Train horn - Knowledge (XXG)

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the diaphragm's spring tension. Once this occurs, the diaphragm is deflected back and is no longer sealed against the nozzle, causing the power chamber to lose its airtightness. The pressurized fluid then escapes out of the horn bell, at a much faster rate than it enters the power chamber, causing the pressure in the power chamber to drop rapidly and the diaphragm to re-seat itself against the nozzle surface. This entire process is one cycle of the diaphragm operating. In reality, it occurs much faster, in accordance to the frequency produced by the horn. The diaphragm's constant back-and-forth oscillation creates sound waves, which are amplified by the large flared horn bell. The horn bell's length, thickness and diameter contribute to the frequency of the note the horn produces.

1344:. Trains or engines approaching public highway grade crossings shall sound the horn at least 15 seconds, but no more than 20 seconds before the lead engine enters the crossing. Trains or engines travelling at speeds greater than 45 mph shall begin sounding the horn at or about, but not more than, one-quarter mile (1,320 feet ) in advance of the nearest public crossing. Even if the advance warning provided by the horn will be less than 15 seconds in duration. This signal is to be prolonged or repeated until the engine or train occupies the crossing; or, where multiple crossing are involved, until the last crossing is occupied. 472: 1164:(FRA), which enforces rail safety regulations, published the final rule on the use of locomotive horns at highway-rail grade crossings. Effective June 24, 2005, the rule requires that locomotive horns be sounded at all public grade crossings at least 15 seconds, but not more than 20 seconds before entering a crossing. This rule applies when the train speed is below 45 mph (70 km/h). At 45 mph or above, trains are still required to sound their horn at the designated location (usually denoted with a 448: 1094: 1047: 994: 947: 894: 847: 794: 747: 694: 647: 590: 542: 495: 424: 436: 460: 25: 277: 2188: 300: 1804:– "day"), the horn is only to be sounded between 07:00 and 20:00. Horns must also be sounded when passing an oncoming train, and shortly before reaching the last car of the train. Train horns must also be used upon entering into a tunnel: first horn shortly before the tunnel entrance, second horn when entering, third horn shortly before the tunnel's exit. 2326: 122: 1150: 196: 2372: 2307: 141: 2215: 2177: 223:, which make it difficult to quickly stop when encountering an obstacle. Also, trains generally do not stop at level crossings, instead relying on pedestrians and vehicles to clear the tracks when they pass. Therefore, from their beginnings, locomotives have been equipped with loud horns or bells to warn vehicles and 346:

disc creates a full airtight seal against the nozzle surface. As this diagram illustrates, when a constant stream of pressurized fluid enters through the small bottom inlet, the pressure in the airtight power chamber increases. The pressure continues rising in Chamber 'A' until the pressure overcomes

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for longer sounds. In the CROR, it states that warning signals "should be distinct, with intensity and duration proportionate to the distance the signal is to be conveyed". The following table lists the train horn warning signals required by Transport Canada. The signals marked with an asterisk (✱)

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today. It was found that this caused some confusion among people who were accustomed to steam locomotives and the sound of their whistles; when approaching a grade crossing, when some people heard an air horn they expected to see a truck, not a locomotive, and accidents happened. So, locomotive air

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of air) led the Leslie Company to introduce a new line of air horns utilizing interchangeable components while using less air to produce greater sound volume than the earlier "Tyfon" series. Developed by Kockums, this horn utilized a back-pressure power chamber design in order to enhance diaphragm

2011:

UK diesel and electric locomotives are usually fitted with two-tone horns, sounded sequentially to distinguish them from the horns used on road vehicles, the tones being described as either 'high' or 'low'. In the past, both tones were routinely used. The basic rules from the early 1960s required

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to choose between sounding three chimes in "soft" mode or all five chimes in "loud" mode. The "loud" mode is intended for emergency situations, such as when a person or vehicle is on the tracks in front of an incoming train. The loud emergency mode produces a high-pitched and extremely discordant

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The pattern for blowing the horn remains two long, one short, and one long. This is to be repeated or prolonged as necessary until the lead locomotive fully occupies the crossing. Locomotive engineers retain the authority to vary this pattern as necessary for crossings in close proximity, and are

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mile) from the crossing, marks the location where the horn must be sounded when the train is travelling faster than 70 km/h (43 mph). When the train is travelling at 70 km/h or less, this signal must be sounded for twenty seconds prior to occupying the crossing. The signal must be

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To maximize sound output, Transport Canada requires that all train horns be mounted facing the direction of travel, near the front of the roof, no further than 1.5 metres (4 ft 11 in) behind the rear of the cab, and near the centerline of the locomotive in a location where it will not

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When snow removal equipment is being operated ahead of a locomotive, the snowplow operator is required to sound rules 14 f) and 14 L). The engineer operating the locomotive shoving the snow removal equipment is required to sound all other horn warning signals as per rule 14.

1955:

Approaching level crossing or tunnel area; Recall staff protecting train in rear; Material train ready to leave; Running through a station; Approaching a stop signal at "on"; Detained at stop signal; Passing stop signal at "on" after waiting the stipulated time

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Whilst standing: Indication to driver of the assisting engine that driver of leading engine is ready to start.; Acknowledgement by the driver of the assisting engine.; Engine ready to leave yard; Engine ready to go to loco yard; Light loco or shunter about to

1862:

Normal departure from station on receipt of clear signal, usually followed by another long blast about 10–20 seconds after the first one after the guard's all-right signal is received; Beginning of shunting operation (if shunted rake has passengers in it)

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North American diesel locomotives manufactured prior to the 1990s used an air valve actuated by the engineer through the manipulation of a lever or pull cord. This made possible a practice known as "feathering", where the engineer could affect the horn's

2026:

For all new or replacement train horns on trains capable of travelling up to 100 mph (160 km/h) a much lower minimum sound pressure level has been established – and a maximum sound level has been introduced (min 101 dB and max

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with different options in order to suit their operating practices. Air horns are no exception, and railroad mechanical forces mount these on locomotives where they are deemed most effective at projecting sound, and for ease of maintenance.

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Many locomotives manufactured during the 1990s have push-button horn controls. Several North American locomotives incorporated a sequencer pedal, built into the cab floor beneath the operator's position; when depressed, they sound the

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riding in the caboose.) Those rules marked with an asterisk (✱) must be sounded when or where applicable. Those signals without an asterisk convey information to employees; they must be used when voice communication is not available.

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for longer sounds. (Note that these signals and their indications are updated to reflect modern practice; in earlier times there were unique whistle signals for the engineer to, for example, send out and then later recall the

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In response to the Leslie multi-note "Chime-Tone" series, Westinghouse offered a bracket to which three of their single-note "honkers" could be bolted onto, achieving the same result as what the Chime-Tones did for Leslie.

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regarding the use of the train horn at public crossings. This also provides public authorities the option to maintain or establish quiet zones provided certain supplemental or alternative safety measures are in place,

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horns were created that had a much higher, more musical note, tonally much more like a steam whistle. This is why most train horns have a unique sound, different from that of road going trucks, although many

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product line of "Tyfon" brand airhorns, marketing these for railroad use beginning in the 1930s. Their model A200 series would later grace the rooftops of countless locomotives, such as the legendary

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were notable customers) but ultimately disappointing. Finding themselves increasingly unable to compete in a niche market dominated by Leslie Controls and AirChime, Prime ceased air horn production

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Under Swanson's guidance, AirChime would focus on ease of mass production, low maintenance, and reliability in their air horn design, with the development of the 'P' (1953), and 'K' (1954) series

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Due to the encroachment of development, some suburban dwellers have opposed railroad use of the air horn as a trackside warning device. Residents in some communities have attempted to establish

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In 1950, AirChime introduced the 'M' series, a further improvement on the earlier horns through elimination of unnecessary moving parts. Among the earliest customers of the AirChime 'M' was the

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are required to sound their horns to give adequate time to clear the tracks. Standard signals consisting of different sequences of horn blasts must be given in different circumstances.

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British train horns have two tones, high or low, and in some cases, a loud or soft setting. If the horn lacks a loud-or-soft setting then train drivers are to use the setting provided.

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Prime Manufacturing, Inc. had produced locomotive appliances for many years prior to their entry into the air horn market in 1972. Their line of "Pneumatic Horns" was basically a

2167:, which sought replacement horns for their motive power. The company announced this program through the placement of a full-page advertisement in the May 25, 1951 edition of the 1457:

must be equipped with a dual-tone horn capable of producing a soft sound in normal operating mode and a loud sound in emergency situations. To comply with federal requirements,

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that the horn should be clearly audible at a distance of 400 m (1,300 ft) from the source. However, because of noise complaints, new rules were introduced in 2007:

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began to replace steam on most railroads during the mid-20th century, it was realized that the new locomotives were unable to utilize the steam whistles then in use. Early

2153:, Swanson produced the six-note model 'H6'. This was impractical for railroad use, due to its relatively large size. Railroad equipment operates over routes restricted by 560: 1196:

The following are the required horn signals listed in the operating rules of most North American railroads, along with their meanings. Signals are illustrated by an

315:), and fed from a locomotive main air reservoir. When the engineer opens the horn valve, air flows through a supply line into the power chamber at the horn's base 512: 2877: 423: 2586: 1179:

A ban on sounding locomotive horns in Florida was ordered removed by the FRA after it was shown that the accident rate doubled during the ban. The new ruling

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Apprehension of danger; Danger signal to driver of an approaching train whose path is obstructed; Moving in wrong direction on a double line; Used by

607: 2020:(they will always sound their horns when people are seen on the track). In 2016 Network Rail changed the night time quiet period to 00:00–06:00. 712: 513: 2960: 2923: 2295:. Leslie eventually introduced their own line of multi-note airhorns, known as the "Chime-Tone" series, in direct competition with AirChime. 665: 559: 1669:

that prohibit train horn sounding at train stations and level crossings, as long as Transport Canada grants approval to that municipality.

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Strict regulations specific to each country specify how loud horns must be, and how far in advance of grade crossings and other locations

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locomotives were initially fitted with small truck horns or exhaust-powered whistles, but these were found to be unsuitable and hence the

2496: 1112: 812: 765: 2638: 711: 435: 176:. They are often extremely loud, allowing them to be heard from great distances. They are also used for acknowledging signals given by 1682: 664: 3141: 2226:, Buell sold modified marine horns for rail use. They were often installed on small locomotives, electric interurban equipment. and 1665:

are obligated to sound their horns at all times, which may lead to noise complaints. Transport Canada allows municipalities to pass

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expiration at the time), though their horns employed heavier castings than equivalents from Leslie, and sounding a somewhat richer

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Swanson would later refine his 'H6' into the model 'H5'. As the numeric designation indicates, the horn sounds a five-note chord.

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The introduction of a night time quiet period, between 23:00 and 07:00 when trains will no longer routinely sound their horns at

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design was scaled up and modified for railroad use. Early train horns often were tonally similar to the air horns still heard on

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Overshadowed later on by Leslie and AirChime, WABCO eventually ceased production of most horns for the North American market.

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Engine horn signals required by rules 14 (b) and 14 (h) do not apply after momentary stops in continuous switching movements.

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Residents living in close proximity to train tracks may be disturbed by the sounding of train horn warning signals. However,

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AirChime has been sold to their American licensee, Nathan Manufacturing, Inc., a division of Micro Precision Group, Inc, in

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Train horns must produce a minimum sound level of 96 decibels (dB) in a 30-metre (100 ft) radius from the locomotive.

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Emergency warning (sounded repeatedly) to individuals on the track or workers who fail to acknowledge a train's presence

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in the power chamber, then out through the flaring horn bell. The flow of air past the diaphragm causes it to vibrate or

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oscillation. Known as the "SuperTyfon" series, these horns would eventually supplant the "Tyfon" in railroad service.

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That where the technology is available, drivers should only use the low tone from the two tone horn at whistle boards.

599: 42: 2884: 2717: 1992:▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ 1933:

Token not received; Token missed; With wrong authority to proceed; Passing stop signal at "on" with proper authority

2537: 2386:) was the first to offer air horns specifically for use with railroad equipment, as early as the 1910s. Their model 2149:

Swanson sought to develop an air horn which would mimic the sound of a classic steam whistle. Using ancient Chinese

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https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2006/08/17/06-6912/use-of-locomotive-horns-at-highway-rail-grade-crossings

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https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2005/04/27/05-8285/use-of-locomotive-horns-at-highway-rail-grade-crossings

2277: 383: 181: 1685:. Their most common use today is when approaching a level crossing that lacks barriers, and for warning purposes. 68: 35: 3236: 3226: 2281: 2143: 393: 1172:(dB) and a maximum of 110 dB when measured from 100 feet forward of the locomotive in its direction of travel. 703: 609: 2730: 2000:

motormen to warn passengers on a crowded platform of the approach of a fast train which will not be stopping

3231: 3166: 2169: 2164: 75: 1259:

Proceeding, releasing air brakes; often referred to as "whistling off", despite being given by an air horn

2814: 2349: 2269: 1997: 1852:

Whilst moving: Assistance of other engine not required; Acknowledgement by driver of the assisting engine

656: 561: 551: 172:. Its primary purpose is to alert persons and animals to an oncoming train, especially when approaching a 2285: 2265: 2261: 2246: 2157:, a difference of only a few inches may prohibit that equipment from operating on the line in question. 2146:

in 1949. Prior to the early 1950s, locomotives were equipped with air horns that sounded a single note.

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Whilst standing: Vacuum recreated on ghat section, remove sprags; Passing automatic stop signal at "on"

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To be sounded at frequent intervals when view is restricted by weather, curvature, or other conditions

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pressure flowing through it, the interior of the power chamber housing is completely airtight, as the

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Railways in Australia often utilize the same type of air horns as their North American counterparts.

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Westinghouse model E2-B1 locomotive air horn consisting of three 'singles' bolted onto a common plate

2231: 2203: 1462: 1103: 803: 756: 477:

Low horn mounting location on a European locomotive. The horn is visible above the right side buffer.

133: 3216: 2971: 2934: 2421: 285: 259:, which didn't see road service (service on the main lines), retained the deeper truck-like horns. 243: 2794:

BS EN 15153-2:2013: Railway applications — External visible and audible warning devices for trains

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An air horn manufactured by the American Strombos Co., used on early locomotives as well as trucks

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Special instructions are given when this signal is not required to be sounded in whole or in part

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To warn people at a level crossing that a train is coming. An indicator, located 0.4 kilometres (

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Call for guard's signal; Signals not exchanged by guard; Signals not exchanged by station staff

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Wrong-direction movements, against normal railway traffic flow (sounded at frequent intervals)

2902: 2834: 2797: 2192: 1489:(CROR), specific train horn warning signals must be sounded as per rule 14. Like the American 1466: 1458: 1454: 1056: 263: 239: 2314:"SuperTyfon" horns were offered in single, dual, triple, quad, and five note configurations. 273:, in which train crews are instructed not to sound their horns, except in case of emergency. 2826: 2250: 1450: 228: 185: 2716:

Transport Canada (May 2018). Canadian Rail Operating Rules. Retrieved April 20, 2019, from

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Leslie Controls continues to manufacture "SuperTyfon" air horns for the railroad industry.

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Train cannot proceed on account of accident, failure or other cause; Protect train in rear

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Guard to release brakes; Whilst standing engine from a midsection/station; Main Line clear

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https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=17886920228406310755&hl=en&as_sdt=2,5

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The following are samples of select air horns as used in North American railroad service:

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prolonged or repeated until the crossing is fully occupied by the lead unit of a train.

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Buell has recently made available a line of air horns specific for railroad equipment.

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When standing, to indicate that braking system is equalized (angle cock may be closed)

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Locomotives of European origin have had push-button horn controls since the mid-1960s.

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To be sounded at specific indicators located along the tracks in special instructions

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As many individuals do with their personal vehicles, railroads order locomotives and

351: 232: 189: 165: 149: 1349:. Approaching tunnels, yards, or other points where railroad workers may be at work. 2426: 2223: 2017: 1951:▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄ 1825:▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄ 1662: 1165: 2754: 2718:

https://www.railcan.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/CROR-English-May-18-2018-Pdf.pdf

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Nathan K5HL-R2 horn mounted in the middle section of the roof on a BNSF locomotive

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RS3L locomotive horn, once the most common horn in use on North American railroads

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Leslie SuperTyfon model S-5T, regarded by many aficionados as the 'king of horns'

1110: 1063: 1010: 963: 910: 863: 810: 763: 710: 663: 606: 558: 511: 429:

Nathan K3LA horn mounted on MBTA Commuter Rail control car when in Push Pull Mode

2690: 2404:, and continues to offer their line of 'Pneumatic horns' for the export market. 2187: 1176:

allowed to sound the horn in emergency situations no matter where the location.

324: 212: 24: 2856: 1966:

Alarm chain pulled; Insufficient vacuum in engine; Guard applies vacuum brakes

276: 3194: 3020: 2830: 2497:"2 crooks out smarted by water after attempting to steal train horn in Tulare" 2292: 2288: 1903:

Sudden loss of brake pressure or vacuum (perhaps by alarm chain being pulled)

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Leslie A200-156, a single chime horn used on locomotives in the early days of

1127: 1080: 1027: 980: 927: 880: 827: 780: 727: 680: 624: 576: 528: 371: 355: 350:

When vibrated by the diaphragm, the column of air in the bell oscillates with

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To notify crews of fire on the tracks, to be repeated as often as required

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in 1985, began horn production by obtaining the rights to manufacture the

1430:. Approaching passenger or freight trains and when passing freight trains 1425:. Approaching stations, curves, or other points where view may be obscured 299: 2541: 2431: 1206: 335: 303:

Diagram of a typical locomotive air horn power chamber, showing operation

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Recent years have seen an increase of horn theft from railroad property.

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See Hayes v. Union Pacific R. Co., 141 P.3d 1073, 143 Idaho 204 (2006).

2325: 121: 2456: 2436: 2227: 1169: 1149: 413: 220: 195: 2996: 2371: 2306: 1784:

Train horns are sounded where a whistle post (marked with the letter "

1453:'s Locomotive Design Requirements, all Canadian-owned passenger train 140: 2401: 2342: 2338: 2299: 2196: 1666: 1385:

Inspect train for a leak in brake pipe system or for brakes sticking

328: 319:. It passes through a narrow opening between a nozzle and a circular 3197:– online spotters' guide to diesel locomotive horns in North America 2476: 2214: 2176: 2298:

Poor sales of the Chime-Tones (due to the horns requiring an ample

1769:▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ 1596:▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ 1334:▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ 307:

Train horns are operated by compressed air, typically 125–140

2613:"Updated Analysis of Train Whistle Bans - January 2000 | FRA" 2390:

was recognized by many for the deep, commanding tone it produced.

2370: 2324: 2305: 2213: 2186: 2175: 1962:▄▄ ▄ ▄▄ ▄ 1919:▄▄ ▄▄ ▄ ▄ 1148: 363: 339: 298: 275: 194: 169: 139: 120: 3170: 1168:). The FRA regulations require train horns to be a minimum of 92 1465:

K5CA-LS. This horn has two different air chambers, allowing the

3200: 2517: 18: 2970:. Rail Safety and Standards Board. p. 82. Archived from 2933:. Rail Safety and Standards Board. p. 82. Archived from 2337:

of the Leslie SuperTyfon design (having taken advantage of a

1893:

Guard to apply brakes; Train out of control, guard to assist

1794:– "to whistle") is present. If the whistle post is labelled " 2249:

offered airhorns for use on railroad equipment prior to the

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which produce different notes; sounded together they make a

2142:

AirChime, Ltd. traces their beginnings through the work of

2731:"Apply to Stop Train Whistling at a Public Grade crossing" 2056:

General warning to individuals on or about railway tracks

284:. The horn grille is visible between the train headlights/ 1186:

and the crossing accident rate meets government standards

219:. This is exacerbated by the train's enormous weight and 1420:. When running against the current direction of traffic 2815:"Warning horns—Audibility versus environmental impact" 1830:

The Indian Railways Fan Club FAQ lists the following:

1743:▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ 1255:▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ 465:

Typical horn mounting location on European locomotives

362:(pitch) of the note produced by the horn (measured in 2665:

Government of Canada, Transport Canada (2009-07-07).

1982:▄▄ ▄ ▄▄ 1549:

To answer a "stop" signal (except for a fixed signal)

1271:▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ 125:

Leslie S-5T train horn being fitted to a restored ex-

1909:▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ 1318:▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ 1291:

Acknowledging any signal not otherwise provided for

441:

Nathan K5LA mounted atop a San Diego Coaster Cab Car

2959:Rail Safety and Standards Board (6 February 2018). 2922:Rail Safety and Standards Board (6 February 2018). 1759: ▄ ▄ ▄ 1756: ▄ ▄ ▄ 144:Train horns are made of multiple horn units called 49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 152:. The Nathan model M5 pictured is a 5 chime horn. 3203:– guide to collecting diesel locomotive air horns 2853:"Train Horns - Rail industry implemented changes" 2813:Hardy, A. E. J.; Jones, R. R. K. (13 June 2006). 378:, by changing the volume of air flowing into it. 235:, operated from steam produced by their boilers. 2222:Founded in 1912 as The American Strombos Co. of 1945:Whilst moving: Acknowledgement of guards signal 1819:denotes a comparatively long blast on the horn; 1551:To answer any signal not otherwise provided for 2961:"Preparation and movement of trains - Issue 13" 2924:"Preparation and movement of trains - Issue 13" 2382:(known throughout the 19th and 20th Century as 1502:must not be replaced with radio communication. 1929:▄ ▄▄ ▄ 1899:▄ ▄ ▄▄ 1773:Zp 11: come; used to call out for train staff 2780:"Signs, Whistle Codes, Flag and Hand Signals" 366:). The longer the bell, the lower the note. 8: 2082:At whistle boards (between 06:00 and 24:00) 1986:Lower pantograph (electric locomotive only) 1976:Raise pantograph (electric locomotive only) 1799: 1789: 1693: 2667:"Locomotives Design Requirements (Part II)" 1688:Whistle posts are labeled with the letter " 16:Air horn used as a warning device on trains 354:. The bell's length determines the waves' 1485:According to the May 2018 version of the 1474:obstruct exhaust pipes in any direction. 109:Learn how and when to remove this message 2095:Warning signal, in depots or on sidings 2033: 1972:▄▄ ▄▄ 1832: 1823:denotes a longer blast on the horn; and 1700: 1504: 1413:▄▄▄ ▄ 1381:▄ ▄▄▄ 1216: 2448: 1889:▄ ▄ ▄ 1827:denotes a very long blast on the horn. 1753:▄ ▄ ▄ 1499: ▄▄▄ 1303:▄ ▄ ▄ 419: 3102:"Five Chime Consultants: Leslie SL-4T" 2907:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 2900: 2329:Prime model PM-990 locomotive air horn 1275:Acknowledging a flagman's stop signal 1125: 1078: 1025: 978: 925: 878: 825: 778: 725: 678: 622: 574: 526: 3122:"Five Chime Consultants: Leslie S-5T" 3082:"Five Chime Consultants: Leslie S-3L" 3062:"Five Chime Consultants: Leslie S-2B" 3042:"Five Chime Consultants: Leslie S-25" 2792:British Standards Institution (2013) 2712: 2710: 2660: 2658: 2656: 2191:AirChime model K3L, shown here in an 2180:Refurbished Nathan-AirChime model P5A 1582:To warn people to get off the tracks 1506:Train horn warning signals in Canada 164:used as an audible warning device on 7: 2400:At present, the company is known as 2348:Sales were brisk (railroads such as 392:Current production locomotives from 47:adding citations to reliable sources 2264:, originally the Leslie Company of 1815:denotes a short blast on the horn; 1763:Zp 5: emergency; brake immediately 1243:Applying air brakes while standing 215:, they are uniquely susceptible to 1737:Zp 3: strongly tighten handbrakes 1698:– "whistle"). Common signals are: 1683:Eisenbahn-Bau- und Betriebsordnung 1677:Horn signals are regulated in the 1599:▄▄▄▄ 1337:▄▄▄▄ 14: 2691:"GO Transit 600-666 - CPTDB Wiki" 2587:"Train Horn Rule and Quiet Zones" 2538:"Federal Railroad Administration" 1923:Call for guard to come to engine 1879:▄▄ ▄ 1858:▄▄ ▄ 1717:Zp 1: generic "attention" signal 1470:sound to get people's attention. 2729:Canada, Transport (2019-03-15). 1493:, signals are illustrated using 1181:preempts any state or local laws 1126:Problems playing this file? See 1108: 1079:Problems playing this file? See 1061: 1026:Problems playing this file? See 1008: 979:Problems playing this file? See 961: 926:Problems playing this file? See 908: 879:Problems playing this file? See 861: 826:Problems playing this file? See 808: 779:Problems playing this file? See 761: 726:Problems playing this file? See 708: 679:Problems playing this file? See 661: 623:Problems playing this file? See 604: 575:Problems playing this file? See 556: 527:Problems playing this file? See 509: 470: 458: 446: 434: 422: 23: 2591:Federal Railroad Administration 1491:Federal Railroad Administration 1162:Federal Railroad Administration 34:needs additional citations for 2819:Journal of Sound and Vibration 2380:Westinghouse Air Brake Company 1370:Approaching passenger station 600:Malaysian Sabah train air horn 132:diesel locomotive at the 2006 1: 2755:"Signalsystem in Deutschland" 2357: 2245:The Gustin Bacon Mfg. Co. of 1487:Canadian Rail Operating Rules 1401:Warning to people or animals 188:, the equivalent device is a 136:Horn Honk and Collectors Meet 2997:"Micro Precision Group, Inc" 338:is not operating and has no 280:Horn mounting location in a 1939:▄▄▄ 1821:▄▄▄ 1713:▄▄▄ 1449:According to section 11 of 1354:. Passing standing trains. 1202:▄▄▄ 211:Since trains move on fixed 3253: 2367:Westinghouse Air Brake Co. 2284:, as well as thousands of 2278:Kockums Mekaniska Verkstad 1869:▄ ▄ 1733:▄ ▄ 1545:▄ ▄ 1287:▄ ▄ 180:employees, such as during 2831:10.1016/j.jsv.2005.08.068 2639:"Locomotive Horn Signals" 2457:"Noise Abatement Society" 2321:Prime Manufacturing, Inc. 2282:Pennsylvania Railroad GG1 1727:Zp 2: tighten handbrakes 1594: 1586: 1495: ▄ 1434: 394:GE Transportation Systems 2645:Railroad. Archived from 2272:, finally relocating to 2108:Special or local signal 1747:Zp 4: loosen handbrakes 2170:Washington Times-Herald 1160:On April 27, 2005, the 552:Japanese train air horn 505:European train air horn 3195:Five Chime Consultants 3142:"Leslie Controls, Inc" 2518:"Locomotivehorns.info" 2376: 2330: 2311: 2219: 2199: 2181: 1800: 1790: 1694: 1657:Noise from train horns 1578:series of short blasts 1497:for short sounds, and 1397:series of short blasts 1200:for short sounds, and 1157: 1097: 1050: 997: 950: 897: 850: 797: 750: 697: 650: 593: 545: 498: 304: 288: 227:that they are coming. 207:History and background 203: 153: 137: 2649:on September 4, 2017. 2477:"Rockland Quiet Zone" 2374: 2328: 2309: 2266:Lyndhurst, New Jersey 2262:Leslie Controls, Inc. 2257:Leslie Controls, Inc. 2247:Kansas City, Missouri 2241:Gustin Bacon Mfg. Co. 2217: 2190: 2179: 1152: 1096: 1049: 996: 949: 896: 849: 796: 749: 696: 649: 592: 544: 497: 400:use a lever-actuated 398:Electro-Motive Diesel 360:fundamental frequency 302: 279: 198: 168:and electric-powered 143: 124: 3201:LocomotiveHorns.info 2204:Windham, Connecticut 1817:▄▄ 1481:Horn warning signals 1322:Calling for signals 264:locomotive engineers 43:improve this article 2499:. 15 September 2017 2422:Hancock air whistle 2354:Burlington Northern 1507: 1192:Common horn signals 408:Placement on trains 331:, producing sound. 244:internal combustion 2377: 2331: 2312: 2220: 2200: 2182: 2043:When horn is used 1505: 1459:passenger railways 1158: 1098: 1051: 998: 951: 898: 851: 798: 751: 698: 651: 594: 546: 499: 305: 289: 240:diesel locomotives 204: 154: 138: 3017:"Buell Air Horns" 2802:978 0 580 68161 5 2230:(for example the 2193:Auburn University 2125: 2124: 2004: 2003: 1777: 1776: 1654: 1653: 1442: 1441: 1137: 1136: 1113: 1066: 1037: 1036: 1013: 966: 937: 936: 913: 866: 837: 836: 813: 766: 737: 736: 713: 666: 634: 633: 610: 562: 514: 384:crossing sequence 252:road-going trucks 229:Steam locomotives 186:steam locomotives 119: 118: 111: 93: 3244: 3237:Sound production 3227:Locomotive parts 3182: 3181: 3179: 3178: 3169:. Archived from 3163: 3157: 3156: 3154: 3153: 3144:. Archived from 3138: 3132: 3131: 3129: 3128: 3118: 3112: 3111: 3109: 3108: 3098: 3092: 3091: 3089: 3088: 3078: 3072: 3071: 3069: 3068: 3058: 3052: 3051: 3049: 3048: 3038: 3032: 3031: 3029: 3028: 3019:. Archived from 3013: 3007: 3006: 3004: 3003: 2993: 2987: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2976: 2965: 2956: 2950: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2939: 2928: 2919: 2913: 2912: 2906: 2898: 2896: 2895: 2889: 2883:. Archived from 2882: 2874: 2868: 2867: 2865: 2864: 2855:. Archived from 2849: 2843: 2842: 2825:(3): 1091–1097. 2810: 2804: 2790: 2784: 2783:, from IRFCA FAQ 2782: 2776: 2770: 2764: 2762: 2761: 2751: 2745: 2744: 2742: 2741: 2726: 2720: 2714: 2705: 2704: 2702: 2701: 2687: 2681: 2680: 2678: 2677: 2662: 2651: 2650: 2635: 2629: 2623: 2617: 2616: 2609: 2603: 2602: 2600: 2598: 2583: 2577: 2571: 2565: 2559: 2553: 2552: 2550: 2549: 2540:. Archived from 2534: 2528: 2527: 2525: 2524: 2514: 2508: 2507: 2505: 2504: 2493: 2487: 2486: 2484: 2483: 2473: 2467: 2466: 2464: 2463: 2453: 2362: 2359: 2251:Second World War 2165:Southern Railway 2034: 1993: 1983: 1973: 1963: 1952: 1940: 1930: 1920: 1910: 1900: 1890: 1880: 1870: 1859: 1846: 1833: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1803: 1793: 1770: 1760: 1757: 1754: 1744: 1734: 1724: 1714: 1701: 1697: 1681:category of the 1612: 1611: 1607: 1600: 1597: 1589: 1563: 1546: 1531: 1508: 1500: 1496: 1451:Transport Canada 1414: 1382: 1367: 1338: 1335: 1319: 1304: 1288: 1272: 1256: 1217: 1203: 1199: 1115: 1114: 1095: 1068: 1067: 1048: 1039: 1038: 1015: 1014: 995: 968: 967: 948: 939: 938: 915: 914: 895: 868: 867: 848: 839: 838: 815: 814: 795: 768: 767: 748: 739: 738: 715: 714: 695: 668: 667: 648: 639: 638: 612: 611: 591: 564: 563: 543: 516: 515: 496: 487: 486: 474: 462: 450: 438: 426: 317:(diagram, right) 282:high-speed train 184:operations. For 114: 107: 103: 100: 94: 92: 51: 27: 19: 3252: 3251: 3247: 3246: 3245: 3243: 3242: 3241: 3207: 3206: 3191: 3186: 3185: 3176: 3174: 3165: 3164: 3160: 3151: 3149: 3140: 3139: 3135: 3126: 3124: 3120: 3119: 3115: 3106: 3104: 3100: 3099: 3095: 3086: 3084: 3080: 3079: 3075: 3066: 3064: 3060: 3059: 3055: 3046: 3044: 3040: 3039: 3035: 3026: 3024: 3015: 3014: 3010: 3001: 2999: 2995: 2994: 2990: 2980: 2978: 2974: 2963: 2958: 2957: 2953: 2943: 2941: 2937: 2926: 2921: 2920: 2916: 2899: 2893: 2891: 2887: 2880: 2878:"Archived copy" 2876: 2875: 2871: 2862: 2860: 2851: 2850: 2846: 2812: 2811: 2807: 2791: 2787: 2778: 2777: 2773: 2759: 2757: 2753: 2752: 2748: 2739: 2737: 2728: 2727: 2723: 2715: 2708: 2699: 2697: 2689: 2688: 2684: 2675: 2673: 2664: 2663: 2654: 2637: 2636: 2632: 2624: 2620: 2611: 2610: 2606: 2596: 2594: 2585: 2584: 2580: 2572: 2568: 2560: 2556: 2547: 2545: 2536: 2535: 2531: 2522: 2520: 2516: 2515: 2511: 2502: 2500: 2495: 2494: 2490: 2481: 2479: 2475: 2474: 2470: 2461: 2459: 2455: 2454: 2450: 2445: 2418: 2410: 2369: 2360: 2323: 2259: 2243: 2212: 2210:Buell Air Horns 2140: 2135: 2130: 2009: 1991: 1981: 1971: 1961: 1950: 1944: 1938: 1928: 1918: 1908: 1898: 1888: 1878: 1868: 1857: 1851: 1844: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1810: 1782: 1768: 1758: 1755: 1752: 1742: 1732: 1722: 1712: 1675: 1659: 1609: 1605: 1604: 1598: 1595: 1587: 1561: 1550: 1544: 1529: 1498: 1494: 1483: 1447: 1426: 1421: 1412: 1380: 1365: 1350: 1345: 1336: 1333: 1317: 1302: 1286: 1270: 1254: 1201: 1197: 1194: 1147: 1142: 1133: 1132: 1124: 1122: 1121: 1120: 1119: 1116: 1109: 1106: 1099: 1093: 1086: 1085: 1077: 1075: 1074: 1073: 1072: 1069: 1062: 1059: 1052: 1046: 1033: 1032: 1024: 1022: 1021: 1020: 1019: 1016: 1009: 1006: 999: 993: 986: 985: 977: 975: 974: 973: 972: 969: 962: 959: 952: 946: 933: 932: 924: 922: 921: 920: 919: 916: 909: 906: 899: 893: 886: 885: 877: 875: 874: 873: 872: 869: 862: 859: 852: 846: 833: 832: 824: 822: 821: 820: 819: 816: 809: 806: 799: 793: 786: 785: 777: 775: 774: 773: 772: 769: 762: 759: 752: 746: 733: 732: 724: 722: 721: 720: 719: 716: 709: 706: 704:Leslie A200-156 699: 693: 686: 685: 677: 675: 674: 673: 672: 669: 662: 659: 652: 646: 630: 629: 621: 619: 618: 617: 616: 613: 605: 602: 595: 589: 582: 581: 573: 571: 570: 569: 568: 565: 557: 554: 547: 541: 534: 533: 525: 523: 522: 521: 520: 517: 510: 507: 500: 494: 485: 478: 475: 466: 463: 454: 451: 442: 439: 430: 427: 410: 374:, and thus its 358:, and thus the 297: 209: 127:Seaboard System 115: 104: 98: 95: 52: 50: 40: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3250: 3248: 3240: 3239: 3234: 3232:Railway safety 3229: 3224: 3219: 3209: 3208: 3205: 3204: 3198: 3190: 3189:External links 3187: 3184: 3183: 3158: 3133: 3113: 3093: 3073: 3053: 3033: 3008: 2988: 2977:on 14 May 2018 2951: 2940:on 14 May 2018 2914: 2869: 2844: 2805: 2785: 2771: 2746: 2721: 2706: 2682: 2652: 2630: 2618: 2604: 2593:. 20 June 2023 2578: 2566: 2554: 2529: 2509: 2488: 2468: 2447: 2446: 2444: 2441: 2440: 2439: 2434: 2429: 2424: 2417: 2414: 2409: 2406: 2368: 2365: 2322: 2319: 2274:Tampa, Florida 2258: 2255: 2242: 2239: 2211: 2208: 2151:musical theory 2144:Robert Swanson 2139: 2138:AirChime, Ltd. 2136: 2134: 2131: 2129: 2126: 2123: 2122: 2119: 2116: 2110: 2109: 2106: 2103: 2097: 2096: 2093: 2090: 2084: 2083: 2080: 2077: 2071: 2070: 2067: 2064: 2058: 2057: 2054: 2051: 2045: 2044: 2041: 2038: 2029: 2028: 2024: 2021: 2018:whistle boards 2008: 2007:United Kingdom 2005: 2002: 2001: 1994: 1988: 1987: 1984: 1978: 1977: 1974: 1968: 1967: 1964: 1958: 1957: 1953: 1947: 1946: 1941: 1935: 1934: 1931: 1925: 1924: 1921: 1915: 1914: 1911: 1905: 1904: 1901: 1895: 1894: 1891: 1885: 1884: 1881: 1875: 1874: 1871: 1865: 1864: 1860: 1854: 1853: 1847: 1841: 1840: 1837: 1809: 1806: 1781: 1778: 1775: 1774: 1771: 1765: 1764: 1761: 1749: 1748: 1745: 1739: 1738: 1735: 1729: 1728: 1725: 1719: 1718: 1715: 1709: 1708: 1705: 1674: 1671: 1658: 1655: 1652: 1651: 1647: 1645: 1643: 1639: 1638: 1635: 1632: 1631: 1628: 1624: 1623: 1620: 1616: 1615: 1601: 1593: 1590: 1584: 1583: 1580: 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753: 744: 743: 742: 735: 734: 723: 717: 707: 702: 701: 700: 691: 690: 689: 687: 676: 670: 660: 655: 654: 653: 644: 643: 642: 632: 631: 620: 614: 603: 598: 597: 596: 587: 586: 585: 583: 572: 566: 555: 550: 549: 548: 539: 538: 537: 535: 524: 518: 508: 503: 502: 501: 492: 491: 490: 484: 481: 480: 479: 476: 469: 467: 464: 457: 455: 452: 445: 443: 440: 433: 431: 428: 421: 409: 406: 402:solenoid valve 352:standing waves 311:(8.6–9.7 296: 293: 257:switch engines 233:steam whistles 208: 205: 174:level crossing 117: 116: 31: 29: 22: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3249: 3238: 3235: 3233: 3230: 3228: 3225: 3223: 3220: 3218: 3215: 3214: 3212: 3202: 3199: 3196: 3193: 3192: 3188: 3173:on 2010-05-05 3172: 3168: 3167:"Wabtec, Inc" 3162: 3159: 3148:on 2008-09-18 3147: 3143: 3137: 3134: 3123: 3117: 3114: 3103: 3097: 3094: 3083: 3077: 3074: 3063: 3057: 3054: 3043: 3037: 3034: 3023:on 2008-08-28 3022: 3018: 3012: 3009: 2998: 2992: 2989: 2973: 2969: 2962: 2955: 2952: 2936: 2932: 2925: 2918: 2915: 2910: 2904: 2890:on 2019-02-22 2886: 2879: 2873: 2870: 2859:on 2011-07-09 2858: 2854: 2848: 2845: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2809: 2806: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2789: 2786: 2781: 2775: 2772: 2768: 2756: 2750: 2747: 2736: 2732: 2725: 2722: 2719: 2713: 2711: 2707: 2696: 2692: 2686: 2683: 2672: 2668: 2661: 2659: 2657: 2653: 2648: 2644: 2643:Union Pacific 2640: 2634: 2631: 2628: 2622: 2619: 2614: 2608: 2605: 2592: 2588: 2582: 2579: 2576: 2573:71 FR 47614, 2570: 2567: 2564: 2561:70 FR 21844, 2558: 2555: 2544:on 2008-10-26 2543: 2539: 2533: 2530: 2519: 2513: 2510: 2498: 2492: 2489: 2478: 2472: 2469: 2458: 2452: 2449: 2442: 2438: 2435: 2433: 2430: 2428: 2425: 2423: 2420: 2419: 2415: 2413: 2407: 2405: 2403: 2398: 2395: 2391: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2373: 2366: 2364: 2355: 2351: 2350:Union Pacific 2346: 2345:as a result. 2344: 2340: 2336: 2327: 2320: 2318: 2315: 2308: 2304: 2301: 2296: 2294: 2290: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2256: 2254: 2252: 2248: 2240: 2238: 2235: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2216: 2209: 2207: 2205: 2198: 2194: 2189: 2185: 2178: 2174: 2172: 2171: 2166: 2161: 2158: 2156: 2155:loading gauge 2152: 2147: 2145: 2137: 2133:North America 2132: 2128:Manufacturers 2127: 2120: 2117: 2115: 2112: 2111: 2107: 2104: 2102: 2099: 2098: 2094: 2091: 2089: 2086: 2085: 2081: 2078: 2076: 2073: 2072: 2068: 2065: 2063: 2060: 2059: 2055: 2052: 2050: 2047: 2046: 2042: 2039: 2036: 2035: 2032: 2027:106 dB). 2025: 2022: 2019: 2015: 2014: 2013: 2006: 1999: 1995: 1990: 1989: 1985: 1980: 1979: 1975: 1970: 1969: 1965: 1960: 1959: 1954: 1949: 1948: 1942: 1937: 1936: 1932: 1927: 1926: 1922: 1917: 1916: 1912: 1907: 1906: 1902: 1897: 1896: 1892: 1887: 1886: 1882: 1877: 1876: 1872: 1867: 1866: 1861: 1856: 1855: 1848: 1845:▄ 1843: 1842: 1838: 1835: 1834: 1831: 1828: 1813:▄ 1807: 1805: 1802: 1797: 1792: 1787: 1779: 1772: 1767: 1766: 1762: 1751: 1750: 1746: 1741: 1740: 1736: 1731: 1730: 1726: 1723:▄ 1721: 1720: 1716: 1711: 1710: 1706: 1703: 1702: 1699: 1696: 1691: 1686: 1684: 1680: 1672: 1670: 1668: 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