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by the US Food and Drug
Administration for adjunctive treatment of MDD in adults with inadequate response to antidepressant therapy in the current episode. Recommended doses of aripiprazole range from 2 mg/d to 15 mg/d based on 2 large, multicenter randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies, which were later supported by a third large trial. Most conventional antipsychotics, such as the phenothiazines, work by blocking the D2 Dopamine receptors. Atypical antipsychotics, such as clozapine block both the D2 Dopamine receptors as well as 5HT2A serotonin receptors. Atypical antipsychotics are favored over conventional antipsychotics because they reduce the prevalence of pseudoparkinsonism which causes tremors and muscular rigidity similar to Parkinson's disease. The most severe side effect of antipsychotics is agranulocytosis, a depression of white blood cell count with unknown cause, and some patients may also experience photosensitivity. Atypical and conventional antipsychotics also differ in the fact that atypical medications help with both positive and negative symptoms while conventional medications only help with the positive symptoms; negative symptoms being things that are taken away from the person such as a reduction in motivation, while positive symptoms are things being added such as seeing illusions.
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beneficial short-term effect at lower intensities. Demonstrating that lower intensity sessions with longer rest periods produced significantly higher positive affect and reduced anxiety when measured shortly after. Physical activity was found to be beneficial regardless of age and gender. Some studies found exercise to be more effective at treating depression than medication over long periods of time, but the most effective treatment of depression was exercise in combination with antidepressants. Exercise appeared to have the greatest effect on mental health a short period of time after exercise. Different studies have found this time to be from twenty minutes to several hours. Patients who have added exercise to other treatments tend to have more consistent long lasting relief from symptoms than those who just take medication. No single regimented workout has been agreed upon as most effective for any mental illness at this time. The exercise programs prescribed are mostly intended to get patients doing some form of physical activity, as the benefits of doing any form of exercise have been proven to be better than doing nothing at all.
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when a small hole was drilled into a person's skull to let out demons, as that was an earlier belief for mental disorders. Bloodletting is when a certain amount of blood was drained out of a person, due to the belief that chemical imbalances resulted in mental disorders. A more scientific reason behind mental disorders but both treatments were dangerous and ineffective nevertheless. During the 17th century however, many people with mental disorders were just locked away in institutions due to lack of knowledgeable treatment. Mental institutions became the main treatment for a long period of time. But though years of research, studies, and medical developments, many current treatments are now effective and safe for patients. Early glimpses of treatment of mental illness included dunking in cold water by Samuel
Willard (physician), who reportedly established the first American hospital for mental illness. The history of treatment of mental disorders consists in a development through years mainly in both
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completing studies, which were often highly problematic due to problems such as getting patients to complete their trials, controlling for all possible variables, and finding adequate ways to test progress. Data were often collected through case and population studies, allowing for less control, but still gathering observations. More recently studies have begun to have more established methods in an attempt to start to comprehend the benefits of different levels and amounts of fitness across multiple age groups, genders, and mental illnesses. Some psychologists are recommending fitness to patients, however the majority of doctors are not prescribing patients with a full program.
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which can lead to a hypertensive crisis. Research on improving phenothiazine antipsychotics led to the development of tricyclic antidepressants which inhibit synaptic uptake of the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and serotonin. SSRIs or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are the most frequently used antidepressant. These drugs share many similarities with the tricyclic antidepressants but are more selective in their action. The greatest risk of the SSRIs is an increase in violent and suicidal behavior, particularly in children and adolescents. In 2006 antidepressant sales worldwide totaled US$ 15 billion and over 226 million prescriptions were given.
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interest in the state asylums. He trained at the
Parisian Asylum. Parkman wrote several papers on treatment for the mentally ill. Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.(1809–1894) was an American Physician who wrote many famous writings on medical treatments. George Zeller (1858–1938) was famous for his way of treating the mentally ill. He believed they should be treated like people and did so in a caring manner. He banned narcotics, mechanical restraints, and imprisonment while he was in charge at Peoria State Asylum. Peter Breggin (1939–present) disagrees with the practices of harsh psychiatry such as electroconvulsive therapy.
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found that research participants who expressed shame from personal experiences with mental illnesses were less likely to participate in treatment. Additionally, family shame is also a predictor of avoiding treatment. Research showed that people with psychiatric diagnoses were more likely to avoid services if they believed family members would have a negative reaction to said services. Hence, public stigma can influence self-stigma, which has been shown to decrease treatment involvement. As such, the interaction between the two constructs impact care seeking.
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patients just needed time away from the stresses of modern life. Which he believed was the cause of mental disorders to develop. Benjamin Rush(1746–1813) was considered the Father of
American Psychiatry for his many works and studies in the mental health field. He tried to classify different types of mental disorders, he theorized about their causes, and tried to find possible cures for them. Rush believed that mental disorders were caused by poor blood circulation, though he was wrong. He also described Savant Syndrome and had an approach to addictions.
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along with other negative effects of stigmatization have led researchers to conduct studies on the relationship between public stigma and care seeking. Researchers have found that an inverse relationship exists between public stigma and care seeking, as well as between stigmatizing attitudes and treatment adherence. Furthermore, specific beliefs that may influence people not to seek treatment have been identified, one of which is concern over what others might think.
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487:(1988), critiques the biomedical model by emphasizing the importance of cultural and social factors in understanding mental illness. He argues that reducing mental health to purely biological factors overlooks the societal influences that shape these conditions, challenging the misconception that mental illness is merely a personal weakness.
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framework for classifying other disorders. However this method of research/work was ignored until the need for a universal classification system. This need would later lead to the creation of the DSM. Which not only provided classification of mental disorders but helped to understand where to start in terms of treatment.
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In addition of atypical antipsychotics in cases of inadequate response to antidepressant therapy is an increasingly popular strategy that is well supported in the literature, though these medications may result in greater discontinuation due to adverse events. Aripiprazole was the first drug approved
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Treatments, as well as societies attitudes towards mental illnesses have substantially changed throughout the years. Many earlier treatments for mental illness were later deemed as ineffective as well dangerous. Some of these earlier treatments included trephination and bloodletting. Trephination was
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are classified as a psychological condition marked primarily by sufficient disorganization of personality, mind, and emotions to seriously impair the normal psychological and often social functioning of the individual. Individuals diagnosed with certain mental disorders can be unable to function
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Early antidepressants were discovered through research on treating tuberculosis and yielded the class of antidepressants known as monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAO). Only two MAO inhibitors remain on the market in the United States because they alter the metabolism of the dietary amino acid tyramine
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Laurence J. Kirmayer, in "Cultural
Variations in the Clinical Presentation of Depression and Anxiety" (2001), expands on Kleinman's critique by demonstrating that mental health conditions manifest differently across cultures. Kirmayer advocates for culturally sensitive treatment approaches that not
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Electroconvulsive therapy (known as ECT) is when electric currents are applied to someone with a mental disorder who is not responding well to other forms of therapy. Psychosurgery, including deep brain stimulation, is another available treatment for some disorders. This form of therapy is disputed
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Beside psychotherapy, a wide range of medication is used in the treatment of mental disorders. The first drugs used for this purpose were extracted from plants with psychoactive properties. Louis Lewin, in 1924, was the first one to introduce a classification of drugs and plants that had properties
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The internalization of stigmas may lead to self-prejudice which in turn can lead a person to experience negative emotional reactions, interfering with a person's quality of life. Research has shown a significant relationship between shame and avoiding treatment. A study measuring this relationship
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Public stigmas may also harm social opportunities. Prejudice frequently disallows people with mental illnesses from finding suitable housing or procuring good jobs. Studies have shown that stereotypes and prejudice about mental illness have harmful impacts on obtaining and keeping good jobs. This,
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is also widely used to treat mental disorders. These are licensed psychoactive drugs usually prescribed by a psychiatrist or family doctor. There are several main groups. Antidepressants are used for the treatment of clinical depression as well as often for anxiety and other disorders. Anxiolytics
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Different perspectives on the causes of psychological disorders arose. Some believed that stated that psychological disorders are caused by specific abnormalities of the brain and nervous system and that is, in principle, they should be approached for treatments in the same way as physical illness
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Public discourse on mental health treatment often centers on the biomedical model, which primarily treats mental illness with medication. While widespread, this approach can reinforce stigma by oversimplifying the complexity of mental health conditions. Arthur
Kleinman, in "Rethinking Psychiatry"
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Other important early psychiatrists include George
Parkman, Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr., George Zeller, Carl Jung, Leo Kanner, and Peter Breggin. George Parkman (1790–1849) got his medical degree at the University of Aberdeen in Scotland. He was influenced by Benjamin Rush, who inspired him to take
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There are numbers of practitioners who have influenced the treatment of modern mental disorders. During the 18th century in
Philippe Pinel a French physician helped/advocated for better treatment of patients with mental disorders. Similar to Pinel Benjamin Rush, a Philadelphian physician believed
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72.Kleinman, Arthur. (1988). Rethinking
Psychiatry: From Cultural Category to Personal Experience. Free Press. 73.Kirmayer, Laurence J. (2001). "Cultural Variations in the Clinical Presentation of Depression and Anxiety: Implications for Diagnosis and Treatment." Journal of Clinical Psychiatry,
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In
America, half of people with severe symptoms of a mental health condition were found to have received no treatment in the prior 12 months. Fear of disclosure, rejection by friends, and ultimately discrimination are a few reasons why people with mental health conditions often don't seek help.
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normally in society. Mental disorders may consist of several affective, behavioral, cognitive and perceptual components. The acknowledgement and understanding of mental health conditions has changed over time and across cultures. There are still variations in the definition, classification, and
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Anthropologist Byron J. Good, in "Medicine, Rationality, and Experience"(1994), further supports these views by arguing that mental health treatment must consider cultural narratives that shape individuals' experiences. Together, these scholars advocate for a shift from the limitations of the
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Many early studies show that physical activity has positive effects on subjects with mental illness. Most studies have shown that higher levels of exercise correlate to improvement in mental state, especially for depression. On the other hand, some studies have found that exercise can have a
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German Physician Emil Kraepelin was more interested in the causes of mental disorders and potential classifications rather than focusing on and attempting to treating symptoms of mental disorders. This led to the classification of manic depression and Schizophrenia, as well as the start of a
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is a more recent therapy that was founded in the 1960s by Aaron T. Beck, an American psychiatrist. It is a more systematic and structured part of psychotherapy. It consist in helping the patient learn effective ways to overcome their problems and difficulties that causes them distress.
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has become apparent, research on the mental benefits of physical activity has been examined. While it was originally believed that physical activity only slightly benefits mood and mental state, overtime positive mental effects from physical activity became more pronounced. Scientists began
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The stigmatization of mental illnesses can elicit stereotypes, some common ones including violence, incompetence, and blame. However, the manifestation of that stereotype into prejudice may not always occur. When it does, prejudice leads to discrimination, the behavioral reaction.
291:. Mental health professionals often pick and choose techniques, employing an eclectic or integrative approach tailored to a particular disorder and individual. Much may depend on the therapeutic relationship, and there may be issues of trust, confidentiality and engagement.
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Psychotherapy is a relatively new method used in treatment of mental disorders. The practice of individual psychotherapy as a treatment of mental disorders is about 100 years old. Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) was the first one to introduce this concept in psychoanalysis.
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To regulate the potentially powerful influences of therapies, psychologists hold themselves to a set of ethical standers for the treatment of people with mental disorders, written by the American Psychological Association. These ethical standards include:
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Despite the different conventional names of the drug groups, there can be considerable overlap in the kinds of disorders for which they are actually indicated. There may also be off-label use. There can be problems with adverse effects and adherence.
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in 1934. He induced seizures through a series of injections, as a means to attempt to treat schizophrenia. Meanwhile, in Italy, Ugo Cerletti substituted injections with electricity. Because of this substitution the new theory was called
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only improve diagnosis but also reduce stigma by recognizing cultural differences. This work counters the misconception that mental illness is a universal experience, instead promoting a nuanced approach that considers cultural context.
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and perceived stigma. Though separated into different categories, the two can interact with each other, where prejudicial attitudes in social stigma lead to the internalization of discriminatory perceptions in perceived stigma.
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are used, generally short-term, for anxiety disorders and related problems such as physical symptoms and insomnia. Mood stabilizers are used primarily in bipolar disorder, mainly targeting mania rather than depression.
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Sirey J. A.; Bruce M. L.; Alexopoulos G. S.; Perlick D. A.; Raue P.; Friedman S. J.; Meyers B. S. (2001). "Perceived stigma as a predictor of treatment discontinuation in young and older outpatients with depression".
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Creative therapies are sometimes used, including music therapy, art therapy or drama therapy. Each form of these therapy involves performing, creating, listening to, observing, or being a part of the therapeutic act.
1707:"Efficacy of Dose Increase Among Nonresponders to Low-Dose Aripiprazole Augmentation in Patients With Inadequate Response to Antidepressant Treatment: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Efficacy Trial"
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The benefactors of the Medical School of Harvard University : with a biographical sketch of the late Dr. George Parkman: an introductory lecture, delivered at the Massachusetts Medical College, November 7,
217:, was discovered as a treatment of mania, by John F. Cade in 1949, "and Hammond (1871) used lithium bromide for 'acute mania with depression'". In 1937, Daniel Bovet and Anne-Marie Staub discovered the first
267:(CBT) is used for a wide variety of disorders, based on modifying the patterns of thought and behavior associated with a particular disorder. There are various kinds of CBT therapy, and offshoots such as
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Lifestyle adjustments and supportive measures are often used, including peer support, self-help and supported housing or employment. Some advocate dietary supplements. A placebo effect may play a role.
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Mental health services may be based in hospitals, clinics or the community. Often an individual may engage in different treatment modalities and use various mental health services. These may be under
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62(suppl 13), 22–28. 74.Scheper-Hughes, Nancy, & Lock, Margaret M. (1987). "The Mindful Body: A Prolegomenon to Future Work in Medical Anthropology." Medical Anthropology Quarterly, 1(1), 6-41.
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of this kind. The history of the medications used in mental disorders has developed a lot through years. The discovery of modern drugs prevailed during the 20th century. Lithium, a
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David Mischoulon; Janet Witte; Michael Levy; George I. Papakostas; L. Russell Pet; Wen-hua Hsieh; Michael J. Pencina; Sean Ward; Mark H. Pollack; Maurizio Fava (2011-10-02).
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program. Providing optimal treatments earlier in the course of a mental health disorder may prevent further relapses and ongoing disability. This has led to a new
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Music therapy may provide a means of improving mental health among people with schizophrenia, but its effects in acute psychoses have not been explored
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Digital Treasures, Samuel Willard ran a "hospital for the insane" l and trained young physicians, East side of Uxbridge Common, (no longer standing)
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Behavior therapy has its roots in experimental psychology. E.L. Thorndike and B.F. Skinner were among the first to work on behavior therapy.
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such as a clinical psychologist, that employs any of a range of specific psychological techniques. There are several main types.
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is sometimes used, addressing a network of relationships as well as individuals themselves. Some psychotherapies are based on a
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biomedical model toward a more holistic and culturally informed approach, crucial for reducing stigma and improving care.
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The UK is moving towards paying mental health providers by the outcome results that their services achieve.
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can lead people with mental health conditions not to seek help. Two types of mental health stigmas include
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in smaller doses to treat anxiety. Stimulants are commonly used, notably for ADHD.
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259:. Psychotherapy is an interpersonal intervention, usually provided by a
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approach. Some therapies are for a specific disorder only, for example
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2275:"Exercise prescription: A practical, effective therapy for depression"
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Seeking fairness in treatment and taking precautions to avoid biases;
420:(sometimes referred to as "service coordination"), use inpatient or
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Sidhu, Kanwaldeep; Vandana, Pankhuree; Balon, Richard (June 2009).
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1410:"The Evolution of the Classification of Psychiatric Disorders"
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service approach for psychosis Some approaches are based on a
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Research on the effects of physical activity on mental illness
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773:. Toronto, Ontario: Pearson Education Incorporated. pp.
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The practice of medicinal chemistry, Camille Georges Wermuth
824:"Our History | Beck Institute of Cognitive Behavior Therapy"
1544:"List of Anxiolytics, sedatives, and hypnotics - Drugs.com"
1522:"Tricyclic antidepressants and tetracyclic antidepressants"
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Striving to benefit clients and taking care to do no harm;
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Key concepts in psychotherapy integration, Jerold R. Gold
1777:"Antipsychotics. Drugs - how do they work? Medicine info"
221:. In 1951 Paul Charpentier synthesized chlorpromazine an
2470:"What is Art Therapy? | What Does an Art Therapist Do?"
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Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences
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394:in many cases on its ethicality and effectiveness.
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736:Psychopharmacology: drugs, the brain, and behavior
440:of mental disorder, and may focus on challenging
302:Establishing relationships of trust with clients;
255:A form of treatment for many mental disorders is
937:"The Origins of Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)"
687:. Worcester, Mass.: Hersey/Henry Howland Press.
311:Respecting the dignity and worth of all people.
1484:"Understanding psychotherapy and how it works"
1336:. New York City: Springer Publishing Company.
305:Promoting accuracy, honesty, and truthfulness;
2305:Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research
852:Beck Institute for Cognitive Behavior Therapy
828:Beck Institute for Cognitive Behavior Therapy
332:. However, they are also often used to treat
328:are used for psychotic disorders, notably in
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2917:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
800:"History of Counselling & Psychotherapy"
2612:, National Mental Health Association, 2001.
2141:"How Exercise Might Keep Depression at Bay"
1752:"Antipsychotic Medications | Psych Central"
582:(prefrontal lobotomy; no longer practiced)
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1334:Electro-Shock Its Brain-Disabling Effects
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117:Learn how and when to remove this message
2542:"Alternative Treatments for Depression"
2177:American Journal of Preventive Medicine
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658:"A History of Mental Illness Treatment"
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289:interpersonal and social rhythm therapy
2910:
1856:"Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)"
1103:Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment
996:"The first psychiatric use of lithium"
128:
2793:
2791:
2754:Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease
2622:
2620:
2618:
2361:National Institution of Mental Health
2294:
2292:
2268:
2266:
2216:
2214:
2170:
2168:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1327:
1325:
200:Convulsive therapy was introduced by
7:
2727:Journal of Applied Social Psychology
2588:Repper, J. & Perkins, R. (2006)
1636:"List of Antipsychotics - Drugs.com"
55:adding citations to reliable sources
1659:Abuse, National Institute on Drug.
770:Psychology the Science of Behaviour
558:also known as convulsive therapies
448:and creating empowerment and hope.
145:
2766:10.1097/01.nmd.0000066157.47101.22
2739:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1986.tb01135.x
1880:"Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)"
1488:American Psychological Association
1041:World Allergy Organization Journal
188:(arose from Hippocrates's ideas).
184:(drugs used in mental disorders).
142:Psychiatry and clinical psychology
25:
2713:The handbook of social psychology
2566:"The Placebo Effect: What Is It?"
2430:The British Journal of Psychiatry
2227:European Journal of Public Health
2139:Reynolds, Gretchen (2016-11-16).
1991:Martinsen, Egil W. (2008-01-01).
1565:"Medication for Bipolar Disorder"
1000:The British Journal of Psychiatry
798:Mulhauser, Greg (22 April 2011).
1945:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.07.018
1037:"Pharmacology of Antihistamines"
709:"DIGITAL TREASURES: Item Viewer"
31:
1244:Holmes, Oliver Wendell (1850).
464:Stigma against mental disorders
434:early intervention in psychosis
66:"Treatment of mental disorders"
42:needs additional citations for
2801:American Journal of Psychiatry
1711:Journal of Clinical Psychology
1594:Journal of Affective Disorders
1151:Social Welfare History Project
656:Creech, Jeffrey (2020-07-13).
371:As increasing evidence of the
1:
2993:Treatment of mental disorders
2357:"Brain Stimulation Therapies"
1806:Journal of Psychopharmacology
1300:10.1093/jhmas/viii.january.56
969:House, Via the (2011-03-11).
430:assertive community treatment
412:Services for mental disorders
373:benefits of physical activity
165:treatment of mental disorders
132:Treatment of mental disorders
2967:(1st ed.), Manchester:
2318:10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181ae794b
2189:10.1016/j.amepre.2004.09.003
2052:Handbook of Sport Psychology
1997:Nordic Journal of Psychiatry
1363:Indian Journal of Psychiatry
971:"Phantastica by Louis Lewin"
610:Cognitive behavioral therapy
269:dialectical behavior therapy
265:Cognitive behavioral therapy
194:Cognitive behavioral therapy
2969:Manchester University Press
2110:10.1016/j.ypmed.2005.12.002
1933:Drug and Alcohol Dependence
1219:Hanson, Dirk (2010-07-05).
994:Schou, M. (1 August 1992).
625:Interpersonal psychotherapy
428:program or take part in an
426:psychosocial rehabilitation
18:Treatment of mental illness
3014:
2813:10.1176/appi.ajp.158.3.479
2651:10.1037/0003-066X.59.7.614
2066:10.1002/9781118270011.ch21
1524:. Drugs.com. 30 March 2023
1054:10.1186/1939-4551-4-S3-S22
734:Meyer, Jerrold S. (2005).
409:
261:mental health professional
2444:10.1192/bjp.bp.105.015073
2010:10.1080/08039480802315640
1606:10.1016/j.jad.2017.02.012
1267:www.online-literature.com
767:R. Carlson, Neil (2010).
681:Lincoln, William (1862).
568:Electroconvulsive therapy
424:. Patients can utilize a
207:electroconvulsive therapy
146:
2840:Health Services Research
1818:10.1177/0269881107088441
1460:"What is Psychotherapy?"
892:www.simplypsychology.org
2592:Bailliere Tindall, UK.
2494:"What is Drama Therapy"
1376:10.4103/0019-5545.64591
1332:Breggin, Peter (1979).
935:Endler, Norman (1988).
519:Psychiatric medications
2380:The Permanente Journal
1741:Subscription required.
591:Deep brain stimulation
321:Psychiatric medication
2629:American Psychologist
2240:10.1093/eurpub/cki159
1685:Mental Health America
1013:10.1192/bjp.161.2.279
876:. Ardent Media. 1969.
586:Bilateral cingulotomy
564:(no longer practiced)
562:Insulin shock therapy
459:Stigmas and treatment
2846:(6 Pt 1): 987–1007.
2610:Mental Health Survey
1723:10.4088/JCP.10m06541
1200:www.encyclopedia.com
1047:(3 Suppl): S22–S27.
975:Psychedelic Press UK
916:www.encyclopedia.com
804:Counselling Resource
539:Antidepressant drugs
51:improve this article
2098:Preventive Medicine
1414:Behavioral Sciences
544:Antipsychotic drugs
515:-based treatments)
2889:10.1007/bf00583999
2392:10.7812/TPP/13-005
2279:Current Psychiatry
2145:The New York Times
1464:www.psychiatry.org
944:Convulsive Therapy
606:-based treatment)
523:psychoactive drugs
499:List of treatments
367:Research completed
182:psychopharmacology
2877:Social Psychiatry
2522:www.helpguide.org
2075:978-1-118-27001-1
1904:"What Are SSRIs?"
1427:10.3390/bs6010005
1343:978-0-8261-2710-5
1147:"Moral Treatment"
784:978-0-205-64524-4
745:978-0-87893-534-5
694:978-0-7884-2024-5
533:Antianxiety drugs
157:
156:
127:
126:
119:
101:
16:(Redirected from
3005:
2998:Mental disorders
2979:
2923:
2922:
2916:
2908:
2872:
2866:
2865:
2855:
2831:
2825:
2824:
2795:
2786:
2785:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2722:
2716:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2701:. 16 April 2013.
2695:
2689:
2688:
2677:
2671:
2670:
2644:
2624:
2613:
2606:
2600:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2576:
2562:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2552:
2538:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2528:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2504:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2480:
2466:
2460:
2459:
2446:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2403:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2320:
2311:(8): 2184–2191.
2296:
2287:
2286:
2270:
2261:
2260:
2242:
2218:
2209:
2208:
2172:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2159:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2095:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2055:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2012:
2003:(sup47): 25–29.
1988:
1975:
1974:
1964:
1939:(1–3): 345–349.
1924:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1914:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1890:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1866:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1787:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1763:
1748:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1737:
1702:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1692:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1667:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1646:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1585:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1575:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1552:
1551:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1518:
1512:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1499:
1490:. Archived from
1480:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1470:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1439:
1429:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1388:
1378:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1329:
1320:
1319:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1273:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1241:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1231:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1206:
1192:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1182:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1159:
1158:
1143:
1137:
1136:
1126:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1074:
1056:
1032:
1026:
1025:
1015:
991:
985:
984:
982:
981:
966:
960:
959:
941:
932:
926:
925:
923:
922:
908:
902:
901:
899:
898:
884:
878:
877:
873:Behavior Therapy
868:
862:
861:
859:
858:
844:
838:
837:
835:
834:
820:
814:
813:
811:
810:
795:
789:
788:
764:
758:
757:
731:
725:
723:
721:
720:
711:. Archived from
705:
699:
698:
678:
672:
671:
669:
668:
653:
635:Behavior therapy
549:Mood stabilizers
446:social exclusion
334:bipolar disorder
277:Systemic therapy
160:Mental disorders
150:edit on Wikidata
129:
122:
115:
111:
108:
102:
100:
59:
35:
27:
21:
3013:
3012:
3008:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3003:
3002:
2983:
2982:
2957:
2936:
2934:Further reading
2927:
2926:
2909:
2874:
2873:
2869:
2833:
2832:
2828:
2797:
2796:
2789:
2751:
2750:
2746:
2724:
2723:
2719:
2710:
2706:
2697:
2696:
2692:
2679:
2678:
2674:
2642:10.1.1.379.4271
2626:
2625:
2616:
2607:
2603:
2587:
2583:
2574:
2572:
2564:
2563:
2559:
2550:
2548:
2540:
2539:
2535:
2526:
2524:
2516:
2515:
2511:
2502:
2500:
2492:
2491:
2487:
2478:
2476:
2468:
2467:
2463:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2355:
2354:
2350:
2298:
2297:
2290:
2272:
2271:
2264:
2220:
2219:
2212:
2174:
2173:
2166:
2157:
2155:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2093:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2076:
2047:
2046:
2042:
1990:
1989:
1978:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1912:
1910:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1888:
1886:
1878:
1877:
1873:
1864:
1862:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1799:
1798:
1794:
1785:
1783:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1761:
1759:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1735:
1733:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1690:
1688:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1665:
1663:
1658:
1657:
1653:
1644:
1642:
1634:
1633:
1629:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1573:
1571:
1563:
1562:
1558:
1549:
1547:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1527:
1525:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1510:
1506:
1497:
1495:
1482:
1481:
1477:
1468:
1466:
1458:
1457:
1453:
1407:
1406:
1402:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1344:
1331:
1330:
1323:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1271:
1269:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1229:
1227:
1225:Addiction Inbox
1218:
1217:
1213:
1204:
1202:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1180:
1178:
1176:www.nlm.nih.gov
1170:
1169:
1165:
1156:
1154:
1145:
1144:
1140:
1097:(August 2007).
1093:
1092:
1088:
1034:
1033:
1029:
993:
992:
988:
979:
977:
968:
967:
963:
939:
934:
933:
929:
920:
918:
910:
909:
905:
896:
894:
886:
885:
881:
870:
869:
865:
856:
854:
846:
845:
841:
832:
830:
822:
821:
817:
808:
806:
797:
796:
792:
785:
766:
765:
761:
746:
733:
732:
728:
718:
716:
707:
706:
702:
695:
680:
679:
675:
666:
664:
655:
654:
650:
645:
620:Gestalt therapy
509:pharmacotherapy
501:
461:
418:case management
414:
408:
391:
382:
369:
364:
355:
346:
318:
253:
244:
231:
215:mood stabilizer
202:Ladislas Meduna
173:
153:
123:
112:
106:
103:
60:
58:
48:
36:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3011:
3009:
3001:
3000:
2995:
2985:
2984:
2981:
2980:
2955:
2952:
2949:
2946:
2943:
2940:
2935:
2932:
2925:
2924:
2883:(4): 187–192.
2867:
2826:
2807:(3): 479–481.
2787:
2760:(5): 339–341.
2744:
2733:(3): 197–208.
2717:
2704:
2690:
2672:
2635:(7): 614–625.
2614:
2601:
2581:
2557:
2533:
2509:
2485:
2461:
2415:
2366:
2348:
2288:
2262:
2233:(2): 179–184.
2210:
2164:
2131:
2104:(4): 273–279.
2081:
2074:
2040:
1976:
1919:
1895:
1871:
1847:
1812:(4): 343–396.
1792:
1768:
1743:
1717:(3): 353–357.
1697:
1672:
1651:
1627:
1580:
1556:
1535:
1513:
1504:
1475:
1451:
1400:
1369:(2): 191–192.
1349:
1342:
1321:
1278:
1254:
1236:
1211:
1187:
1163:
1138:
1109:(4): 495–500.
1086:
1027:
1006:(2): 279–280.
986:
961:
927:
903:
879:
863:
839:
815:
790:
783:
759:
744:
726:
700:
693:
673:
647:
646:
644:
641:
640:
639:
638:
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
615:Psychoanalysis
612:
597:
596:
595:
594:
593:
588:
583:
572:
571:
570:
565:
553:
552:
551:
546:
541:
536:
500:
497:
460:
457:
438:recovery model
410:Main article:
407:
404:
390:
387:
381:
378:
368:
365:
363:
360:
354:
353:Antidepressant
351:
345:
344:Antipsychotics
342:
326:Antipsychotics
317:
314:
313:
312:
309:
306:
303:
300:
281:family therapy
273:Psychoanalysis
252:
249:
243:
242:Classification
240:
230:
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172:
169:
155:
154:
147:
144:
143:
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134:
133:
125:
124:
39:
37:
30:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3010:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2965:
2960:
2956:
2953:
2950:
2947:
2944:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2933:
2931:
2920:
2914:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2871:
2868:
2863:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2830:
2827:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2748:
2745:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2721:
2718:
2714:
2708:
2705:
2700:
2694:
2691:
2686:
2682:
2676:
2673:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2605:
2602:
2599:
2598:0-7020-2601-8
2595:
2591:
2585:
2582:
2571:
2567:
2561:
2558:
2547:
2543:
2537:
2534:
2523:
2519:
2513:
2510:
2499:
2498:www.nadta.org
2495:
2489:
2486:
2475:
2471:
2465:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2431:
2426:
2419:
2416:
2411:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2370:
2367:
2362:
2358:
2352:
2349:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2295:
2293:
2289:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2269:
2267:
2263:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2217:
2215:
2211:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2171:
2169:
2165:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2135:
2132:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2092:
2085:
2082:
2077:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2054:
2053:
2044:
2041:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
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1920:
1909:
1905:
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1769:
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1756:Psych Central
1753:
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1523:
1517:
1514:
1508:
1505:
1494:on 2012-09-26
1493:
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