532:
291:, while Swedish politics tended to be more conservative. Under the Norwegian Constitution, the Norwegian Parliament, the Storting, was the most powerful legislature on the continent. The king only had a suspensive veto in Norway, and the Storting resisted numerous royal attempts to be granted the absolute veto that the monarchy had in Sweden. Additionally, by 1884, the Storting's power had grown to the point that a king could no longer appoint a Norwegian government entirely of his own choosing or keep it in office against the will of the Storting. In contrast, the king remained a near-autocrat (at least on paper) in his Swedish domains until 1905, just before the end of the union.
307:
First, several consuls were neither
Norwegian nor Swedish but from the country in which they resided. Although they were supposed to represent Norway, they knew little about Norwegian needs and conditions. Second, there was also criticism that the existing network of consulates in Europe prioritised Swedish interests over Norwegian trade (thus delaying the modernisation of the tonnage tax despite cross-political agreement in Norway for such changes). Third, although Norway had expanded its trading areas from Europe to North and South America, the West Indies, Africa and Asia, none of these areas were particularly well-covered by the existing consular network.
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significant level, it was also intended to reassure the other
European powers that the secession of Norway was not a radical revolutionary project, despite the influence of socialists. The continuation of the monarchical system would signal that tradition, continuity and order would be cherished as before in the new country. In this way, Norway aimed to gather support from the other large European countries which, with the exception of
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249:, judiciary, legal system, armed forces, flag, and currency. However, Norway and Sweden shared a common monarch and conducted a common foreign policy through the Swedish ministry of foreign affairs. There largely existed feelings of goodwill between the two peoples, and the King generally tried to act in the interest of both Kingdoms.
311:
the international trend was that industrialisation and free trade needed larger markets, and consulates thus had a large trade-oriented task, the
Swedish Parliament was dominated by protectionist trade policy. The consulates thus had to respond to both Norwegian offensive trade interests and Swedish skepticism on trade.
544:
overwhelming public support among
Norwegians for independence had convinced the major European powers that the independence movement was legitimate, and Sweden feared it would be isolated by suppressing it; furthermore, there was little appetite for creating additional ill will between the two countries.
673:, Norwegian voters decided by a majority of nearly 79% (259,563 to 69,264) to establish a monarchy instead of a republic. Many who favoured a republic in principle voted for a monarchy because they felt it would help the newly independent Norwegian nation gain legitimacy among the European monarchies.
654:
form of government. Attempts to persuade the prince to accept the throne on the basis of the
Parliament's and not the common citizenry's choice failed; Carl insisted that he would accept the crown only if the Norwegian people expressed their will for monarchy by referendum, and also if the parliament
676:
Five days later, on 18 November, the
Storting overwhelmingly elected Carl and his descendants as the new royal dynasty of Norway. On that same date, the Speaker of the Storting sent Prince Carl a telegram informing him of his election. After obtaining formal permission from his grandfather Christian
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Furthermore, while in most other
Western countries it was common practice for good consuls to become diplomats, it was the opposite for Sweden. Diplomats with no experience as consuls were often used as such. Thus, they had a more diplomatic than commercial approach. A further problem was that while
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Prince Carl impressed the delegation in many ways, not the least because of his sensitivity to the liberal and democratic movements that had led to Norway's independence. Though the
Norwegian constitution stipulated that the Storting could choose a new king if the throne were vacant, Carl was aware
401:
Since all the members of the cabinet have resigned their positions; since His
Majesty the King has declared his inability to obtain for the country a new government; and since the constitutional monarchy has ceased to exist, the Storting hereby authorizes the cabinet that resigned today to exercise
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Much has been made of the supremacy of diplomacy in averting war between Sweden and Norway in 1905. In truth, the
Norwegians were much more willing to fight than the Swedes if it had come to war. Both parties recognized that their geographical proximity made long-term hostility untenable under any
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Even as the negotiations made progress, military forces, though separated by 2 kilometers, were quietly deployed on both sides of the border between Sweden and Norway. Public opinion among Norwegian leftists favored a war of independence if necessary, regardless of Sweden's numerical superiority.
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The conflict came to a head over the so-called "consul affair" in which successive Norwegian governments insisted that Norway should establish its own consular offices abroad rather than rely on the common consulates appointed by the Swedish foreign minister. The criticism in Norway was manifold.
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Many documents related to the specific events of 1905 were destroyed during and following those years. Some historians speculate that foreign interests played a stronger role than had previously been assumed; in particular, that Great Britain influenced the dissolution in order to reduce German
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Offer", which invited King Oscar II to allow one of his younger sons to assume the Norwegian throne. The offer was at one level an attempt by the Norwegian government to demonstrate goodwill towards Sweden and its royal house, notwithstanding the separation of the two countries. At another, more
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to negotiate the terms of the dissolution. Although many prominent right-wing Swedish politicians favored a hardline approach to the issue, historical scholars have found that the Swedish King had determined early on that it would be better to lose the union than risk a war with Norway. The
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formed a coalition government consisting of liberals and conservatives, whose only stated objective was to establish a separate Norwegian corps of consuls. The law was passed by the Norwegian parliament. As expected and probably as planned, King Oscar II vetoed the laws, and the Michelsen
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On 23 September, the negotiations concluded. On 9 October the Norwegian parliament voted to accept the terms of the dissolution; on 13 October the Swedish parliament followed suit. Although Norway had considered the union with Sweden ended as of 7 June, Sweden formally recognized Norwegian
685:, who died in 1380. The new king therefore took the regnal name Haakon VII, while his son Alexander was renamed Olav and became crown prince. Haakon VII became King of Norway immediately upon accepting his election, and therefore 18 November 1905 is marked as the first day of his reign.
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However, over the years, a divergence of Norwegian and Swedish interests became apparent. In particular, Norwegians felt that their foreign policy interests were inadequately served by Sweden's ministry of foreign affairs. There were several driving factors behind the growing conflict:
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the powers held by the King in accordance with the Constitution of Norway and relevant laws – with the amendments necessitated by the dissolution of the union with Sweden under one King, resulting from the fact that the King no longer functions as a Norwegian King.
390:. Later that day, the Storting voted unanimously to dissolve the union with Sweden, taking the line that Oscar had effectively abandoned his role as King of Norway by refusing to appoint a replacement government. It also empowered the Michelsen cabinet to act as a
609:, a republican member of the Cabinet, resigned over this issue. It was known that King Oscar II was not amenable to accepting the offer, but the issue remained unsettled until the offer was formally declined by the king when he renounced his claim on 26 October.
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Unlike the declaration of independence, the Bernadotte Offer was a matter of contention and controversy within the Norwegian government. Five socialists in the Parliament voted against the idea of having a monarchy, and the Finance Minister
422:
In one of the most lopsided referendum results in history, the plebiscite was held on 13 August and resulted in an overwhelming 368,208 votes (99.95%) in favor of confirming the dissolution of the union against only 184 (0.05%) opposed.
512:, led his party in opposing a war to keep Norway united with Sweden. When the crisis of 1905 occurred, he coined the slogan "Hands off Norway, King!" The Social Democrats organized both resistance to a call-up of reserves and a general
692:) on 25 November. Haakon VII took his constitutional oath before parliament on 27 November. However, Norway counts 18 November, the day of his election, as the formal beginning of his reign. He and Queen Maud were crowned in
840:
Whereas the 1814 independence movement in large part was driven by political opportunism among the national elite, the 1905 movement was a result of political trends largely driven by elected officials with massive popular
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influence over Atlantic ports as part of British attempts to maintain its naval supremacy. Although Sweden's close relationship with Germany did not last long, Norway's independence immediately put it inside the British
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of the United Kingdom. By bringing in a British-born queen, it was hoped that Norway could court Britain's support. Another advantage was that Prince Carl was already the father of a son, the two-year-old
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The King's rejection of the Bernadotte offer had been anticipated months earlier, and already during the summer a Norwegian delegation had approached Denmark with a proposal regarding the 33-year-old
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independence and equality within the personal union. Although both parties made efforts to resolve the issue through negotiations, Norwegian public opinion gradually became more entrenched.
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However, Oscar refused to accept the resignations. In turn, Michelsen and his ministers refused to countersign Oscar's decision and returned to Christiania on 7 June 1905, triggering a
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Initially reacting to this declaration as a rebellious act, the Swedish government indicated an openness to a negotiated end to the union, insisting among other things on a Norwegian
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weighed in heavily for dissolving the union, and personally traveled to the United Kingdom, where he successfully lobbied for British support for Norway's independence movement.
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was not extended to women at the time (and would not be until 1913). Norwegian activists did, however, collect 279,878 women's signatures in favor of dissolution.
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646:, ensuring that a successor would be in position to continue the line. The Norwegian parliament considered other candidates, but ultimately chose Prince Carl.
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held on 13 August which overwhelmingly backed dissolution – negotiations between the two governments led to Sweden's recognition of Norway as an independent
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Official elections results from the referendum on Norwegian separation from Sweden. Includes results on the referendum on establishing the monarchy
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The text of the unanimous declaration, remarkable for the fact that the declaration of the dissolution was an aside to the main clause, read:
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with Sweden. The Norwegian constitution was largely kept intact. Norway legally had the status of an independent state with its own
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The government thereby had confirmation of the dissolution. 85 percent of Norwegian men had cast their votes, but no women as
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on 7 June 1905. Following some months of tension and fear of an outbreak of war between the neighbouring kingdoms (then in
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The following individuals played a role in the events surrounding the dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden:
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independence on 26 October when King Oscar II renounced his and any of his descendants' claims to the Norwegian throne.
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In addition, Norwegian politics were increasingly dominated by liberal tendencies characterised by the extension of
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In many ways, the events of 1905 formed a sequel to the events of 1814, but there were some important differences:
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By 1905, Norwegians had established many of the institutions and infrastructure of a sovereign, independent state.
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of Norway, known as Prince Carl of Denmark until 1905, he was the first king of Norway after the 1905 dissolution.
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that many Norwegians — including leading politicians and high-ranking military officers — favored a
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Besides internal changes within Norway, a key factor that allowed Norway to break from Sweden was the emerging
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Both Sweden and Norway increased their military expenditure; Norway not only modernised the frontier forts at
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When free trade between the two countries was restricted in 1895 by the abolition of the "Interstate laws" (
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IX of Denmark, Prince Carl replied that same evening, accepting the Norwegian throne and choosing the name
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of Sweden, and therefore a link to the royal house of Sweden would be preserved. Also, Carl was married to
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were frustrated by Sweden's victory in a brief but decisive war that resulted in Norway entering into a
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815:, Norwegian shipping magnate and statesman, and first Prime Minister of an independent Norway in 1905.
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225:, and this event was swiftly followed, on 18 November, by the accession to the Norwegian throne of
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After a three-day journey, the new royal family arrived in the capital Kristiania (later renamed
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821:, Norwegian explorer, scientist, diplomat, humanitarian and the 1922 Nobel Peace Prize laureate.
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By 1905, European statesmanship was more inclined to favor Norwegian independence than in 1814.
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Norwegian and Swedish delegates meeting in Karlstad to negotiate the terms of the dissolution.
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against a war. The majority of the Swedish people were supportive of a fully separate Norway.
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until further notice, vesting it with the executive authority normally vested in the crown.
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had initially pioneered an uncompromising position through the so-called "fist policy," the
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419:—thus avoiding the appearance that it had been called in response to demands from Sweden.
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The Norwegian economy was more dependent on foreign trade and thus more sensitive to the
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415:. However, the Norwegian government had anticipated this, and had already scheduled
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Joint website by the Norwegian national library and Swedish national archive on 1905
508:. In the early years of the 20th century, the head of the Swedish Social Democrats,
342:, but also built a series of new military strongholds along its border with Sweden.
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681:, a traditional name used by Norwegian kings. The last king with that name was
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On 31 August, Norwegian and Swedish delegates met in the Swedish city of
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renounced his claim to the Norwegian throne, effectively dissolving the
2057:
775:, Norwegian military officer, engineer, sports official and politician.
809:, British-born princess, Queen of Norway as spouse of King Haakon VII.
298:), the economic reasons for the continued union were also diminished.
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715:, Norwegian writer and the 1903 Nobel Prize in Literature laureate.
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In 1905, Norway was not put in play by war as a territorial prize.
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on 22 June 1906. This was the last coronation held in Norway.
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721:, Prime Minister of Sweden between July 1902 and April 1905.
803:, Prime Minister of Sweden between August and November 1905
727:, Swedish politician and future Prime Minister of Sweden.
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also came to adopt a strong policy in favour of at least
827:, Prime Minister of Sweden between April and August 1905
793:, Norwegian author, lawyer and statesman, who served as
757:, Norwegian reporter, newspaper editor and crime writer.
146:("Yes, we love this country") are the opening words of
912:(In Norwegian) Arkivverket, retrieved 24 January 2013
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Norway had more interests than Sweden did outside of
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the second constitutional plebiscite in three months
71:"Dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden"
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62:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
931:Biography of King Haakon VII in connection with
27:1905 dissolution of the kingdoms' personal union
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662:The swearing in as king of Haakon VII in the
8:
935:'s series "Store norske" (Great Norwegians)
745:, Norwegian military officer and politician.
592:, the Storting had made what is called the "
577:on his arm and is greeted on board the ship
268:Norway had trading and other links with the
885:(another example of a peaceful dissolution)
873:1905 Norwegian union dissolution referendum
472:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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1326:Membership of International organizations
492:Learn how and when to remove this message
122:Learn how and when to remove this message
704:Important individuals in the dissolution
378:In early 1905, Norwegian Prime Minister
895:
138:A postcard from around the time of the
878:Norwegian independence movement (1814)
795:Prime Minister of Norway in Stockholm
787:, Danish-born Norwegian photographer.
383:government tendered its resignation.
358:passes the "revolutionary" resolution
272:whereas Sweden had closer links with
7:
2422:United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway
470:adding citations to reliable sources
374:following the dissolution resolution
223:United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway
60:adding citations to reliable sources
2442:Dissolutions of political entities
949:"Britene ønsket å sprenge unionen"
749:Wilhelm Christopher Christophersen
601:, were all hereditary monarchies.
506:Swedish social democratic movement
217:on 26 October 1905. On that date,
25:
903:Kvinneaksjon for unionsoppløsning
239:nationalistic aspirations in 1814
229:, taking the name of Haakon VII.
2472:1905 disestablishments in Sweden
2467:1905 disestablishments in Norway
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832:Importance of the events of 1905
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366:The Norwegian flag, without the
36:
2437:1905 in international relations
739:, Norwegian priest and educator
265:Swedish government at the time.
47:needs additional citations for
148:the Norwegian national anthem.
1:
1122:Norwegian government-in-exile
883:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia
664:Parliament of Norway Building
315:Preparations for independence
1075:Hereditary Kingdom of Norway
1070:Kingdom of Norway (872–1397)
2452:Political history of Sweden
2447:Political history of Norway
785:Frederik Hilfling-Rasmussen
733:, Norwegian theater critic.
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1806:Rise to become Great Power
743:Karl Sigwald Johannes Bull
669:On 12 and 13 November, in
417:a plebiscite for 13 August
189:) between the kingdoms of
144:Ja, vi elsker dette landet
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1996:
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556:Choosing a Norwegian king
1246:Administrative divisions
1092:Kingdom of Norway (1814)
434:Reactions outside Norway
261:measures favored by the
155:dissolution of the union
2001:Administrative division
1362:Government Pension Fund
655:then elected him king.
573:arrives in Norway with
289:parliamentary democracy
215:constitutional monarchy
2462:History of Scandinavia
1831:December Crisis (1768)
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623:Crown Prince Frederick
619:Prince Carl of Denmark
613:Prince Carl of Denmark
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561:The "Bernadotte Offer"
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346:Prelude to dissolution
227:Prince Carl of Denmark
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2457:Norwegian nationalism
927:16 April 2008 at the
751:, Norwegian diplomat.
713:Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson
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588:In its resolution of
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527:Karlstad negotiations
388:constitutional crisis
365:
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137:
2368:World Heritage Sites
1651:Romantic nationalism
1261:Correctional Service
1220:World Heritage Sites
621:, the second son of
466:improve this section
392:caretaker government
211:Norwegian plebiscite
140:Norwegian plebiscite
56:improve this article
2109:Automotive industry
1856:Famine of 1867–1869
1851:Sweden–Norway union
861:sphere of influence
813:Christian Michelsen
801:Christian Lundeberg
763:, Norwegian writer.
719:Erik Gustaf Boström
637:, daughter of King
583:Christian Michelsen
380:Christian Michelsen
199:House of Bernadotte
2157:Telecommunications
2142:Rehn–Meidner model
1955:Metropolitan areas
1836:Revolution of 1772
1816:Great Northern War
1616:Norwegian language
1425:Telecommunications
1112:Reichskommissariat
976:External resources
908:5 May 2015 at the
755:Øvre Richter Frich
667:
586:
581:by Prime Minister
537:
428:universal suffrage
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325:Conservative Party
187:unionsupplösningen
163:unionsoppløsningen
151:
18:Treaty of Karlstad
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2408:
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2228:Human trafficking
2175:
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2119:Income inequality
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2078:Political parties
2016:Foreign relations
1983:
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1866:Industrialization
1735:
1734:
1702:
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1521:language conflict
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1400:Norwegian paradox
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1316:Political parties
1276:Foreign relations
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737:Christopher Bruun
694:Nidaros Cathedral
575:Crown Prince Olav
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372:Akershus Fortress
179:unionsuppløysingi
171:unionsoppløysinga
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1065:High Middle Ages
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627:Louise of Sweden
510:Hjalmar Branting
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1117:Quisling regime
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519:Polar explorer
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319:While Norway's
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779:Gunnar Heiberg
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731:Sigurd Bødtker
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607:Gunnar Knudsen
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354:The Norwegian
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1861:Modernization
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1841:Gustavian era
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1682:national flag
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1506:Incarceration
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1491:Ethnic groups
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1390:National bank
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1286:Incarceration
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1103:
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1098:
1097:Sweden–Norway
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
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814:
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807:Maud of Wales
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799:
796:
792:
789:
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783:
780:
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773:Thomas Heftye
771:
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584:
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572:
569:The new king
567:
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542:
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524:
522:
517:
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511:
507:
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471:
467:
461:
460:
456:
451:This section
449:
445:
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420:
418:
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406:
403:
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395:
393:
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364:
357:
352:
345:
343:
341:
337:
332:
330:
326:
322:
321:Liberal Party
314:
312:
308:
302:Consul affair
301:
299:
297:
292:
290:
282:
278:
275:
271:
267:
264:
260:
259:protectionist
256:
255:
254:
250:
248:
244:
240:
232:
230:
228:
224:
220:
219:King Oscar II
216:
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208:
204:
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196:
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104:
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97:
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83:
80:
76:
73: –
72:
68:
67:Find sources:
61:
57:
51:
50:
45:This article
43:
39:
34:
33:
30:
19:
2348:National Day
2301:Coat of arms
2286:Architecture
2253:Prostitution
2223:Homelessness
2208:Demographics
2137:Nordic model
2021:Human rights
2006:Constitution
1876:World War II
1846:Coup of 1809
1826:Coup of 1756
1796:Kalmar Union
1672:Coat of arms
1631:Prostitution
1586:
1576:
1566:Architecture
1481:Demographics
1435:Trade unions
1395:Nordic model
1256:Constitution
1134:21st century
1107:World War II
1101:
1082:Kalmar Union
961:. Retrieved
957:the original
952:
943:
917:
898:
857:
853:
835:
797:(1903–1905).
791:Sigurd Ibsen
761:Arne Garborg
707:
687:
675:
668:
648:
616:
603:
587:
578:
550:
546:
538:
518:
503:
488:
479:
464:Please help
452:
425:
421:
410:
400:
396:
385:
377:
333:
328:
318:
309:
305:
295:
293:
286:
263:mercantilist
251:
236:
178:
154:
152:
143:
118:
109:
99:
92:
85:
78:
66:
54:Please help
49:verification
46:
29:
2233:Immigration
2104:Agriculture
2058:Legislature
2026:LGBT rights
1871:World War I
1646:Nationalism
1501:Immigration
1377:Natural gas
1291:LGBT rights
1281:Governments
1060:Unification
953:Aftenposten
340:Fredriksten
336:Kongsvinger
2416:Categories
2333:Literature
2328:Irreligion
2218:Healthcare
2198:Censorship
2126:(currency)
2073:Neutrality
2033:Government
1898:Since 1991
1786:Prehistory
1621:Literature
1580:(clothing)
1528:Norwegians
1511:Irreligion
1384:(currency)
1306:Parliament
1055:Viking Age
1045:Bronze Age
922:Haakon VII
767:Haakon VII
652:republican
639:Edward VII
631:Charles XV
594:Bernadotte
571:Haakon VII
413:plebiscite
407:Plebiscite
368:union mark
247:parliament
237:Norwegian
233:Background
209:) – and a
197:under the
82:newspapers
2238:Languages
2213:Education
2162:Transport
2043:Judiciary
2011:Elections
1965:Provinces
1908:Geography
1893:1967–1991
1888:1945–1967
1801:1523–1611
1606:Jante law
1587:Christmas
1516:Languages
1486:Education
1440:Transport
1357:Fisheries
1271:Elections
1195:Mountains
1170:Districts
1153:Geography
1129:1945–2000
1040:Stone Age
698:Trondheim
683:Haakon VI
644:Alexander
453:does not
112:June 2018
2396:Category
2358:Religion
2193:Abortion
2152:Taxation
2068:Monarchy
2063:Military
1989:Politics
1975:Wildlife
1925:Counties
1881:timeline
1791:800–1521
1722:Category
1590:(season)
1543:Religion
1533:Pensions
1420:Taxation
1367:Industry
1301:Monarchy
1296:Military
1234:Politics
925:Archived
906:Archived
867:See also
841:support.
541:Karlstad
482:May 2024
356:Storting
329:de facto
203:Storting
175:Landsmål
2387:Outline
2318:Fashion
2306:Cuisine
2273:Culture
2258:Welfare
2181:Society
2167:Tourism
2092:Economy
1940:Islands
1935:Forests
1778:History
1713:Outline
1660:Symbols
1601:Cuisine
1558:Culture
1538:Poverty
1459:Society
1445:Whaling
1430:Tourism
1340:Economy
1190:Mammals
1180:Islands
1165:Climate
1032:History
579:Heimdal
474:removed
459:sources
274:Germany
183:Swedish
167:Nynorsk
96:scholar
2401:Portal
2296:Cinema
2281:Anthem
2248:People
2124:Krona
2114:Energy
1970:Rivers
1920:Cities
1769:Sweden
1727:Portal
1689:Mottos
1667:Anthem
1596:Cinema
1496:Health
1382:Krone
1372:Mining
1352:Energy
1311:Police
1266:Courts
1215:Rivers
1205:Cities
1023:Norway
679:Haakon
599:France
590:7 June
514:strike
281:Europe
195:Sweden
191:Norway
159:Bokmål
98:
91:
84:
77:
69:
2363:Sport
2343:Music
2338:Media
2263:Women
2203:Crime
1950:Lands
1945:Lakes
1677:Flags
1641:Sport
1626:Media
1611:Music
1577:Bunad
1548:Women
1476:Crime
1185:Lakes
963:1 May
890:Notes
103:JSTOR
89:books
2323:Flag
2311:Wine
965:2005
690:Oslo
635:Maud
457:any
455:cite
338:and
193:and
153:The
75:news
2291:Art
2048:Law
1571:Art
1405:Oil
933:NRK
696:in
468:by
58:by
2418::
951:.
863:.
185::
181:;
177::
173:;
169::
165:;
161::
142:.
1761:e
1754:t
1747:v
1015:e
1008:t
1001:v
967:.
495:)
489:(
484:)
480:(
476:.
462:.
283:.
276:.
157:(
125:)
119:(
114:)
110:(
100:·
93:·
86:·
79:·
52:.
20:)
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