5 November 2012
2289:, p. 154-157.
2245:, p. 71, 101.
2221:, p. 146-148.
2090:, p. 145-146.
1633:, p. 147-148.
1485:, p. 171-174.
1078:
1000:
926:
922:Alexandra Township
844:who had slain the
766:
690:
651:aberrant behaviour
647:demonic possession
588:
486:, meaning 'tree'.
457:
425:
309:
208:aberrant behaviour
200:demonic possession
192:. A similar term,
48:
4782:African shamanism
4769:
4768:
4491:
4490:
4393:
4392:
4111:
4110:
3744:Tabernanthe iboga
3667:Spirits of Africa
3613:10.7196/samj.5712
3482:978-1-875093-37-3
3445:Tate, P. (2003).
3410:978-0-12-456350-6
3385:978-1-86814-449-5
3311:Kale, R. (1995).
3274:978-0-520-07265-7
3230:978-0-86486-556-4
3211:978-1-86872-240-2
2572:Works related to
1772:ethnobotany.co.za
1732:, p. 38,120.
1443:978-1-919743-53-0
1376:10.1159/000077579
1368:Karger Publishers
938:religious studies
695:call and response
372:spirit possession
317:ancestral spirits
265:are the terms in
217:In modern times,
43:Five sangomas in
16:(Redirected from
4814:
4518:
4511:
4504:
4495:
4481:
4480:
4305:Zionist Churches
4250:Methodist Church
4156:
4138:
4131:
4124:
4115:
4101:
4100:
3829:Mapuche medicine
3791:
3718:
3711:
3704:
3695:
3690:
3688:
3686:
3644:
3625:
3615:
3590:
3534:
3532:
3530:
3486:
3467:
3450:
3441:
3439:
3437:
3431:
3425:. Archived from
3424:
3414:
3398:
3389:
3370:
3368:
3366:
3360:
3350:
3340:
3307:
3278:
3257:
3245:
3234:
3215:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3182:
3163:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3133:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3107:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3072:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3061:
3052:. Archived from
3041:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3027:
3012:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2981:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2950:
2941:
2940:
2912:
2906:
2900:
2894:
2893:, p. 16-17.
2888:
2882:
2881:, p. 16-18.
2876:
2870:
2864:
2858:
2852:
2846:
2845:, p. 50-51.
2840:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2806:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2783:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2726:
2715:
2714:
2686:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2632:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2590:. justice.gov.za
2583:
2577:
2571:
2565:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2538:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2470:on 21 April 2013
2460:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2437:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2420:
2413:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2374:
2365:
2353:
2347:
2344:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2310:
2299:
2296:
2290:
2284:
2273:
2267:
2261:
2260:
2252:
2246:
2240:
2234:
2228:
2222:
2216:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2153:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2126:
2120:
2114:
2108:
2102:
2091:
2085:
2079:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2030:
2024:
2021:
2015:
2009:
2003:
2002:
1992:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1910:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1853:
1835:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1763:
1757:
1751:
1742:
1739:
1733:
1727:
1721:
1715:
1709:
1703:
1697:
1691:
1682:
1676:
1670:
1664:
1658:
1652:
1646:
1645:, p. 39-40.
1640:
1634:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1615:
1607:
1597:
1591:
1585:
1579:
1573:
1564:
1558:
1549:
1543:
1537:
1531:
1525:
1519:
1513:
1507:
1501:
1500:, p. 36-37.
1495:
1486:
1480:
1469:
1468:
1463:. Archived from
1454:
1448:
1447:
1429:
1423:
1417:
1411:
1405:
1396:
1395:
1352:
1339:
1333:
1322:
1316:
1305:
1304:, p. 56-60.
1299:
1288:
1282:
1276:
1270:
1255:
1250:
1249:
1248:
1241:
1236:
1235:
934:Nokuzola Mndende
882:unconstitutional
872:Previously, the
776:. Forms of the
533:, and cuttings:
527:Abstinence and f
481:Northern Ndebele
380:divination bones
277:they are called
247:(herbalists) or
231:transculturation
32:Nyanga, Zimbabwe
21:
4822:
4821:
4817:
4816:
4815:
4813:
4812:
4811:
4772:
4771:
4770:
4765:
4744:
4708:
4689:Dental amalgams
4677:
4644:
4620:
4561:Energy medicine
4527:
4522:
4492:
4487:
4471:
4462:Public holidays
4405:
4389:
4319:
4193:Catholic Church
4178:Anglican Church
4147:
4142:
4112:
4107:
4091:
4050:herbs and fungi
4045:Herbal medicine
3998:
3982:
3951:
3907:Siddha medicine
3848:
3839:Navajo medicine
3792:
3783:
3779:Yorùbá medicine
3727:
3722:
3684:
3682:
3672:
3651:
3641:
3628:
3593:
3544:
3541:
3539:Further reading
3528:
3526:
3489:
3483:
3470:
3453:
3444:
3435:
3433:
3432:on 4 March 2016
3429:
3422:
3417:
3411:
3392:
3386:
3373:
3364:
3362:
3358:
3353:
3310:
3281:
3275:
3260:
3254:
3237:
3231:
3218:
3212:
3199:
3196:
3191:
3190:
3180:
3178:
3165:
3164:
3160:
3150:
3148:
3135:
3134:
3130:
3120:
3118:
3109:
3108:
3099:
3089:
3087:
3074:
3073:
3069:
3059:
3057:
3043:
3042:
3035:
3025:
3023:
3014:
3013:
3004:
2994:
2992:
2983:
2982:
2969:
2959:
2957:
2952:
2951:
2944:
2914:
2913:
2909:
2901:
2897:
2889:
2885:
2877:
2873:
2865:
2861:
2853:
2849:
2841:
2834:
2824:
2822:
2808:
2807:
2803:
2793:
2791:
2785:
2784:
2780:
2770:
2768:
2754:
2753:
2749:
2743:
2736:
2734:
2728:
2727:
2718:
2688:
2687:
2683:
2673:
2671:
2657:
2656:
2652:
2634:
2633:
2629:
2619:
2617:
2608:
2607:
2603:
2593:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2580:
2566:
2562:
2552:
2550:
2549:on 4 March 2016
2541:Voyi, Ndumiso.
2540:
2539:
2535:
2525:
2523:
2514:
2513:
2509:
2499:
2497:
2488:
2487:
2483:
2473:
2471:
2462:
2461:
2457:
2447:
2445:
2444:. thepost.co.za
2439:
2438:
2434:
2424:
2422:
2418:
2411:
2407:
2406:
2402:
2392:
2390:
2376:
2375:
2368:
2363:Wayback Machine
2354:
2350:
2345:
2341:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2312:
2311:
2302:
2297:
2293:
2285:
2276:
2268:
2264:
2254:
2253:
2249:
2241:
2237:
2229:
2225:
2217:
2210:
2200:
2198:
2190:
2189:
2185:
2176:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2146:
2139:
2137:
2128:
2127:
2123:
2115:
2111:
2103:
2094:
2086:
2082:
2074:
2070:
2060:
2058:
2051:
2043:. p. 269.
2032:
2031:
2027:
2022:
2018:
2010:
2006:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1939:
1937:
1929:
1928:
1924:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1813:
1812:
1808:
1798:
1796:
1791:
1790:
1786:
1776:
1774:
1765:
1764:
1760:
1752:
1745:
1740:
1736:
1728:
1724:
1716:
1712:
1704:
1700:
1692:
1685:
1677:
1673:
1665:
1661:
1653:
1649:
1641:
1637:
1629:
1625:
1608:
1599:
1598:
1594:
1586:
1582:
1574:
1567:
1559:
1552:
1544:
1540:
1532:
1528:
1520:
1516:
1508:
1504:
1496:
1489:
1483:Liebhammer 2007
1481:
1472:
1457:Hunter (1936).
1456:
1455:
1451:
1444:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1420:Liebhammer 2007
1418:
1414:
1406:
1399:
1359:Psychopathology
1354:
1353:
1342:
1334:
1325:
1317:
1308:
1300:
1291:
1283:
1279:
1271:
1267:
1262:
1251:
1246:
1244:
1237:
1230:
1185:
1148:
1146:Notable healers
1094:enlarge penises
1086:plastic shamans
1070:
1064:
988:
970:Tsonga/Shangaan
914:
876:had passed the
857:
774:Southern Africa
707:
679:
576:
449:
443:
413:
301:
182:) starts their
86:their tradition
59:Southern Africa
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4820:
4818:
4810:
4809:
4807:Medicine drums
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4774:
4773:
4767:
4766:
4764:
4763:
4758:
4752:
4750:
4746:
4745:
4743:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4716:
4714:
4710:
4709:
4707:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4694:Growth hormone
4691:
4685:
4683:
4679:
4678:
4676:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4663:Energy therapy
4660:
4654:
4652:
4646:
4645:
4643:
4642:
4637:
4630:
4628:
4622:
4621:
4619:
4618:
4616:Unani medicine
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4537:
4535:
4529:
4528:
4523:
4521:
4520:
4513:
4506:
4498:
4489:
4488:
4476:
4473:
4472:
4470:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4413:
4411:
4407:
4406:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4390:
4388:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4376:
4375:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4344:
4343:
4338:
4327:
4325:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4226:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4164:
4162:
4153:
4149:
4148:
4143:
4141:
4140:
4133:
4126:
4118:
4109:
4108:
4096:
4093:
4092:
4090:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4053:
4052:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4006:
4004:
4000:
3999:
3997:
3996:
3990:
3988:
3984:
3983:
3981:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3959:
3957:
3953:
3952:
3950:
3949:
3947:Unani medicine
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3888:
3887:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3856:
3854:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3804:Aztec medicine
3800:
3798:
3794:
3793:
3786:
3784:
3782:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3735:
3733:
3729:
3728:
3723:
3721:
3720:
3713:
3706:
3698:
3692:
3691:
3670:
3664:
3658:
3650:
3649:External links
3647:
3646:
3645:
3640:978-3843373777
3639:
3626:
3606:(3): 105–106.
3591:
3557:(4): 471–485.
3540:
3537:
3536:
3535:
3487:
3481:
3468:
3451:
3442:
3415:
3409:
3390:
3384:
3371:
3351:
3308:
3279:
3273:
3258:
3252:
3235:
3229:
3216:
3210:
3202:Called to Heal
3195:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3158:
3128:
3097:
3086:on 19 May 2013
3067:
3033:
3002:
2967:
2942:
2923:(6): 657–662.
2907:
2895:
2883:
2871:
2859:
2847:
2832:
2821:on 9 June 2013
2801:
2778:
2767:on 9 June 2013
2747:
2716:
2697:(4): 829–843.
2681:
2670:on 21 May 2013
2650:
2627:
2601:
2578:
2560:
2533:
2507:
2481:
2455:
2432:
2400:
2389:on 21 May 2013
2366:
2348:
2339:
2325:
2300:
2291:
2274:
2272:, p. 142.
2262:
2247:
2235:
2223:
2208:
2183:
2161:
2121:
2109:
2092:
2080:
2068:
2049:
2025:
2016:
2004:
1967:(2): 331–339.
1947:
1922:
1885:(2): 308–323.
1865:
1806:
1795:. Trip Advisor
1784:
1758:
1743:
1734:
1722:
1710:
1698:
1683:
1671:
1659:
1657:, p. 168.
1647:
1635:
1623:
1592:
1590:, p. 149.
1580:
1565:
1563:, p. 7-8.
1550:
1548:, p. 127.
1538:
1536:, p. 5-7.
1526:
1514:
1502:
1487:
1470:
1449:
1442:
1424:
1422:, p. 196.
1412:
1397:
1340:
1323:
1306:
1289:
1277:
1264:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1242:
1227:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1173:
1167:
1161:
1155:
1147:
1144:
1068:Plastic shaman
1063:
1060:
987:
984:
913:
912:White sangomas
910:
856:
853:
770:Bantu cultures
706:
703:
678:
675:
614:ku mu thwasisa
575:
572:
567:
566:
559:
556:
552:
545:
538:
445:Main article:
442:
439:
412:
409:
300:
297:
271:Southern Sotho
267:Northern Sotho
176:fortune teller
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4819:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4802:Xhosa culture
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4779:
4777:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4753:
4751:
4747:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4735:Pseudoscience
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4717:
4715:
4711:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4686:
4684:
4680:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4655:
4653:
4651:
4647:
4641:
4638:
4635:
4632:
4631:
4629:
4627:
4623:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4566:Faith healing
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4538:
4536:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4519:
4514:
4512:
4507:
4505:
4500:
4499:
4496:
4486:
4485:
4474:
4468:
4467:Satanic panic
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4414:
4412:
4408:
4400:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4374:
4371:
4370:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4342:
4341:Zulu religion
4339:
4337:
4334:
4333:
4332:
4329:
4328:
4326:
4322:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4270:Protestantism
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4210:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4188:Baptist Union
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4165:
4163:
4161:
4157:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4139:
4134:
4132:
4127:
4125:
4120:
4119:
4116:
4106:
4105:
4094:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4051:
4048:
4047:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4035:Ethnomedicine
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4007:
4005:
4001:
3995:
3994:Bush medicine
3992:
3991:
3989:
3985:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3960:
3958:
3954:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3886:
3883:
3882:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3851:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3834:Maya medicine
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3801:
3799:
3795:
3790:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3736:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3719:
3714:
3712:
3707:
3705:
3700:
3699:
3696:
3681:
3677:
3676:
3671:
3668:
3665:
3662:
3659:
3656:
3653:
3652:
3648:
3642:
3636:
3632:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3543:
3542:
3538:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3488:
3484:
3478:
3474:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3452:
3448:
3443:
3428:
3421:
3416:
3412:
3406:
3402:
3397:
3391:
3387:
3381:
3377:
3372:
3357:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3280:
3276:
3270:
3266:
3265:
3259:
3255:
3253:9780471043423
3249:
3244:
3243:
3236:
3232:
3226:
3222:
3217:
3213:
3207:
3203:
3198:
3197:
3193:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3162:
3159:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3132:
3129:
3116:
3112:
3106:
3104:
3102:
3098:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3071:
3068:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3040:
3038:
3034:
3021:
3017:
3011:
3009:
3007:
3003:
2991:
2990:IOL Lifestyle
2987:
2980:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2968:
2955:
2949:
2947:
2943:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2911:
2908:
2905:, p. 22.
2904:
2899:
2896:
2892:
2887:
2884:
2880:
2875:
2872:
2868:
2867:Campbell 1998
2863:
2860:
2856:
2851:
2848:
2844:
2843:Campbell 1998
2839:
2837:
2833:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2805:
2802:
2789:
2782:
2779:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2751:
2748:
2732:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2717:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2685:
2682:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2654:
2651:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2631:
2628:
2615:
2611:
2605:
2602:
2589:
2582:
2579:
2576:at Wikisource
2575:
2570:
2564:
2561:
2548:
2544:
2537:
2534:
2521:
2517:
2511:
2508:
2496:
2495:Pretoria News
2492:
2485:
2482:
2469:
2465:
2459:
2456:
2443:
2436:
2433:
2417:
2410:
2404:
2401:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2373:
2371:
2367:
2364:
2360:
2357:
2352:
2349:
2343:
2340:
2328:
2326:9780415290074
2322:
2318:
2317:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2301:
2295:
2292:
2288:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2266:
2263:
2258:
2251:
2248:
2244:
2243:Campbell 1998
2239:
2236:
2233:, p. 70.
2232:
2231:Campbell 1998
2227:
2224:
2220:
2215:
2213:
2209:
2197:
2196:George Herald
2193:
2187:
2184:
2173:
2172:
2165:
2162:
2157:
2151:
2136:
2132:
2125:
2122:
2118:
2113:
2110:
2107:, p. 48.
2106:
2105:Campbell 1998
2101:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2084:
2081:
2078:, p. 11.
2077:
2072:
2069:
2056:
2052:
2050:9781444113631
2046:
2042:
2038:
2037:
2029:
2026:
2020:
2017:
2014:, p. 14.
2013:
2008:
2005:
2000:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1951:
1948:
1936:
1932:
1926:
1923:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1869:
1866:
1861:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1810:
1807:
1794:
1788:
1785:
1773:
1769:
1762:
1759:
1755:
1750:
1748:
1744:
1738:
1735:
1731:
1730:Campbell 1998
1726:
1723:
1720:, p. 91.
1719:
1714:
1711:
1708:, p. 43.
1707:
1702:
1699:
1696:, p. 18.
1695:
1690:
1688:
1684:
1681:, p. 39.
1680:
1679:Campbell 1998
1675:
1672:
1669:, p. 13.
1668:
1663:
1660:
1656:
1651:
1648:
1644:
1643:Campbell 1998
1639:
1636:
1632:
1627:
1624:
1619:
1613:
1605:
1604:
1596:
1593:
1589:
1584:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1557:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1542:
1539:
1535:
1534:Campbell 1998
1530:
1527:
1523:
1518:
1515:
1511:
1510:Campbell 1998
1506:
1503:
1499:
1494:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1466:
1462:
1461:
1453:
1450:
1445:
1439:
1435:
1428:
1425:
1421:
1416:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1360:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1338:, p. 10.
1337:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1321:, p. 10.
1320:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1287:, p. 38.
1286:
1285:Campbell 1998
1281:
1278:
1275:, p. 14.
1274:
1269:
1266:
1259:
1254:
1243:
1240:
1234:
1229:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1142:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1125:
1120:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1102:Cape Coloured
1099:
1095:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1074:
1069:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1039:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
997:
992:
985:
982:
977:
975:
971:
967:
962:
959:
958:The Big Issue
954:
949:
945:
943:
939:
935:
931:
923:
918:
911:
909:
906:
902:
898:
894:
889:
887:
883:
879:
875:
870:
867:
862:
854:
852:
849:
847:
843:
842:Gaza soldiers
839:
835:
830:
826:
821:
819:
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807:
803:
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791:
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762:
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667:
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656:
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652:
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644:
643:
638:
633:
628:
626:
622:
617:
615:
611:
607:
606:schizophrenia
603:
602:
597:
593:
585:
582:An initiate (
580:
573:
571:
564:
560:
557:
553:
550:
546:
543:
539:
536:
535:
534:
532:
528:
523:
521:
515:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
492:
487:
485:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
453:
448:
440:
438:
434:
431:
421:
417:
410:
408:
406:
402:
401:
396:
391:
387:
385:
381:
377:
373:
368:
367:can be used.
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
305:
298:
296:
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288:
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282:
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276:
272:
268:
264:
263:
258:
257:
252:
251:
246:
245:
240:
235:
232:
228:
224:
220:
215:
213:
212:schizophrenia
209:
205:
201:
197:
196:
191:
190:schizophrenia
187:
186:
181:
177:
172:
168:
167:
161:
158:
154:
153:
147:
145:
141:
140:
135:
130:
127:
126:South African
123:
122:
117:
113:
112:
106:
102:
98:
94:
89:
87:
83:
80:
79:counteracting
76:
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45:KwaZulu-Natal
41:
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4797:Zulu culture
4576:Hydrotherapy
4556:Chiropractic
4546:Aromatherapy
4482:
4348:Baháʼà Faith
4336:San religion
4160:Christianity
4102:
4067:Mithridatism
3865:Dhivehi beys
3773:
3683:. Retrieved
3679:
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3630:
3603:
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3499:
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3446:
3434:. Retrieved
3427:the original
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3375:
3363:. Retrieved
3320:
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3241:
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3175:the original
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3145:the original
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3131:
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3088:. Retrieved
3084:the original
3079:
3070:
3058:. Retrieved
3054:the original
3049:
3024:. Retrieved
3019:
2993:. Retrieved
2989:
2958:. Retrieved
2920:
2916:
2910:
2898:
2891:Richter 2003
2886:
2879:Richter 2003
2874:
2862:
2857:, p. 8.
2850:
2823:. Retrieved
2819:the original
2814:
2804:
2792:. Retrieved
2790:. Chimurenga
2781:
2769:. Retrieved
2765:the original
2760:
2750:
2735:. Retrieved
2694:
2690:
2684:
2672:. Retrieved
2668:the original
2663:
2653:
2636:
2630:
2618:. Retrieved
2614:the original
2604:
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2581:
2563:
2551:. Retrieved
2547:the original
2536:
2524:. Retrieved
2522:. 5 May 2014
2519:
2510:
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2484:
2472:. Retrieved
2468:the original
2458:
2446:. Retrieved
2435:
2423:. Retrieved
2416:the original
2403:
2391:. Retrieved
2387:the original
2382:
2351:
2342:
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2250:
2238:
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2195:
2186:
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2164:
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2134:
2124:
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2071:
2059:. Retrieved
2035:
2028:
2019:
2007:
1964:
1960:
1950:
1938:. Retrieved
1934:
1925:
1882:
1878:
1868:
1823:
1819:
1809:
1797:. Retrieved
1787:
1775:. Retrieved
1771:
1761:
1756:, p. 7.
1737:
1725:
1713:
1701:
1674:
1662:
1650:
1638:
1626:
1602:
1595:
1583:
1578:, p. 9.
1541:
1529:
1524:, p. 9.
1522:Richter 2003
1517:
1512:, p. 6.
1505:
1465:the original
1459:
1452:
1433:
1427:
1415:
1410:, p. 8.
1408:Richter 2003
1363:
1357:
1280:
1268:
1204:John Lockley
1199:Busi Mhlongo
1164:Busi Mhlongo
1139:
1135:
1127:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1090:
1079:
1056:
1040:
1020:devil's claw
1001:
979:
973:
963:
955:
951:
947:
927:
905:Dennis Davis
890:
877:
871:
860:
858:
855:Legal status
850:
822:
817:
813:
782:South Africa
777:
767:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
708:
691:
685:
671:
663:
659:
642:Amafufunyana
640:
629:
620:
618:
613:
609:
599:
589:
583:
568:
562:
548:
541:
526:
524:
519:
516:
507:
488:
483:
468:
464:
458:
435:
426:
414:
398:
392:
388:
369:
364:
360:
348:
340:
332:
324:
312:
310:
291:
290:
285:
279:
278:
261:
260:
255:
254:
253:(diviners).
249:
248:
243:
242:
236:
223:urbanisation
216:
204:Xhosa people
195:amafufunyana
193:
183:
179:
165:
164:
162:
150:
148:
137:
133:
120:
119:
110:
108:
90:
50:
49:
36:
4240:Free Church
4072:Naturopathy
4040:Health care
2917:Clin Radiol
2664:The Citizen
2500:20 February
2474:20 February
2383:The Citizen
2287:Janzen 1995
2270:Janzen 1995
2219:Janzen 1995
2088:Janzen 1995
1826:: 7402598.
1631:Janzen 1995
1588:Janzen 1995
1498:Janzen 1992
1302:Truter 2007
1209:Mercy Manci
1176:Mercy Manci
1154:(1921–2020)
1044:razor blade
1030:, but also
953:no colour.
757:practice.
219:colonialism
206:exhibiting
95:within the
4776:Categories
4650:Treatments
4596:Osteopathy
4591:Orthopathy
4581:Homeopathy
4363:Irreligion
4020:Apothecary
3194:References
3171:Look Local
3115:Tame Times
3080:City Press
3050:Look Local
2815:City Press
2761:City Press
2674:15 October
2620:16 October
2594:15 October
2553:25 January
2448:24 October
2425:25 January
2393:16 October
2117:Cumes 2004
2076:Cumes 2004
1940:7 November
1718:Cumes 2004
1706:Cumes 2004
1667:Cumes 2004
1576:Cumes 2004
1561:Cumes 2004
1546:Cumes 2004
1336:Cumes 2004
1273:Cumes 2004
1189:Ufufunyane
1170:Mandlakazi
1082:charlatans
1066:See also:
838:witchcraft
794:Mozambique
739:i sa ngoma
733:means 'do
561:Cuttings (
555:headaches.
547:Steaming (
540:Vomiting (
514:spelling.
504:slang term
376:mediumship
114:) and the
82:witchcraft
63:divination
4713:Key terms
4636:advocates
4601:Shamanism
4571:Herbalism
4152:Religions
4082:Shamanism
4030:Electuary
3824:Kallawaya
3819:Curandero
3587:212650844
3571:1363-4615
3529:16 August
3436:16 August
3365:16 August
3304:141044983
2903:King 2010
2825:5 January
2794:5 January
2771:5 January
2737:5 January
2711:143831939
2645:10948/898
2061:23 August
2041:CRC Press
1981:0189-6016
1899:2225-4110
1842:2314-6133
1799:15 August
1612:cite book
1434:SAHR 1999
1370:: 59–63.
1214:Curandero
1036:pneumonia
1032:diarrhoea
1004:Botanists
686:A sangoma
632:ukuthwasa
621:ithwasane
596:headaches
592:psychosis
500:Afrikaans
349:izinyanya
250:amagqirha
244:amaxhwele
227:apartheid
185:ukuthwasa
180:ithwasane
163:Although
116:herbalist
4699:Vaccines
4551:Bodywork
4541:Ayurveda
4484:Category
4385:Paganism
4358:Hinduism
4353:Buddhism
4062:Humorism
3860:Ayurveda
3797:Americas
3759:Saltigue
3622:22380886
3579:32151201
3524:42865797
3516:12049880
3361:. UNAIDS
2359:Archived
2150:cite web
2055:Archived
1999:24146458
1917:29736387
1860:35845946
1392:23545601
1384:15057028
1183:See also
974:bandzawo
899:and the
806:Botswana
790:Zimbabwe
786:Eswatini
751:isangoma
731:sa ngoma
727:abangoma
719:izangoma
715:isangoma
563:ukugcaba
512:colonial
489:African
382:, or by
333:amadlozi
325:amadloti
4640:Critics
4533:Systems
4410:Related
4380:Judaism
4087:Theriac
4010:Alchemy
3987:Oceania
3885:Ancient
3347:7767156
3338:2549561
2937:7307437
2520:Sabinet
2332:10 July
1990:3746581
1908:5934708
1851:9283045
940:at the
798:Lesotho
747:sangoma
723:umngoma
584:ithwasa
542:phalaza
469:inyanga
400:impepho
395:incense
361:indumba
337:Sesotho
321:siSwati
292:mungoma
280:mungome
262:selaoli
166:sangoma
134:impepho
129:shamans
121:inyanga
111:sangoma
75:rituals
67:healing
4626:People
3956:Europe
3902:Ramuan
3754:Nganga
3732:Africa
3685:3 June
3637:
3620:
3585:
3577:
3569:
3522:
3514:
3496:Lancet
3479:
3407:
3382:
3345:
3335:
3302:
3271:
3250:
3227:
3208:
3181:27 May
3151:26 May
3121:26 May
3090:26 May
3060:26 May
3026:26 May
2995:26 May
2960:26 May
2935:
2709:
2526:2 June
2323:
2201:3 June
2177:3 June
2140:3 June
2047:
1997:
1987:
1979:
1915:
1905:
1897:
1858:
1848:
1840:
1777:9 June
1440:
1390:
1382:
1106:Muslim
1052:UNAIDS
834:Tsonga
804:, and
745:", so
610:thwasa
601:thwasa
531:enemas
484:umuthi
397:(like
365:imsamo
341:badimo
286:n'anga
105:Tsonga
103:, and
4457:NICSA
4422:SAHRC
4368:Islam
4324:Other
4003:Other
3897:Kampo
3875:Hilot
3583:S2CID
3520:S2CID
3430:(PDF)
3423:(PDF)
3359:(PDF)
3300:S2CID
2707:S2CID
2419:(PDF)
2412:(PDF)
1388:S2CID
1366:(2).
1260:Notes
1131:lotto
1048:muthi
1016:buchu
996:mutis
966:Swazi
930:white
810:Kongo
802:Kenya
778:ngoma
755:ngoma
743:ngoma
735:ngoma
725:(pl.
717:(pl.
637:Xhosa
625:muthi
549:futha
508:muti"
477:Xhosa
465:muthi
430:hyena
405:Snuff
345:Xhosa
313:Ngoma
275:Venda
256:Ngaka
239:Xhosa
169:is a
152:muthi
144:drums
101:Sotho
97:Nguni
4452:SACC
4373:Shia
4223:GKSA
3892:Jamu
3853:Asia
3749:Muti
3687:2023
3635:ISBN
3618:PMID
3575:PMID
3567:ISSN
3531:2012
3512:PMID
3477:ISBN
3466:(8).
3438:2012
3405:ISBN
3380:ISBN
3367:2012
3343:PMID
3269:ISBN
3248:ISBN
3225:ISBN
3206:ISBN
3183:2013
3153:2013
3123:2013
3092:2013
3062:2013
3028:2013
2997:2013
2962:2013
2933:PMID
2827:2012
2796:2012
2773:2012
2739:2012
2676:2012
2622:2012
2596:2012
2555:2012
2528:2014
2502:2013
2476:2013
2450:2012
2427:2012
2395:2012
2334:2012
2321:ISBN
2203:2023
2179:2023
2156:link
2142:2023
2063:2016
2045:ISBN
1995:PMID
1977:ISSN
1942:2023
1913:PMID
1895:ISSN
1856:PMID
1838:ISSN
1824:2022
1801:2012
1779:2019
1618:link
1438:ISBN
1380:PMID
1098:Cape
1034:and
1028:AIDS
1018:and
1012:aloe
1006:and
968:and
891:The
846:Ndau
818:doga
814:loka
737:and
711:Zulu
709:The
699:drum
522:).
498:and
473:Zulu
459:The
447:muti
329:Zulu
269:and
259:and
229:and
171:Zulu
157:lion
4218:NHK
4213:NGK
3608:doi
3604:102
3559:doi
3504:doi
3500:359
3333:PMC
3325:doi
3321:310
3292:doi
2925:doi
2699:doi
2641:hdl
1985:PMC
1969:doi
1903:PMC
1887:doi
1846:PMC
1828:doi
1372:doi
1024:HIV
772:in
749:or
729:),
289:or
57:in
4778::
3678:.
3616:.
3602:.
3598:.
3581:.
3573:.
3565:.
3555:58
3553:.
3549:.
3518:.
3510:.
3498:.
3494:.
3464:74
3462:.
3458:.
3399:.
3341:.
3331:.
3319:.
3315:.
3298:.
3288:25
3286:.
3169:.
3139:.
3113:.
3100:^
3078:.
3048:.
3036:^
3018:.
3005:^
2988:.
2970:^
2945:^
2931:.
2921:32
2919:.
2835:^
2813:.
2759:.
2719:^
2705:.
2695:33
2693:.
2662:.
2518:.
2493:.
2381:.
2369:^
2303:^
2277:^
2211:^
2194:.
2152:}}
2148:{{
2133:.
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