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391:, can regenerate from basal offsets or from "pups" emerging along the surviving trunk length. Tree ferns often fall over in the wild, yet manage to re-root from this new prostrate position and begin new vertical growth.
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It should be brought up to date to reflect subsequent history or scholarship (including the references, if any). When you have completed the review, replace this notice with a simple note on this article's talk
383:(the most common species in gardens) is damaged, it will inevitably die because that is where all the new growth occurs. But other clump-forming tree fern species, such as
207:. It is estimated that Cyatheales originated in the early Jurassic, and is the third group of ferns known to have given rise to tree-like forms. The others are the extinct
1010:
960:
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Tree-ferns have been cultivated for their beauty alone; a few, however, were of some economic application, chiefly as sources of starch. These include the
415:
805:"Tempskya in the Valanginian of South America (Mulichinco Formation, Neuquén Basin, Argentina) — Systematics, palaeoclimatology and palaeoecology"
460:, which was eaten by pigs. It is now widely cultivated as an ornamental tree, although there is only one small wild population on Norfolk Island.
955:
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It is not certain the exact number of species of tree ferns there are, but it may be close to 600-700 species. Many species have become
147:
983:
742:"Historical reconstruction of climatic and elevation preferences and the evolution of cloud forest-adapted tree ferns in Mesoamerica"
691:"Historical reconstruction of climatic and elevation preferences and the evolution of cloud forest-adapted tree ferns in Mesoamerica"
119:
466:(mamaku, black tree fern) also furnished a kind of sago to people living in New Zealand, Queensland and the Pacific islands. A
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in the family
Osmundaceae, which can achieve short trunks under a metre tall. Fern species with short trunks in the genera
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in the cell walls and the lower part of the stem is reinforced with thick, interlocking mats of tiny roots. If the
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Tree ferns are found growing in tropical and subtropical areas worldwide, as well as cool to temperate
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482:, and the long silky or wooly hairs, abundant on the stem and frond-leaves in the various species of
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Sosa, Victoria; Ornelas, Juan
Francisco; RamĂrez-Barahona, Santiago; Gándara, Etelvina (2016).
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furnished wool for stuffing mattresses and cushions, which was formerly an article of export.
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One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
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in the last century as forest habitats have come under pressure from human intervention.
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tree ferns at Combe Martin
Wildlife and Dinosaur Park, North Devon, England
978:. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. 2012. p. 642.
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964:. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 235.
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Flora
Technical Note No. 5: Identification and management of tree ferns
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Sosa, V.; Ornelas, J. F.; RamĂrez-Barahona, S.; Gándara, E. (2016).
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Ferns that grow with a trunk elevating the fronds above ground level
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The fronds of tree ferns are usually very large and multiple-
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Chronogram of the
Cyatheaceae and other tree fern lineages
330:, etc.). Like all ferns, tree ferns reproduce by means of
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MartĂnez, Leandro C.A.; Olivo, Mariana S. (August 2015).
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tissue is absent. To add strength, there are deposits of
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that was threatened with extinction for the sake of its
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is largely based on an article in the out-of-copyright
478:) furnishes silky hairs, which were once imported as a
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have not only been put to a similar use, but in the
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
591:(tropical America, Australasia, about 110 species)
363:. Their trunk is actually a vertical and modified
187:. Many extant tree ferns are members of the order
225:also grew into trees. In addition there were the
8:
854:"Trends and concepts in fern classification"
242:Other ferns which are also tree ferns, are
852:Christenhusz, M. J.; Chase, M. W. (2014).
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276:, and smaller members of Cyatheales like
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1013:from Tasmania Forest Practices Authority
334:formed on the undersides of the fronds.
919:. Australian Government Parks Australia
681:
156:sp. tree ferns overlooking a valley in
809:Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology
7:
607:(tropics and southern subtropics in
599:(tropical America, about 40 species)
583:(tropical America, about 90 species)
575:(tropical America, about 30 species)
58:adding citations to reliable sources
567:(pantropic area, about 230 species)
631:(Island Southeast Asia, 1 species)
25:
901:Stem - The University of Auckland
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403:
306:are also considered tree ferns.
183:above ground level, making them
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326:and neighbouring regions (e.g.
191:, to which belong the families
45:needs additional citations for
1019:from the San Diego Zoo website
829:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2015.04.002
1:
531:(tropical America, 1 species)
523:(tropical America, 1 species)
421:, which was produced in 1911.
917:Norfolk Island National Park
294:(mountains only tree fern),
171:are arborescent (tree-like)
352:, an extinct fern from the
213:of uncertain position, and
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667:(Southeast Asia, Hawaii,
463:Sphaeropteris medullaris
961:Encyclopædia Britannica
913:"Norfolk Island Plants"
417:Encyclopædia Britannica
641:Juan Fernández Islands
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609:Island Southeast Asia
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445:Sphaeropteris excelsa
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559:, about 120 species)
504:Dicksonia antarctica
381:Dicksonia antarctica
221:and some members of
195:(scaly tree ferns),
54:improve this article
821:2015RPaPa.219..116M
671:, about 12 species)
651:(tropical America,
623:, about 25 species)
539:(tropical America,
1038:Plant common names
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346:Reconstruction of
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110:October 2017
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52:Please help
47:verification
44:
838:11336/49538
815:: 116–131.
653:Macaronesia
615:, America,
613:Australasia
549:New Zealand
470:species of
389:D. youngiae
338:Description
324:New Zealand
316:rainforests
279:Calochlaena
245:Leptopteris
237:Marattiales
223:Osmundaceae
219:Guaireaceae
205:Cibotiaceae
201:Metaxyaceae
193:Cyatheaceae
162:Philippines
69:"Tree fern"
1027:Categories
676:References
621:St. Helena
596:Cnemidaria
520:Lophosoria
354:Cretaceous
297:Lophosoria
285:Cnemedaria
215:Osmundales
189:Cyatheales
169:tree ferns
80:newspapers
18:Tree ferns
1017:Tree Fern
994:785808931
956:Tree-Fern
772:2167-8359
701:: e2696.
628:Cystodium
604:Dicksonia
564:Alsophila
553:Marquesas
472:Dicksonia
320:Australia
263:Cystodium
153:Alsophila
888:24532607
790:27896030
727:27896030
664:Cibotium
572:Nephelea
484:Cibotium
468:Javanese
431:May 2021
349:Tempskya
269:Sadleria
257:Blechnum
210:Tempskya
142:Dominica
949::
923:6 April
879:3936591
817:Bibcode
781:5119233
718:5119233
648:Culcita
588:Cyathea
528:Metaxya
512:extinct
494:Species
480:styptic
365:rhizome
361:pinnate
291:Culcita
235:in the
94:scholar
992:
982:
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886:
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778:
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617:Hawaii
555:, and
551:, the
456:-like
373:lignin
367:, and
332:spores
232:Tietea
203:, and
181:fronds
138:Belles
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
1033:Ferns
746:PeerJ
695:PeerJ
541:India
425:page.
377:crown
369:woody
310:Range
251:Todea
185:trees
177:trunk
173:ferns
101:JSTOR
87:books
990:OCLC
980:ISBN
925:2023
884:PMID
786:PMID
768:ISSN
723:PMID
458:pith
454:sago
395:Uses
387:and
300:and
266:and
248:and
229:and
167:The
73:news
958:".
874:PMC
866:doi
862:113
833:hdl
825:doi
813:219
776:PMC
758:doi
713:PMC
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379:of
318:in
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