254:
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148:
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344:, and although the slaves had been emancipated in 1848, the agricultural land and the trade was still controlled by the white population, and the living conditions of the descendants of the slaves were poor. By the early 1850s the islands had become increasingly unprofitable and expensive to govern from Denmark.
590:
On 31 March 1917, in
Washington, D.C., a warrant for twenty five million dollars in gold was presented to Danish Minister Constatine Brun by Secretary of State Robert Lansing. Little reaction to the sale occurred among Danes, who saw the West Indies as an investment despite more than two centuries of
496:
contacted the
American government with the message that he believed that the islands ought to be sold to the United States and that although he would not make an official proposal, "if the United States gave any encouragement to the consideration of the possibility of such a sale, it might be
484:
The Danish government was convinced that the islands had to be sold for the sake of both the residents and Danish security, and that a transfer would have to be realized before the United States entered the war, so that the transfer would not become a violation of the Danish
253:
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managed to reopen the negotiations. The negotiations, which lasted until August 1916, were kept absolutely secret in order to maintain Danish neutrality. Although rumors of the future sale did leak to the press, they were denied categorically by both
Scavenius and
1121:
105:
518:
During 1916, the two sides agreed to a sale price of $ 25,000,000, and the United States accepted a Danish demand for a declaration stating that they would "not object to the Danish
Government extending their political and economic interests to the whole of
405:, one chamber of the Danish legislature, within the allotted time due to obstruction by the opposition. A new treaty was concluded in June 1902, extending the time limit of ratification by one year. One chamber of the Danish parliament — the
606:
stated that the acquisition of the Virgin
Islands "is the clearest example of a negative net present value purchase" among US territorial acquisitions. "Expenses are high, and net revenues have been non-existent", he wrote; because of the
582:
ratified the treaty on 16 January 1917. Ratifications of the treaty were formally exchanged in
Washington, D.C., on 17 January 1917. On 25 January, President Wilson issued a proclamation on the treaty, and on 9 March, King
232:
515:. Archive materials show that, during these talks, Lansing implied that if an agreement on the sale of the islands was not reached, the U.S. military might occupy the islands to prevent their seizure by Germany.
460:
of the United States in order for the islands to be able to cope with their economic crisis. After his visit, a majority of the
Folketing was convinced that the Danish supremacy of the islands had to end. The
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to step down, nor would he dissolve the
Landsting or assume responsibility for any further work related to the sale. This brought the process to a halt.
2187:
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1409:
286:
401:. On 24 January 1902, Washington signed a convention on the transfer of the islands for a sum of US$ 5,000,000. The treaty was not approved in the
1566:
664:
2092:
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1606:
801:
Engelstoft, Povl (1951). "Under grundloven af 1866". In
Bomholt, Jul.; Fabricius, Knud; Hjelholt, Holger; Mackeprang, M.; Møller, Andr (eds.).
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did not ratify the treaty due to concerns over a number of natural disasters that had struck the islands and a political feud with
President
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31 March 1917, after 251 years of Danish colonial rule, Dannebrog is lowered for the last time at the Governor's mansion at Saint Croix
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Wendt, Frantz (1951). "Rigsdagen 1915-40". In Bomholt, Jul.; Fabricius, Knud; Hjelholt, Holger; Mackeprang, M.; Møller, Andr. (eds.).
182:
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opposed it on the grounds that the treaty did not ensure the local population a vote on the matter, and that it did not grant them
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436:, supported it, and when the Landsting failed to pass the proposal, he made a statement that neither did he see a reason for the
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25,000,000 in gold ($ 700 million in 2024). It is one of the most recent permanent expansions of United States territory.
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in May 1915. He successfully raised awareness of the growing social desperation on the islands and the need to enter the
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since 1733. The glory days of the colony had been from around 1750 to 1850 based on transit trade and the production of
550:, a private shipping company, in 1905. The company eventually sold the island to the United States in 1944, during the
2182:
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1838:
1495:
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101:
1985:
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1601:
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657:"Proclamation 5564—United States Relations With the Northern Mariana Islands, Micronesia, and the Marshall Islands"
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1616:
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172:
1279:
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413:— it failed with 32 votes against 32 (with one abstention) on 22 October. In particular the conservative party
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2011:
1980:
1918:
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on the export of sugar to the United States. According to historian Povl Engelstoft, there is no doubt that
348:
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was held on 14 December 1916, and on 22 December the Danish parliament ratified the treaty. U.S. President
1975:
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as labor. By the second half of the 19th century the sugar production was embattled by the cultivation of
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1870:
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965:. The Albert Shaw lectures on diplomatic history. Gloucester, Massachusetts: Peter Smith. p. 468.
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questions the utility of such a declaration, as the country had never disputed Danish sovereignty.
531:, the United States decided that the purchase was more important, especially because of the nearby
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2016:
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Convention between the United States and Denmark for cession of the Danish West Indies
275:
Convention between the United States and Denmark for cession of the Danish West Indies
24:
Convention between the United States and Denmark for cession of the Danish West Indies
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366:, the United States became interested in the islands as the possible location of a
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1933:
1776:
1173:"Researcher's analysis shows buying Alaska no sweet deal for American taxpayers"
632:
282:
1913:
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891:"San Francisco Call 23 October 1902 — California Digital Newspaper Collection"
869:"Los Angeles Herald 23 October 1902 — California Digital Newspaper Collection"
453:
341:
846:
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Tansill, Charles Callan (1932). "A Strange Interlude—The Christmas Mission".
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naval base. After the war ended, 24 October 1867, the Danish parliament, the
1672:
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1075:
Governing the North American Arctic: Sovereignty, Security, and Institutions
520:
406:
367:
325:
1148:"How Donald Trump's proposal to buy Greenland really went down in Denmark"
523:". Although it had a claim on northern Greenland based on explorations by
473:, and the Americans were concerned that after an invasion of Denmark the
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and the United States were becoming worse as a consequence of Germany's
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16:
1916 treaty in which the U.S. purchased the Virgin Islands from Denmark
278:
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Den danske rigsdag 1849-1949 bind II - Rigsdagens historie 1866-1949
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Den danske rigsdag 1849-1949 bind II - Rigsdagens historie 1866-1949
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Negotiations resumed in 1899 following the unofficial diplomacy of
1970:
1850:
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The most recent expansion of United States territory was when the
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252:
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805:(in Danish). Copenhagen: J. H. Schultz Forlag. pp. 197–199.
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in 1864, Denmark had tried to use the islands as a trade-in for
1391:
1221:
919:(in Danish) (2nd ed.). Copenhagen: Gyldendal. p. 80.
477:. This would be unacceptable to the Americans as stated in the
329:
249:
1917 money transfer after the Treaty of the Danish West Indies
1100:"Water Island History - the Military History of Water Island"
574:. The U.S. Senate approved the treaty on 7 September 1916. A
359:(Schleswig), but the Prussian Government was not interested.
257:$ 25,000,000 receipt for the Treaty of the Danish West Indies
745:(in Danish). Copenhagen: J. H. Schultz Forlag. p. 292.
570:
by Danish Minister Constantin Brun and Secretary of State
432:
was privately against the sale even though his party, the
917:
Dansk udenrigspolitiks historie 4: Overleveren 1914-1945
542:
At the time of the purchase, the colony did not include
374:, ratified a treaty on the sale of two of the islands —
409:— passed the proposal, but in the other chamber — the
2113:
Treaties extended to the United States Virgin Islands
785:(in Danish). Copenhagen: Forlaget Fremad. p. 92.
1175:(Press release). University of Iowa. 6 November 2009
1013:"Purchase of the United States Virgin Islands, 1917"
2004:
1904:
1837:
1748:
1629:
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1439:
465:had created a new situation: the relations between
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1350:Acquisition of the Northern Mariana Islands (1986)
783:Dansk udenrigspolitik under den første verdenskrig
546:, which had been sold by the Danish state to the
611:, all tax revenue goes to the local government.
562:The treaty was signed on 4 August 1916, at the
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2153:History of the United States Virgin Islands
2108:Treaties extended to the Danish West Indies
382:— for a sum of US$ 7,500,000. However, the
316:History of the United States Virgin Islands
1843:
1754:
1635:
1554:
1410:
1396:
1388:
1249:Territorial expansion of the United States
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1146:Wendel-Hansen, Jens Lei (23 August 2019).
1044:. PublicAffairs. pp. 89–90, 105–106.
233:
219:
121:
20:
975:
948:
722:. Royal Danish Consulate - Virgin Islands
692:"Dansk Vestindien: En bittersød historie"
475:Germans might take control of the islands
2143:1916 in the United States Virgin Islands
287:Virgin Islands in the Danish West Indies
1345:Treaty of the Danish West Indies (1917)
1025:
665:University of California, Santa Barbara
648:
620:
135:
124:
2118:Treaties involving territorial changes
963:The Purchase of the Danish West Indies
758:The Purchase of the Danish West Indies
696:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark
2158:History of United States expansionism
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987:
7:
816:
814:
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2103:Treaties entered into force in 1917
1330:Treaty of Cession of Tutuila (1900)
178:1733 slave insurrection on St. John
2133:1916 in the Danish colonial empire
1335:Treaty of Cession of Manuʻa (1904)
183:Invasion of the Danish West Indies
14:
961:Tansill, Charles Callan (1966) .
690:Schepelern, Otto (3 April 2007).
609:Naval Appropriations Act For 1922
1358:
1041:The Future History of the Arctic
502:United States Secretary of State
271:Treaty of the Danish West Indies
202:
188:Treaty of the Danish West Indies
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139:the United States Virgin Islands
73:
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2188:1910s in the Danish West Indies
2178:Denmark–United States relations
2123:1916 in international relations
893:. Cdnc.ucr.edu. 23 October 1902
871:. Cdnc.ucr.edu. 23 October 1902
661:The American Presidency Project
1078:. Springer. pp. 107–116.
471:unrestricted submarine warfare
1:
2093:Treaties of the United States
1340:Annexation of Oklahoma (1906)
2173:Presidency of Woodrow Wilson
1484:Colonization of the Americas
1325:Tripartite Convention (1899)
823:"Record of Political Events"
587:also issued a proclamation.
552:German occupation of Denmark
347:At the negotiations for the
320:Two of the islands had been
1886:Water supply and sanitation
1496:Scandinavian Monetary Union
1315:Annexation of Hawaii (1898)
827:Political Science Quarterly
491:Foreign Minister of Denmark
324:since the 17th century and
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2098:Treaties concluded in 1916
1038:Emmerson, Charles (2010).
313:
2138:1916 in the United States
2039:
1846:
1757:
1638:
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1538:Rescue of the Danish Jews
1429:
1367:
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1270:Louisiana Purchase (1803)
1255:
297:in exchange for a sum of
173:Danish West India Company
1643:Administrative divisions
1305:Guano Islands Act (1856)
1280:Adams–OnĂs Treaty (1819)
1275:Red River Cession (1818)
1260:Thirteen Colonies (1776)
629:Northern Mariana Islands
351:after the defeat in the
2022:National (civic) anthem
1300:Gadsden Purchase (1853)
1285:Texas Annexation (1845)
1072:Jones, Halbert (2016).
915:Lidegaard, Bo (2006) .
390:that eventually led to
32:4 August 1916
1721:The unity of the Realm
1320:Treaty of Paris (1898)
1310:Alaska Purchase (1867)
1295:Mexican Cession (1848)
1265:Treaty of Paris (1783)
821:Garner, J. W. (1902).
585:Christian X of Denmark
450:David Hamilton Jackson
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258:
250:
2148:Purchased territories
2128:1916 in the Caribbean
1767:2000s property bubble
430:Johan Henrik Deuntzer
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248:
1290:Oregon Treaty (1846)
548:East Asiatic Company
525:Charles Francis Hall
500:On 29 October 1915,
444:1915–16 negotiations
434:Venstre Reform Party
384:United States Senate
353:Second Schleswig War
322:in Danish possession
209:United States Portal
158:Dutch Virgin Islands
2088:Treaties of Denmark
1956:Modern Breakthrough
1607:Mountains and hills
764:. pp. 218–285.
762:Johns Hopkins Press
510:Minister of Finance
489:. During May 1915,
2183:August 1916 events
2163:Danish West Indies
1526:Duchy of Lauenburg
1516:Duchy of Schleswig
1433:Kingdom of Denmark
1203:2015-12-22 at the
1002:, pp. 293–294
604:University of Iowa
364:American Civil War
362:On the eve of the
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168:Danish slave trade
163:Danish West Indies
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1782:Income inequality
1762:OMX Copenhagen 25
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1736:Political parties
1692:Freedom of speech
1682:Foreign relations
1675:Danish Parliament
1625:
1624:
1521:Duchy of Holstein
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635:in November 1986.
576:Danish referendum
458:customs territory
427:Council President
273:, officially the
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1085:978-1137493910
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949:Lidegaard 2006
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833:(4): 720–743.
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767:
748:
733:
720:"Transfer Day"
708:
677:
647:
646:
644:
641:
638:
637:
619:
618:
616:
613:
596:
593:
580:Woodrow Wilson
572:Robert Lansing
564:Biltmore Hotel
559:
556:
513:Edvard Brandes
505:Robert Lansing
494:Erik Scavenius
445:
442:
419:US citizenship
388:Andrew Johnson
336:using African
311:
308:
306:
303:
241:
240:
238:
237:
230:
223:
215:
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133:
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90:
86:
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84:
83:
70:
55:
51:
50:
45:
41:
40:
30:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2200:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
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2083:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2054:
2050:
2047:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2003:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1935:
1932:
1931:
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1927:
1925:
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1917:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1897:
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1874:
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1864:
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1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
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1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1795:National Bank
1793:
1791:
1785:
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1780:
1778:
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1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1480:
1479:Danish Empire
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
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1444:
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1434:
1428:
1424:
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1351:
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1268:
1266:
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1223:
1220:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1174:
1168:
1165:
1153:
1149:
1142:
1139:
1136:, p. 314
1135:
1130:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1109:
1106:
1101:
1095:
1092:
1087:
1081:
1077:
1076:
1068:
1065:
1053:
1047:
1043:
1042:
1034:
1031:
1028:, p. 537
1027:
1022:
1019:
1014:
1008:
1005:
1001:
996:
993:
990:, p. 293
989:
984:
981:
977:
972:
969:
964:
957:
954:
950:
945:
943:
941:
939:
937:
933:
928:
926:87-02-04976-7
922:
918:
911:
909:
905:
892:
886:
883:
870:
864:
861:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
817:
815:
813:
809:
804:
797:
795:
793:
789:
784:
780:
774:
772:
768:
763:
760:. Baltimore:
759:
752:
749:
744:
737:
734:
721:
715:
713:
709:
697:
694:(in Danish).
693:
686:
684:
682:
678:
666:
662:
658:
652:
649:
642:
634:
630:
624:
621:
614:
612:
610:
605:
601:
594:
592:
588:
586:
581:
577:
573:
569:
568:New York City
565:
557:
555:
553:
549:
545:
540:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
516:
514:
511:
506:
503:
498:
495:
492:
488:
482:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
459:
455:
451:
448:Labor leader
443:
441:
439:
435:
431:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
395:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
360:
358:
357:South Jutland
354:
350:
345:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
317:
309:
304:
302:
300:
296:
295:United States
292:
288:
284:
281:transferring
280:
277:, was a 1916
276:
272:
263:
255:
247:
236:
231:
229:
224:
222:
217:
216:
214:
213:
210:
205:
200:
199:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
174:
171:
169:
166:
164:
161:
159:
156:
155:
154:
153:
149:
145:
144:
141:
134:
129:
123:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
82:
81:United States
71:
69:
58:
57:
56:
52:
49:
46:
42:
31:
27:
22:
19:
2027:Royal anthem
2012:Coat of arms
1981:Prostitution
1919:Architecture
1876:Homelessness
1856:Demographics
1815:Nordic model
1687:Human rights
1653:Constitution
1533:World War II
1506:SkĂĄnelandene
1459:Kalmar Union
1431:Part of the
1374:
1371:
1344:
1177:. Retrieved
1167:
1155:. Retrieved
1151:
1141:
1129:
1108:
1094:
1074:
1067:
1055:. Retrieved
1040:
1033:
1026:Tansill 1966
1021:
1007:
995:
983:
978:, p. 93
971:
962:
956:
951:, p. 81
916:
895:. Retrieved
885:
873:. Retrieved
863:
830:
826:
802:
782:
757:
751:
742:
736:
724:. Retrieved
699:. Retrieved
668:. Retrieved
660:
651:
623:
598:
591:possession.
589:
561:
558:Ratification
544:Water Island
541:
537:Bo Lidegaard
535:. Historian
533:Panama Canal
529:Robert Peary
517:
499:
483:
447:
423:customs duty
396:
361:
346:
319:
274:
270:
268:
193:Transfer Day
187:
18:
1976:Photography
1871:Health care
1866:Immigration
1777:Flexicurity
1709:enforcement
1697:LGBT rights
1673:Folketing (
1464:Reformation
1449:Archaeology
1157:3 September
670:1 September
633:sovereignty
497:possible."
342:sugar beets
283:sovereignty
137:History of
54:Signatories
2082:Categories
1951:Literature
1789:(currency)
1658:Corruption
1491:Golden Age
1454:Viking Age
1207:, 39
1179:20 January
1134:Wendt 1951
1000:Wendt 1951
988:Wendt 1951
643:References
487:neutrality
454:Copenhagen
376:St. Thomas
314:See also:
310:Background
36:1916-08-04
1946:Jante Law
1881:Languages
1861:Education
1825:Transport
1668:Elections
1582:Geography
1550:Geography
1469:Danevirke
1057:27 August
897:3 October
875:3 October
847:0032-3195
521:Greenland
411:Landsting
407:Folketing
403:Landsting
368:Caribbean
326:St. Croix
113:Languages
89:Citations
2062:Category
1991:Religion
1941:Folklore
1805:Taxation
1731:Military
1716:Monarchy
1631:Politics
1423:articles
1372:Concept:
1201:Archived
1112:39
781:(1959).
380:St. John
128:a series
126:Part of
92:39
48:New York
44:Location
2046:Outline
2005:Symbols
1929:Cuisine
1906:Culture
1839:Society
1820:Tourism
1750:Economy
1612:Regions
1602:Mammals
1592:Islands
1587:Forests
1441:History
1419:Denmark
855:2140775
602:of the
467:Germany
438:cabinet
372:Rigsdag
305:History
293:to the
291:Denmark
285:of the
104:629; 7
68:Denmark
34: (
2067:Portal
1971:People
1924:Cinema
1787:Krone
1772:Energy
1663:Courts
1617:Rivers
1567:Cities
1421:
1211:
1122:Bevans
1116:
1082:
1048:
923:
853:
845:
726:8 July
701:13 May
338:slaves
279:treaty
130:on the
106:Bevans
96:
78:
65:
29:Signed
2053:Index
1996:Sport
1966:Music
1961:Media
1896:Youth
1891:Women
1851:Danes
1597:Lakes
1562:Birds
1209:Stat.
1114:Stat.
851:JSTOR
615:Notes
415:Højre
334:sugar
289:from
94:Stat.
2017:Flag
1934:Wine
1213:1706
1181:2018
1159:2019
1120:; 7
1118:1706
1080:ISBN
1059:2019
1046:ISBN
921:ISBN
899:2013
877:2013
843:ISSN
728:2007
703:2008
672:2019
595:Cost
527:and
378:and
332:and
299:US$
269:The
98:1706
1914:Art
1704:Law
1124:56.
835:doi
566:in
481:.
330:rum
2084::
1150:.
935:^
907:^
849:.
841:.
831:17
829:.
825:.
811:^
791:^
770:^
711:^
680:^
663:.
659:.
554:.
394:.
108:56
102:TS
100:;
1677:)
1411:e
1404:t
1397:v
1241:e
1234:t
1227:v
1183:.
1161:.
1102:.
1088:.
1061:.
929:.
901:.
879:.
857:.
837::
730:.
705:.
674:.
234:e
227:t
220:v
38:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
