912:
900:
33:
59:
later processing the wood. Contact with the spike often damages saw blades, which can result in injuries, or death, to nearby workers. The spike can also lower the commercial value of the wood by causing discoloration, reducing the economic viability of logging in the long term, without threatening
105:
and the placement of the nail suggested it was inserted after the tree was cut. Alexander later filed a lawsuit against
Louisiana-Pacific claiming that the band saw had been weakened from previous strikes with nails, but that he was forced to work with the saw or face dismissal.
816:
793:
101:, Alexander's employer, offered a $ 20,000 reward for information leading to the alleged tree spiker, but no charges were filed in this incident. The spiking itself was thought to be inconsistent with Earth First! tactics, as the trees were not in an
824:
167:
Following the 1987 injury of
California mill worker George Alexander, anti-tree spiking legislation was introduced as the Anti-Tree Spiking Act, and was passed into federal law as an amendment, introduced by senators
785:
450:
94:. In the book, he discusses how to do it and how to avoid risks to the activist and the logger, such as by putting warning signs or marks in the area where the trees are being spiked.
156:
478:
117:
by logging advocates who claim it is potentially dangerous to loggers or mill-workers, although by 1996 only this single injury resulting from tree spiking had been reported.
442:
290:
628:
97:
On 8 May 1987, George
Alexander, a millworker, was severely injured when a saw blade shattered after contact with a tree spike and cut his jaw in half.
817:"As a student, Tracy Stone-Manning sent a letter on behalf of eco-saboteurs. It's now complicating her chance to lead the Bureau of Land Management"
419:
389:
846:
Bari, Judi; Cherney, Darryl; Roselle, Mike; Cloninger, Rick; Cloninger, Kathi; Evans, Larry; King, Greg; Davis, Pam; Martin, Daphne (April 1990).
586:
522:
361:
329:
486:
942:
558:
847:
665:
761:
866:
152:
177:
265:
890:
748:
603:
181:
227:
611:
273:
148:
73:
932:
411:
381:
144:
140:
223:
185:
916:
550:
544:
773:
737:
620:
582:
554:
518:
357:
325:
282:
102:
98:
60:
the life of the tree. It is illegal in the United States, and has been described as a form of
180:. In 1993, John Blount and others were convicted under this statute for spiking trees in the
911:
169:
147:(NFA) had spiked trees during a direct action campaign against native forest logging on the
77:
579:
Tree Spiker: From Earth First! to
Lowbagging: My Struggles in Radical Environmental Action
159:
had said that tree spiking was proposed by some individuals involved in the NFA campaign.
44:
693:
Nixon, Tina (January 6, 1998). "Spikes put workers' lives at risk". The
Southland Times.
937:
851:
654:
216:
212:
926:
173:
114:
61:
757:
904:
616:
278:
244:
200:
192:
110:
85:
81:
55:
might be expected to cut into the tree, or higher up where it would affect the
319:
204:
130:
90:
52:
624:
286:
724:
705:
196:
134:
32:
17:
899:
137:
area were spiked. Police were unable to trace those who were responsible.
765:
143:, while he was the mayor for the Buller District, suggested in 2000 that
203:, issued a memo and press release to Earth First! activists in Northern
239:
56:
76:. It came to prominence as a contentious tactic within unconventional
704:
Madgwick, Paul (April 14, 2000). "Public backlash around NZ feared".
321:
208:
151:. This was denied by NFA spokesperson Dean Bagient-Mercer. In 1998,
655:"Ecoterrorism: The Dangerous Fringe of the Environmental Movement"
412:"Booby-Trapped Tree Was Felled in Area Known for Bizarre Protests"
31:
72:
It was first mentioned in the context of discouraging logging in
382:"Environment Radicals Target of Probe Into Lumber Mill Accident"
215:, a 1990 campaign of nonviolent protests against logging of the
48:
356:(3rd ed.). Chico, California: Abbzug Press. p. 350.
719:
Bagient-Mercer, Dean (April 27, 2000). "West Coast forests".
188:
agreed to testify in exchange for immunity from prosecution.
867:"Convicted tree spiker: Stone-Manning knew plans in advance"
51:
trunk, either inserting it at the base of the trunk where a
324:(1st ed.). Boston: Little, Brown and Co. p. 310.
786:"Clearwater forest trial opens in Idaho tree-spiking case"
848:"Northern California Earth First! renounces tree spiking"
515:
888:
472:
470:
468:
230:
despite her involvement in a 1989 tree-spiking plot.
113:
to denounce tree spiking. Tree spiking is labeled as
865:
Streater, Scott; Yachnin, Jennifer (July 15, 2021).
517:. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 372.
211:, renouncing tree-spiking as a tactic on the eve of
80:
circles during the 1980s, after it was advocated by
749:
815:Partlow, Joshua; Grandoni, Dino (July 4, 2021).
664:(764). Washington, DC: The Heritage Foundation.
538:
536:
534:
441:Anderson, Jack; van Atta, Dale (March 5, 1990).
277:. Vol. 2, no. 2. Salt Lake City, UT:
581:(1st ed.). New York: St. Martin's Press.
572:
570:
508:
506:
504:
850:(Press release). Earth First!. Archived from
8:
354:Ecodefense: A Field Guide to Monkeywrenching
313:
311:
133:trees that were being logged in 1998 in the
109:This industrial accident led the leaders of
352:Haywood, Bill; Foreman, Dave, eds. (1993).
375:
373:
688:
686:
615:. Vol. 15, no. 3. Eugene, OR:
443:"Tree spiking an 'eco-terrorist' tactic"
895:
392:from the original on September 11, 2020
256:
671:from the original on November 19, 2020
7:
479:"The Secret History of Tree Spiking"
577:Roselle, Mike; Mahan, Josh (2009).
264:Watson, Leroy (December 21, 1981).
222:In 2021, President Biden nominated
796:from the original on June 23, 2021
792:. Associated Press. June 8, 1993.
754:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
634:from the original on July 11, 2021
422:from the original on June 29, 2021
380:Stammer, Larry B. (May 15, 1987).
296:from the original on July 11, 2021
36:Tree spiking of a birch in Sweden.
25:
602:Watson, Paul (February 2, 1995).
453:from the original on July 5, 2021
910:
898:
513:Woodhouse, Keith Makoto (2018).
477:Bari, Judi (February 17, 1993).
43:involves hammering a metal rod,
653:Bandow, Doug (April 12, 1990).
27:Radical environmentalist tactic
1:
604:"In Defense of Tree Spiking"
318:Manes, Christopher (1990).
178:Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988
959:
483:Anderson Valley Advertiser
182:Clearwater National Forest
228:Bureau of Land Management
47:or other material into a
943:Radical environmentalism
543:Rowell, Andrew (1996).
37:
549:. Routledge. p.
74:Earth First! magazine
35:
790:The Lewiston Tribune
721:Letter to the Editor
145:Native Forest Action
224:Tracy Stone-Manning
195:leaders, including
186:Tracy Stone-Manning
38:
770:November 18, 1988
588:978-0-312-55619-8
416:Los Angeles Times
386:Los Angeles Times
103:old-growth forest
99:Louisiana-Pacific
16:(Redirected from
950:
915:
914:
903:
902:
894:
883:
882:
880:
878:
862:
856:
855:
843:
837:
836:
834:
832:
823:. Archived from
812:
806:
805:
803:
801:
782:
776:
771:
755:
751:
746:
740:
735:
729:
728:
716:
710:
709:
701:
695:
694:
690:
681:
680:
678:
676:
670:
662:The Backgrounder
659:
650:
644:
643:
641:
639:
633:
608:
599:
593:
592:
574:
565:
564:
540:
529:
528:
510:
499:
498:
496:
494:
489:on June 25, 2021
485:. Archived from
474:
463:
462:
460:
458:
438:
432:
431:
429:
427:
418:. May 16, 1987.
408:
402:
401:
399:
397:
377:
368:
367:
349:
343:
342:
340:
338:
315:
306:
305:
303:
301:
295:
270:
261:
170:James A. McClure
78:environmentalist
21:
958:
957:
953:
952:
951:
949:
948:
947:
923:
922:
921:
909:
897:
889:
887:
886:
876:
874:
864:
863:
859:
854:on May 9, 2008.
845:
844:
840:
830:
828:
827:on July 5, 2021
821:Washington Post
814:
813:
809:
799:
797:
784:
783:
779:
769:
753:
747:
743:
736:
732:
718:
717:
713:
703:
702:
698:
692:
691:
684:
674:
672:
668:
657:
652:
651:
647:
637:
635:
631:
606:
601:
600:
596:
589:
576:
575:
568:
561:
542:
541:
532:
525:
512:
511:
502:
492:
490:
476:
475:
466:
456:
454:
447:Washington Post
440:
439:
435:
425:
423:
410:
409:
405:
395:
393:
379:
378:
371:
364:
351:
350:
346:
336:
334:
332:
317:
316:
309:
299:
297:
293:
268:
263:
262:
258:
253:
236:
165:
157:Forest and Bird
128:
123:
70:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
956:
954:
946:
945:
940:
935:
925:
924:
920:
919:
907:
885:
884:
857:
838:
807:
777:
774:H.R. 5210
741:
738:H.R. 3075
730:
711:
696:
682:
645:
619:. p. 10.
594:
587:
566:
559:
546:Green Backlash
530:
524:978-0231165884
523:
500:
464:
433:
403:
369:
363:978-0963775108
362:
344:
331:978-0316545327
330:
307:
255:
254:
252:
249:
248:
247:
242:
235:
232:
217:redwood forest
213:Redwood Summer
164:
161:
127:
124:
122:
119:
69:
66:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
955:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
933:Eco-terrorism
931:
930:
928:
918:
913:
908:
906:
901:
896:
892:
872:
868:
861:
858:
853:
849:
842:
839:
826:
822:
818:
811:
808:
795:
791:
787:
781:
778:
775:
767:
763:
759:
752:
745:
742:
739:
734:
731:
726:
722:
715:
712:
707:
700:
697:
689:
687:
683:
667:
663:
656:
649:
646:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
613:
605:
598:
595:
590:
584:
580:
573:
571:
567:
562:
560:9780415128285
556:
552:
548:
547:
539:
537:
535:
531:
526:
520:
516:
509:
507:
505:
501:
488:
484:
480:
473:
471:
469:
465:
452:
448:
444:
437:
434:
421:
417:
413:
407:
404:
391:
387:
383:
376:
374:
370:
365:
359:
355:
348:
345:
333:
327:
323:
322:
314:
312:
308:
292:
288:
284:
281:. p. 6.
280:
276:
275:
267:
260:
257:
250:
246:
243:
241:
238:
237:
233:
231:
229:
225:
220:
218:
214:
210:
207:and Southern
206:
202:
198:
194:
189:
187:
183:
179:
175:
174:Mark Hatfield
171:
163:United States
162:
160:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
136:
132:
125:
120:
118:
116:
115:eco-terrorism
112:
107:
104:
100:
95:
93:
92:
87:
83:
79:
75:
67:
65:
63:
62:eco-terrorism
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
34:
30:
19:
875:. Retrieved
870:
860:
852:the original
841:
829:. Retrieved
825:the original
820:
810:
798:. Retrieved
789:
780:
744:
733:
720:
714:
699:
673:. Retrieved
661:
648:
636:. Retrieved
617:Earth First!
612:Earth First!
610:
597:
578:
545:
514:
491:. Retrieved
487:the original
482:
455:. Retrieved
446:
436:
424:. Retrieved
415:
406:
394:. Retrieved
385:
353:
347:
335:. Retrieved
320:
298:. Retrieved
279:Earth First!
274:Earth First!
272:
259:
245:Tree sitting
226:to lead the
221:
201:Mike Roselle
193:Earth First!
190:
166:
139:
129:
111:Earth First!
108:
96:
89:
88:in his book
86:Dave Foreman
82:Earth First!
71:
41:Tree spiking
40:
39:
29:
18:Tree pinning
917:Environment
760:, 102
153:Kevin Smith
126:New Zealand
84:co-founder
927:Categories
768:, enacted
251:References
205:California
149:West Coast
121:By country
91:Ecodefense
873:. E&E
871:Greenwire
725:The Press
706:The Press
625:1055-8411
287:1055-8411
266:"Spikin'"
197:Judi Bari
191:In 1990,
176:, to the
141:Pat O'Dea
135:Tuatapere
877:July 22,
831:July 11,
800:July 11,
794:Archived
675:July 11,
666:Archived
638:July 11,
629:Archived
493:July 11,
457:July 11,
451:Archived
426:July 11,
420:Archived
396:July 11,
390:Archived
337:July 11,
300:July 11,
291:Archived
234:See also
184:, after
891:Portals
758:100–690
750:Pub. L.
240:Ecotage
68:History
57:sawmill
764:
756:
623:
585:
557:
521:
360:
328:
285:
209:Oregon
53:logger
938:Trees
905:Trees
762:Stat.
669:(PDF)
658:(PDF)
632:(PDF)
607:(PDF)
294:(PDF)
269:(PDF)
155:from
131:Beech
879:2021
833:2021
802:2021
766:4181
677:2021
640:2021
621:ISSN
583:ISBN
555:ISBN
519:ISBN
495:2021
459:2021
428:2021
398:2021
358:ISBN
339:2021
326:ISBN
302:2021
283:ISSN
199:and
172:and
49:tree
45:nail
551:153
929::
869:.
819:.
788:.
772:,
723:.
685:^
660:.
627:.
609:.
569:^
553:.
533:^
503:^
481:.
467:^
449:.
445:.
414:.
388:.
384:.
372:^
310:^
289:.
271:.
219:.
64:.
893::
881:.
835:.
804:.
727:.
708:.
679:.
642:.
591:.
563:.
527:.
497:.
461:.
430:.
400:.
366:.
341:.
304:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
