1430:
1505:
1037:
1208:
3389:, p. 86 "With regard to stone-throwers, however, China and the Mediterranean world had followed quite different paths of development. Hellenistic and Roman stone-throwers were torsion machines that derived their propulsive power from twisted fibers or sinews, whereas in China, as we have seen, traction-based stone-throwers (or trebuchets) had been employed since ancient times and torsion-based devices are not attested. There has been much debate about whether even the simplest of the torsion machines, the one-armed “onager,” remained in use into the early Byzantine period. But the dominant trend was toward convergence, with the Byzantines adopting the traction trebuchet as their new stone-thrower (and possibly as early as 587)."
1279:
637:, the traction trebuchet was 17 ft (5.2 m) high with 4 ft (1.2 m) buried below ground, the fulcrum attached was constructed from the wheels of a cart, the throwing arm was 30–35 ft (9.1–10.7 m) long with three quarters above the pivot and a quarter below to which the ropes are attached, and the sling 2.8 ft (0.85 m) long. The range given for projectiles are 300 ft (91 m), 180 ft (55 m), and 120 ft (37 m). They were used as defensive weapons stationed on walls and sometimes hurled hollowed-out logs filled with burning charcoal to destroy enemy siege works. By the 1st century AD, commentators were interpreting other passages in texts such as the
2499:
1392:
equipped with their own wheels, as shown in two 17th- and 18th-century
Chinese illustrations, which are also the only Chinese depictions of counterweight trebuchets on land. According to Liang Jieming, the "illustration shows... its throwing arm disassembled, its counterweight locked with supporting braces, and prepped for transport and not in battle deployment." However, according to Joseph Needham, the large tank in the middle was the counterweight, while the bulb at the end of the arm was for adjusting between fixed and swinging counterweights. Both Liang and Needham note that the illustrations are poorly drawn and confusing, leading to mislabeling.
595:
2526:
1475:
489:; on command, men pull ropes attached to the shorter end of the trebuchet beam. The difficulties of coordinating the pull of many men together repeatedly and predictably makes counterweight trebuchets preferable for the larger machines, though they are more complicated to engineer. The trebuchet had further modifications to allow an increase to its range, by creating a slot for the sling and projectile to sit underneath the trebuchet, enabling the sling to be lengthened and thus extending the range, an alteration in the trajectory, or the release point to be changed. Further increasing their complexity is that either
1402:
576:
4209:, p. 405 "From the First Crusade onward, it is very difficult to discern any differences, let alone a technological advantage, between the trebuchets employed by Muslim forces and those used by their Frankish counterparts. Even during the siege of Acre (1189-91), when individuals from across Europe and the Middle East were drawn together and encountered people from distant regions and different technological traditions for the first time, their accounts provide no suggestion of an advantage or even difference between the engines employed by the Franks and those of the Muslims.
3006:, pp. 4–5 "Although this is strong evidence that this type of technology was known, and likely employed, in the Levant before the first known use of ‘trebuchet’, there is little consensus among scholars as to when and where the counterweight trebuchet was first developed. Al-Tarsusi’s description and accompanying illustration are far from conclusive proof that this type of engine was developed in the Islamic world. At the siege of Acre in 1189-91, eyewitness sources provide no indication that the artillery employed by either the Muslim garrison or the crusaders was superior."
1487:
747:
Mediterranean by the late 6th century AD, where it replaced torsion powered siege engines such as the ballista and onager. The rapid displacement of torsion siege engines was probably due to a combination of reasons. The traction trebuchet is simpler in design, has a faster rate of fire, increased accuracy, and comparable range and power. It was probably also safer than the twisted cords of torsion weapons, "whose bundles of taut sinews stored up huge amounts of energy even in resting state and were prone to catastrophic failure when in use." At the same time, the late
75:
1418:
1287:
2570:
3559:, p. 141 "Although neither the role of the Avars in the diffusion of the traction trebuchet and many other items of military technology westward across Eurasia nor the connection between the European Avars and the East Asian Rouran can be established with certainty, the fit is nevertheless a good one. The theory of an East Asian origin for at least a key component of the Avar elite is congruent with the evidence for the arrival of East Asian technologies in western Eurasia in the last decades of the sixth century ce."
905:
2542:
1008:
1463:
1429:
1025:
587:
989:
1303:, sieges were a last resort and negotiations for surrender were common. In these instances, trebuchets were used to threaten or bombard enemy fortifications and ensure victory. On the side of caution, historians such as John France, Christopher Marshall, and Michael Fulton emphasize the still considerable difficulty of reducing fortifications with siege artillery. Examples of the failure of siege artillery include the lack of evidence that artillery ever threatened the defenses of
922:
568:
956:
939:
1295:
Chevedden, and Hugh
Kennedy consider its power to have caused significant changes in medieval warfare. This line of thought suggests that rams were abandoned due to the effectiveness of the counterweight trebuchet, which was capable of reducing "any fortress to rubble". Accordingly, traditional fortifications became obsolete and had to be improved with new architectural structures to support defensive counterweight trebuchets. In southern
359:. It is unclear, however, whether these referred to counterweight trebuchets. Codagnellus did not specify a specific type of engine with the term and even implied that they were "fairly light in subsequent references". Only in the late 1210s do variations of "trebuchet" in sources, described as increasingly powerful machines or utilizing different components, identify more closely with the counterweight trebuchet. Other terms, such as
2161:
1587:
977:
2514:
1367:, explicitly states this division of functions. Traction trebuchets were to be used for hitting people in undefended areas. At the Siege of Acre (1291), both traction and counterweight trebuchets were used. The traction trebuchets provided cover fire while the counterweight trebuchets destroyed the city's fortifications. The counterweight-trebuchet could also be used for cover fire and as an anti-personnel weapon.
64:
1345:(146 lb)) have been found at Acre, located near the site of the siege and likely used by the Mamluks, surviving walls of a 13th-century Montmusard tower are no more than one meter thick. There is no indication that the thickness of fortress walls increased exponentially rather than a modest increase of 0.5–1 m (1 ft 8 in – 3 ft 3 in) between the 12th and 13th century. The
2431:" design. Instead of using the traditional axle fixed to a frame, these devices are mounted on wheels that roll on a track parallel to the ground, with a counterweight that falls directly downward upon release, allowing for greater efficiency by increasing the proportion of energy transferred to the projectile. A more radical design; Jonathan, Orion, and Emmerson Stapleton's "walking arm", described as
2554:
717:
according to the city . At the end of the arm there is a sling which holds the stone or stones, of weight and number depending on the stoutness of the arm. Men pull end, and so shoot it forth. The carriage framework can be pushed and turned around at will. Alternatively the ends can be buried in the ground and so used. the 'Whirlwind' type or the 'Four-footed' type depends upon the circumstances.
2994:, p. 33 "Neither the precise date, then, nor the route of its arrival can be determined with certainty. What is certain is that the only place known to have developed this form of artillery was China. It is equally possible that the Avars (with their origins in Central Asia), the Byzantines, or the Persians could have been the first to learn of and make use of the weapon in the western world."
2330:
3547:, p. 2 "Historians had previously assumed that the diffusion of trebuchets westward from China occurred too late to affect the initial phase of the Islamic conquests, from 624 to 656. Recent work by one of us (Chevedden), however, shows that trebuchets reached the eastern Mediterranean by the late 500s, were known in Arabia and were used with great effect by Islamic armies."
1082:
counterweights. A fixed counterweight is an intrinsic part of the swinging arm and its trajectory is circular. Hanging counterweights hang below the arm and drop vertically. Hinged counterweights are attached to the arm by a swinging joint. Some fixed counterweights also had a hinged component. The type described by al-Tarsusi was a hanging counterweight. Writing in 1280,
1381:
type. Although less accurate, traction trebuchets might be expected to achieve the same result, albeit with more shots, in a similar amount of time. Accordingly, it was only profitable to employ counterweight trebuchets if they were capable of harnessing noticeably more energy, allowing them to throw significantly larger stones or similarly sized stones greater distances.
165:
1579:
470:
1521:
428:
3365:, p. 265 "The earliest version of the trebuchet, which worked on the principle of a pivoted beam, that is, the man-powered traction trebuchet, was operated by a crew pulling on ropes, which were attached to the short end of the beam, in other words by using manpower rather than a counterweight. Such machines date back as far as ancient China."
541:, but is typically a large stone. Dense stone, or even metal, specially worked to be round and smooth, gives the best range and predictability. When attempting to breach enemy walls, it is important to use materials that will not shatter on impact; projectiles were sometimes brought from distant quarries to get the desired properties.
3401:"We do however know that the forerunner of the giant catapults of the Medieval era, simple traction catapults based on the lever principle, were already in use during the Warring States period in China in the 5th - 3rd century B.C. Their description appeared in the writings of Mozi, in a Mohist text under a section on Siege Warfare."
2207:, England, constructed in 2005. Based on historical designs, it stands 18 metres (59 ft) tall and throws missiles typically 36 kg (80 lbs) up to 300 metres (980 ft). The trebuchet gained significant interest from numerous news sources when in 2015 a burning missile fired from the siege engine struck and damaged a
878:' initial siege artillery was countered by the defenders' own, which shot stones at the besieging machine. In response, the Seljuks constructed another one requiring 400 men to pull and threw stones weighing 20 kg (44 lb). A breach was created on the first shot but the machine was burnt down by the defenders. According to
2173:
1226:
year and no further references to the
Arresting Trebuchet appear. The earliest definite mention of the counterweight trebuchet in China was in 1268, when the Mongols laid siege to Fancheng and Xiangyang. After failing to take the twin cities of Fancheng and Xiangyang for several years, collectively known as the
1371:
of Aragon employed this as a defensive tactic in many fortified structures and towns which proved effective. Trebuchets could cause mass casualties due to the destruction of structures. During an assault on
Muntcada by King James I, a trebuchet was used to target a tower, destroying the structure and
1350:
effects of the enemy's trebuchets. Ropes of rice straw four inches thick and thirty-four feet long were joined together twenty at a time, draped on to the buildings from top to bottom, and covered with clay. Then neither the incendiary arrows, nor bombs from trebuchets, nor even stones of a hundred
1225:
commander Qiang Shen. Qiang invented a device called the "Arresting
Trebuchet" which only needed a few men to work it, and could hurl great stones more than a hundred paces, further than even the strongest traction trebuchet. However no other details on the machine are given. Qiang died the following
1190:
shortly after 1218. By the 1230s the counterweight trebuchet was a common item in siege warfare. Despite the lack of clearly definable terms in the late 12th and early 13th centuries, it is likely that both
Muslims and Europeans already had working knowledge of the counterweight trebuchet beforehand.
1262:
The design of the Muslim trebuchets came originally from the Muslim countries, and they were more powerful than ordinary trebuchets. In the case of the largest ones, the wooden framework stood above a hole in the ground. The projectiles were several feet in diameter, and when they fell to the earth
1163:
from around 1205. Only in the late 1210s do references to "trebuchet", describing more powerful engines and different components, more closely align with the features of a counterweight trebuchet. Some of these more powerful engines may have just been traction trebuchets, as one was described being
716:
For the trebuchet they use large baulks of wood to make the framework, fixing it on four wheels below. From this there rise up two posts having between them a horizontal bar which carries a single arm so that the top of the machine is like a swape. The arm is arranged as to height, length and size,
512:
of the lever). These factors multiply the acceleration transmitted to the throwing portion of the beam and its attached sling. The sling starts rotating with the beam, but rotates farther (typically about 360°) and therefore faster, transmitting this increased speed to the projectile. The length of
1349:
described the faster firing traction trebuchets as more dangerous to the defenders than the counterweight ones. The Song dynasty described countermeasures against counterweight trebuchets that prevented them from damaging towers and houses: "an extraordinary method was invented of neutralising the
1048:
There is little to no consensus as to where and when the counterweight trebuchet, which has been described as the "most powerful weapon of the Middle Ages", was first developed. The earliest known description and illustration of a counterweight trebuchet comes from a commentary on the conquests of
667:
period. They were commonly called stone-throwing machines, thunder carriages, and stone carriages in the following centuries. They were used as ship mounted weapons by 573 for attacking enemy fortifications. It seems that during the early 7th century, improvements were made on traction trebuchets,
1391:
There is some evidence that the counterweight trebuchet could be transported. Armies employed a magister tormentorum ('master of trebuchets') for the reconstruction of trebuchets after they were deconstructed for transportation to their destination, whether on carts or by ship. They could also be
1380:
Rather than replace traction trebuchets, counterweight trebuchets supplemented them in a different role. Their slower shooting rate and greater mass made them more difficult to reposition, or even yaw, leaving few incentives to employ a small counterweight engine rather than a comparable traction
1109:
reportedly invented new pieces of heavy artillery which deviated from the conventional design and made a deep impression on everyone. Illustrations produced later in 1270 depicted fixed counterweight trebuchets used at the siege. Possible references to counterweight trebuchets also appear for the
824:
The catapult, the account of which has been translated from the Greek several times, was quadrangular, with a wide base but narrowing towards the top, using large iron rollers to which were fixed timber beams "similar to the beams of big houses", having at the back a sling, and at the front thick
1357:
The counterweight trebuchet did not completely replace the traction trebuchet. Despite its greater range, counterweight trebuchets had to be constructed close to the site of the siege unlike traction trebuchets, which were smaller, lighter, cheaper, and easier to take apart and put back together
1344:
fielded 72 or 92 trebuchets, including 14 or 15 counterweight trebuchets and the remaining traction types, they were never able to fulfill a breaching role. The
Mamluks entered the city by sapping the northeast corner of the outer wall. Though stone projectiles of substantial size (~66 kilograms
1068:
Although al-Tarsusi provided the first description and illustration of a counterweight trebuchet, the text implies that the engine was not new and had previously been built. Al-Tarsusi referred to the counterweight trebuchet as the "Persian" trebuchet whereas the "Frankish" trebuchet was a light
1646:
According to Paul E. Chevedden, a hybrid trebuchet existed that used both counterweight and human propulsion. However no illustrations or descriptions of the device exist from the time when they were supposed to have been used. The entire argument for the existence of hybrid trebuchets rests on
1362:
stated in 1388: "The old type of trebuchet was really more convenient. If you have a hundred of those machines, then when you are ready to march, each wooden pole can be carried by only four men. Then when you reach your destination, you encircle the city, set them up, and start shooting!" The
1294:
While some historians have described the counterweight trebuchet as a type of medieval super weapon, other historians have urged caution in overemphasizing its destructive capability. On the side of the counterweight engine as a medieval military revolution, historians such as Sydney Toy, Paul
525:
The rotation speed of the throwing beam increases smoothly, starting slow but building up quickly. After the projectile is released, the arm continues to rotate, allowed to smoothly slow down on its own accord and come to rest at the end of the rotation. This is unlike the violent sudden stop
2435:
debuted in 2016 and in 2018 won both the Grand
Champion Best Design and Middleweight Open Division of the 10th annual Vermont Pumpkin Chuckin Festival. Another recent development is the "flywheel trebuchet," in which a flywheel is spun into rapid rotation to build up momentum before release.
1372:
causing the consequential deaths of civilians and livestock. But typically the counterweight trebuchet was used against battlements such as parapets, other defensive structures, and the lower section of walls due to its greater accuracy and longer range, which was how it was employed by the
1081:
was used to describe hinged counterweight engines in contrast to previous fixed or hanging counterweight trebuchets. Sometimes counterweight trebuchets are separated into two or three different categories based on how their counterweights are attached. These being fixed, hanging, and hinged
746:
by the sixth to seventh centuries AD. Some scholars suggest that the Avars carried the traction trebuchet westward while others claim that the
Byzantines already possessed knowledge of the traction trebuchet beforehand. Regardless of the vector of transmission, it appeared in the eastern
501:, are typically required to raise the more massive counterweights. So while counterweight trebuchets require significantly fewer men to operate than traction trebuchets, they require significantly more time to reload. In a long siege, reload time may not be a critical concern.
1638:) was invented by Liu Yongxi and presented to the emperor in 1002. It was a pole with a pin at its upper end that acted as a fulcrum for the arm. The pole was used as a shot for fixing in the ground and the user could then throw missiles at the enemy from a static position.
1504:
893:
West of China, the traction trebuchet remained the primary siege engine until the 12th century when it was replaced by the counterweight trebuchet. In China the traction trebuchet was the primary siege engine until the counterweight trebuchet was introduced during the
550:
2233:, which at the 2013 WCPC Championship tossed a pumpkin 2835.8 ft (864.35 metres). The 51-foot-tall (16 m), 55,000-pound (25,000 kg) trebuchet flings the standard 8–10-pound (3.6–4.5 kg) pumpkins, specified for all entries in the WCPC competition.
1307:
between 1170 and 1188. Marshall maintains that "the methods of attack and defence remained largely the same through the thirteenth century as they had been during the twelfth." Reservations on the counterweight trebuchet's destructive capability were expressed by
1315:
In spite of the evidence regarding increasingly powerful counterweight trebuchets during the 13th century, "it remains an important consideration that not one of these appears to have effected a breach that directly led to the fall of a stronghold." In 1220,
1647:
accounts of increasingly more effective siege weapons. Peter Purton suggests that this was simply because the machines became larger. The earliest depiction of a hybrid trebuchet is dated to 1462, when trebuchets had already become obsolete due to cannons.
6416:
6214:
1101:, which is only useful to counterweight machines, at the siege of Zevgminon in 1165. However the source for this was written in the 1180s to 1190s and Niketas may have been placing the engine of his own time anachronistically into the past. At the
781:
in 586 with traction trebuchets. The bombardment lasted for hours, but the operators were inaccurate and most of the shots missed their target. When one stone did reach their target, it "demolished the top of the rampart down to the walkway." The
2179:
2178:
2175:
2174:
316:, describes it as a "trap whose trigger mechanism consists of an assembly of balanced logs" (understood as animal trap by 1375) while the ca. 1200 edition describes it as a "war engine that throws stones to break down walls". The word
2180:
530:, which must absorb most of the launching energy into their own frame, and must be heavily built and reinforced as a result. This key difference makes the trebuchet much more durable, allowing for larger and more powerful machines.
839:, used in a supportive position alongside archers and slingers. Most accounts of traction trebuchets describe them as light artillery weapons while actual penetration of defenses was the result of mining or siege towers. At the
6409:
6207:
1486:
2541:
751:
seems to have fielded "considerably less artillery than its forebears, organised now in separate units, so the weaponry that came into the hands of successor states might have been limited in quantity." Evidence from
2177:
1144:. Chevedden argues that given the references to new and better trebuchets that by the 1120–30s, the counterweight trebuchet was being used in a variety of places by different peoples such as the crusader states, the
2199:
The methods of trebuchet construction were lost at the beginning of the 16th century. In 1984, the French engineer Renaud
Beffeyte made the first modern reconstruction of a trebuchet, based on documents from 1324.
6402:
2426:
Although rarely used as a weapon today, trebuchets maintain the interest of professional and hobbyist engineers. One modern technological development, especially for the competitive pumpkin-hurling events, is the
6200:
2979:, p. 142 "Another, more specifically Chinese contribution to military technology that may have been carried westward by the Avars is the traction trebuchet. In contrast to the counterweighted trebuchet..."
521:
to give it the range to hit the target. Adjusting the sling's release point is the primary means of fine-tuning the range, as the rest of the trebuchet's actions are difficult to adjust after construction.
1552:. Accounts of the attack note that its use was motivated by the limited supply of gunpowder. The attempt was reportedly unsuccessful: the first projectile landed on the trebuchet itself, destroying it.
481:
is stored by slowly raising an extremely heavy box (typically filled with stones, sand, or lead) attached to the shorter end of the beam (typically on a hinged connection), and releasing it on command.
1263:
they made a hole three or four feet deep. when wanted to hurl them to a great range, they added weight and set it further back when they needed only a shorter distance, they set it forward, nearer .
2498:
1159:
in 1199. However it is unclear if this referred to counterweight trebuchets since the author did not specify what engine was used and described the machine as fairly light. They may have been used in
1250:
and built trebuchets for the siege. Chinese and Muslim engineers operated artillery and siege engines for the Mongol armies. By 1283, counterweight trebuchets were also used in Southeast Asia by the
1659:
is a smaller version of a counterweight trebuchet with a single frame instead of the usual double "A" frames. The counterweight is split into two halves to avoid hitting the center frame.
1057:
in 1187. However cases for the existence of both European and Muslim counterweight trebuchets prior to 1187 have been made. In 1090, Khalaf ibn Mula'ib threw out a man from the citadel in
1401:
681:
5951:
Sayers, William (2023), "Chapter 3: The Counterweight Trebuchet, the History of Its Name in Medieval France and Britain, and the Terminology of Its Components in Villard de Honnecourt",
395:
at one point or another. Confusion between the onager, mangonel, trebuchet, and other catapult types in contemporary terminology has led some historians today to use the more precise
5031:
680:, the engineer Jiang Xingben made great advancements on trebuchets that were unknown in ancient times. Jiang Xingben participated in the construction of siege engines for Taizong's
1312:, who "asserted that even counterweight-powered artillery could do little more than destroy crenellations, clear defenders from parapets and target the machines of the besieged."
1221:
Counterweight trebuchets do not appear with certainty in Chinese historical records until about 1268. Prior to 1268, the counterweight trebuchet may have been used in 1232 by the
2569:
154:
to swing the arm. It appeared in both Christian and Muslim lands around the Mediterranean in the 12th century, and was carried back to China by the Mongols in the 13th century.
2196:, and use in other historical celebrations. As their construction is substantially simpler than modern weapons, trebuchets also serve as the object of engineering challenges.
1207:
649:
as references to the traction trebuchet: "the guai is 'a great arm of wood on which a stone is laid, and this by means of a device is shot off and so strikes down the enemy.
2188:
Most trebuchet use in recent centuries has been for recreational or educational, rather than military purposes. New machines have been constructed and old ones restored by
1089:
Chevedden argues that counterweight trebuchets appeared prior to 1187 in Europe based on what might have been counterweight trebuchets in earlier sources. The 12th-century
1036:
976:
2525:
1474:
466:
is primarily obtained by having the projectile section of the beam much longer than the opposite section where the force is applied – usually four to six times longer.
2176:
5240:
6056:
Instruction of the masters on the means of deliverance from disasters in wars. Bodleian MS Hunt. 264. ed. Cahen, Claude, "Un traite d'armurerie compose pour Saladin"
447:
to throw a projectile. They are typically large constructions, with the length of the beam as much as 15 meters (50 ft), with some purported to be even larger.
867:
in 865, defensive artillery were responsible for repelling an attack on the city gate while traction trebuchets on boats claimed a hundred of the defenders' lives.
5211:
1195:(1096–1099) onward, there does not appear to be any discernible difference in the technology of siege engines employed by Muslim and Frankish forces, and by the
1417:
5409:
2487:
troops. The IDF later issued a response to suggest that the trebuchet's use was a "local initiative", rather than a widely-used tool in the Israeli military.
938:
1176:, who was killed by artillery at the siege, is a traction trebuchet. Though soon after, clear evidence of counterweight machines appeared. According to the
904:
955:
843:
in 766, Byzantine defenders used wooden cover to protect themselves from the enemy artillery while inflicting casualties with their own stone throwers.
4247:
1462:
256:(10th century) meant "to overthrow, to bring down", then and now "to stumble", maybe earlier "to rock" or "to tilt". It is a compound of (Old) French
1173:
599:
5068:
225:
is first mentioned in the 14th century (13th century in Anglo-Latin) as "medieval stone-throwing engine of war". It is borrowed from (Old) French
2513:
921:
6064:
3377:, p. 2 "The trebuchet, invented in China between the fifth and third centuries B.C.E., reached the Mediterranean by the sixth century C.E."
988:
454:
suspended high above the ground by a stout frame and base, such that the beam can rotate vertically through a wide arc (typically over 180°). A
5394:
1278:
4759:
4143:
391:, which was used as a generic term for any medieval stone throwing artillery. Both the traction and counterweight trebuchets have been called
6084:
5863:
Miracula S. Demetrii, ed. P. Lemerle, Les plus anciens recueils des miracles de saint Demitrius et la penetration des slaves dans les Balkans
5836:
3914:
3813:
3517:
3492:
847:
noted that at the siege of Balis in 823 it was the defenders that suffered from bombardment rather than the fortifications. At the siege of
2483:. The goal was to burn down the thicket that grew alongside the border wall between Israel and Lebanon, so it couldn't be used as cover by
1182:, the defenders "ran to the ropes and wound the trebuchets", and to shoot the machine, they "then released their ropes." They were used in
5271:"Vermont Pumpkin Chuckin' Festival: The Final Results and Report for the 8th Annual Vermont Pumpkin Chuckin' Festival on Sept. 25th, 2016"
5049:
2275:. It recreates the true story that it took some three months to build and Edward would not let his enemy surrender until he could use it.
112:. The design of a trebuchet allows it to launch projectiles of greater weights and further distances than that of a traditional catapult.
68:
2214:
situated at the River Avon close by, inadvertently demonstrating the weapon's power. It is built on the design of a similar trebuchet at
5556:
5087:
5008:
2547:
A modern improvised trebuchet erected by rioters in Hrushevskoho Street, Kyiv in 2014, with the counterweight used to operate it visible
895:
863:
in 848, traction trebuchets were used, "reportedly killing 100 and wounding 400 on each side during the eight-month siege." During the
659:
say that "The flying stones weigh 12 catties and by devices are shot off 300 paces." Traction trebuchets went into decline during the
5457:
4257:
3827:
3296:
1555:
In China, the last time trebuchets were seriously considered for military purposes was in 1480. Not much is heard of them afterwards.
669:
1165:
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2865:
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2413:
594:
2449:
2351:
2344:
5367:
2553:
5917:
The Crossbow With a Treatise on the Balista and Catapult of the Ancients and an Appendix on the Catapult, Balista and Turkish Bow
458:
is attached to one end of the beam to hold the projectile. The projectile is thrown when the beam is quickly rotated by applying
864:
6541:
5970:
4982:
2279:
1238:" is a loose slang referring to any Muslims), or Xiangyang trebuchet (襄陽砲) because they were first encountered in that battle.
1199:(1189–1192), both sides seemed well acquainted with the enemy's siege weapons, which "appear to have been remarkably similar."
1178:
1065:
fortifications. David Nicolle argues that these events could have only been possible with the use of counterweight trebuchets.
852:
6003:
4902:
813:
123:, which uses manpower to swing the arm. It first appeared in China by the 4th century BC. It spread westward, possibly by the
6546:
2456:
655:
5248:
1234:
army brought in two Persian engineers to build hinged counterweight trebuchets. Known as the Huihui trebuchet (回回砲, where "
477:
The difference between counterweight and traction trebuchets is what force they use. Counterweight trebuchets use gravity;
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cables, enabling the arm to be raised and lowered, and which threw "enormous blocks into the air with a terrifying noise".
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Some exceptionally large and powerful traction trebuchets have been described during the 11th century or later. At the
705:
30:
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6526:
5681:
Humphries, Paul D. (1985). "'Of Arms and Men': Siege and Battle Tactics in the Catalan Grand Chronicles (1208-1387)".
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The counterweight and traction trebuchets were phased out around the mid-15th century in favor of gunpowder weapons.
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tried to capture an island castle with traction trebuchet on galleys. Traction trebuchets were also used in India.
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55:
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In recent years several trebuchets has been created capable of throwing cars. In the episode "Carnage A Trois" in
6235:
6112:
2373:
871:
1286:
882:, this machine weighed 3,400 kg (7,500 lb) and caused a number of casualties to the city's defenders.
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1239:
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in 1161, a traction trebuchet was reported to have had a range of 200 paces (over 400 m (1,300 ft)).
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in 838 saw the use of traction trebuchets to drive away defenders and destroy wooden defenses. At the siege of
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in Denmark. In 1989, Middelaldercentret became the first place in the modern era to have a working trebuchet.
6192:
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6118:
3819:
2967:, pp. 71, 74. "The traction trebuchet, invented by the Chinese sometime before the fourth century B.C."
2226:
2203:
The largest currently-functioning trebuchet in the world is the 22,000-kilogram (49,000 lb) machine at
2193:
505:
5651:
Hansen, Peter Vemming (April 1992). "Medieval Siege Engines Reconstructed: The Witch with Ropes for Hair".
2380:
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that uses a rotating arm with a sling attached to the tip to launch a projectile. It was a common powerful
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6015:
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Chevedden, Paul E. (2000). "The Invention of the Counterweight Trebuchet: A Study in Cultural Diffusion".
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1615:
mechanism to propel projectiles. Basically a one-man traction trebuchet, it was used by troops of emperor
1541:
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contains the earliest western European reference to mangonels (traction trebuchets) in its account of the
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again where necessary. The superiority of the counterweight trebuchet was not clear cut. Of this, the
586:
6240:
5872:
Chinese Siege Warfare: Mechanical Artillery & Siege Weapons of Antiquity – An Illustrated History
5653:
5474:
5154:(YouTube). Hancock, NH: The Science Channel. November 24, 2010. Event occurs at 1:17. Archived from
2560:
1616:
1549:
1452:
1337:
1140:
1114:, where the crusaders reportedly made use of "great trebuchets". However the sources for this siege,
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Example sling-release mechanism that automatically launches projectile at desired point of arm swing
6189: – A website about trebuchets with particular focus on modern uses and developments.
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1494:
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The first recorded use of traction trebuchets was in ancient China. They were probably used by the
6133:
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Charlemagne and Louis the Pious: The Lives by Einhard, Notker, Ermoldus, Thegan and the Astronomer
1545:
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Trebuchets compete in one of the classifications of machines used to hurl pumpkins at the annual
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claimed that hinged counterweight trebuchets had a greater range than fixed counterweight types.
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in the Sudan. Like the Chinese, by 653, the Arabs also had ship mounted traction trebuchets. The
281:
5241:"Vermont Pumpkin Chuckin' Festival: Results of the 10th annual Vermont Pumpkin Chuckin Festival"
1317:
1024:
5616:
Artillery in the Era of the Crusades: Siege Warfare and the Development of Trebuchet Technology
5212:"World's Simplest and Newest Trebuchet (Walking Arm Trebuchet) : 17 Steps (with Pictures)"
1363:
traction trebuchet continued to serve as an anti-personnel weapon. The Norwegian text of 1240,
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12th-century depiction of a traction trebuchet (also called a perrier) next to a staff slinger
879:
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The Worlds of Villard de Honnecourt: The Portfolio, Medieval Technology, and Gothic Monuments
5826:
6500:
6363:
6286:
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6025:
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5707:
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5512:
5482:
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Science and Civilisation in China: Military technology: The Gunpowder Epic, Volume 5, Part 7
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2720:
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Possibly a counterweight trebuchet (however text says cannon) from the Chinese encyclopedia
1435:
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817:
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783:
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436:
128:
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5032:"Experts reveal the science behind 'the world's biggest trebuchet' on You Have Been Warned"
1097:
may have been referring to a counterweight trebuchet when he described one equipped with a
1077:(Frankish trebuchet) to refer to counterweight trebuchets. Paul E. Chevedden suggests that
517:
so that, at the time of release from the sling, the projectile is traveling in the desired
6343:
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2313:
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2160:
1447:
1408:
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527:
431:
Side view of counterweight trebuchet, with a detail of the counterweight release mechanism
383:
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169:
124:
93:
5794:
4744:
4530:""Of Arms and Men": Siege and Battle Tactics in the Catalan Grand Chronicles (1208-1387)"
206:, have obscured the origin of the term. In Arabic the counterweight trebuchet was called
5478:
1586:
1510:
Early 18th-century depiction of a Chinese ship armed with three counterweight trebuchets
1155:
The earliest solid reference to a "trebuchet" in European sources dates to the siege of
760:
suggests there was substantial loss of skills and techniques in artillery further west.
6505:
6378:
6108:
5729:"War in the South: A First Look at Siege Warfare in the Albigensian Crusade, 1209–1218"
4305:"War in the South: A First Look at Siege Warfare in the Albigensian Crusade, 1209–1218"
3930:
3508:
Franke, Herbert (1994). Denis C. Twitchett; Herbert Franke; John King Fairbank (eds.).
2387:
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around 965 to disrupt enemy formations in the open field. It was also mentioned in the
1600:
1359:
1309:
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with a machine and in the early 12th century, Muslim siege engines were able to breach
967:
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but could not penetrate past the outer wall, which was soft but thick. As late as the
387:, a torsion powered catapult that is often conflated in contemporary sources with the
6520:
6485:
6383:
6338:
6261:
6037:
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1196:
1192:
1083:
151:
2229:, U.S. The record-holder in that contest for trebuchets is the Yankee Siege II from
1713:
130–275 m (427–902 ft) (no damage to walls over 130 m (430 ft))
63:
6353:
6123:
4906:
3510:
The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, 710–1368
2610:
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were mentioned to have been deployed, but the siege engine depicted at the tomb of
962:
778:
748:
701:
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673:
299:
187:
105:
886:
describes a traction trebuchet capable of throwing a man in 1089. At the siege of
6004:"Trebuchet - A Gravity-Operated Siege Engine: Study in Experimental Archaeology"
5982:
5963:
Trebuchet – a gravity operated siege engine. A Study in Experimental Archaeology
5635:
The Eurasian Way of War Military Practice in Seventh-Century China and Byzantium
4986:
3066:
2329:
2309:
2263:
1608:
883:
794:
in the second half of the 7th century. In 652, the Arabs used trebuchets at the
730:
The traction trebuchet was adopted by various peoples west of China such as the
677:
660:
629:
486:
177:
173:
6109:
Secrets of Lost Empires: Medieval Siege (building of and history of trebuchets)
4931:
663:
due to long periods of peace but became a common siege weapon again during the
411:
to mean exclusively traction trebuchets, while others call traction trebuchets
6368:
6307:
6175:
6164:
6153:
5846:
5796:
The Counterweighted Trebuchet – an Excellent Example of Applied Retromechanics
5347:
5333:
5295:
5155:
4693:
1235:
518:
514:
494:
5673:
4595:
4553:
4320:
1532:, the trebuchet began to lose its place as the siege engine of choice to the
6459:
6281:
6266:
5754:"The Traction Trebuchet: A Reconstruction of an Early Medieval Siege Engine"
4953:"armedieval - le trebuchet et les machines civiles et militaires médiévales"
3161:
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3089:
2484:
2211:
1563:
1529:
1243:
1213:
1090:
693:
639:
298:
The earliest appearance of the term "trebuchet" in French dates to the late
109:
6029:
2433:"...a stick falling over with a huge counterweight on top of the stick..."
509:
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5069:"The Grand Tour: This Is What Happened To The Carnage A Trois Trebuchet"
4603:
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4328:
4304:
1578:
469:
306:
as a siege weapon are from around the year 1200. The 1174-77 edition of
6358:
5777:
5728:
5719:
5590:
5524:
5300:
5134:
4561:
4529:
2576:
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2271:, King of Scots. During the film, it hurls an incendiary projectile at
2254:
2237:
1567:
1520:
1183:
1160:
1149:
1050:
875:
689:
571:
Sicilian-Byzantine depiction of a traction trebuchet, 12th-13th century
427:
329:
5600:
The Diffusion of Artillery Terminology in the Early Thirteenth Century
5566:
5368:"Ukrainian Protesters Built A Giant Catapult To Fight The Riot Police"
4695:
Israel Uses Medieval Trebuchet Against Hezbollah in Lebanon | WSJ News
139:, and other neighboring peoples by the sixth to seventh centuries AD.
5395:"Watch: IDF uses trebuchet to launch flaming projectile at Hezbollah"
2459:
in Ukraine, rioters used an improvised trebuchet to throw bricks and
2452:. The trebuchet was used to project explosives at government troops.
2312:
created a 14-metre (46 ft) high trebuchet capable of throwing a
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1439:
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1231:
1187:
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860:
803:
799:
624:
5769:
5711:
5516:
5189:
4545:
2184:
2012 demonstration of the Warwick Castle trebuchet (launch at 10:30)
6148:
5554:
Dennis, George (1998). "Byzantine Heavy Artillery: The Helepolis".
1689:
0.6 kg (1.3 lb) (stone)/0.4 kg (0.88 lb) (lead)
668:
although it is not explicitly stated what. According to a stele in
513:
the sling increases the mechanical advantage, and also changes the
6454:
6276:
5753:
5695:
5534:
The Anarchy: War and Status in 12th-Century Landscapes of Conflict
2171:
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1612:
1585:
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1519:
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1277:
1251:
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soldiers fired bombs of lime and sulphur against the ships of the
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136:
2519:
19th century French drawing of a medieval counterweight trebuchet
1211:
A Chinese counterweight trebuchet packed for transport, from the
6143:
3807:
3805:
1247:
753:
451:
6398:
6196:
5926:
Siege Warfare and Military Organization in the Successor States
4766:
Couillard pictures ... see CHÂTEAU DES BAUX-DE-PROVENCE, France
381:
was created mainly to distinguish this type of weapon from the
5696:"By Hook or by Crook: Siege Warfare in the Fourteenth Century"
5567:"English Artillery 1189-1307: The Implications of Terminology"
5435:"IDF uses medieval siege weapon to fling fireballs at Lebanon"
4580:"By hook or by crook: Siege warfare in the fourteenth century"
2790:
2323:
1011:
The earliest known depiction of a counterweight trebuchet, by
6186:
5130:"This Massive Homemade Trebuchet Can Launch Washing Machines"
5009:"Season 8 Filming: Watch a trebuchet test at Titanic Studios"
3815:
City of heavenly tranquility: Beijing in the history of China
1069:
traction engine. Later during the 13th century, Muslims used
786:
adopted the traction trebuchet possibly as early as 587, the
627:
as early as 4th century BC; descriptions can be found in the
526:
inherent in the action of other catapult designs such as the
450:
A trebuchet consists primarily of a long beam attached by an
533:
A trebuchet projectile can be almost anything, even debris,
6425:
Medieval mechanical artillery and hand-held missile weapons
4983:"World Championship Punkin Chunkin – Current World Records"
4252:(reprint ed.). Rutgers University Press. p. 283.
2854:
2836:
2750:
2732:
2698:
2692:
2686:
2655:
2643:
1423:
Counterweight trebuchet at the siege of Nicaea (1097), 1337
377:), not used by contemporary users of the weapons. The term
6223:
Ancient mechanical artillery and hand-held missile weapons
5349:
Syrian opposition use medieval 'trebuchet' to launch bombs
4484:
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2845:
2747:
2741:
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2649:
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A scale model of a trebuchet, based on the design of the "
5050:"Car is launched from trebuchet at Shropshire fundraiser"
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2738:
5915:
Payne-Gallwey, Sir Ralph (1903). "LVIII The Trebuchet".
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3579:
3577:
3334:
3332:
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2911:
2909:
363:, might have also referred to counterweight trebuchets.
186:
The numerous forms of the word that appeared during the
115:
There are two main types of trebuchet. The first is the
5664:"Experimental Reconstruction of the Medieval Trebuchet"
4952:
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34:
5410:"IDF forces use 15th-century weapon against Hezbollah"
4972:. archive.archaeology.org. Retrieved 12 September 2013
2504:
Modern recreation of a Mongol-era traction trebuchet,
2866:
2851:
2827:
2814:
2799:
2762:
2723:
2710:
2664:
2288:
the presenters uses a trebuchet to allegedly sling a
725:(太白陰經) by Tang military official Li Quan (李筌), 759 AD
172:
was a torsion powered weapon used in Europe from the
5356:
from the original on 2021-11-07 – via YouTube.
5111:"YouTuber Colin Furze creates trebuchet in Stamford"
4249:
The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia
3415:
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3411:
3409:
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3289:
Ingenium : five machines that changed the world
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used to distinguish what was before called simply a
276:
expressing "displacement" in that case + Old French
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6295:
6249:
6228:
5899:
Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Part 2
2848:
2781:
2744:
2677:
2634:
1480:
16th-century depiction of a counterweight trebuchet
1468:
15th-century depiction of a counterweight trebuchet
633:(compiled in the 4th century BC). According to the
3291:. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 66–70.
2479:used a trebuchet to hurl flaming projectiles into
1692:180 m (590 ft)/300 m (980 ft)
5881:Science and Civilization in China Volume 5 Part 6
2168:(England) based on drawings from the 13th Century
944:Sìjiǎo "Four Footed" traction trebuchet from the
855:used artillery to damage houses in the town. The
504:When the trebuchet is operated, the force causes
78:Counterweight trebuchet used in a siege from the
5935:A History of the Early Medieval Siege c.450-1200
5825:Janin, Hunt; Carlson, Ursula (10 January 2014).
4144:"Historic Traction Trebuchet Illustrations Pt 1"
3512:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 241–242.
2987:
2985:
1562:made at least partial use of trebuchets against
1544:. One of the last recorded military uses was by
835:The traction trebuchet was most efficient as an
51:Siege engine using long arm to throw projectiles
6069:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History
5865:. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.
4964:
4962:
1378:
1260:
822:
714:
142:The later, and often larger and more powerful,
5944:A History of the Late Medieval Siege 1200-1500
5828:Mercenaries in Medieval and Renaissance Europe
3154:Dictionnaire historique de la langue française
2448:, rebels were filmed using a trebuchet in the
688:constructed 300 trebuchets for his assault on
620:in some sources, originated in ancient China.
616:The traction trebuchet, also referred to as a
590:13th-century depiction of a traction trebuchet
553:Wheeled whirlwind traction trebuchet from the
6410:
6208:
6047:Siege Weapons of the Far East (1) AD 612-1300
5456:Chevedden, Paul E.; et al. (July 1995).
5092:"Carnage a Trois" Episode Falls Largely Flat"
4158:"Medieval Warfare during the Cathar Crusades"
2240:as part of the set for the television series
2236:A large trebuchet was tested in late 2017 in
1354:caused any damage to the towers and houses."
696:did the same at Luoyang, and onward into the
8:
5804:Jahsman, William E.; MTA Associates (2001).
5793:Jahsman, William E.; MTA Associates (2000).
6058:. Bulletin d'etudes orientales 12 :103–163.
5861:Archbishop of Thessalonike, John I (1979).
5234:
5232:
4905:. Thelep.org.uk. 2008-11-20. Archived from
3487:. Cambridge University Press. p. 166.
1631:(author anonymous) as a form of artillery.
806:adopted the weapon in the 8th century. The
598:Traction trebuchet depicted at the tomb of
236:The French word is from the verbal root of
18:
6417:
6403:
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6215:
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5892:. Cambridge University Press. p. 218.
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2414:Learn how and when to remove this message
1663:Comparison of different artillery weapons
1536:. Trebuchets were still used both at the
5831:. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland.
4930:. Engineering.wright.edu. Archived from
4628:
4473:
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2074:
2011:
1923:
1855:
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600:Simon de Montfort, 5th Earl of Leicester
73:
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24:This is an accepted version of this page
6065:"Christian and Islamic Nubia, 543–1820"
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2929:OED, Random House Unabridged Dictionary
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1988:460–1,060 m (1,510–3,480 ft)
1985:950–1,200 kg (2,090–2,650 lb)
1911:900–1,360 kg (1,980–3,000 lb)
1550:siege of the Aztec capital Tenochtitlán
1397:
900:
769:, probably written around 620 by John,
280:"trunk of the body, bulk", itself from
20:
6077:10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.407
5981:Siano, Donald B. (November 16, 2013).
5910:. Pennsylvania State University Press.
5614:Fulton, Michael S. (August 13, 2018).
5608:Artillery in and around the Latin East
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2350:Please improve this article by adding
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2071:Reconstructed counterweight trebuchets
1993:European siege crossbow (15th century)
1888:
1869:
6177:Traction Trebuchet hurling a football
5919:(Reprint ed.). pp. 308–315.
5182:"The Original Floating Arm Trebuchet"
5011:. winteriscoming.net. 6 November 2017
3709:
3649:
3607:
3556:
3419:
3398:
3386:
3062:
3060:
3058:
3056:
2976:
2947:
2081:Projectile weight: kilograms (pounds)
2018:Projectile weight: kilograms (pounds)
2001:364–420 m (1,194–1,378 ft)
1974:350–520 m (1,150–1,710 ft)
1862:Projectile weight: kilograms (pounds)
1744:Projectile weight: kilograms (pounds)
1678:Projectile weight: kilograms (pounds)
700:when in 1161, trebuchets operated by
682:campaigns against the Western Regions
462:to the opposite end of the beam. The
7:
6134:Caerphilly Castle trebuchet shooting
4012:. Estonian Academy Publishers. 2006.
1852:Counterweight trebuchets (estimates)
1438:attacks the rebel fortress (Arg) of
67:Replica counterweight trebuchets at
5557:Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies
5188:. New Braunfels, TX. Archived from
5109:Baillie, Maddy (27 December 2020).
4985:. punkinchunkin.com. Archived from
1961:250–500 m (820–1,640 ft)
927:Crouching tiger trebuchet from the
910:Five whirlwind trebuchets from the
896:Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty
287:"belly" similar to Old High German
5086:Lewis, Corey (December 21, 2021).
3937:. Historynet.com. 5 September 2006
2938:Random House Unabridged Dictionary
790:in the early 7th century, and the
49:
6155:Trebuchet de l'AMQ a St-Marcellin
5890:Science and Civilization in China
5487:10.1038/scientificamerican0795-66
5352:. Truthloader. 22 February 2013.
5275:Vermont Pumpkin Chuckin' Festival
5245:Vermont Pumpkin Chuckin' Festival
5067:Douglas, Steven (March 7, 2022).
4970:Reconstructing Medieval Artillery
4010:"Estonian Journal of Archaeology"
2257:" was constructed for a scene in
2095:120–168 m (394–551 ft)
2078:Counterweight: kilograms (pounds)
2008:Reconstructed traction trebuchets
1859:Counterweight: kilograms (pounds)
1845:200–275 m (656–902 ft)
1822:Four footed (seven arm) trebuchet
1718:Onager (Vitruvius reconstruction)
1028:Siege of Baghdad (1258) from the
508:of the beam around the axle (the
5997:from the original on 2022-10-10.
5924:Peterson, Leif Inge Ree (2013),
5820:from the original on 2006-10-06.
4528:Humphries, Paul Douglas (1985).
2823:
2777:
2719:
2673:
2630:
2568:
2552:
2540:
2524:
2512:
2497:
2328:
1808:Four footed (five arm) trebuchet
1524:Siege of Baghdad (1258), c. 1430
1503:
1485:
1473:
1461:
1428:
1416:
1407:Counterweight trebuchets at the
1400:
1282:Counterweight trebuchet, c. 1280
987:
975:
954:
937:
920:
903:
6008:Estonian Journal of Archaeology
5976:from the original on 2022-10-10
5683:The Journal of Military History
5308:from the original on 2021-11-07
5151:Punkin Chunkin 2010- Tired Iron
2440:Uses in activism and insurgency
2138:30,000 kg (66,000 lb)
1933:Draw weight: kilograms (pounds)
1889:30,000 kg (66,000 lb)
1870:15,000 kg (33,000 lb)
1794:Four footed (two arm) trebuchet
1780:Four footed (one arm) trebuchet
1228:siege of Fancheng and Xiangyang
1179:Song of the Albigensian Crusade
1164:pulled by ten thousand. At the
1040:Counterweight trebuchet in the
853:Abdallah ibn Tahir al-Khurasani
5662:Hansen, Peter Vemming (1992).
5439:The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com
5393:Smith, Nicola (13 June 2024).
5128:Hart, Matthew (Dec 11, 2020).
2119:6,000 kg (13,000 lb)
1634:In China, the hand-trebuchet (
1246:travelled to South China from
1130:that were later translated as
1105:in 1097 the Byzantine emperor
656:Records of the Grand Historian
302:and the first attestations of
1:
5906:Noble, T. F. X., ed. (2009).
5672:(63): 189–208. Archived from
5642:Gravett, Christopher (1990).
5571:The English Historical Review
5294:Stanton, Tom (Sep 24, 2020).
3931:"Arms and Men: The Trebuchet"
2352:secondary or tertiary sources
2100:4,000 kg (8,800 lb)
2092:12–15 kg (26–33 lb)
2089:2,000 kg (4,400 lb)
1605:χειρομάγγανον, cheiromanganon
1290:Counterweight trebuchet, 1430
1166:Siege of Toulouse (1217–1218)
415:and counterweight trebuchets
407:. Some modern historians use
347:is found a decade later with
214:. In China it was called the
5883:, Cambridge University Press
5727:Marvin, Laurence W. (2001).
5598:Fulton, Michael S. (2016a),
5214:. 2019-09-08. Archived from
4303:Marvin, Laurence W. (2001).
2103:8–12 kg (18–26 lb)
2032:5–15 kg (11–33 lb)
1112:second siege of Tyre in 1124
5606:Fulton, Michael S. (2016),
5565:Bachrach, David S. (2006).
2559:Counterweight trebuchet at
2249:A large trebuchet based on
2164:A functioning trebuchet at
2141:476 kg (1,049 lb)
2125:320 m (1,050 ft)
2106:445 m (1,460 ft)
1998:545 kg (1,202 lb)
1979:Mounted triple-bow crossbow
1966:Mounted double-bow crossbow
1953:Mounted single-bow crossbow
1948:460 m (1,510 ft)
1941:Mounted multi-bolt crossbow
1895:400 m (1,300 ft)
1876:365 m (1,198 ft)
1772:7.25 kg (16.0 lb)
766:Miracles of Saint Demetrius
676:'s conquest of what is now
6570:
6296:Crew-served stone-throwers
6250:Crew-served arrow-throwers
6166:Slow motion mini trebuchet
6045:Turnbull, Stephen (2001),
5538:Liverpool University Press
5532:Creighton, Oliver (2017).
4741:"Trebuchet Design Factors"
2037:~100 m (330 ft)
1828:56.7 kg (125 lb)
1611:mounted on a pole using a
814:siege of Tortosa (808–809)
771:Archbishop of Thessaloniki
605:
56:Trebuchet (disambiguation)
53:
6236:Greek and Roman artillery
6063:Zurawski, Bogdan (2021).
5752:Tarver, W. T. S. (1995).
5694:Gareth, Williams (2013).
4578:Williams, Gareth (2013).
2457:Hrushevskoho street riots
2133:200 m (660 ft)
2130:100 kg (220 lb)
2114:185 m (607 ft)
2111:100 kg (220 lb)
2064:137 m (449 ft)
2058:1.9 kg (4.2 lb)
2050:145 m (476 ft)
2045:3.1 kg (6.8 lb)
2024:Max range: meters (feet)
1903:160 m (520 ft)
1900:250 kg (550 lb)
1892:100 kg (220 lb)
1884:217 m (712 ft)
1881:100 kg (220 lb)
1842:~86 kg (190 lb)
1814:44.5 kg (98 lb)
1803:120 m (390 ft)
1800:11.3 kg (25 lb)
1786:1.1 kg (2.4 lb)
1766:Crouching tiger trebuchet
1758:1.8 kg (4.0 lb)
1697:Ballista (reconstruction)
1686:Ballista (reconstruction)
1627:(c. 1000), and listed in
1604:
1528:With the introduction of
872:Siege of Manzikert (1054)
248:+ diminutive noun suffix
158:Etymology and terminology
127:, and was adopted by the
6491:Bullet-shooting crossbow
5897:Needham, Joseph (1986),
5888:Needham, Joseph (2004).
5879:Needham, Joseph (1994),
5633:Graff, David A. (2016),
5547:Medieval Siege Weapons 2
3818:(illustrated ed.).
3483:Needham, Joseph (1987).
3067:Etymology Online :
2194:historical re-enactments
2156:Recreation and education
2144:80 m (260 ft)
2122:55 kg (121 lb)
1873:60 kg (130 lb)
1831:78 m (256 ft)
1817:78 m (256 ft)
1789:78 m (256 ft)
1775:78 m (256 ft)
1761:78 m (256 ft)
1724:90 m (300 ft)
1703:82 m (269 ft)
1186:at least by 1217 and in
1157:Castelnuovo Bocca d'Adda
1073:(Western trebuchet) and
1055:Mardi ibn Ali al-Tarsusi
1013:Mardi ibn Ali al-Tarsusi
997:traction trebuchet, 1285
961:Traction trebuchet on a
485:Traction trebuchets use
353:Castelnuovo Bocca d'Adda
31:latest accepted revision
5870:Liang, Jieming (2006).
5545:Nicolle, David (2003),
4692:WSJ News (2024-06-14).
4061:, pp. 76–86, 110f.
3820:Oxford University Press
3143:(read online in French)
3094:(read online in French)
2227:Sussex County, Delaware
1836:Counterweight trebuchet
1721:26 kg (57 lb)
1708:Onager (reconstruction)
1700:26 kg (57 lb)
1566:objectives in southern
1516:Decline of military use
1450:) in 1003 AD, from the
1003:Counterweight trebuchet
809:Life of Louis the Pious
506:rotational acceleration
417:counterweight mangonels
401:counterweight trebuchet
371:counterweight trebuchet
144:counterweight trebuchet
6542:Medieval siege engines
6128:Medieval Siege Society
6030:10.3176/arch.2006.1.03
6002:Saimre, Tanel (2006).
5960:Saimre, Tanel (2007),
5942:Purton, Peter (2010),
5933:Purton, Peter (2009),
5758:Technology and Culture
5644:Medieval Siege Warfare
4246:René Grousset (1970).
3905:Bradbury, Jim (1992).
3812:Jasper Becker (2008).
3156:, sous la direction d'
2471:Uses in regular armies
2339:relies excessively on
2185:
2169:
1629:De obsidione toleranda
1591:
1583:
1542:siege of Rhodes (1480)
1525:
1389:
1291:
1283:
1271:
1218:
1045:
1033:
1016:
833:
728:
603:
591:
583:
580:Siege of Naples (1191)
572:
559:
474:
439:that makes use of the
432:
181:
148:counterpoise trebuchet
97:
85:
71:
6547:Obsolete technologies
6431:Crew-served artillery
5504:Dumbarton Oaks Papers
3909:. The Boydell Press.
2606:Onager (siege weapon)
2506:Inner Mongolia Museum
2294:White Cliffs of Dover
2183:
2163:
2084:Range: meters (feet)
1936:Range: meters (feet)
1865:Range: meters (feet)
1747:Range: meters (feet)
1681:Range: meters (feet)
1668:Roman torsion engines
1589:
1581:
1523:
1289:
1281:
1210:
1128:machinae iaculatoriae
1039:
1027:
1010:
898:in the 13th century.
837:anti-personnel weapon
612:Torsion mangonel myth
608:Chinese siege weapons
597:
589:
578:
570:
552:
472:
430:
167:
77:
69:Château de Castelnaud
66:
6241:Torsion siege engine
5654:Military Illustrated
5646:. Osprey Publishing.
5296:"Flywheel Trebuchet"
5096:The Truth About Cars
4989:on November 15, 2012
4704:– via YouTube.
3287:Denny, Mark (2007).
2455:In 2014, during the
2444:In 2013, during the
1617:Nikephoros II Phokas
1599:The hand-trebuchet (
1338:Siege of Acre (1291)
1042:La Mort le Roi Artus
464:mechanical advantage
441:mechanical advantage
357:Iohannes Codagnellus
334: (835 years ago)
332:on 6 April 1189
218:(Muslim trebuchet).
146:, also known as the
108:until the advent of
54:For other uses, see
6139:Trebuchet animation
6124:Video Demonstration
6054:Al-Tarsusi (1947).
6049:, Osprey Publishing
5984:Trebuchet Mechanics
5946:, The Boydell Press
5937:, The Boydell Press
5901:, Caves Books, Ltd.
5549:, Osprey Publishing
5479:1995SciAm.273a..66C
5466:Scientific American
4739:Max (19 May 2015).
3712:, p. 241 n.73.
3473:, pp. 214–215.
2306:YouTube personality
1752:Whirlwind trebuchet
1495:Gujin Tushu Jicheng
1301:Albigensian Crusade
1116:Fulcher of Chartres
686:Li Mi (Sui dynasty)
435:The trebuchet is a
361:machina maior/magna
320:appeared alongside
21:Page version status
6537:Medieval artillery
6532:Chinese inventions
6527:Artillery of China
6374:Repeating crossbow
5669:Acta Archaeologica
5583:10.1093/ehr/cel284
5536:. United Kingdom:
4826:, p. 216-217.
4790:, p. 362-363.
4762:2022-05-20 at the
4452:, p. 293-295.
4440:, p. 334-335.
4428:, p. 297-300.
4025:, p. 438-439.
3907:The Medieval Siege
3652:, p. 86, 144.
3434:, p. 207-209.
2533:Middelaldercentret
2316:in December 2020.
2290:Citroën C3 Pluriel
2216:Middelaldercentret
2186:
2170:
1731:Chinese trebuchets
1625:Nikephoros Ouranos
1592:
1584:
1526:
1292:
1284:
1219:
1107:Alexios I Komnenos
1046:
1034:
1017:
845:Michael the Syrian
604:
592:
584:
573:
563:Traction trebuchet
560:
475:
433:
413:traction mangonels
397:traction trebuchet
379:traction trebuchet
373:are modern terms (
367:Traction trebuchet
282:Old Low Franconian
182:
117:traction trebuchet
86:
72:
27:
6514:
6513:
6474:Hand-held weapons
6392:
6391:
6332:Hand-held weapons
6149:Virtual Trebuchet
6119:Warwick trebuchet
6086:978-0-19-027773-4
5838:978-1-4766-1207-2
5374:. 20 January 2014
5269:Jb (2016-09-29).
5239:Jb (2018-10-03).
5073:Grand Tour Nation
3916:978-0-85115-312-4
3676:, pp. 45–46.
3519:978-0-521-24331-5
3494:978-0-521-30358-3
2461:Molotov cocktails
2424:
2423:
2416:
2398:
2192:enthusiasts, for
2181:
2148:
2147:
2068:
2067:
2005:
2004:
1917:
1916:
1908:tens of thousands
1849:
1848:
1728:
1727:
1453:Jami' al-tawarikh
1386:Michael S. Fulton
1374:Kingdom of Aragon
1174:Simon de Montfort
1146:Normans of Sicily
1141:Estoire d'Eracles
1095:Niketas Choniates
1079:manjaniq maghribi
1071:manjaniq maghribi
1030:Jami' al-tawarikh
965:warship from the
880:Matthew of Edessa
763:According to the
646:Classic of Poetry
535:rotting carcasses
355:in an account by
328:in a document in
221:The English word
208:manjaniq maghribi
81:Jami' al-tawarikh
6559:
6419:
6412:
6405:
6396:
6217:
6210:
6203:
6194:
6187:Super Trebuchets
6178:
6167:
6156:
6097:
6095:
6093:
6059:
6050:
6041:
6023:
5998:
5996:
5989:
5977:
5975:
5968:
5956:
5947:
5938:
5929:
5920:
5911:
5902:
5893:
5884:
5875:
5866:
5857:
5855:
5853:
5821:
5819:
5812:
5800:
5789:
5748:
5723:
5700:Medieval Warfare
5690:
5677:
5658:
5647:
5638:
5629:
5610:
5602:
5594:
5577:(494): 1408–30.
5561:
5550:
5541:
5528:
5497:
5495:
5489:. Archived from
5462:
5443:
5442:
5431:
5425:
5424:
5422:
5420:
5405:
5399:
5398:
5397:. The Telegraph.
5390:
5384:
5383:
5381:
5379:
5364:
5358:
5357:
5344:
5338:
5337:
5332:. Archived from
5324:
5318:
5317:
5315:
5313:
5291:
5285:
5284:
5282:
5281:
5266:
5260:
5259:
5257:
5256:
5247:. Archived from
5236:
5227:
5226:
5224:
5223:
5208:
5202:
5201:
5199:
5197:
5180:RLT Industries.
5177:
5171:
5170:
5168:
5166:
5160:
5146:
5140:
5139:
5125:
5119:
5118:
5115:Stamford Mercury
5106:
5100:
5099:
5090:The Grand Tour's
5083:
5077:
5076:
5064:
5058:
5057:
5046:
5040:
5039:
5030:Gavin, Rachael.
5027:
5021:
5020:
5018:
5016:
5005:
4999:
4998:
4996:
4994:
4979:
4973:
4966:
4957:
4956:
4949:
4943:
4942:
4940:
4939:
4924:
4918:
4917:
4915:
4914:
4899:
4893:
4887:
4878:
4872:
4863:
4857:
4851:
4845:
4839:
4833:
4827:
4821:
4815:
4809:
4803:
4797:
4791:
4785:
4779:
4773:
4767:
4755:
4749:
4748:
4743:. Archived from
4736:
4730:
4724:
4718:
4712:
4706:
4705:
4703:
4702:
4689:
4683:
4677:
4671:
4665:
4659:
4653:
4644:
4638:
4632:
4626:
4620:
4614:
4608:
4607:
4584:Medieval Warfare
4575:
4566:
4565:
4534:Military Affairs
4525:
4516:
4510:
4504:
4498:
4492:
4486:
4477:
4471:
4465:
4459:
4453:
4447:
4441:
4435:
4429:
4423:
4417:
4411:
4405:
4399:
4393:
4387:
4381:
4375:
4369:
4363:
4357:
4351:
4345:
4339:
4333:
4332:
4300:
4294:
4288:
4282:
4276:
4270:
4269:
4267:
4266:
4243:
4237:
4231:
4225:
4219:
4210:
4204:
4198:
4192:
4186:
4180:
4174:
4168:
4162:
4161:
4154:
4148:
4147:
4140:
4134:
4128:
4122:
4121:, p. 35-36.
4116:
4110:
4109:, pp. 104f.
4104:
4098:
4092:
4086:
4080:
4074:
4068:
4062:
4056:
4050:
4044:
4038:
4032:
4026:
4020:
4014:
4013:
4006:
4000:
3994:
3985:
3979:
3970:
3964:
3958:
3952:
3946:
3945:
3943:
3942:
3927:
3921:
3920:
3902:
3896:
3890:
3884:
3878:
3867:
3861:
3855:
3849:
3840:
3839:
3837:
3836:
3809:
3800:
3794:
3788:
3782:
3776:
3770:
3764:
3763:, p. 22-23.
3758:
3752:
3746:
3740:
3734:
3725:
3719:
3713:
3707:
3701:
3695:
3689:
3683:
3677:
3671:
3665:
3659:
3653:
3647:
3641:
3635:
3626:
3620:
3611:
3605:
3599:
3593:
3587:
3581:
3572:
3566:
3560:
3554:
3548:
3542:
3536:
3530:
3524:
3523:
3505:
3499:
3498:
3480:
3474:
3468:
3462:
3456:
3450:
3444:
3435:
3429:
3423:
3417:
3402:
3396:
3390:
3384:
3378:
3372:
3366:
3360:
3354:
3348:
3342:
3336:
3327:
3321:
3315:
3309:
3303:
3302:
3284:
3278:
3272:
3261:
3255:
3249:
3243:
3237:
3231:
3225:
3219:
3213:
3207:
3201:
3195:
3189:
3183:
3177:
3176:, p. 34-35.
3171:
3165:
3151:
3145:
3136:
3130:
3124:
3115:
3109:
3096:
3087:
3072:
3064:
3051:
3045:
3036:
3030:
3019:
3018:, p. 33-34.
3013:
3007:
3001:
2995:
2989:
2980:
2974:
2968:
2962:
2951:
2945:
2939:
2936:
2930:
2927:
2921:
2915:
2904:
2898:
2876:
2873:
2869:
2864:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2856:
2853:
2850:
2847:
2844:
2841:
2838:
2835:
2832:
2829:
2817:
2812:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2804:
2801:
2798:
2795:
2792:
2789:
2786:
2783:
2769:
2765:
2760:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2752:
2749:
2746:
2743:
2740:
2737:
2734:
2731:
2728:
2725:
2713:
2708:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2700:
2697:
2694:
2691:
2688:
2685:
2682:
2679:
2667:
2662:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2654:
2651:
2648:
2645:
2642:
2639:
2636:
2626:
2601:Medieval warfare
2572:
2561:Château des Baux
2556:
2544:
2528:
2516:
2501:
2450:Battle of Aleppo
2446:Syrian civil war
2419:
2412:
2408:
2405:
2399:
2397:
2356:
2332:
2324:
2269:Robert the Bruce
2225:contest held in
2223:pumpkin chucking
2182:
2075:
2021:Shots per minute
2012:
1924:
1856:
1735:
1672:
1642:Hybrid trebuchet
1606:
1582:Hybrid trebuchet
1574:Other trebuchets
1560:Israeli military
1540:(1475–1476) and
1507:
1489:
1477:
1465:
1436:Mahmud of Ghazni
1432:
1420:
1404:
1387:
1342:Mamluk Sultanate
1269:
1075:manjaniq ifranji
991:
979:
958:
941:
924:
907:
865:siege of Baghdad
841:Siege of Kamacha
831:
818:Republic of Pisa
796:siege of Dongola
726:
723:Tai bai yin jing
710:Battle of Caishi
708:navy during the
652:
499:block and tackle
479:potential energy
437:compound machine
351:at the siege of
342:
340:
335:
312:, an epic about
6569:
6568:
6562:
6561:
6560:
6558:
6557:
6556:
6517:
6516:
6515:
6510:
6469:
6426:
6423:
6393:
6388:
6344:Cheiroballistra
6327:
6291:
6245:
6224:
6221:
6176:
6165:
6154:
6144:Trebuchet plans
6105:
6100:
6091:
6089:
6087:
6062:
6053:
6044:
6021:10.1.1.692.8350
6001:
5994:
5987:
5980:
5973:
5966:
5959:
5950:
5941:
5932:
5923:
5914:
5905:
5896:
5887:
5878:
5869:
5860:
5851:
5849:
5839:
5824:
5817:
5810:
5803:
5792:
5770:10.2307/3106344
5751:
5726:
5712:10.2307/1987537
5693:
5680:
5661:
5650:
5641:
5632:
5626:
5613:
5605:
5597:
5564:
5553:
5544:
5531:
5517:10.2307/1291833
5500:
5493:
5460:
5458:"The Trebuchet"
5455:
5451:
5446:
5441:. 13 June 2024.
5433:
5432:
5428:
5418:
5416:
5407:
5406:
5402:
5392:
5391:
5387:
5377:
5375:
5366:
5365:
5361:
5346:
5345:
5341:
5326:
5325:
5321:
5311:
5309:
5293:
5292:
5288:
5279:
5277:
5268:
5267:
5263:
5254:
5252:
5238:
5237:
5230:
5221:
5219:
5210:
5209:
5205:
5195:
5193:
5179:
5178:
5174:
5164:
5162:
5158:
5148:
5147:
5143:
5127:
5126:
5122:
5108:
5107:
5103:
5085:
5084:
5080:
5066:
5065:
5061:
5056:. Jun 24, 2013.
5054:Shropshire Star
5048:
5047:
5043:
5029:
5028:
5024:
5014:
5012:
5007:
5006:
5002:
4992:
4990:
4981:
4980:
4976:
4967:
4960:
4951:
4950:
4946:
4937:
4935:
4926:
4925:
4921:
4912:
4910:
4903:"Thelep.org.uk"
4901:
4900:
4896:
4888:
4881:
4873:
4866:
4858:
4854:
4846:
4842:
4834:
4830:
4822:
4818:
4810:
4806:
4798:
4794:
4786:
4782:
4774:
4770:
4764:Wayback Machine
4756:
4752:
4747:on 4 June 2015.
4738:
4737:
4733:
4725:
4721:
4713:
4709:
4700:
4698:
4691:
4690:
4686:
4678:
4674:
4666:
4662:
4654:
4647:
4639:
4635:
4627:
4623:
4615:
4611:
4577:
4576:
4569:
4546:10.2307/1987537
4527:
4526:
4519:
4511:
4507:
4499:
4495:
4487:
4480:
4472:
4468:
4460:
4456:
4448:
4444:
4436:
4432:
4424:
4420:
4412:
4408:
4400:
4396:
4388:
4384:
4376:
4372:
4364:
4360:
4352:
4348:
4340:
4336:
4302:
4301:
4297:
4289:
4285:
4277:
4273:
4264:
4262:
4260:
4245:
4244:
4240:
4232:
4228:
4220:
4213:
4205:
4201:
4193:
4189:
4181:
4177:
4169:
4165:
4156:
4155:
4151:
4142:
4141:
4137:
4129:
4125:
4117:
4113:
4105:
4101:
4093:
4089:
4081:
4077:
4069:
4065:
4057:
4053:
4045:
4041:
4033:
4029:
4021:
4017:
4008:
4007:
4003:
3995:
3988:
3980:
3973:
3965:
3961:
3953:
3949:
3940:
3938:
3929:
3928:
3924:
3917:
3904:
3903:
3899:
3891:
3887:
3879:
3870:
3862:
3858:
3850:
3843:
3834:
3832:
3830:
3811:
3810:
3803:
3795:
3791:
3783:
3779:
3771:
3767:
3759:
3755:
3747:
3743:
3735:
3728:
3720:
3716:
3708:
3704:
3696:
3692:
3684:
3680:
3672:
3668:
3660:
3656:
3648:
3644:
3636:
3629:
3621:
3614:
3606:
3602:
3594:
3590:
3582:
3575:
3567:
3563:
3555:
3551:
3543:
3539:
3531:
3527:
3520:
3507:
3506:
3502:
3495:
3482:
3481:
3477:
3469:
3465:
3457:
3453:
3445:
3438:
3430:
3426:
3418:
3405:
3397:
3393:
3385:
3381:
3373:
3369:
3361:
3357:
3349:
3345:
3337:
3330:
3326:, p. 2013.
3322:
3318:
3310:
3306:
3299:
3286:
3285:
3281:
3273:
3264:
3256:
3252:
3244:
3240:
3232:
3228:
3220:
3216:
3208:
3204:
3196:
3192:
3184:
3180:
3172:
3168:
3152:
3148:
3137:
3133:
3125:
3118:
3110:
3099:
3088:
3075:
3065:
3054:
3046:
3039:
3031:
3022:
3014:
3010:
3002:
2998:
2990:
2983:
2975:
2971:
2963:
2954:
2946:
2942:
2937:
2933:
2928:
2924:
2916:
2907:
2899:
2888:
2884:
2879:
2871:
2867:
2826:
2822:
2815:
2780:
2776:
2772:; also spelled
2767:
2763:
2722:
2718:
2711:
2676:
2672:
2665:
2633:
2629:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2587:
2580:
2573:
2564:
2557:
2548:
2545:
2536:
2529:
2520:
2517:
2508:
2502:
2493:
2473:
2442:
2420:
2409:
2403:
2400:
2357:
2355:
2349:
2345:primary sources
2333:
2322:
2314:washing machine
2298:English Channel
2273:Stirling Castle
2259:David Mackenzie
2243:Game of Thrones
2172:
2158:
2153:
2073:
2010:
1922:
1920:Siege crossbows
1854:
1733:
1670:
1665:
1653:
1644:
1597:
1576:
1538:siege of Burgos
1518:
1511:
1508:
1499:
1490:
1481:
1478:
1469:
1466:
1457:
1448:Nimruz province
1433:
1424:
1421:
1412:
1411:(1097), c. 1270
1409:siege of Nicaea
1405:
1388:
1385:
1365:Speculum regale
1347:Templar of Tyre
1318:Al-Mu'azzam Isa
1276:
1270:
1267:
1205:
1122:, only mention
1120:William of Tyre
1103:siege of Nicaea
1022:
1005:
998:
992:
983:
980:
971:
959:
950:
942:
933:
925:
916:
908:
857:Sack of Amorium
832:
829:
816:. In 1173, the
727:
721:
650:
614:
565:
547:
519:speed and angle
425:
338:
336:
333:
309:Roman de Renart
260:, variant form
212:majaniq ifranji
184:
183:
160:
100:) is a type of
59:
52:
47:
46:
45:
44:
43:
42:
26:
12:
11:
5:
6567:
6566:
6563:
6555:
6554:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6534:
6529:
6519:
6518:
6512:
6511:
6509:
6508:
6503:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6477:
6475:
6471:
6470:
6468:
6467:
6462:
6457:
6452:
6451:
6450:
6440:
6434:
6432:
6428:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6421:
6414:
6407:
6399:
6390:
6389:
6387:
6386:
6381:
6376:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6346:
6341:
6335:
6333:
6329:
6328:
6326:
6325:
6320:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6299:
6297:
6293:
6292:
6290:
6289:
6284:
6279:
6274:
6269:
6264:
6259:
6253:
6251:
6247:
6246:
6244:
6243:
6238:
6232:
6230:
6226:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6219:
6212:
6205:
6197:
6191:
6190:
6184:
6173:
6162:
6151:
6146:
6141:
6136:
6131:
6121:
6116:
6104:
6103:External links
6101:
6099:
6098:
6085:
6060:
6051:
6042:
5999:
5978:
5957:
5948:
5939:
5930:
5921:
5912:
5903:
5894:
5885:
5876:
5867:
5858:
5837:
5822:
5801:
5790:
5749:
5733:War in History
5724:
5691:
5678:
5676:on 2007-04-03.
5659:
5648:
5639:
5630:
5624:
5611:
5603:
5595:
5562:
5551:
5542:
5529:
5498:
5496:on 2012-01-11.
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5444:
5426:
5400:
5385:
5359:
5339:
5336:on 2014-06-15.
5319:
5286:
5261:
5228:
5203:
5192:on May 3, 2010
5172:
5141:
5120:
5101:
5078:
5059:
5041:
5022:
5000:
4974:
4968:June 14, 2005
4958:
4944:
4919:
4894:
4892:, p. 385.
4879:
4877:, p. 383.
4864:
4862:, p. 424.
4852:
4850:, p. 176.
4840:
4836:Chevedden 2000
4828:
4816:
4804:
4802:, p. 363.
4792:
4780:
4778:, p. 362.
4768:
4750:
4731:
4729:, p. 214.
4719:
4715:Chevedden 2000
4707:
4684:
4680:Chevedden 1995
4672:
4670:, p. 227.
4660:
4658:, p. 422.
4645:
4643:, p. 269.
4633:
4621:
4619:, p. 404.
4609:
4567:
4540:(4): 173–178.
4517:
4515:, p. 295.
4505:
4503:, p. 386.
4493:
4491:, p. 229.
4478:
4466:
4464:, p. 225.
4454:
4442:
4430:
4418:
4416:, p. 298.
4406:
4404:, p. 299.
4394:
4392:, p. 218.
4382:
4380:, p. 347.
4370:
4368:, p. 328.
4358:
4356:, p. 327.
4346:
4344:, p. 326.
4334:
4315:(4): 373–395.
4309:War in History
4295:
4293:, p. 324.
4283:
4281:, p. 201.
4271:
4259:978-0813513041
4258:
4238:
4236:, p. 218.
4226:
4224:, p. 223.
4211:
4199:
4187:
4185:, p. 387.
4175:
4163:
4149:
4135:
4133:, p. 380.
4123:
4111:
4107:Chevedden 2000
4099:
4087:
4083:Chevedden 2000
4075:
4073:, p. 442.
4063:
4059:Chevedden 2000
4051:
4039:
4035:Chevedden 2000
4027:
4015:
4001:
3986:
3984:, p. 449.
3971:
3969:, p. 433.
3959:
3947:
3922:
3915:
3897:
3895:, p. 4-5.
3885:
3883:, p. 382.
3868:
3866:, p. 235.
3856:
3854:, p. 213.
3841:
3829:978-0195309973
3828:
3822:. p. 64.
3801:
3789:
3787:, p. 215.
3777:
3765:
3753:
3741:
3726:
3724:, p. 291.
3714:
3702:
3700:, p. 367.
3690:
3678:
3666:
3654:
3642:
3627:
3625:, p. 364.
3612:
3610:, p. 141.
3600:
3596:Chevedden 1995
3588:
3586:, p. 366.
3573:
3571:, p. 409.
3561:
3549:
3545:Chevedden 1995
3537:
3535:, p. 211.
3525:
3518:
3500:
3493:
3475:
3463:
3461:, p. 210.
3451:
3449:, p. 206.
3436:
3424:
3403:
3391:
3379:
3375:Chevedden 1995
3367:
3355:
3353:, p. 419.
3343:
3341:, p. 420.
3328:
3316:
3304:
3298:978-0801898464
3297:
3279:
3275:Chevedden 1995
3262:
3250:
3238:
3226:
3214:
3212:, p. 410.
3202:
3200:, p. 365.
3190:
3178:
3166:
3146:
3131:
3116:
3097:
3073:
3052:
3050:, p. 221.
3037:
3020:
3008:
2996:
2981:
2969:
2965:Chevedden 2000
2952:
2940:
2931:
2922:
2920:, p. 236.
2905:
2903:, p. 425.
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2877:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2574:
2567:
2565:
2558:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2539:
2537:
2530:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2511:
2509:
2503:
2496:
2492:
2489:
2472:
2469:
2441:
2438:
2422:
2421:
2336:
2334:
2327:
2321:
2318:
2285:The Grand Tour
2205:Warwick Castle
2190:living history
2166:Warwick Castle
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2135:
2134:
2131:
2127:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2116:
2115:
2112:
2108:
2107:
2104:
2101:
2097:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2086:
2085:
2082:
2079:
2072:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2052:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2039:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2026:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1963:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1950:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1905:
1904:
1901:
1897:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1886:
1885:
1882:
1878:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1867:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1833:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1825:250 (rotating)
1823:
1819:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1811:157 (rotating)
1809:
1805:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1797:100 (rotating)
1795:
1791:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1777:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1763:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1749:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1715:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1705:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1694:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1683:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1652:
1649:
1643:
1640:
1596:
1595:Hand-trebuchet
1593:
1575:
1572:
1548:, at the 1521
1517:
1514:
1513:
1512:
1509:
1502:
1500:
1491:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1460:
1458:
1434:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1415:
1413:
1406:
1399:
1383:
1360:Hongwu Emperor
1320:laid siege to
1310:Viollet-le-Duc
1275:
1272:
1265:
1204:
1201:
1021:
1018:
1004:
1001:
1000:
999:
993:
986:
984:
981:
974:
972:
968:Wujing Zongyao
960:
953:
951:
947:Wujing Zongyao
943:
936:
934:
930:Wujing Zongyao
926:
919:
917:
913:Wujing Zongyao
909:
902:
827:
719:
665:Three Kingdoms
564:
561:
556:Wujing Zongyao
546:
543:
424:
421:
399:instead, with
314:Renard the Fox
162:
161:
159:
156:
50:
48:
28:
22:
19:
17:
16:
15:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6565:
6564:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6524:
6522:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6501:Skåne lockbow
6499:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6478:
6476:
6472:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6449:
6446:
6445:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6436:
6435:
6433:
6429:
6420:
6415:
6413:
6408:
6406:
6401:
6400:
6397:
6385:
6384:Spear-thrower
6382:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6336:
6334:
6330:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6300:
6298:
6294:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6262:Carroballista
6260:
6258:
6255:
6254:
6252:
6248:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6233:
6231:
6229:Generic terms
6227:
6218:
6213:
6211:
6206:
6204:
6199:
6198:
6195:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6179:
6174:
6172:
6168:
6163:
6161:
6157:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6145:
6142:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6129:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6114:
6110:
6107:
6106:
6102:
6088:
6082:
6078:
6074:
6070:
6066:
6061:
6057:
6052:
6048:
6043:
6039:
6035:
6031:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6013:
6009:
6005:
6000:
5993:
5986:
5985:
5979:
5972:
5965:
5964:
5958:
5954:
5949:
5945:
5940:
5936:
5931:
5927:
5922:
5918:
5913:
5909:
5904:
5900:
5895:
5891:
5886:
5882:
5877:
5873:
5868:
5864:
5859:
5848:
5844:
5840:
5834:
5830:
5829:
5823:
5816:
5809:
5808:
5802:
5798:
5797:
5791:
5787:
5783:
5779:
5775:
5771:
5767:
5764:(1): 136–67.
5763:
5759:
5755:
5750:
5746:
5742:
5739:(4): 373–95.
5738:
5734:
5730:
5725:
5721:
5717:
5713:
5709:
5705:
5701:
5697:
5692:
5689:(4): 173–178.
5688:
5684:
5679:
5675:
5671:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5656:
5655:
5649:
5645:
5640:
5636:
5631:
5627:
5625:9789004376922
5621:
5617:
5612:
5609:
5604:
5601:
5596:
5592:
5588:
5584:
5580:
5576:
5572:
5568:
5563:
5559:
5558:
5552:
5548:
5543:
5539:
5535:
5530:
5526:
5522:
5518:
5514:
5510:
5506:
5505:
5499:
5492:
5488:
5484:
5480:
5476:
5472:
5468:
5467:
5459:
5454:
5453:
5448:
5440:
5436:
5430:
5427:
5415:
5411:
5404:
5401:
5396:
5389:
5386:
5373:
5369:
5363:
5360:
5355:
5351:
5350:
5343:
5340:
5335:
5331:
5330:
5323:
5320:
5307:
5303:
5302:
5297:
5290:
5287:
5276:
5272:
5265:
5262:
5251:on 2019-03-08
5250:
5246:
5242:
5235:
5233:
5229:
5218:on 2019-09-08
5217:
5213:
5207:
5204:
5191:
5187:
5186:Trebuchet.com
5183:
5176:
5173:
5161:on 2013-12-11
5157:
5153:
5152:
5145:
5142:
5137:
5136:
5131:
5124:
5121:
5116:
5112:
5105:
5102:
5097:
5093:
5091:
5082:
5079:
5074:
5070:
5063:
5060:
5055:
5051:
5045:
5042:
5037:
5033:
5026:
5023:
5010:
5004:
5001:
4988:
4984:
4978:
4975:
4971:
4965:
4963:
4959:
4954:
4948:
4945:
4934:on 2010-07-18
4933:
4929:
4923:
4920:
4909:on 2012-04-26
4908:
4904:
4898:
4895:
4891:
4886:
4884:
4880:
4876:
4871:
4869:
4865:
4861:
4856:
4853:
4849:
4844:
4841:
4838:, p. 72.
4837:
4832:
4829:
4825:
4820:
4817:
4814:, p. 12.
4813:
4808:
4805:
4801:
4796:
4793:
4789:
4784:
4781:
4777:
4772:
4769:
4765:
4761:
4758:
4754:
4751:
4746:
4742:
4735:
4732:
4728:
4723:
4720:
4717:, p. 110
4716:
4711:
4708:
4697:
4696:
4688:
4685:
4681:
4676:
4673:
4669:
4664:
4661:
4657:
4652:
4650:
4646:
4642:
4637:
4634:
4631:, p. 36.
4630:
4629:Turnbull 2001
4625:
4622:
4618:
4613:
4610:
4605:
4601:
4597:
4593:
4589:
4585:
4581:
4574:
4572:
4568:
4563:
4559:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4535:
4531:
4524:
4522:
4518:
4514:
4509:
4506:
4502:
4497:
4494:
4490:
4485:
4483:
4479:
4476:, p. 33.
4475:
4474:Turnbull 2001
4470:
4467:
4463:
4458:
4455:
4451:
4446:
4443:
4439:
4434:
4431:
4427:
4422:
4419:
4415:
4410:
4407:
4403:
4398:
4395:
4391:
4386:
4383:
4379:
4374:
4371:
4367:
4362:
4359:
4355:
4350:
4347:
4343:
4338:
4335:
4330:
4326:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4299:
4296:
4292:
4287:
4284:
4280:
4275:
4272:
4261:
4255:
4251:
4250:
4242:
4239:
4235:
4230:
4227:
4223:
4218:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4203:
4200:
4197:, p. 36.
4196:
4191:
4188:
4184:
4179:
4176:
4173:, p. 34.
4172:
4167:
4164:
4159:
4153:
4150:
4145:
4139:
4136:
4132:
4127:
4124:
4120:
4115:
4112:
4108:
4103:
4100:
4097:, p. 98.
4096:
4091:
4088:
4084:
4079:
4076:
4072:
4067:
4064:
4060:
4055:
4052:
4049:, p. 11.
4048:
4043:
4040:
4036:
4031:
4028:
4024:
4019:
4016:
4011:
4005:
4002:
3999:, p. 47.
3998:
3993:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3978:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3963:
3960:
3957:, p. 16.
3956:
3951:
3948:
3936:
3932:
3926:
3923:
3918:
3912:
3908:
3901:
3898:
3894:
3889:
3886:
3882:
3877:
3875:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3860:
3857:
3853:
3848:
3846:
3842:
3831:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3816:
3808:
3806:
3802:
3799:, p. 29.
3798:
3793:
3790:
3786:
3781:
3778:
3775:, p. 25.
3774:
3769:
3766:
3762:
3757:
3754:
3751:, p. 22.
3750:
3745:
3742:
3739:, p. 24.
3738:
3733:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3718:
3715:
3711:
3706:
3703:
3699:
3694:
3691:
3688:, p. 47.
3687:
3682:
3679:
3675:
3670:
3667:
3663:
3662:Zurawski 2021
3658:
3655:
3651:
3646:
3643:
3640:, p. 30.
3639:
3634:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3619:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3604:
3601:
3597:
3592:
3589:
3585:
3580:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3569:Peterson 2013
3565:
3562:
3558:
3553:
3550:
3546:
3541:
3538:
3534:
3529:
3526:
3521:
3515:
3511:
3504:
3501:
3496:
3490:
3486:
3479:
3476:
3472:
3467:
3464:
3460:
3455:
3452:
3448:
3443:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3428:
3425:
3421:
3416:
3414:
3412:
3410:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3395:
3392:
3388:
3383:
3380:
3376:
3371:
3368:
3364:
3363:Bradbury 1992
3359:
3356:
3352:
3347:
3344:
3340:
3335:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3320:
3317:
3314:, p. 73.
3313:
3308:
3305:
3300:
3294:
3290:
3283:
3280:
3276:
3271:
3269:
3267:
3263:
3260:, p. 64.
3259:
3254:
3251:
3248:, p. 65.
3247:
3242:
3239:
3236:, p. 66.
3235:
3230:
3227:
3224:, p. 17.
3223:
3218:
3215:
3211:
3206:
3203:
3199:
3194:
3191:
3188:, p. 21.
3187:
3182:
3179:
3175:
3170:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3150:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:CNRTL :
3135:
3132:
3129:, p. 91.
3128:
3123:
3121:
3117:
3114:, p. 33.
3113:
3108:
3106:
3104:
3102:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:CNRTL :
3086:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3078:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3044:
3042:
3038:
3035:, p. 37.
3034:
3029:
3027:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3012:
3009:
3005:
3000:
2997:
2993:
2988:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2973:
2970:
2966:
2961:
2959:
2957:
2953:
2950:, p. 41.
2949:
2944:
2941:
2935:
2932:
2926:
2923:
2919:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2887:
2881:
2875:
2874:
2862:
2820:
2819:
2810:
2775:
2771:
2770:
2758:
2716:
2715:
2706:
2670:
2669:
2660:
2625:
2622:
2616:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2584:
2578:
2571:
2566:
2562:
2555:
2550:
2543:
2538:
2534:
2531:Trebuchet at
2527:
2522:
2515:
2510:
2507:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2475:In 2024, the
2470:
2468:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2453:
2451:
2447:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2430:
2429:floating arms
2418:
2415:
2407:
2396:
2393:
2389:
2386:
2382:
2379:
2375:
2372:
2368:
2365: –
2364:
2360:
2359:Find sources:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2342:
2337:This article
2335:
2331:
2326:
2325:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2311:
2308:and inventor
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2274:
2270:
2267:(2018) about
2266:
2265:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2247:
2245:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2232:
2231:New Hampshire
2228:
2224:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2210:
2209:Victorian-era
2206:
2201:
2197:
2195:
2191:
2167:
2162:
2155:
2150:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2105:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2070:
2063:
2060:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2007:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1919:
1913:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1894:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1851:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1785:
1783:40 (rotating)
1782:
1779:
1778:
1774:
1771:
1769:70 (rotating)
1768:
1765:
1764:
1760:
1757:
1755:50 (rotating)
1754:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1730:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1667:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1650:
1648:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1602:
1594:
1588:
1580:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1558:In 2024, the
1556:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1546:Hernán Cortés
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1522:
1515:
1506:
1501:
1497:
1496:
1488:
1483:
1476:
1471:
1464:
1459:
1455:
1454:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1431:
1426:
1419:
1414:
1410:
1403:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1382:
1377:
1375:
1370:
1366:
1361:
1355:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1313:
1311:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1288:
1280:
1273:
1264:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1216:
1215:
1209:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1197:Third Crusade
1194:
1193:First Crusade
1189:
1185:
1181:
1180:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1142:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1085:
1084:Giles of Rome
1080:
1076:
1072:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1043:
1038:
1031:
1026:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1002:
996:
990:
985:
978:
973:
970:
969:
964:
957:
952:
949:
948:
940:
935:
932:
931:
923:
918:
915:
914:
906:
901:
899:
897:
891:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
868:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
826:
821:
819:
815:
811:
810:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
780:
776:
772:
768:
767:
761:
759:
755:
750:
745:
741:
737:
733:
724:
718:
713:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
666:
662:
658:
657:
648:
647:
642:
641:
636:
632:
631:
626:
621:
619:
613:
609:
601:
596:
588:
581:
577:
569:
562:
558:
557:
551:
544:
542:
540:
536:
531:
529:
523:
520:
516:
511:
507:
502:
500:
496:
492:
488:
483:
480:
471:
467:
465:
461:
457:
453:
448:
446:
442:
438:
429:
422:
420:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
385:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
310:
305:
301:
296:
294:
290:
286:
283:
279:
275:
272:) from Latin
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
234:
232:
228:
224:
219:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
179:
175:
171:
166:
157:
155:
153:
152:counterweight
149:
145:
140:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
113:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
83:
82:
76:
70:
65:
61:
57:
40:
36:
32:
25:
6552:Song dynasty
6464:
6448:Torsion myth
6354:Gastraphetes
6322:
6130:'s trebuchet
6090:. Retrieved
6068:
6055:
6046:
6011:
6007:
5983:
5962:
5952:
5943:
5934:
5925:
5916:
5907:
5898:
5889:
5880:
5871:
5862:
5850:. Retrieved
5827:
5806:
5795:
5761:
5757:
5736:
5732:
5706:(1): 13–17.
5703:
5699:
5686:
5682:
5674:the original
5667:
5657:(47): 15–20.
5652:
5643:
5634:
5615:
5607:
5599:
5574:
5570:
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5491:the original
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5470:
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5449:Bibliography
5438:
5429:
5417:. Retrieved
5414:Israel Hayom
5413:
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5388:
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5362:
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5334:the original
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5216:the original
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4987:the original
4977:
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4932:the original
4928:"Wright.edu"
4922:
4911:. Retrieved
4907:the original
4897:
4855:
4848:Needham 1994
4843:
4831:
4824:Needham 1994
4819:
4807:
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4783:
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4753:
4745:the original
4734:
4727:Needham 1994
4722:
4710:
4699:. Retrieved
4694:
4687:
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4668:Needham 1994
4663:
4636:
4624:
4612:
4590:(1): 13–17.
4587:
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4508:
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4489:Needham 1994
4469:
4462:Needham 1994
4457:
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4248:
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4222:Needham 1986
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4114:
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4090:
4085:, p. 92
4078:
4066:
4054:
4047:Fulton 2016a
4042:
4037:, p. 86
4030:
4018:
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3962:
3955:Nicolle 2003
3950:
3939:. Retrieved
3934:
3925:
3906:
3900:
3893:Fulton 2016a
3888:
3864:Needham 1994
3859:
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3814:
3792:
3785:Needham 1994
3780:
3768:
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3603:
3598:, p. 2.
3591:
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3540:
3533:Needham 1994
3528:
3509:
3503:
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3466:
3459:Needham 1994
3454:
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3432:Needham 1994
3427:
3394:
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3370:
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3346:
3324:Needham 1994
3319:
3307:
3288:
3282:
3277:, p. 3.
3253:
3241:
3229:
3222:Nicolle 2003
3217:
3205:
3193:
3186:Fulton 2016a
3181:
3169:
3153:
3149:
3140:
3134:
3091:
3068:
3048:Needham 1994
3011:
2999:
2972:
2943:
2934:
2925:
2918:Needham 1994
2773:
2624:
2611:Siege engine
2474:
2454:
2443:
2432:
2425:
2410:
2404:January 2024
2401:
2391:
2384:
2377:
2370:
2358:
2338:
2320:Developments
2283:
2277:
2262:
2248:
2241:
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2202:
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2187:
1656:
1654:
1645:
1635:
1633:
1628:
1598:
1557:
1554:
1527:
1493:
1456:, c. 1306-18
1451:
1394:
1390:
1379:
1369:King James I
1364:
1356:
1351:
1340:, where the
1333:
1329:
1325:
1314:
1305:Kerak Castle
1293:
1268:Zheng Sixiao
1261:
1256:Yuan dynasty
1254:against the
1220:
1212:
1177:
1169:
1154:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1088:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1067:
1047:
1041:
1032:, c. 1306-18
1029:
966:
963:Song Dynasty
945:
928:
911:
892:
869:
834:
830:Peter Purton
823:
807:
779:Thessaloniki
773:, the Avaro-
764:
762:
749:Roman Empire
729:
722:
715:
702:Song dynasty
698:Song dynasty
674:Tang Taizong
672:celebrating
654:
644:
638:
634:
628:
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539:incendiaries
532:
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423:Basic design
416:
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382:
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370:
366:
365:
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344:
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318:trabuchellus
317:
313:
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300:12th century
297:
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245:
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200:tribuclietta
199:
195:
191:
190:, including
188:13th century
185:
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141:
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79:
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6111:, from the
5807:FATAnalysis
5637:, Routledge
5408:Bar, Neta.
5036:nine.com.au
5015:November 8,
4890:Purton 2009
4875:Purton 2009
4860:Fulton 2016
4812:Fulton 2016
4800:Purton 2009
4788:Purton 2009
4776:Purton 2009
4682:, p. 5
4656:Fulton 2018
4641:Purton 2010
4617:Fulton 2018
4513:Fulton 2018
4501:Purton 2009
4450:Fulton 2018
4438:Fulton 2018
4426:Fulton 2018
4414:Fulton 2018
4402:Fulton 2018
4390:Fulton 2018
4378:Fulton 2018
4366:Fulton 2018
4354:Fulton 2018
4342:Fulton 2018
4291:Fulton 2018
4279:Purton 2009
4207:Fulton 2018
4195:Fulton 2018
4183:Purton 2009
4171:Fulton 2018
4131:Fulton 2016
4119:Fulton 2016
4095:Fulton 2018
4071:Fulton 2018
4023:Fulton 2018
3997:Fulton 2018
3982:Fulton 2018
3967:Fulton 2018
3881:Purton 2009
3797:Purton 2009
3773:Fulton 2018
3761:Fulton 2018
3749:Fulton 2018
3737:Fulton 2018
3722:Purton 2009
3698:Purton 2009
3686:Purton 2009
3674:Purton 2009
3638:Purton 2009
3623:Purton 2009
3584:Purton 2009
3351:Fulton 2018
3339:Fulton 2018
3312:Saimre 2007
3258:Saimre 2007
3246:Saimre 2007
3234:Saimre 2007
3210:Purton 2009
3198:Purton 2009
3174:Fulton 2018
3160:, Editions
3127:Sayers 2023
3112:Fulton 2018
3033:Fulton 2018
3016:Fulton 2018
3004:Fulton 2016
2992:Purton 2009
2901:Fulton 2018
2628:Pronounced
2363:"Trebuchet"
2310:Colin Furze
2296:across the
2264:Outlaw King
1623:of general
1609:staff sling
1590:A couillard
1332:, and four
1299:during the
1223:Jurchen Jin
884:Ibn al-Adim
706:Jin dynasty
678:Ejin Banner
661:Han dynasty
497:, aided by
495:treadwheels
487:human power
204:trubechetum
178:6th century
39:1 July 2024
6521:Categories
6369:Mesangylon
6308:Lithobolos
5852:30 October
5847:1045562559
5511:: 71–116.
5378:20 January
5312:10 October
5280:2019-09-24
5255:2019-09-08
5222:2019-09-08
4938:2010-09-12
4913:2010-09-12
4701:2024-06-14
4265:2010-10-28
3941:2016-08-29
3935:Historynet
3835:2010-10-28
3710:Noble 2009
3650:Graff 2016
3608:Graff 2016
3557:Graff 2016
3420:Liang 2006
3399:Liang 2006
3387:Graff 2016
3164:, p. 3738b
2977:Graff 2016
2948:Janin 2014
2882:References
2374:newspapers
2341:references
2151:Modern use
1334:mangonelli
1326:trabuculus
1244:Al-aud-Din
1170:trabuquets
1136:mangoniaux
1093:historian
784:Byzantines
732:Byzantines
606:See also:
515:trajectory
339:1189-04-06
216:húihúi pào
176:until the
129:Byzantines
6465:Trebuchet
6460:Springald
6323:Trebuchet
6282:Polybolos
6267:Catapulta
6038:160430733
6016:CiteSeerX
6014:: 61–80.
5786:112822220
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5159:(YouTube)
4596:2211-5129
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3158:Alain Rey
3141:trébuchet
3092:trébucher
3069:trebuchet
2774:trebucket
2535:, Denmark
2485:Hezbollah
2292:from the
2261:'s movie
2212:boathouse
1657:couillard
1651:Couillard
1564:Hezbollah
1530:gunpowder
1330:petrariae
1217:, 17th c.
1214:Wubei Zhi
1191:From the
1132:perrieres
1091:Byzantine
1044:, c. 1316
1015:, c. 1187
777:attacked
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692:, in 621
684:. In 617
640:Zuo zhuan
602:, c. 1220
582:, c. 1196
405:trebuchet
375:retronyms
349:predariae
304:trebuchet
295:"belly".
291:, German
254:trebucher
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242:trébucher
238:trebucher
231:trébuchet
227:trebuchet
223:trebuchet
150:, uses a
110:gunpowder
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6496:Crossbow
6481:Arbalest
6443:Mangonel
6438:Catapult
6349:Crossbow
6313:Mangonel
6303:Catapult
6272:Oxybeles
6257:Ballista
5992:Archived
5971:archived
5815:Archived
5745:26013906
5372:BuzzFeed
5354:Archived
5306:Archived
5165:March 7,
4760:Archived
4604:48579015
4329:26013906
2668:-uu-shay
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2302:Stamford
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2251:Edward I
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1384:—
1328:, three
1274:Function
1266:—
1148:and the
1124:machinae
1099:windlass
1063:crusader
1059:Salamiya
828:—
788:Persians
758:Germania
736:Persians
720:—
618:mangonel
409:mangonel
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389:mangonel
345:Trabucha
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322:manganum
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192:trabocco
133:Persians
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102:catapult
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6364:Kestros
6359:Javelin
6287:Scorpio
6182:YouTube
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6126:of the
6115:website
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5928:, Brill
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5475:Bibcode
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5301:YouTube
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2463:at the
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2015:Pullers
1636:shoupao
1621:Taktika
1568:Lebanon
1324:with a
1184:England
1161:Germany
1150:Seljuks
1138:in the
1051:Saladin
1020:Origins
888:Haizhou
876:Seljuks
690:Luoyang
625:Mohists
545:History
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1440:Zaranj
1297:France
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1236:huihui
1232:Mongol
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800:Franks
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6506:Sling
6455:Oyumi
6379:Sling
6277:Oyumi
6092:8 May
6034:S2CID
5995:(PDF)
5988:(PDF)
5974:(PDF)
5967:(PDF)
5818:(PDF)
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5782:S2CID
5774:JSTOR
5741:JSTOR
5716:JSTOR
5587:JSTOR
5560:(39).
5521:JSTOR
5494:(PDF)
5461:(PDF)
4600:JSTOR
4558:JSTOR
4325:JSTOR
2870:-yuu-
2766:-yuu-
2617:Notes
2395:JSTOR
2381:books
1613:lever
1601:Greek
1322:Atlit
1252:Chams
1203:China
792:Arabs
775:Slavs
744:Avars
740:Arabs
537:, or
460:force
456:sling
445:lever
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293:Bauch
285:*būk-
274:trans
264:(now
240:(now
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137:Arabs
125:Avars
119:, or
6113:NOVA
6094:2022
6081:ISBN
5854:2018
5843:OCLC
5833:ISBN
5620:ISBN
5421:2024
5380:2014
5314:2020
5198:2010
5167:2015
5017:2017
4995:2012
4592:ISSN
4550:ISSN
4317:ISSN
4254:ISBN
3911:ISBN
3824:ISBN
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2868:TREB
2816:TREE
2768:SHET
2764:TREB
2712:TREB
2666:TREB
2367:news
2253:'s "
1930:Crew
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1655:The
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630:Mozi
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2029:6-9
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