2671:, 9780852550076; at page 27 and 28, where Vansina defines oral tradition as "verbal messages which are reported statements from the past beyond the present generation" which "specifies that the message must be oral statements spoken, sung or called out on musical instruments only"; "There must be transmission by word of mouth over at least a generation". He points out that "Our definition is a working definition for the use of historians. Sociologists, linguists or scholars of the verbal arts propose their own, which in, e.g., sociology, stresses common knowledge. In linguistics, features that distinguish the language from common dialogue (linguists), and in the verbal arts features of form and content that define art (folklorists)."
300:
yourself safe, find ease where you can, plan for the future, do not misbehave or you'll eventually be caught and punished), whereas the parable aims at representing the relations between man and existence or higher powers (know your role in the universe, behave well towards all you encounter, kindness and respect are of higher value than cruelty and slander). It finds its framework in the world of nature as it actually is, and not in any parody of it, and it exhibits real and not fanciful analogies. The apologue seizes on that which humans have in common with other creatures, and the parable on that which we have in common with a greater existence. Still, in spite of the difference of moral level,
223:ἀπόλογος, a "statement" or "account") is a brief fable or allegorical story with pointed or exaggerated details, meant to serve as a pleasant vehicle for a moral doctrine or to convey a useful lesson without stating it explicitly. It is like a parable, except that it contains supernatural elements like a fable, often the personification of animals or plants. Unlike a
3421:
1485:
Legend, typically, is a short (mono-) episodic, traditional, highly ecotypified historicized narrative performed in a conversational mode, reflecting on a psychological level a symbolic representation of folk belief and collective experiences and serving as a reaffirmation of commonly held values of
1878:
Some urban legends have passed through the years with only minor changes to suit regional variations. One example is the story of a woman killed by spiders nesting in her elaborate hairdo. More recent legends tend to reflect modern circumstances, like the story of people ambushed, anesthetized, and
1840:
consisting of stories that may or may not have been believed by their tellers to be true. As with all folklore and mythology, the designation suggests nothing about the story's veracity, but merely that it is in circulation, exhibits variation over time, and carries some significance that motivates
371:
Length is not an essential matter in the definition of an apologue. Those of La
Fontaine are often very short, as, for example, "Le Coq et la Perle" ("The Cock and the Pearl"). On the other hand, in the romances of Reynard the Fox we have medieval apologues arranged in cycles, and attaining epical
1746:
to be true, and above all, by the dramatic form into which it is cast ... What marks a myth as being political is its subject matter ... olitical myths deal with politics ... A political myth is always the myth of a particular group. It has a hero or protagonist, not an individual, but a tribe, a
304:
thought so highly of apologues as counselors of virtue that he edited and revised Aesop and wrote a characteristic preface to the volume. The parable is always blunt and devoid of subtlety, and requires no interpretation; the apologue by nature necessitates at least some degree of reflection and
294:
in the sense that "when this kind of actual event happens among men, this is what it means and this is how we should think about it", while an apologue, with its introduction of animals and plants, to which it lends ideas, language and emotions, contains only metaphoric truth: "when this kind of
1573:
is cultural material and tradition transmitted orally from one generation to another. The messages or testimony are verbally transmitted in speech or song and may take the form, for example, of folktales, sayings, ballads, songs, or chants. In this way, it is possible for a society to transmit
1104:
Fairy tales are found in oral and in literary form. The history of the fairy tale is particularly difficult to trace because only the literary forms can survive. Still, the evidence of literary works at least indicates that fairy tales have existed for thousands of years, although not perhaps
299:
reaches heights to which the apologue cannot aspire, for the points in which animals and nature present analogies to man are principally those of his lower nature (hunger, desire, pain, fear, etc.), and the lessons taught by the apologue seldom therefore reach beyond prudential morality (keep
2692:, 9780852550915; see Ch. 7; "Oral tradition and its methodology" at pages 54-61; at page 54: "Oral tradition may be defined as being a testimony transmitted verbally from one generation to another. Its special characteristics are that it is verbal and the manner in which it is transmitted."
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A myth is an interpretation of what the myth-maker (rightly or wrongly) takes to be hard fact. It is a device men adopt in order to come to grips with reality; and we can tell that a given account is a myth, not by the amount of truth it contains, but by the fact that it is
109:, because their primary purpose is not simply to evoke laughter, but to reveal a truth more general than the brief tale itself, or to delineate an institutional or character trait in such a light that it strikes in a flash of insight to the very essence.
1113:
in the late 17th century. Many of today's fairy tales have evolved from centuries-old stories that have appeared, with variations, in multiple cultures around the world. Fairy tales, and works derived from fairy tales, are still written today.
1597:
A narrower definition of oral tradition is sometimes appropriate. Sociologists might also emphasize a requirement that the material is held in common by a group of people, over several generations, and might distinguish oral tradition from
1805:
or good-natured. The line between myth and tall tale is distinguished primarily by age; many myths exaggerate the exploits of their heroes, but in tall tales the exaggeration looms large, to the extent of becoming the whole of the story.
762:
into choosing the bones and fat of the first sacrificial animal rather than the meat to justify why, after a sacrifice, the Greeks offered the bones wrapped in fat to the gods while keeping the meat for themselves.
774:), which describes the creation of the world. However, many cultures have stories set after the cosmogonic myth, which describe the origin of natural phenomena and human institutions within a preexisting universe.
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in that fables use animals, plants, inanimate objects, and forces of nature as actors that assume speech and other powers of humankind, while parables generally feature human characters. It is a type of
1755:
an ideologically marked narrative which purports to give a true account of a set of past, present, or predicted political events and which is accepted as valid in its essentials by a social group.
2050:, "Creation myths are symbolic stories describing how the universe and its inhabitants came to be. Creation myths develop through oral traditions and therefore typically have multiple versions."
113:
observed, "An anecdote is a historical element — a historical molecule or epigram." A brief monologue beginning "A man pops in a bar ..." will be a joke. A brief monologue beginning "Once
1450:. Legend, for its active and passive participants includes no happenings that are outside the realm of "possibility", defined by a highly flexible set of parameters, which may include
283:
in that there is always some moral sense present in the former, which there need not be in the latter. An apologue is generally dramatic, and has been defined as "a satire in action."
547:. During the early 13th century romances were increasingly written as prose. In later romances, particularly those of French origin, there is a marked tendency to emphasize themes of
2244:"For we have not followed cunningly devised fables, when we made known unto you the power and coming of our Lord Jesus Christ, but were eyewitnesses of his majesty." (2nd Peter 1:16)
1552:
were established. Many scholars in other fields use the term "myth" in somewhat different ways. In a very broad sense, the word can refer to any story originating within traditions.
279:. The term is applied more particularly to a story in which the actors or speakers are either various kinds of animals or are inanimate objects. An apologue is distinguished from a
1782:
such as, "That fish was so big, why, I tell ya, it nearly sank the boat when I pulled it in!" Other tall tales are completely fictional tales set in a familiar setting, such as the
1326:
the possibility of ghosts or characters' belief in them. Colloquially, the term can refer to any kind of scary story. In a narrower sense, the ghost story has been developed as a
140:
numerous political anecdotes circulating in society were the only way to reveal and denounce vices of the political system and its leaders. They made fun of such personalities as
105:. Over time, modification in reuse may convert a particular anecdote to a fictional piece, one that is retold but is "too good to be true". Sometimes humorous, anecdotes are not
97:. An anecdote is always presented as based on a real incident involving actual persons, whether famous or not, usually in an identifiable place; whether authentic or not, it has
935:
2419:
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of things to come. Whatever their uses, the ghost story is in some format present in all cultures around the world, and may be passed down orally or in written form.
1144:
are among the most notable. Other folklorists have interpreted the tales' significance, but no school has been definitively established for the meaning of the tales.
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The older fairy tales were intended for an audience of adults, as well as children, but they were associated with children as early as the writings of the
1292:
represents an emphasis on the contemporary, social aspects of expressive culture, in contrast to the more literary or historical study of cultural texts.
1446:
of human actions that are perceived both by teller and listeners to take place within human history and to possess certain qualities that give the tale
957:. Mailer described a factoid as "facts which have no existence before appearing in a magazine or newspaper", and created the word by combining the word
933:. The word can also be used to describe a particularly insignificant or novel fact, in the absence of much relevant context. The word is defined by the
1630:, which is the recording of personal memories and histories of those who experienced historical eras or events. It is also distinct from the study of
2343:
404:
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intention. Jokes may have many different forms, e.g., a single word or a gesture (considered in a particular context), a question-answer, or a whole
642:, human-like figures, or animals, who often speak and transform easily. They are often set in a dim and nonspecific past, what historian of religion
250:
650:("at that time"). Also, all creation myths speak to deeply meaningful questions held by the society that shares them, revealing of their central
1416:
differs from a spoken one in that the major component of the humour is physical rather than verbal (for example placing salt in the sugar bowl).
1047:. However, only a small number of the stories refer to fairies. The stories may nonetheless be distinguished from other folk narratives such as
386:, writing at a time when this species of literature was universally admired, attributes its popularity to the fact that it manages and flatters
125:
with its animal characters and generic human figures — but it is distinct from the parable in the historical specificity which it claims.
1626:" and the "Parry-Lord theory" (after two of its founders; see below) The study of oral tradition is distinct from the academic discipline of
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2711:, 3/1-2 (1988): 229-38. p 232; Henige cites Jan Vansina (1985). Oral tradition as history. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press
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by inculcating virtue in an amusing manner without seeming to dictate or insist. This was the ordinary 18th-century view of the matter, but
65:
to identify and interpret stories more precisely. Some stories belong in multiple categories and some stories do not fit into any category.
3365:
Weigle, Marta (1987). "Creation and
Procreation, Cosmogony and Childbirth: Reflections on Ex Nihilo Earth Diver, and Emergence Mythology".
1137:
3003:
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In less technical contexts, the term is also used to describe something blessed with unusual happiness, as in "fairy tale ending" (a
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2018:
1346:. While ghost stories are often explicitly meant to be scary, they have been written to serve all sorts of purposes, from comedy to
1129:
1984:
789:αἴτιον, "cause") is sometimes used for a myth that explains an origin, particularly how an object or custom came into existence.
349:
328:, who dared not reveal their minds too openly. It is noteworthy that the two fathers of apologue in the West were slaves, namely
2851:
1288:
is used to distinguish between the materials studied, folklore, and the study of folklore, folkloristics. In scholarly usage,
1220:. It is also the set of practices through which those expressive genres are shared. The study of folklore is sometimes called
2892:
2861:
2467:; he "reiterates the Grimms' definition of legend as a folktale historically grounded", according to Hans Sebald's review in
1875:"; so often, in fact, that "friend of a friend" ("FOAF") has become a commonly used term when recounting this type of story.
1259:). These areas do not stand alone, however, as often a particular item or element may fit into more than one of these areas.
1051:(which generally involve belief in the veracity of the events described) and explicitly moral tales, including beast fables.
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described Mailer's new word as referring to "something that looks like a fact, could be a fact, but in fact is not a fact".
61:. In the academic circles of literature, religion, history, and anthropology, categories of traditional story are important
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and its surrounding area (Persia, Asia Minor, Egypt, etc.), which is the
Classical fatherland of everything connected with
979:
361:
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676:, natural phenomena, proper names and the like, or create a mythic history for a place or family. For example, the name
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1701:
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1085:, where the narrative is perceived both by teller and hearers as being grounded in historical truth. However, unlike
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animals, plants, inanimate objects, and forces of nature as actors that assume speech and other powers of humankind.
2378:
2364:
Thompson, Stith. Funk & Wagnalls
Standard Dictionary of Folklore, Mythology & Legend, 1972 s.v. "Fairy Tale"
2229:, "neither give heed to fables...", and "refuse profane and old wives' fables..." (1 Tim 1:4 and 4:4, respectively).
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where the legend arises, and within which it may be transformed over time, in order to keep it fresh and vital, and
3262:
1623:
383:
197:
came to be applied to any short tale utilized to emphasize or illustrate whatever point the author wished to make.
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Strong's 3454. μύθος muthos moo'-thos; perhaps from the same as 3453 (through the idea of tuition); a tale, i.e.
883:
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Tall tales are often told so as to make the narrator seem to have been a part of the story. They are usually
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thought to achieve understanding, and in this sense it demands more of the listener than the parable does.
1966:"Eine Anekdote ist eines historisches Element — ein historisches Molekül oder Epigramm": the quote is the
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is the term preferred by academic folklorists for the formal, academic discipline devoted to the study of
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is a symbolic narrative of how the world began and how people first came to inhabit it. They develop in
417:. Such are the moral verities. Perhaps a bit of history will be more touching than subtle philosophy."
164:
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by which they are studied—the method may be called variously "oral traditional theory", "the theory of
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in several respects. A parable is equally an ingenious tale intended to correct manners, but it can be
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nation, a race, a class ... it is always the group which acts as the protagonist in a political myth.
1255:(such as voodoo dolls), describable and transmissible entity (oral tradition), culture, and behavior (
3451:
2338:
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is a story with unbelievable elements, related as if it were true and factual. Some such stories are
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1634:, which can be defined as thought and its verbal expression in societies where the technologies of
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as "an item of unreliable information that is repeated so often that it becomes accepted as fact".
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596:. In the society in which it is told, a creation myth is usually regarded as conveying profound
401:(1866), is a history of the apologue from the earliest times until its final triumph in France.
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The New
Comparative Mythology: An Anthropological Assessment of the Theories of Georges Dumézil
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and the framework for the self-identity of the culture and individual in a universal context.
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413:"There are certain truths of which it is not enough to persuade, but which must be made to be
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2459:(New York: Fordham University Press) 1988, devotes his opening section to distinguishing the
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is an ideological explanation for a political phenomenon that is believed by a social group.
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popped in a bar ..." will be an anecdote. An anecdote thus is closer to the tradition of the
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Urban legends are sometimes repeated in news stories and, in recent years, distributed by
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1800 the connotations of "romance" moved from the magical and fantastic to somewhat eerie
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is generally understood to transcend an immediate need to establish its categorization as
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UNESCO International
Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of Africa
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A fairy tale (pronounced /ˈfeəriˌteɪl/) is a type of short story that typically features
272:
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refers to any short humorous story without the need of factual or biographical origins.
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and therefore typically have multiple versions; and they are the most common form of
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376:, is said to have developed an apologue of "The Talking Animals" reaching twenty-six
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situation exists anywhere in the world, here is an interesting truth about it." The
262:
160:
2850:
Niemann, Yolanda Flores; Armitage, Susan; Hart, Patricia; et al., eds. (2002).
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In 2001, Christopher G. Flood described a working definition of a political myth as
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stories derived from
African and Cherokee cultures and recorded and synthesized by
189:), which is primarily a collection of short incidents from the private life of the
137:
88:
17:
152:, and other Soviet leaders. In contemporary Russia there are many anecdotes about
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that are perceived as actually having happened, within the specific tradition of
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is more influenced by the romance than by any other medieval genre, and the word
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2004:
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explaining how the world and humankind came to be in their present form and how
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material through vocal utterance, and was long held to be a key descriptor of
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324:. Veiled truth was often necessary in the Middle East, particularly among the
145:
102:
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2707:. "Oral, but Oral What? The Nomenclatures of Orality and Their Implications"
1062:" (though not all fairy tales end happily). Colloquially, a "fairy tale" or "
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lesson (a "moral"), which may at the end be expressed explicitly in a pithy
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contested the educational value of instruction given in this indirect form.
84:
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38:
34:
1848:. Rather, the term is used to differentiate modern legend from traditional
1517:
is the study of connections between myths from different cultures, whereas
622:
Creation myths often share a number of features. They often are considered
3420:
3102:
2374:
1849:
1837:
1700:, though that is not a common restriction of the term. Parables such as "
1638:(especially writing and print) are unfamiliar to most of the population.
1635:
1611:
1583:
1474:
1470:
1280:. The term itself derives from the nineteenth-century German designation
1277:
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778:
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706:) to make them his priests. While Delphi is actually related to the word
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invokes knights, distressed damsels, dragons, and other romantic tropes.
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Despite its name, an urban legend does not necessarily originate in an
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Religion, Myth, and Magic: The
Anthropology of Religion-a Course Guide
227:, the moral is more important than the narrative details. As with the
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1606:. In a general sense, "oral tradition" refers to the transmission of
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or literal sense. They are commonly, although not always, considered
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of both folklore and mythology, providing an outline into which new
965:
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The origin of the apologue is extremely ancient and comes from the
2483:
Tangherlini, "'It
Happened Not Too Far from Here...': A Survey of
2460:
2269:
As read on his hit BBC Radio show "Steve Wright in the
Afternoon".
1802:
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incident. It may be as brief as the setting and provocation of a
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can be placed, and scholars can keep track of all older motifs.
1224:. The word 'folklore' was first used by the English antiquarian
1189:
1133:, and the link with children has only grown stronger with time.
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Among the best known ancient and classical examples are that of
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58:
1614:(a criterion no longer rigidly held by all folklorists). As an
502:, and history to suit the readers' and hearers' tastes, but by
3179:
Kimball, Charles (2008). "Creation Myths and Sacred Stories".
2680:
Ki-Zerbo, Joseph: "Methodology and African Prehistory", 1990,
1905:
1016:
482:. Popular literature also drew on themes of romance, but with
3201:
Myth: Its Meaning and Functions in Ancient and Other Cultures
1232:
in 1846. In usage, there is a continuum between folklore and
1136:
Folklorists have classified fairy tales in various ways. The
708:
700:
172:
1887:(a story which folklorists refer to as "The Kidney Heist").
853:
Usage has not always been so clearly distinguished. In the
2995:
Encyclopedia of Urban Legends: Updated and Expanded Edition
1147:
A fairy tale with a tragic rather a happy ending is called
744:
through his son Ascanius, also called Iulus. The story of
261:. Well-known modern examples of this literary form include
1871:. People frequently allege that such tales happened to a "
2957:
Gods and Heroes of the Greeks: The Library of Apollodorus
3131:
Honko, Lauri (1984). "The Problem of Defining Myth". In
714:("womb"), many etiological myths are similarly based on
249:(9:7-15); "The Belly and its Members", by the patrician
2205:
2155:
2029:
1946:
That is to say, specifically located in place and time.
1350:. Ghosts often appear in the narrative as sentinels or
1097:
and actual places, people, and events; they take place
600:, metaphorically, symbolically and sometimes even in a
163:: "unpublished", literally "not given out") comes from
1109:; the name "fairy tale" was first ascribed to them by
2281:
The Compact Oxford English Dictionary, Second Edition
1704:" are central to Jesus' teaching method in both the
2780:
Orality and Literacy: The Technologizing of the Word
1618:, it refers both to a set of objects of study and a
368:
in Russia, are leading modern writers of apologues.
49:in that the importance of transmitting the story's
3266:
3227:. University of California Press. pp. 53–61.
3059:
2457:Beneath the Cherry Sapling: Legends from Franconia
1318:, or an account of an experience, that includes a
1251:Folklore can be divided into four areas of study:
1081:are perceived as real, fairy tales may merge into
466:. They were fantastic stories about marvel-filled
3118:Georges, Robert A.; Jones, Michael Owens (1995).
2811:. Paulist Press. pp. 99, 137, 63, 132, 133.
3225:Sacred Narrative: Readings in the Theory of Myth
3138:Sacred Narrative: Readings in the Theory of Myth
3037:Sacred Narrative: Readings in the Theory of Myth
1841:the community in preserving and propagating it.
1481:was proposed by Timothy R. Tangherlini in 1990:
458:that was popular in the aristocratic circles of
1753:
1739:
2463:of legend from other narrative forms, such as
2112:
626:accounts and can be found in nearly all known
527:Originally, romance literature was written in
2700:
2698:
8:
3273:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
2856:. University of Nebraska Press. p. 52.
2443:
2431:
2375:"Merriam-Webster definition of "fairy tale""
1903:Its first appearance in English is of 1676 (
1228:in a letter published in the London journal
3396:Symbols and Meaning: A Concise Introduction
3295:Leonard, Scott A; McClure, Michael (2004).
3066:. The New American Library-Meridian Books.
2959:. Translated by Simpson, Michael. Amherst:
2641:
2130:
2128:
1374:is something spoken, written, or done with
611:—that is they describe the ordering of the
257:; and perhaps most famous of all, those of
2652:
2650:
1852:in pre-industrial times. For this reason,
978:Factoids may give rise to, or arise from,
925:, or fabricated) statement presented as a
668:An etiological myth, or origin myth, is a
2736:Dundes, Alan, "Editor's Introduction" to
2518:
2334:"Ah, there's joy in Mudville's precincts"
2279:Simpson JA & Weiner ESC, ed. (2008).
2058:
2056:
1676:principles or lessons. It differs from a
1486:the group to whose tradition it belongs."
1066:" can also mean any far-fetched story or
2907:
2853:Chicana leadership: the Frontiers reader
2195:
2150:
2134:
2039:
2037:
969:to mean "similar but not the same". The
3269:The Oxford companion to world mythology
2984:The Forms of Folklore: Prose Narratives
2808:What are they saying about the parables
2210:
2160:
2102:
2085:
2062:
1959:
1896:
1389:To achieve their end, jokes may employ
1284:(i.e., folklore). Ultimately, the term
2795:(2 vols; Tübingen: Mohr , 1888, 1899).
2581:
2569:
2557:
2542:
2530:
2178:
2107:
2043:
1981:"Yatsko V. Russian folk funny stories"
1879:waking up minus one kidney, which was
1405:, i.e. an ending to make it humorous.
83:is a short and amusing or interesting
3299:(illustrated ed.). McGraw-Hill.
2605:
2117:
1696:apply the term "parable" only to the
1401:and other devices. Jokes may have a
551:, such as faithfulness in adversity.
510:famously satirised them in his novel
7:
2744:. Bloomington, IUP, 1988, pp. ix-xii
2725:American Folklore and the Mass Media
2629:
2617:
2593:
2200:
2165:
2073:
1138:Aarne-Thompson classification system
506:.1600 they were out of fashion, and
2346:from the original on 2 October 2020
1733:In 1975, Henry Tudor defined it in
672:intended to explain the origins of
3320:. University of California Press.
3204:. University of California Press.
3141:. University of California Press.
3040:. University of California Press.
2422:Telegraph.co.uk. 5 September 2009.
2420:"Fairy tales have ancient origin."
1240:made a major attempt to index the
1140:and the morphological analysis of
690:which tells of how Apollo carried
25:
2961:University of Massachusetts Press
2920:Mikkelson, Barbara (2008-03-12).
2663:, 1985, James Currey Publishers,
936:Compact Oxford English Dictionary
372:dimensions. An Italian fabulist,
3419:
3062:Patterns in comparative religion
2497:.4 (October 1990:371-390) p. 85.
2400:Little Red Riding Hood Uncloaked
1737:published by Macmillan. He said
1473:historically grounded. A modern
3347:Myth: A Very Short Introduction
3198:Kirk, Geoffrey Stephen (1973).
2998:. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO.
2761:from the original on 2011-08-20
2727:. Bloomington: IUP, 1994, p. 31
2381:from the original on 2008-12-04
2255:Steve Wright's Book of Factoids
1987:from the original on 2021-10-19
1664:, that illustrates one or more
766:One type of origin myth is the
758:relates how Prometheus tricked
694:over the sea in the shape of a
171:, who produced a work entitled
3120:Folkloristics: An Introduction
3111:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
3019:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
2738:The Theory of Oral Composition
1778:of actual events, for example
1477:'s professional definition of
1130:Children's and Household Tales
630:. They are all stories with a
518:the modern image of "medieval"
238:used to convince or persuade.
1:
3339:. New York: George Braziller.
2992:Brunvand, Jan Harold (2012).
2927:Urban Legends Reference Pages
2840:, volume II, Doubleday, 1994.
2782:. London: Methuen, 1982 p 12
1590:across generations without a
1101:rather than in actual times.
779:Western classical scholarship
564:"Gothic" adventure narratives
399:La Fontaine et ses devanciers
3367:Journal of American Folklore
3350:. OUP Oxford. pp. 19–.
3337:Alpha: The Myths of Creation
3314:Littleton, C. Scott (1973).
2206:Encyclopædia Britannica 2009
2156:Encyclopædia Britannica 2009
2030:Encyclopædia Britannica 2009
1918:Note that in the context of
1442:, "things to be read") is a
709:
701:
231:, the apologue is a tool of
193:court. Gradually, the term
3244:Creation Myths of the World
3156:Johnston, Susan A. (2009).
2987:. University of California.
2877:Flood, Christopher (2001).
2684:; James Currey Publishers,
1521:is the body of myths from
1208:, and customs that are the
286:An apologue differs from a
121:than the patently invented
3468:
3246:(2nd ed.). ABC-CLIO.
3242:Leeming, David A. (2010).
3034:Dundes, Alan, ed. (1984).
2113:Leonard & McClure 2004
2088:, pp. xvii–xviii, 465
1813:
1794:, or the beginning of the
1763:
1719:
1645:
1624:Oral-Formulaic Composition
1559:
1494:
1423:
1361:
1299:
1266:
1158:
993:
906:
796:
680:and its associated deity,
661:
573:
494:intent. Romances reworked
424:
204:
181:, variously translated as
173:
72:
3335:Long, Charles H. (1963).
3013:Doty, William G. (2004).
2922:"snopes.com:Kidney Thief"
2661:Oral Tradition as History
953:in his 1973 biography of
831:, and that illustrates a
728:(published circa 17 BC),
592:, found throughout human
478:qualities, who goes on a
3183:. The Teaching Company.
3124:Indiana University Press
2805:David B. Gowler (2000).
2444:Georges & Jones 1995
2432:Georges & Jones 1995
2308:. Grosset & Dunlap.
1656:is a succinct story, in
1505:can refer either to the
1127:titled their collection
722:", for example). In the
251:Agrippa Menenius Lanatus
159:The word 'anecdote' (in
3107:Encyclopædia Britannica
2979:Bascom, William Russell
2793:Die Gleichnisreden Jesu
2508:Encyclopædia Britannica
2304:Mailer, Norman (1973).
1513:of myths. As examples,
1322:, or simply takes as a
871:") was rendered by the
842:A fable differs from a
686:, are explained in the
128:Anecdotes are often of
3344:Segal, Robert (2015).
2490:and Characterization"
1836:, is a form of modern
1757:
1749:
1488:
1382:. The word "joke" has
732:claims the descent of
253:in the second book of
27:Story about traditions
3394:Womack, Mari (2005).
2533:, Introduction, p. 1.
2474:.2 (May 1990), p 312.
2469:German Studies Review
2398:Catherine Orenstein,
1796:Industrial Revolution
1688:Some scholars of the
1515:comparative mythology
1483:
980:common misconceptions
917:is a questionable or
748:' sacrifice-trick in
447:is a style of heroic
397:A work by P. Soullé,
165:Procopius of Caesarea
3428:at Wikimedia Commons
3223:. In — (ed.).
3181:Comparative Religion
2951:Apollodorus (1976).
2560:, "Madness", p. 147.
2506:Kirk, p. 8; "myth",
2339:The Washington Times
2332:(January 23, 2007).
2306:Marilyn: A Biography
1784:European countryside
1384:a number of synonyms
1338:and specifically of
1336:supernatural fiction
1310:may be any piece of
1007:characters, such as
628:religious traditions
474:portrayed as having
277:Joel Chandler Harris
167:, the biographer of
3442:Traditional stories
3426:Traditional stories
3221:"On Defining Myths"
2778:Ong, Walter, S.J.,
2283:. Clarendon Press.
2010:The Discarded Image
1862:contemporary legend
1834:contemporary legend
1708:narratives and the
1616:academic discipline
846:in that the latter
813:legendary creatures
508:Miguel de Cervantes
464:Early Modern Europe
407:wrote a propos his
183:Unpublished Memoirs
134:totalitarian regime
41:, differ from both
31:Traditional stories
18:Traditional stories
3398:. AltaMira Press.
3087:. Waveland Press.
2545:, "Binary", p. 45.
1881:surgically removed
1873:friend of a friend
1792:Canadian Northwest
1672:, instructive, or
1525:. In the field of
1511:body or collection
1509:of myths, or to a
1469:defined legend as
1334:. It is a form of
1073:In cultures where
855:King James Version
683:Apollon Delphinios
619:or amorphousness.
132:nature. Under the
3424:Media related to
3405:978-0-7591-0322-1
3357:978-0-19-103769-6
3327:978-0-520-02404-5
3306:978-0-7674-1957-4
3253:978-1-59884-174-9
3234:978-0-520-05192-8
3211:978-0-520-02389-5
3190:978-1-59803-452-3
3171:978-1-4407-2603-3
3148:978-0-520-05192-8
3094:978-1-4786-0861-5
3073:978-0-529-01915-8
3047:978-0-520-05192-8
3026:978-0-313-32696-7
2970:978-0-87023-206-0
2596:, pp. 11–12.
2290:978-0-19-861258-2
1788:American Old West
1698:parables of Jesus
1690:Canonical gospels
1342:, and is often a
1058:) or "fairy tale
829:anthropomorphised
821:inanimate objects
445:chivalric romance
427:Chivalric romance
421:Chivalric romance
16:(Redirected from
3459:
3423:
3409:
3390:
3373:(398): 426–435.
3361:
3340:
3331:
3310:
3297:Myth and Knowing
3291:
3289:
3287:
3272:
3261:— (2011).
3257:
3238:
3219:— (1984).
3215:
3194:
3175:
3152:
3127:
3114:
3098:
3084:Myth and Reality
3081:— (1998).
3077:
3065:
3051:
3030:
3016:Myth: A Handbook
3009:
2988:
2974:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2934:
2917:
2911:
2905:
2899:
2898:
2874:
2868:
2867:
2847:
2841:
2829:
2823:
2822:
2802:
2796:
2791:Adolf Jülicher,
2789:
2783:
2776:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2766:
2751:
2745:
2742:John Miles Foley
2734:
2728:
2718:
2712:
2702:
2693:
2678:
2672:
2654:
2645:
2642:Apollodorus 1976
2639:
2633:
2627:
2621:
2615:
2609:
2603:
2597:
2591:
2585:
2579:
2573:
2567:
2561:
2555:
2546:
2540:
2534:
2528:
2522:
2516:
2510:
2504:
2498:
2492:Western Folklore
2481:
2475:
2453:
2447:
2441:
2435:
2429:
2423:
2416:
2410:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2386:
2371:
2365:
2362:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2326:
2320:
2319:
2301:
2295:
2294:
2276:
2270:
2268:
2257:. Harper. 2006.
2251:
2245:
2242:("myth"):—fable.
2236:
2230:
2223:For example, in
2221:
2215:
2188:
2182:
2176:
2170:
2143:
2137:
2132:
2123:
2095:
2089:
2083:
2077:
2071:
2065:
2060:
2051:
2041:
2032:
2027:
2021:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1992:
1977:
1971:
1970:to Gossman 20030
1964:
1947:
1944:
1938:
1916:
1910:
1901:
1860:prefer the term
1702:The Prodigal Son
1533:is defined as a
1269:Folklore studies
1105:recognized as a
1099:once upon a time
972:Washington Times
825:forces of nature
712:
704:
658:Etiological myth
615:from a state of
362:Tomas de Iriarte
176:
175:
21:
3467:
3466:
3462:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3457:
3456:
3447:Literary genres
3432:
3431:
3416:
3406:
3393:
3364:
3358:
3343:
3334:
3328:
3313:
3307:
3294:
3285:
3283:
3281:
3260:
3254:
3241:
3235:
3218:
3212:
3197:
3191:
3178:
3172:
3155:
3149:
3130:
3117:
3101:
3095:
3080:
3074:
3054:
3048:
3033:
3027:
3012:
3006:
3005:978-1-598847208
2991:
2977:
2971:
2950:
2947:
2942:
2941:
2932:
2930:
2919:
2918:
2914:
2906:
2902:
2895:
2876:
2875:
2871:
2864:
2849:
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2830:
2826:
2819:
2804:
2803:
2799:
2790:
2786:
2777:
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2764:
2762:
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2752:
2748:
2735:
2731:
2719:
2715:
2703:
2696:
2679:
2675:
2655:
2648:
2640:
2636:
2628:
2624:
2616:
2612:
2604:
2600:
2592:
2588:
2580:
2576:
2568:
2564:
2556:
2549:
2541:
2537:
2529:
2525:
2517:
2513:
2505:
2501:
2482:
2478:
2455:Norbert Krapf,
2454:
2450:
2442:
2438:
2430:
2426:
2418:Gray, Richard.
2417:
2413:
2397:
2393:
2384:
2382:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2363:
2359:
2349:
2347:
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2068:
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2054:
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2024:
2003:
1999:
1990:
1988:
1979:
1978:
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1965:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1941:
1917:
1913:
1902:
1898:
1893:
1885:transplantation
1818:
1812:
1768:
1762:
1724:
1718:
1650:
1644:
1580:oral literature
1564:
1558:
1519:Greek mythology
1499:
1493:
1428:
1422:
1366:
1360:
1330:format, within
1304:
1298:
1271:
1265:
1194:popular beliefs
1163:
1157:
1149:anti-fairy tale
1111:Madame d'Aulnoy
998:
992:
963:and the ending
911:
905:
801:
795:
772:cosmogonic myth
734:Augustus Caesar
666:
660:
648:in illo tempore
638:who are either
586:oral traditions
578:
572:
429:
423:
410:Persian Letters
209:
203:
115:J. Edgar Hoover
77:
71:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3465:
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3415:
3414:External links
3412:
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3391:
3379:10.2307/540902
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3162:Recorded Books
3153:
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3128:
3115:
3099:
3093:
3078:
3072:
3056:Eliade, Mircea
3052:
3046:
3031:
3025:
3010:
3004:
2989:
2975:
2969:
2953:"Introduction"
2946:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2912:
2910:, p. 423.
2900:
2893:
2887:. p. 44.
2880:Political Myth
2869:
2862:
2842:
2837:A Marginal Jew
2824:
2817:
2797:
2784:
2771:
2755:"Oral History"
2746:
2729:
2713:
2709:Oral Tradition
2694:
2673:
2646:
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2586:
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2535:
2523:
2519:Littleton 1973
2511:
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2448:
2446:, p. 313.
2436:
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2411:
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2330:Pruden, Wesley
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1895:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1814:Main article:
1811:
1808:
1764:Main article:
1761:
1758:
1735:Political Myth
1728:political myth
1722:Political myth
1720:Main article:
1717:
1716:Political myth
1714:
1646:Main article:
1643:
1640:
1592:writing system
1567:Oral tradition
1562:Oral tradition
1560:Main article:
1557:
1556:Oral tradition
1554:
1523:ancient Greece
1495:Main article:
1492:
1489:
1467:Brothers Grimm
1456:indoctrination
1448:verisimilitude
1424:Main article:
1421:
1418:
1410:practical joke
1362:Main article:
1359:
1356:
1348:morality tales
1300:Main article:
1297:
1294:
1267:Main article:
1264:
1261:
1238:Stith Thompson
1212:of a culture,
1172:) consists of
1159:Main article:
1156:
1153:
1142:Vladimir Propp
1125:Brothers Grimm
1039:, and usually
994:Main article:
991:
988:
955:Marilyn Monroe
929:, but with no
907:Main article:
904:
901:
884:Second Timothy
875:as "fable" in
797:Main article:
794:
791:
740:from the hero
716:folk etymology
674:cult practices
662:Main article:
659:
656:
574:Main article:
571:
568:
556:Gothic Revival
433:literary genre
425:Main article:
422:
419:
364:in Spain, and
247:Book of Judges
205:Main article:
202:
199:
187:Secret History
154:Vladimir Putin
99:verisimilitude
73:Main article:
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2705:Henige, David
2701:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2690:0-85255-091-X
2687:
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2670:
2669:0-85255-007-3
2666:
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2653:
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2647:
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2638:
2635:
2632:, p. 74.
2631:
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2620:, p. 57.
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2227:
2226:First Timothy
2220:
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2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2196:Johnston 2009
2194:
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2181:, p. 429
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2016:
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1776:exaggerations
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1332:genre fiction
1329:
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1295:
1293:
1291:
1290:folkloristics
1287:
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1283:
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1274:Folkloristics
1270:
1263:Folkloristics
1262:
1260:
1258:
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1249:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1230:The Athenaeum
1227:
1226:William Thoms
1223:
1222:folkloristics
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951:Norman Mailer
948:
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921:(unverified,
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582:creation myth
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570:Creation myth
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470:, often of a
469:
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460:High Medieval
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3346:
3336:
3316:
3296:
3284:. Retrieved
3268:
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3157:
3137:
3119:
3110:
3106:
3083:
3061:
3036:
3015:
2994:
2983:
2956:
2931:. Retrieved
2925:
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2879:
2872:
2852:
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2807:
2800:
2792:
2787:
2779:
2774:
2763:. Retrieved
2749:
2737:
2732:
2724:
2716:
2708:
2681:
2676:
2660:
2657:Vansina, Jan
2644:, p. 3.
2637:
2625:
2613:
2608:, p. 5.
2601:
2589:
2584:, p. 6.
2577:
2572:, p. 9.
2565:
2538:
2526:
2514:
2507:
2502:
2494:
2491:
2479:
2471:
2468:
2456:
2451:
2439:
2427:
2414:
2399:
2394:
2383:. Retrieved
2369:
2360:
2348:. Retrieved
2337:
2324:
2305:
2299:
2280:
2274:
2254:
2249:
2239:
2234:
2224:
2219:
2211:Leeming 2010
2190:
2186:
2174:
2161:Leeming 2011
2145:
2141:
2120:, p. 50
2103:Leeming 2010
2097:
2093:
2086:Leeming 2010
2081:
2076:, p. 18
2069:
2063:Kimball 2008
2025:
2008:
2000:
1989:. Retrieved
1975:
1962:
1942:
1934:
1914:
1904:
1899:
1877:
1866:
1861:
1854:sociologists
1843:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1822:urban legend
1821:
1819:
1816:Urban legend
1810:Urban legend
1800:
1780:fish stories
1771:
1769:
1754:
1750:
1743:
1740:
1734:
1732:
1727:
1725:
1687:
1653:
1651:
1628:oral history
1604:oral history
1596:
1576:oral history
1570:
1566:
1565:
1546:institutions
1530:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1500:
1484:
1478:
1464:
1439:
1431:
1429:
1407:
1388:
1369:
1367:
1344:horror story
1307:
1305:
1289:
1285:
1282:folkloristik
1281:
1273:
1272:
1250:
1229:
1182:oral history
1169:
1165:
1164:
1146:
1135:
1128:
1118:
1116:
1103:
1072:
1063:
1056:happy ending
1053:
1045:enchantments
999:
977:
970:
964:
958:
942:
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934:
914:
912:
894:
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876:
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852:
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841:
804:
802:
782:
776:
771:
765:
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723:
707:
699:
688:Homeric Hymn
681:
667:
647:
621:
607:cosmogonical
605:
581:
579:
559:
553:
549:courtly love
539:, later, in
533:Anglo-Norman
526:
521:
511:
503:
444:
440:
437:high culture
430:
414:
408:
403:
398:
396:
388:amour-propre
382:
370:
360:in Germany;
348:in England;
307:
291:
285:
273:Br'er Rabbit
266:
240:
216:
212:
210:
194:
186:
182:
178:
158:
138:Soviet Union
127:
92:
89:biographical
80:
78:
30:
29:
3452:Narratology
3133:Alan Dundes
2945:Works cited
2721:Degh, Linda
2582:Eliade 1998
2570:Bascom 1965
2558:Dundes 1984
2543:Dundes 1984
2531:Dundes 1984
2350:24 February
2179:Eliade 1963
2108:Weigle 1987
2044:Womack 2005
2005:C. S. Lewis
1858:folklorists
1380:short story
1328:short story
1308:ghost story
1302:Ghost story
1296:Ghost story
1198:fairy tales
1064:fairy story
896:First Peter
873:translators
781:, the word
738:Julian clan
718:(the term "
664:Origin myth
554:During the
513:Don Quixote
500:fairy tales
405:Montesquieu
340:in France;
338:La Fontaine
322:imagination
310:Middle East
268:Animal Farm
169:Justinian I
63:terminology
3436:Categories
3286:13 October
3263:"Creation"
2933:2010-06-30
2894:0415936322
2863:0803283822
2765:2012-04-22
2606:Segal 2015
2465:fairy tale
2385:2012-04-22
2118:Honko 1984
2046:, p.
1991:2012-04-22
1954:References
1924:Lithuanian
1846:urban area
1830:urban tale
1826:urban myth
1588:knowledges
1586:and other
1475:folklorist
1403:punch line
1214:subculture
1210:traditions
1206:tall tales
1120:précieuses
996:Fairy tale
990:Fairy tale
785:(from the
746:Prometheus
636:characters
602:historical
529:Old French
516:. Still,
468:adventures
233:rhetorical
219:(from the
146:Khrushchev
103:truthiness
47:nonfiction
39:traditions
2885:Routledge
2630:Kirk 1973
2618:Kirk 1984
2594:Doty 2004
2201:Long 1963
2166:Long 1963
2074:Long 1963
1928:Bulgarian
1772:tall tale
1766:Tall tale
1760:Tall tale
1710:apocrypha
1706:canonical
1674:normative
1670:religious
1600:testimony
1571:oral lore
1538:narrative
1503:mythology
1501:The term
1497:Mythology
1491:Mythology
1460:realistic
1444:narrative
1399:word play
1234:mythology
1068:tall tale
1002:folkloric
827:that are
652:worldview
492:burlesque
456:narrative
191:Byzantine
130:satirical
55:imaginary
51:worldview
3058:(1963).
2981:(1965).
2759:Archived
2402:, p. 9.
2379:Archived
2344:Archived
1985:Archived
1968:epigraph
1935:anecdote
1920:Estonian
1850:folklore
1838:folklore
1803:humorous
1744:believed
1692:and the
1636:literacy
1612:folklore
1608:cultural
1584:oral law
1471:folktale
1452:miracles
1376:humorous
1352:prophets
1278:folklore
1253:artifact
1186:proverbs
1166:Folklore
1161:Folklore
1155:Folklore
1095:religion
1033:mermaids
931:veracity
919:spurious
848:excludes
755:Theogony
522:medieval
392:Rousseau
384:La Motte
358:Hagedorn
334:Phaedrus
318:metaphor
314:allegory
271:and the
236:argument
213:apologue
207:Apologue
201:Apologue
195:anecdote
179:Anekdota
174:Ἀνέκδοτα
150:Brezhnev
87:about a
81:anecdote
75:Anecdote
69:Anecdote
3164:, LLC.
3135:(ed.).
3113:. 2009.
2240:fiction
2013:, p. 9
1683:analogy
1654:parable
1648:Parable
1642:Parable
1632:orality
1542:customs
1440:legenda
1395:sarcasm
1324:premise
1312:fiction
1257:rituals
1202:stories
1174:legends
1087:legends
1083:legends
1079:witches
1060:romance
1049:legends
1025:dwarves
1013:goblins
1009:fairies
1005:fantasy
943:Factoid
915:factoid
909:Factoid
903:Factoid
893:and in
857:of the
844:parable
809:animals
710:delphus
702:delphis
696:dolphin
692:Cretans
646:termed
640:deities
594:culture
558:, from
541:English
537:Occitan
496:legends
488:satiric
441:romance
354:Lessing
350:Gellert
346:Dodsley
297:parable
288:parable
245:in the
229:parable
136:in the
119:parable
111:Novalis
94:bon mot
59:factual
43:fiction
35:stories
3402:
3387:540902
3385:
3354:
3324:
3303:
3277:
3250:
3231:
3208:
3187:
3168:
3145:
3103:"myth"
3091:
3070:
3044:
3023:
3002:
2967:
2891:
2860:
2815:
2688:
2667:
2488:Theory
2485:Legend
2406:
2312:
2287:
2261:
2017:
1869:e-mail
1790:, the
1786:, the
1620:method
1550:taboos
1535:sacred
1479:legend
1432:legend
1426:Legend
1420:Legend
1246:motifs
1242:motifs
1123:; the
1075:demons
1037:gnomes
1029:giants
1021:trolls
947:coined
868:mythos
817:plants
783:aition
750:Hesiod
742:Aeneas
730:Vergil
725:Aeneid
720:Amazon
678:Delphi
624:sacred
613:cosmos
598:truths
545:German
484:ironic
476:heroic
378:cantos
366:Krylov
326:slaves
243:Jotham
217:apolog
37:about
3383:JSTOR
2461:genre
1891:Notes
1832:, or
1678:fable
1666:moral
1662:verse
1658:prose
1507:study
1436:Latin
1414:prank
1391:irony
1320:ghost
1316:drama
1314:, or
1218:group
1216:, or
1190:jokes
1178:music
1107:genre
1091:epics
1041:magic
1017:elves
923:false
890:Titus
887:, in
878:First
863:μύθος
837:maxim
833:moral
823:, or
805:fable
799:Fable
793:Fable
617:chaos
609:myths
480:quest
453:verse
449:prose
431:As a
374:Corti
330:Aesop
281:fable
259:Aesop
225:fable
221:Greek
161:Greek
142:Lenin
123:fable
107:jokes
85:story
33:, or
3400:ISBN
3352:ISBN
3322:ISBN
3301:ISBN
3288:2011
3275:ISBN
3248:ISBN
3229:ISBN
3206:ISBN
3185:ISBN
3166:ISBN
3143:ISBN
3089:ISBN
3068:ISBN
3042:ISBN
3021:ISBN
3000:ISBN
2965:ISBN
2889:ISBN
2858:ISBN
2813:ISBN
2686:ISBN
2665:ISBN
2404:ISBN
2352:2012
2310:ISBN
2285:ISBN
2259:ISBN
2191:See:
2146:See:
2098:See:
2015:ISBN
1930:and
1883:for
1856:and
1569:and
1548:and
1531:myth
1529:, a
1465:The
1371:joke
1364:Joke
1358:Joke
1170:lore
1168:(or
1089:and
1077:and
982:and
966:-oid
960:fact
945:was
927:fact
881:and
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770:(or
760:Zeus
670:myth
634:and
632:plot
590:myth
543:and
535:and
462:and
451:and
415:felt
356:and
344:and
332:and
320:and
292:true
255:Livy
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3371:100
1906:OED
1820:An
1660:or
1602:or
1412:or
1043:or
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777:In
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560:ca.
490:or
443:or
435:of
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3438::
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3369:.
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2883:.
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2757:.
2740:,
2723:.
2697:^
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2649:^
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2342:.
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