779:. The Italians themselves were being attacked by the Roman army. Taranto was experiencing a period of wealth and expansion, to the point of securing a treaty that limited Roman navigation (see above). In 282 BC, ten Roman ships appeared in Tarantine waters, violating the treaty, but they were either destroyed or forced to escape. When a Roman delegation was sent to request restitution for the ships and the captured prisoners, it was insulted, and war between the two states began in 281 BC. The Tarantines at first tried to form an anti-Roman league with the Italic populace, but it was considered to be insufficient. Thus, in 280 BC, they requested the assistance of
491:
759:
684:
658:
374:
22:
1240:
274:). For the first several centuries of its history, Rome was involved in a lengthy series of wars with its neighbours, which resulted in the Roman Army's specialization in land warfare. The Roman economy and social structure began to incorporate the results of those wars by taking loot or tribute, redistributing conquered land and in all cases requiring the subjugated peoples to supply troops in support of Rome (becoming
675:
did not appear in the first treaty and shows that
Carthage may have caught on to the method of Roman expansion; commerce did not interest Rome as much as the control and the exploitation of its territory. To the Romans, if an area was deserted it would be substantially occupied. If the area was inhabited, it would be conquered and forced to pay in assets and troops and eventually to accept Roman or Latin colonies.
1620:
826:, was further embroiled in a civil war. The former, trying to change its lot and taking advantage of the fact that Pyrrhus had married Agathocles's daughter, offered him the crown of Sicily in exchange for helping it throw off the Carthaginians. Pyrrhus accepted, partly to leave the peninsula and to avoid the Romans. Pyrrhus landed in Sicily and was successful in pushing the Carthaginians to the
583:, his son, tried to enlarge his inheritance, but met with resistance from other Greek forces. A flurry of alliances, including some with the Carthaginians, led to the disintegration of Dionysius' power and his deposition in 345 BC. Taranto, which had been left out of the fighting, grew in power, and other forces arrived from Greece. Rome was beginning to assert its influence in these struggles.
590:, thus stabilizing the eastern boundary of their territory, had been always at war with the Greeks, in particular with Syracuse, for control of Sicily. It was also in conflict with the Etruscans, who, blocked by the Gauls from northern Italy and by the Romans from Latium, applied themselves aggressively to the Tyrrhenian Sea to control traffic there.
870:
difficulties in Sicily. It may also have been the treaty that led the Romans to appreciate their growing importance and power of and the limits of
Carthaginian power. Rome would subsequently defeat Pyrrhus, who had defeated the Carthaginians. Rome needed only to extend its reach to conquer rich Sicily, with its grain reserves.
527:. It can be supposed that Rome, with its small size, wanted to formalise the exclusion of competition from Carthage while it began pressuring the Greeks. Otherwise, the contrast of that diplomacy with the war against Ardea would not be so pronounced, and it would not make sense to specifically exclude Carthaginian fortresses.
750:, recent research suggests that such a treaty did in fact exist. Philinus claimed that the treaty included Rome's agreement not to enter Sicily and Carthage's agreement not to set foot on the peninsula, and the stipulations on Carthage did not change, but Rome now found itself shut out of the Sicilian market.
648:
If the
Carthaginians took prisoners, "between whom and Rome a peace has been made in writing, though they be not subject to them", the Carthaginians were not to bring them to any Roman harbor. Additionally, if such a prisoner were brought ashore, and any Roman lay claim to him, he was to be released.
168:
eventually found it necessary to formalize their reciprocal interests and zones of influence. For centuries, the two operated side by side, even as allies. Their economic interests and methods of expansion were different. Rome did not look to the sea but engaged first in defending itself against the
670:
Carthage saw Rome as a possible adversary that had resisted invasion and in war was proving itself potentially dangerous. Rome also controlled a large amount of territory that was larger, if not richer, than its perennial rival
Syracuse. Moreover, the fact that Carthage allowed Phoenician merchants
606:
and promised not to attack the coastal cities of Latium that had allied themselves with Rome. Similar to the first treaty, the new treaty stated that there "shall be friendship between the Romans and their allies, and the
Carthaginians, Tyrians, and township of Utica" on the conditions listed, and
674:
It is therefore to the credit of
Carthaginian diplomacy that the revision to the 509 BC treaty imposed additional restrictions on Rome. It was written while Carhagre was heavily engaged in military and therefore financial obligations. Additionally, the prohibition against Rome's founding of cities
699:
During this period, Rome was in control of most of southern
Etruria and the territory of Campania, and in the middle of its wars with the Samnites. Begun in 343 BC, they would not be concluded until 290 BC and had become a regional revolt, with the populations of Latium and Etruria trying to free
627:
If the Romans took prisoners, "between whom and
Carthage a peace has been made in writing, though they be not subject to them", the Romans were not to bring them to any Carthaginian harbor. Additionally, if such a prisoner were brought ashore, and any Carthaginian lay claim to him, he was to be
148:
and are important for understanding the relationship between the two most important cities of the region during that era. They reveal changes in how Rome perceived itself and how
Carthage perceived Rome, and the differences between the perception of the cities and their actual characteristics.
193:
By stipulating and observing four main treaties, the relationship between Rome and
Carthage was one of tolerance for centuries. Carthage and Rome also concluded two treaties to end the First and the Second Punic Wars in 241 BC and 201 BC, when the relationship between the powers had changed
869:
An improvement in Rome's condition followed soon after the treaty was put in place, which acknowledged Rome's increased military and economic powers. The treaty, on the other hand, betrayed Carthage's relative weakness in conceding that Rome was an equal, which was probably a result of its
786:
Pyrrhus arrived with an army of 25,000 men and 20 elephants in Taranto, when it was succumbing to the Roman army, and presented himself as the champion of Greece against the advance of the Italic barbarians. Pyrrhus's attack on Rome was heralded as a success: the
504:
Per the treaty, Carthage did not renounce any military action except against a small territory, Latium, and maintained a free hand for action against the Greeks and Etruscans, both of whom were militarily and economically more powerful and dangerous than Rome.
189:
by the Greeks, appeared indecisive regarding its expansion strategy: the aristocratic party was inclined to extend the power of the city into surrounding lands, but the commercial party was more interested in exploiting trade routes and markets.
857:
While each party to the treaty was not obliged to come to the aid of the other, the treaty was an attempt by Carthage, which felt itself less able to carry out land warfare, to drag Rome into a land war in Sicily. The Carthaginians would supply
425:
becoming Etruscan and Sardinia and the western half of Sicily becoming Carthaginian (eastern Sicily would remain Greek for centuries). Additionally, in 510 BC, Carthage had to fight to hold off Spartan incursions into western Sicily.
224:, and by the 6th century BC, the sailors and merchants of Carthage were known throughout the western Mediterranean. In the 4th century BC, after a series of military conquests, Carthage controlled many territories west of the gulf of
631:
If a Roman took water or provisions from any district within the jurisdiction of Carthage, he was not to injure, while so doing, any between whom and Carthage there was peace and friendship. Violation of this rule was to be a public
515:
The area not under direct Carthaginian control. In fact, Greek and Etruscan mariners sailed there freely; Carthage reserved the right to refuse competition but "magnanimously" offered the Romans shelter in case of emergencies or bad
652:
If a Carthaginian took water or provisions from any district within the jurisdiction of Rome, he was not to injure, while so doing, any between whom and Rome there was peace and friendship. Violation of this rule was to be a public
66:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge (XXG).
671:
to operate in Rome shows that Carthage did not fear commercial competition from Rome and that it could operate its own territories and treated Rome as an upcoming potential client that should be put under its political control.
408:
that had spread from Greece across the western Mediterranean. The presence of Greek cities along the coasts of southern Italy and the eastern part of Sicily limited Phoenician commerce to the region's interior. In
635:
A Roman was not to traffic or found a city in Sardinia and Libya, and could only take provisions and refit his ship. If a storm had driven him to one of those coasts, he was to depart within five days.
76:
845:
If either the Romans or the Carthaginians stand in need of help, Carthage was to supply the ships, whether for transport or war, but each state was to pay for its own men employed on the ships.
421:
colonies, and in Sardinia and Corsica, Carthage was joined by the Etruscans in competition with the Phocaeans. That resulted, subsequently, in the Phocaeans being driven out, Corsica and the
775:
officially ended in 290 BC, and the subsequent actions of Rome within its territory had reduced the pressure of the Italian populace on the Greek cities in southern Italy, and particularly
252:, who had by then heavily colonized the island. Primarily interested in commerce, Carthage had no standing army and used mostly mercenary forces composed of Numidian cavalry, Libyans and
523:
Roman expansion before the fall of Tarquin the Proud was directed towards the Tyrrhenian coast to the southwest, and the Roman Republic was proclaimed while Tarquin's army was fighting
52:
842:
If Rome or Carthage make a treaty of alliance against Pyrrhus, both states were to make it on such terms as not to preclude one giving aid to the other if one's territory is attacked.
353:
against the Greek free cities, produced a slightly different date; he wrote that the events of the treaty took place "twenty-eight years before the passage of Xerxes into Greece".
607:
that Romans were allowed to trade and do business in the Carthaginian province of Sicily and in Carthage, and Carthaginians were allowed to trade and do business in Rome.
512:
The area was forbidden to Rome by the treaty. By then, Carthage with its navy had already blocked any competition beyond the channel of Sicily or along the African coast.
453:
If anyone was "driven ashore" he was only to buy or take what was needed for "the repair of his ship and the service of the gods", and had to leave within five days; and
719:
in 316 BC and began a campaign to rid Sicily of the Carthaginians and in 311 BC, having been defeated in Sicily, carried the war to Africa before allying himself with
548:
invasion of 390 BC although it felt threatened by the second Gallic invasion of 360 BC. Rome had been and still was shaken by internal strife, especially between the
862:
and pay the cost of supplies and cargo. The treaty also implied that Carthage was offering Rome the help of its navy against Pyrrhus since Roman generals, such as
248:
were already under Carthaginian control when the city-state attempted,in three wars between 480 and 307 BC to conquer Sicily. Those attempts were stopped by the
645:
If the Carthaginians conquered any city in Latium that was not subject to Rome, they may keep the prisoners and the goods but were to deliver the town to Rome.
434:
The treaty stated that there "shall be friendship between the Romans and their allies, and the Carthaginians and their allies" on the conditions listed below.
948:
The Treaty of Lutatius was the agreement between Carthage and Rome of 241 BC (amended in 237 BC), that ended the First Punic War after 23 years of conflict.
1098:
711:, the generals of the Macedonian army; Egypt, Greece, Macedonia, Asia Minor, and Syria were involved in incessant wars that threatened peaceful trade; and
556:
for access to public office and therefore to political activity and the management of land and spoils of the incessant wars. Rome was also fighting the
848:
The Carthaginians were to give aid by sea to the Romans if necessary, but no one was to compel the crews of the ships to disembark against their will.
1261:
863:
86:
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
1658:
1301:
116:
94:
389:, Rome found that it needed to secure itself and its supplies, which were controlled mostly by Greek and Etruscan merchants since the Etruscan
799:
was won thanks to the use of elephants, which the Romans had never seen and called them Lucanian bulls. In 279 BC, a second great battle, the
144:
are the four treaties between the two states that were signed between 509 BC and 279 BC. The treaties influenced the course of history in the
1179:
1184:
1199:
1037:
456:
Merchants could operate in Sardinia and Libya only in the presence of a herald or town-clerk, and the sale would be secured by the state.
1605:
1410:
472:
They were not to attack even townships not subject to Rome, and if they conquered one they were to "deliver it unharmed to the Romans";
397:
supplied Rome. Rome therefore tried to gain the support of the Carthaginians, who were now already operating in Caere, as evidenced by
1330:
1266:
812:
1668:
1271:
1005:
808:
1091:
1595:
1281:
964:
107:
Content in this edit is translated from the existing Italian Knowledge (XXG) article at ]; see its history for attribution.
1663:
1442:
1405:
1139:
830:, on the western coast. Those manoeuvres by Syracuse and Pyrrhus prompted Carthage to sign the fourth treaty with Rome.
1600:
1487:
1472:
1457:
1437:
598:
The second treaty was an attempt to copy the first treaty, with the addition of some cities. The Carthaginians added
1552:
1462:
1084:
877:), Pyrrhus returned to Epirus, and Rome was left master of the entire Italian peninsula south of the Tusco-Emilian
490:
1532:
1320:
1219:
796:
1214:
1590:
1547:
1355:
1325:
580:
549:
102:
123:
1542:
1467:
1417:
1400:
1390:
1380:
1360:
576:
71:
1209:
661:
Carthage expands its influence across the Mediterranean; the Etruscans are under attack from Rome and Gauls
1512:
1492:
1429:
1375:
1286:
1164:
838:
The treaty contained the same provisions as the two earlier treaties, with the addition of the following.
747:
815:. That battle, however, exacted heavy losses on the victor that were so great that it inspired the term "
746:
While Polybius claimed that the treaty never existed but was a forgery of the pro-Carthaginian historian
1452:
1395:
1224:
217:
1585:
1350:
1345:
1134:
342:
320:). The western Mediterranean was the commercial zone of the Carthaginians, with the exception of the
271:
34:
1653:
1624:
1507:
1315:
929:
758:
704:
683:
657:
469:
They were not to attack certain settlements named in the treaty, that were "subject to the Romans";
373:
313:
1562:
1482:
1477:
1421:
1365:
1229:
1189:
1159:
943:
878:
788:
354:
350:
1239:
1068:
1021:
992:
565:
280:, or allies). With respect to maritime commerce, the Romans simply entrusted themselves to the
1537:
1527:
1502:
1497:
1340:
1310:
1276:
1194:
1149:
1129:
924:
800:
780:
621:
386:
237:
98:
1631:
1370:
1296:
1204:
899:
165:
730:
concluded a treaty that fixed the limits of Roman navigation at the Lacine promontory (see
1577:
1557:
1522:
1517:
1447:
1385:
1335:
1256:
1154:
1144:
1116:
909:
882:
816:
804:
762:
Rome controls almost the whole Italian Peninsula. Rome and Carthage, in direct competition
716:
707:
died in June 323 BC, and the territory that he had conquered was being fought over by the
265:
540:
After 150 years of campaigning, Rome had conquered a good portion of Etruria, destroyed
1567:
1174:
1169:
914:
603:
422:
405:
338:
321:
249:
182:
1647:
1248:
919:
866:, commonly used the sailors of its transport ships alongside the soldiers in battle.
616:
The Romans were not to maraud, traffic or found a city east of "the Fair Promontory,
599:
447:
324:, which Carthage shared with the Etruscans and the Greek colonies of southern Italy.
221:
145:
772:
731:
688:
524:
297:
292:
In the 4th century BC, a great line divided the commerce of the Mediterranean. The
161:
185:
and then in conquering them. Carthage, lacking a real civic army and repelled in
153:
1108:
905:
823:
712:
382:
362:
309:
301:
293:
481:
In Carthaginian Sicily, Romans were to have the same rights as Carthaginians.
1076:
874:
859:
827:
720:
587:
553:
281:
276:
214:
174:
1052:
Serrati, John. "Neptune's Altars: The Treaties between Rome and Carthage".
508:
In the graphic at right, the following areas are highlighted and labelled:
478:
They could not stay the night in Latium if they entered the district armed;
465:
The conditions imposed by the treaty on Carthage and her allies were that
1033:
708:
703:
There were other incidents causing unrest, in other parts of the region.
569:
414:
346:
253:
241:
208:
1057:
792:
776:
727:
557:
442:
The conditions imposed by the treaty on Rome and her allies were that
418:
245:
233:
170:
157:
105:
to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
304:
Seas were largely controlled by the maritime cities of the Greeks (in
735:
617:
572:, who were beginning to raid rich Campania, which Rome also desired.
561:
398:
358:
349:, a Greek historian whose calculations are based on the years of the
337:
The first treaty between the two city-states was signed the year the
305:
186:
687:
Carthage operates in Sicily without success; Rome is engaged in the
270:
Rome was founded only 70 years after Carthage (in 753 BC, following
649:
In like manner shall the Romans be bound towards the Carthaginians.
807:, was seen as a victory by Pyrrhus over the forces of the consuls
757:
682:
656:
489:
410:
394:
390:
372:
317:
229:
225:
178:
894:
545:
541:
63:
1080:
822:
Syracuse remained at war with Carthage and, after the death of
15:
568:
and the Etruscans and was preparing for battle with the
75:
to this template: there are already 649 articles in the
738:, another city undergoing strong commercial expansion.
404:
At the same time, Carthage was engaged in fighting the
377:
Main areas of influence in west Mediterranean in 509 BC
734:), and by 306 BC, Rome had come to an agreement with
446:
They were not to sail past Cape Bello (i.e. into the
1024:. The Perseus Digital Library. Retrieved 2008-08-13.
995:. The Perseus Digital Library. Retrieved 2008-08-13.
59:
55:
a machine-translated version of the Italian article.
1576:
1295:
1247:
1115:
965:"The Rise of Rome - Uniting the Italian Peninsula"
579:had created the beginnings of a unified state,
101:accompanying your translation by providing an
46:Click for important translation instructions.
33:expand this article with text translated from
1092:
819:". Pyrrhus subsequently returned to Taranto.
137:Four treaties, signed between 509 and 279 BCE
8:
475:They were not to build fortresses in Latium;
873:In 275 BC, after the defeat of Maleventum (
450:), unless driven there by storm or enemies;
401:writings found in Etruscan and Phoenician.
1099:
1085:
1077:
1017:
1015:
1013:
988:
986:
984:
982:
519:The area under Greek and Etruscan control.
341:was founded, in 509 BC, as dated by the
113:{{Translated|it|Rome-Carthage treaties}}
956:
575:In Sicily and in southern Italy, where
640:Conditions on Carthage, Tyre and Utica
80:
885:began eleven years later, in 264 BC.
461:Conditions on Carthage and her allies
7:
783:to lead the war against the Romans.
586:Carthage, after ending its war with
417:, Carthage fought to compete with
213:Carthage was founded in 812 BC by
142:treaties between Rome and Carthage
14:
860:ships for the transport of troops
742:Existence and terms of the treaty
611:Conditions on Rome and her allies
438:Conditions on Rome and her allies
1619:
1618:
1238:
498:2: Area tolerated in emergencies
365:with his armies in June 480 BC.
20:
1267:Hamilcar's victory with Naravas
1659:Treaties of the Roman Republic
1071:. The Perseus Digital Library.
111:You may also add the template
1:
385:, following the overthrow of
700:themselves from Roman rule.
345:method. The calculations of
232:, and much of the coasts of
124:Knowledge (XXG):Translation
83:will aid in categorization.
1685:
941:
853:Implications and aftermath
809:Publius Sulpicius Saverrio
795:against the legions under
496:1: Area prohibited to Rome
263:
206:
58:Machine translation, like
1614:
1236:
797:Publius Valerius Laevinus
35:the corresponding article
1669:Treaties of ancient Rome
864:Publius Cornelius Scipio
1553:Great Plains (Bagradas)
715:ascended the throne of
122:For more guidance, see
1056:56.1 (2006): 113-134.
763:
691:
662:
501:
378:
942:Further information:
761:
686:
660:
581:Dionysius the Younger
531:Second treaty, 348 BC
494:Division of the area:
493:
376:
95:copyright attribution
1664:Treaties of Carthage
1331:Crossing of the Alps
908:, specifically, the
754:Fourth treaty 279 BC
726:In 303 BC, Rome and
723:the following year.
679:Third treaty, 306 BC
381:During the war with
328:First treaty, 509 BC
272:Varronian chronology
1069:Polybius, Histories
1054:Classical Quarterly
1022:Polybius, Histories
993:Polybius, Histories
967:. The Great Courses
938:Subsequent treaties
930:Alexander the Great
834:Terms of the treaty
705:Alexander the Great
594:Terms of the treaty
577:Dionysius the Great
430:Terms of the treaty
314:Alexander the Great
1422:Claw of Archimedes
1230:Treaty of Lutatius
944:Treaty of Lutatius
813:Publius Decius Mus
789:Battle of Heraclea
764:
692:
663:
502:
379:
351:Persian expedition
288:Commercial control
284:and Greek fleets.
103:interlanguage link
1641:
1640:
925:Pyrrhus of Epirus
801:Battle of Asculum
544:and repelled the
387:Tarquin the Proud
228:, in present-day
135:
134:
47:
43:
1676:
1632:Military history
1622:
1621:
1596:Port of Carthage
1432:
1425:
1424:
1304:
1297:Second Punic War
1242:
1180:Bagradas (Tunis)
1101:
1094:
1087:
1078:
1072:
1066:
1060:
1050:
1044:
1031:
1025:
1019:
1008:
1002:
996:
990:
977:
976:
974:
972:
961:
448:gulf of Carthage
393:and its port of
240:. The coasts of
114:
108:
82:
81:|topic=
79:, and specifying
64:Google Translate
45:
41:
24:
23:
16:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1674:
1673:
1644:
1643:
1642:
1637:
1610:
1578:Third Punic War
1572:
1533:Carteia (naval)
1428:
1416:
1415:
1300:
1299:
1291:
1243:
1234:
1205:Drepana (siege)
1117:First Punic War
1111:
1107:Battles of the
1105:
1075:
1067:
1063:
1051:
1047:
1032:
1028:
1020:
1011:
1003:
999:
991:
980:
970:
968:
963:
962:
958:
954:
946:
940:
910:First Punic War
891:
883:First Punic War
855:
836:
817:Pyrrhic victory
805:Ascoli Satriano
769:
756:
744:
697:
681:
668:
642:
613:
596:
538:
533:
499:
497:
495:
488:
463:
440:
432:
371:
335:
330:
290:
268:
266:History of Rome
262:
211:
205:
200:
138:
131:
130:
129:
112:
106:
48:
25:
21:
12:
11:
5:
1682:
1680:
1672:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1646:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1635:
1628:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1582:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1528:Carteia (land)
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1443:2nd Beneventum
1440:
1435:
1434:
1433:
1426:
1408:
1406:1st Beneventum
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1356:Lake Trasimene
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1307:
1305:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1253:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1140:Lipari Islands
1137:
1132:
1127:
1121:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1106:
1104:
1103:
1096:
1089:
1081:
1074:
1073:
1061:
1045:
1026:
1009:
997:
978:
955:
953:
950:
939:
936:
935:
934:
933:
932:
927:
922:
915:Ancient Greece
912:
902:
897:
890:
887:
854:
851:
850:
849:
846:
843:
835:
832:
768:
765:
755:
752:
743:
740:
696:
693:
680:
677:
667:
664:
655:
654:
650:
646:
641:
638:
637:
636:
633:
629:
625:
612:
609:
595:
592:
537:
534:
532:
529:
521:
520:
517:
513:
500:3: Open waters
487:
484:
483:
482:
479:
476:
473:
470:
462:
459:
458:
457:
454:
451:
439:
436:
431:
428:
423:Tyrrhenian Sea
406:Greek colonies
370:
367:
361:, crossed the
357:, the king of
339:Roman Republic
334:
331:
329:
326:
322:Tyrrhenian Sea
289:
286:
264:Main article:
261:
258:
207:Main article:
204:
201:
199:
196:
194:considerably.
136:
133:
132:
128:
127:
120:
109:
87:
84:
72:adding a topic
67:
56:
49:
42:(October 2021)
30:
29:
28:
26:
19:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1681:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1634:
1633:
1629:
1627:
1626:
1617:
1616:
1613:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1414:
1413:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1361:Ager Falernus
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1298:
1294:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1249:Mercenary War
1246:
1241:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1185:Cape Hermaeum
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1102:
1097:
1095:
1090:
1088:
1083:
1082:
1079:
1070:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1055:
1049:
1046:
1042:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1007:
1001:
998:
994:
989:
987:
985:
983:
979:
966:
960:
957:
951:
949:
945:
937:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
920:Magna Graecia
918:
917:
916:
913:
911:
907:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
892:
888:
886:
884:
880:
876:
871:
867:
865:
861:
852:
847:
844:
841:
840:
839:
833:
831:
829:
825:
820:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
784:
782:
778:
774:
766:
760:
753:
751:
749:
741:
739:
737:
733:
729:
724:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
701:
694:
690:
685:
678:
676:
672:
665:
659:
651:
647:
644:
643:
639:
634:
630:
626:
623:
619:
615:
614:
610:
608:
605:
601:
593:
591:
589:
584:
582:
578:
573:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
535:
530:
528:
526:
518:
514:
511:
510:
509:
506:
492:
485:
480:
477:
474:
471:
468:
467:
466:
460:
455:
452:
449:
445:
444:
443:
437:
435:
429:
427:
424:
420:
416:
412:
407:
402:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
375:
368:
366:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
332:
327:
325:
323:
319:
315:
312:; and, after
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
287:
285:
283:
279:
278:
273:
267:
259:
257:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
216:
210:
202:
197:
195:
191:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
169:neighbouring
167:
163:
159:
155:
150:
147:
146:Mediterranean
143:
125:
121:
118:
110:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
85:
78:
77:main category
74:
73:
68:
65:
61:
57:
54:
51:
50:
44:
38:
36:
31:You can help
27:
18:
17:
1630:
1623:
1601:2nd Nepheris
1591:1st Nepheris
1493:New Carthage
1488:2nd Tarentum
1473:2nd Herdonia
1463:Upper Baetis
1458:1st Herdonia
1438:1st Tarentum
1376:Silva Litana
1287:Leptis Parva
1220:2nd Mt. Eryx
1215:1st Mt. Eryx
1165:Cape Ecnomus
1124:
1064:
1053:
1048:
1038:
1029:
1000:
971:17 September
969:. Retrieved
959:
947:
872:
868:
856:
837:
821:
785:
773:Samnite Wars
770:
745:
732:Capo Colonna
725:
702:
698:
689:Samnite Wars
673:
669:
666:Implications
653:misdemeanor.
632:misdemeanor.
597:
585:
574:
539:
522:
507:
503:
486:Implications
464:
441:
433:
403:
380:
336:
291:
275:
269:
212:
192:
156:that became
151:
141:
139:
99:edit summary
90:
70:
40:
32:
1396:Decimomannu
1210:Mount Ercte
154:city-states
1654:Punic Wars
1648:Categories
1586:Lake Tunis
1351:Ebro River
1135:Agrigentum
1109:Punic Wars
906:Punic Wars
875:Beneventum
824:Agathocles
767:Background
713:Agathocles
695:Background
550:patricians
536:Background
369:Background
363:Hellespont
310:Asia Minor
215:Phoenician
198:Background
37:in Italian
1548:2nd Utica
1543:1st Utica
1508:Grumentum
1468:2nd Capua
1448:1st Capua
1316:Lilybaeum
1302:(Battles)
1200:Lilybaeum
1039:Histories
1006:7.11.2–11
879:Apennines
828:Lilybaeum
721:Cyrenaica
628:released.
588:Cyrenaica
566:Tiburtini
554:plebeians
343:Varronian
218:colonists
175:Etruscans
117:talk page
69:Consider
1625:Category
1606:Carthage
1563:Insubria
1513:Metaurus
1483:Canusium
1478:Numistro
1418:Heat ray
1411:Syracuse
1401:3rd Nola
1391:2nd Nola
1381:1st Nola
1366:Geronium
1311:Saguntum
1272:Carthage
1262:Bagradas
1190:Panormus
1160:Tyndaris
1125:Treaties
1034:Polybius
900:Carthage
889:See also
748:Philinus
717:Syracuse
709:Diadochi
622:Tarseium
570:Samnites
552:and the
516:weather.
419:Phocaean
415:Provence
347:Polybius
298:Adriatic
282:Etruscan
254:Iberians
242:Sardinia
209:Carthage
203:Carthage
171:Samnites
166:Carthage
93:provide
1538:Crotona
1503:Petelia
1498:Baecula
1453:Silarus
1430:Sambuca
1341:Ticinus
1277:The Saw
1225:Aegates
1195:Drepana
1150:Thermae
1130:Messana
793:Lucania
781:Pyrrhus
777:Taranto
728:Taranto
246:Corsica
234:Numidia
158:empires
115:to the
97:in the
39:.
1371:Cannae
1346:Trebia
1004:Livy,
881:. The
736:Rhodes
618:Mastia
564:, the
562:Volsci
560:, the
558:Ernici
546:Gallic
399:votive
359:Persia
355:Xerxes
306:Greece
302:Ionian
294:Aegean
250:Greeks
238:Iberia
187:Sicily
183:Greeks
181:, and
1558:Cirta
1523:Sucro
1518:Ilipa
1386:Ibera
1336:Cissa
1326:Rhone
1321:Malta
1282:Tunis
1257:Utica
1170:Aspis
1155:Sulci
1145:Mylae
1058:JStor
952:Notes
803:, at
604:Utica
525:Ardea
411:Spain
395:Pyrgi
391:Caere
383:Ardea
318:Egypt
277:socii
230:Libya
226:Sirte
220:from
179:Gauls
60:DeepL
1568:Zama
1420:and
1175:Adys
1041:3.26
973:2018
904:The
895:Rome
811:and
771:The
602:and
600:Tyre
542:Veii
413:and
333:Date
300:and
260:Rome
244:and
236:and
222:Tyre
164:and
162:Rome
140:The
91:must
89:You
53:View
791:in
152:As
62:or
1650::
1036:,
1012:^
981:^
624:."
620:,
316:,
308:;
296:,
256:.
177:,
173:,
160:,
1100:e
1093:t
1086:v
1043:.
975:.
126:.
119:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.