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codes for people living upon the lands. In 2016, a case involving the treaty provisions was filed by the Little
Traverse Bay Band over whether the assignment of specific townships to specific bands in the 1855 treaty constituted the establishment of a tribal reserve. In August 2019, after the Emmet County Lakeshore Association, property owners from Harbor Springs to Cross Village, and a coalition of business owners in the region intervened in the suit, Grand Rapids U.S. District Court Judge Paul Maloney rejected the Little Traverse Bay Band's claims, ruling that "...when the Treaty is placed in the relevant historical context, it cannot plausibly be read to have created an Indian reservation, and the Tribe’s predecessors did not believe that it did so."
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patent in the holder's name, though no title would be issued for a period of 10 years. Restrictions on title prohibited selling or transferring any of the allotted holdings during the 10-year period. Should the Indian agent deem the recipient incapable of managing their own affairs after the waiting period, all transfers could remain banned indefinitely. There were further provisions to exempt missions, churches, schools and settlers already residing within the described tracts from being removed, as well as provisions for unallotted land to revert to
312:
286:
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fishing and encampment secured to the
Chippewas of Sault Ste. Marie by the treaty of June 16, 1820," would remain. An additional provision stated that the combined organization of Ottawa and Chippewa was dissolved and that any future negotiations with the United States, except for the 1855 treaty, would be arranged without a general convention of the two peoples.
114:
Provisions were made for agricultural and educational training, as well as providing payment to establish such facilities. While requiring signatories to release and discharge the United States from liabilities resulting from any previous treaty obligations, the agreement specified that the "right of
202:
Finally in 1997, the federal government made a mechanism to distribute the award which had been held in trust since 1972. Disputed fishing claims have continued to be an issue, as have ownership of the lands awarded by the treaty, the right to tax those lands and which governing authority sets legal
42:
of
Indians of Michigan. The treaty contained provisions to allot individual tracts of land to Native people consisting of 40-acre (16 ha) plots for single individuals and 80-acre (32 ha) plots for families, outlined specific tracts which were assigned to the various bands and provided for
106:
Allotments of the townships were to include 40 acres (16 ha) for each single person and 80 acres (32 ha) for each head of a family unit (including families composed of widows and orphans). To determine eligibility, a roll was to be created by the Indian agent. All lands would be issued a
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argued that the meaning of the treaty was instead to disassociate the arbitrary grouping the government had formed by placing the Ottawa and
Chippewa into a single negotiating entity. Because the treaty provided for continued negotiation by the bands, it was a recognition that the distinct tribal
139:. Other suits followed, primarily because settlement of the judgement won could not be distributed, as there were no tribal governments to whom the award could be distributed. Bureaucrats of the government determined that the language of the treaty in effect terminated the tribes, though
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151:, tribes were forced to attempt to gain re-affirmation as distinct, self-governing nations. Two groups which had previously been consolidated with other bands reorganized in the 1970s: the
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183:(also known as the Gunlake band) in 1995. Four of the bands whose members were signatories to the treaty have not been reaffirmed by the federal government. They include the
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The first eight provisions of the treaty outlined specific township locations which were assigned to the six bands comprising the
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reorganized in 1970 and re-recognized in 1988. Six of the bands were reaffirmed after the land claim was awarded, including the
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The treaty became the basis for numerous lawsuits against the federal government in the 20th century. One of the first was the
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units would negotiate on behalf of their own political units and no longer act as a single entity.
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469:"State of Michigan Community Services Block Grant (CSBG): State Plan for Fiscal Years 2015–2016"
604:
598:
292:
80:
20:
539:
140:
506:
630:
620:"Supreme Court Reversal of Carcieri: Implications for Reaffirmed Michigan Indian Tribes"
278:
653:
108:
19:
For the 1807 Treaty with the Ottawa and
Chippewa or the Ford automobile treaty, see
231:"Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties—Treaty with the Ottawa and Chippewa, 1855"
567:"Judge rejects tribe's bid to declare big chunk of Up North its reservation"
534:
474:. Lansing: Michigan Department of Human Services. p. 67. Archived from
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the severance of the government consolidation of the Ottawa and
Chippewa.
600:
Rites of
Conquest: The History and Culture of Michigan's Native Americans
530:"Tribe Aims to Make Petoskey Area Michigan's Largest Indian Reservation"
39:
35:
181:
Match-e-be-nash-she-wish Band of
Pottawatomi Indians of Michigan
237:. Stillwater: Oklahoma State University Library. Archived from
197:
Swan Creek Black River
Confederated Ojibwa Tribes of Michigan
502:"Long-Awaited Land Settlement in Sight for Michigan Tribes"
147:
Because low-level bureaucrats determined that the language
16:
1855 treaty between the United States and Ojibwe and Ottawa
34:
was a treaty between the United States
Government and the
329:"A Memorial Service Was Held Today for Waunetta Dominic"
199:, each of which is recognized by the state of Michigan.
187:(also historically known as the Cheboiganing Band), the
157:
Lac Vieux Desert Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians
161:Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians
299:. Benton Harbor, MI. June 30, 1969. p. 16
269:. Benton Harbor, MI. June 30, 1969. p. 1
193:Mackinac Bands of Chippewa and Ottawa Indians
185:Burt Lake Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians
8:
603:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
293:"'Pipe Dream' a Reality for Indians (pt 2)"
670:United States and Native American treaties
423:
421:
384:
382:
380:
165:Little Traverse Bay Bands of Odawa Indians
153:Sault Ste. Marie Tribe of Chippewa Indians
224:
222:
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235:OSU Library Electronic Publishing Center
500:Dammann, Sara Gay (December 21, 1997).
359:
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111:if not distributed within five years.
465:Michigan Department of Human Services
323:
321:
177:Nottawaseppi Huron Band of Potawatomi
155:regained recognition in 1972 and the
7:
528:Ellison, Garret (October 27, 2016).
129:Northern Michigan Ottawa Association
665:Native American history of Michigan
337:. December 24, 1981. Archived from
261:"'Pipe Dream' Has Come True (pt 1)"
169:Little River Band of Ottawa Indians
618:Wilson, Novaline D. (March 2009).
565:Matheny, Keith (August 23, 2019).
189:Grand River Band of Ottawa Indians
173:Pokagon Band of Potawatomi Indians
14:
680:Real estate in the United States
310:
284:
99:; and the bands residing around
55:; the bands living north of the
629:College of Law. Archived from
149:severed the tribal governments
1:
597:Cleland, Charles E. (1992).
229:Kappler, Charles J. (1904).
307:– via Newspapers.com.
25:Reuther's Treaty of Detroit
696:
334:United Press International
18:
660:Legal history of Michigan
627:Michigan State University
131:(NMOA), filed in 1948 by
91:; the bands living along
53:Sault Ste. Marie Chippewa
32:Treaty of Detroit of 1855
59:; the bands residing on
95:; the bands located at
71:; the bands located in
546:on October 30, 2016
89:Grand Traverse Band
57:Straits of Mackinac
636:on August 17, 2016
572:Detroit Free Press
297:The News-Palladium
266:The News-Palladium
403:, pp. 18–19.
374:, pp. 13–14.
341:on August 4, 2017
179:in 1995, and the
21:Treaty of Detroit
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625:. East Lansing:
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360:Cleland (1992)
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279:Newspapers.com
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137:Robert Dominic
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85:Middle Village
81:L'Arbre Croche
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454:, p. 18.
453:
452:Wilson (2009)
448:
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442:, p. 17.
441:
440:Wilson (2009)
436:
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430:, p. 16.
429:
428:Wilson (2009)
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415:, p. 15.
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413:Wilson (2009)
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65:Garden Island
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638:. Retrieved
631:the original
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578:December 13,
576:. Retrieved
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548:. Retrieved
544:the original
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511:. Retrieved
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483:. Retrieved
476:the original
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343:. Retrieved
339:the original
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301:. Retrieved
296:
277:– via
271:. Retrieved
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243:. Retrieved
239:the original
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113:
105:
50:
31:
29:
590:Works cited
101:Thunder Bay
93:Grand River
69:High Island
654:Categories
207:References
195:, and the
125:land claim
73:Bear Creek
640:August 4,
550:August 4,
535:MLive.com
513:August 4,
485:August 4,
345:August 4,
303:August 4,
273:August 4,
245:August 4,
212:Footnotes
97:Cheboygan
167:and the
133:Waunetta
127:of the
607:
191:, the
119:Impact
87:; the
36:Ottawa
634:(PDF)
623:(PDF)
479:(PDF)
472:(PDF)
47:Terms
642:2017
605:ISBN
580:2019
552:2017
515:2017
487:2017
347:2017
305:2017
275:2017
247:2017
135:and
83:and
67:and
38:and
30:The
23:and
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