Trincomalee - Knowledge (XXG)

1089: 4290:"Listen as I now recount the isle of Tamraparni, gemmed upon the ocean. The gods underwent austerities there, in a desire to attain greatness. In that region also is the lake of Gokarna. Then one should go to Gokarna, renowned in the three worlds. O Indra among kings! It is in the middle of the ocean and is worshipped by all the worlds. Brahma, the Devas, the rishis, the ascetics, the bhutas (spirits or ghosts), the yakshas, the pishachas, the kinnaras, the great nagas, the siddhas, the charanas, the gandharvas, humans, the pannagas, rivers ocean and mountains worship Uma's consort there". Mahabharata. Volume 3. pp. 46–47, 99 2310: 2162:. They were taken in procession around the region before being reinstalled amid opening ceremonies in one of the newly restored shrines of the compound on 3 March 1963. The naval and air bases were taken over by Sri Lanka in 1957. Following independence from Britain, the political relationship between Tamils and Sinhalese deteriorated across the island. Interest surrounding Trincomalee was increased due to its geostrategic position and the discovery of its underwater and land Hindu ruins. In 1968, the unity government of majority Sinhalese dominated 562: 1053: 2119: 1777: 1768: 99: 2262: 1115: 1073: 1717:. The rise of Francis Xavier and the migration of Portuguese soldiers to Trincomalee, conversions to Christianity by some residents and royals in the 1500s saw the erection of churches in the city. Koneswaram is described by Jesuit priests at this time as being a "... massive structure, a singular work of art. It is of great height, constructed with wonderful skill in blackish granite, on a rock projecting into the sea, and occupies a large space on the summit". 1065: 1897: 1105: 5462: 1392:, Trincomalee bay again is mentioned as the furthest spot down the river Mahavalli Ganga which must be protected from "the enemy in Rohana"; and Trincomalee is noted as a theatre of magic, where Naga snakes were manifested to foretell the consecration of Maha Naga of Anuradhapura. It was not long before the Siva temple's concurrent re-establishment on the promontory by the 6th century following the rise of the Pallava dynasty. The 611: 86: 71: 5803: 6272: 2279: 1097: 3231: 5538: 2415: 1081: 4640:

Siva temple there. A Tamil inscription by Raja Raja Chola refers to Ravi Kulamanikkeswaram Siva Temple in Padavikulam. (K. Indrapala, Epigraphia Tamilica, Jaffna Archeological Society, 1971 – page 34). A 13th century Sanskrit inscription excavated here mentions a Brahmin village in the area. The paddy fields of Padavikulam were watered by the Per Aru river.

5450: 106: 1879:, in the diary of his visit in June 1786 with a view to revitalising agricultural production around the Trincomalee district. The population was a shadow of what it had been in times of prosperity. What he saw were people who had lost much of their traditional skill and often living close to subsistence level. Van Senden made the first record of the 986: 2345:

Lisbon Museum including the stone inscription by Kulakottan (Kunakottan). The site's ruins include an emblem including two fish and is engraved with a prophecy stating that, after the 16th century, westerners with different eye colours will rule the country for 500 years and, at the end of it, rule will revert to the northerners (

2063:. In the early 1950s the British Government built groups of bungalows within the fort specifically for their employees. These bungalows today provide accommodation for the Sri Lankan Army. There was a large Naval Hospital which catered for sick and injured British naval personnel from all over the Indian Ocean and Persian Gulf. 717:(East). Therefore, other translators suggest definitions of Trincomalee such as "sacred angular/peaked hill", "sacred eastern hill" or "three peaked hill". The temple was constructed atop Swami Rock, also called Swami Malai or Kona-ma-malai, a cliff on the peninsula that drops 400 feet (120 metres) directly into the sea. 3854:

An inscription of the Cola king, Rajendra I (1012–1044 AD) was found recently at the goddess Kali's Temple in Trincomalee, detailing his expansion of the shrine. Indrapala, Karthigesu (2007). The evolution of an ethnic identity: The Tamils in Sri Lanka C. 300 BCE to C. 1200 CE. Colombo: Vijitha Yapa.

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which attracted seafaring merchants from East Africa and the Middle East to its ports. An inlet of Trincomalee, Nicholson Cove became the site of a small Arab settlement by the 13th and 14th century. The Nicholson Cove Tombstone inscriptions at Trincomalee refer to the deceased as the daughter of the

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Sivaratnam, C (1964). An outline of the cultural history and principles of Hinduism (1 ed.). Colombo: Stangard Printers. OCLC 12240260. Koneswaram temple. Tiru-Kona-malai, sacred mountain of Kona or Koneser, Iswara or Siva. The date of building the original temple is given as 1580 B.C., according to

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Chola-era inscriptions record the activities of Tamil mercantile communities in Padavikulam. The mercantile groups referred to were the Ticai Aayirattu Ain Nurruvar (Velupillai, Ceylon Tamil Inscriptions, 1971) and the Ayyavole. Taniyappan, a merchant from Padavikulam, laid a foundation stone for a

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In the mid-1980s, India became concerned that the US Navy might gain access to Trincomalee. India was suspicious about goodwill visits by the US Navy to the port and Sri Lankan proposals to contract out the refurbishment of oil storage tanks and modernisation of port facilities at Trincomalee. On 3

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As per another legend, Vayu Bhaghvan and Adiseshan had a dispute to find out who is superior, to prove the superiority adiseshan encircled the Kailasam, Vayu tried to remove this encircle by creating santamarutham (Twister). Due to the santamarutham, eight (8) kodumudigal (parts) fell from kailasam

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J. Burnand helps with the suppression of the revolt against the Indian amildars, administrators brought from Madras to Ceylon. He drafts another 'memoir' on the North and Northeast, in which he locates the origins of the Sinhalese in Siam and mentions that from time immemorial Sinhalese and Tamils

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sent to Trincomalee 60 Sinhala men in order to help the Danes in the construction of their fort. During their permanence in Trincomalee, the Danesh coined also some "Larins", on which were recorded the words 'Don Erich Grubbe', of these coins, today do not remain trace, if not in the diary of Ove

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for the remainder of the year. The city sees on average roughly 1,570 millimetres (62 in) of precipitation annually. Average temperatures in Trincomalee range from around 26 °C (79 °F) in December and January to approximately 30 °C (86 °F) during the warmest months of the

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attracted pilgrims from all parts of India. The shrine itself was demolished in 1622 by the Portuguese (who called it the Temple of a Thousand Columns), and who fortified the heights with the materials derived from its destruction. Some of the artifacts from the demolished temple were kept in the

1871:, but forced to pay forty elephants a year to the Dutch company. As tributaries, they recovered from Portuguese rule slowly under Dutch rule, and the Batticaloa district served as a dependency of the Fort of Trincomalee until 1782. The state of the region and the Tamils fears for the town and the 4828:

This decision was taken by the bishop of Cochin, Dom Sebastião de S. Pedro. Later, another decree of the same bishop dated 11 November 1622, tracing the one indicated in 1602, entrusted newly to the Jesuits the spiritual cure in the districts of Jaffna, Trincomalee and Batticaloa, giving to them

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Trincomalee has some of the most picturesque and scenic beaches found in Sri Lanka, relatively unspoilt and clean. The area is famous for bathing and swimming, owing to the relative shallowness of the sea, allowing one to walk out over a hundred meters into the sea without the water reaching the

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The city had rejoined the Coylot Vanni Country by the start of the 18th century, with much of the city's population having moved across the district following the temple's destruction. It was about three centuries after Norochcho and Knox that serious attempts at translating the temple's ancient

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at Matsyakesvaram on Konaparvatam of Tirukonamalai for conducting daily worship and rituals. Nittavinotapuram, Patiyana Aipolilpattinam, Makalana, Vikkiramacalamekapuram, Matottamana Iramakulavallip pattinam are some of the merchant towns where archaeological remains of monuments datable to the

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soldier in the service of the Dutch and the Governor of Batticaloa, composed a memoir on his administration there in 1794, noting Trincomalee to be an important fortified town in the Tamil nation. Trincomalee's fort was occupied by the Dutch for most of the 18th century, and subsequently by the

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was beginning to influence the operations of the now princely Trincomalee district. Despite it being one of the smaller states of the island, given as an appenage to younger sons of royal houses and still being dependent on the Jaffna kingdom, the city had become one of the richest and the most

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The buildings of Trincomalee were of masonry, thatched with leaves of bamboo and rattan, although the Pagodas and the Palace of the King were covered with copper, silver and gold. The metropolis had grown with well-built houses and streets that were cleaned regularly and were well adorned. The

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The earliest mention of the shrine is in the hymns of Thirugnana sambandar who sings of "Konamamalai, and of the peerless God, who dwelled on Konamamalai, to the sound of roaring ocean, and rows of Kalal and the anklets, and half of whose body is shared by the Maid of the

543:, it is accessible in all weathers to all craft. It has been described as the "finest harbour in the world" and by the British, "the most valuable colonial possession on the globe, as giving to our Indian Empire a security which it had not enjoyed from elsewhere". 4322:

in South India to the Parameswara Shiva temple at Tirukarasai — now in ruins — on the bank of the Mavilli Gangai before worshipping at Koneswaram; from there he went to Maha Tuvaddapuri to worship Lord Ketheeswarar and finally settled down on the Podiya

1471:, lauded the deity of the temples in each and lamented the schemes of other heretical faiths encroaching on Trincomalee. Mahendravarman I gave much assistance and military aid to his friend Manavanna of Anuradhapura, and he proceeded to build a twin temple called 1995:

called the city "the most valuable colonial possession on the globe, as giving to our Indian Empire a security which it had not enjoyed from its establishment" and the harbour "the finest and most advantageous Bay in the whole of India". In the 19th century, the

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and Pothankadu in the west, and Verugal in the south, formed a great Saiva Tamil principality of the island's state Mummudi Chola Mandalam. Residents in this collective community were allotted services, which they had to perform at the Koneswaram temple. A

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and his mother had worshipped Siva at the shrine, when the former wanted to remove the temple of Koneswaram when his mother was in ailing health around 2000 BCE. This literature continues that as the king was heaving the rock, Lord Siva made him drop his

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Koneswaram temple. Tiru-Kona-malai, sacred mountain of Kona or Koneser, Iswara or Siva. The date of building the original temple is given as 1580, BCE. according to a Tamil poem by Kavi Raja Virothayan translated into English in 1831 by Simon Cassie

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Trincomalee's strategic importance has shaped its recent history. The great European powers vied for mastery of the harbour. The Portuguese, the Dutch, the French, and the British, each held it in turn, and there have been many sea battles nearby.

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from the Dutch, the first place on the island they captured. The French recaptured it on 29 August of the same year after the Battle of Trincomalee. In 1783 the French ceded it to the British and subsequently, Britain ceded Trincomalee back to the

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Of particular importance are the references in two Sanskrit dramas of the 9th century to the abode of Agastya shrines on Sivan Oli Padam Malai called Akastiya Stapanam, Trikutakiri and Ilankaitturai in the Trincomalee District where Koneswaram is

1851:, came ashore by chance near Trincomalee and were captured and held in captivity by the Kandyan king in 1659. The Kandyans then pursued a scorched earth policy to try and oust the Dutch and take Trincomalee and Batticaloa on the east coast. The 1835:, an officer mentions that Trincomalee is a "fort built rather strongly of hard stones from an old pagoda round the hillock. On each side there is a sandy and rocky bay and it is like a peninsula". Rajasinghe finally formed an alliance with the 1737:

In 1612, D. Hieronymo de Azevedo, after great difficulties due to torrential rains, arrived at Trincomalee with a Portuguese contingent from Kandy. Here de Azevedo "was keen on building a fort" to the scope; he called in aid from King

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arrived in Trincomalee at the end of 1619 with a first ship, called "Øresund" under the command of Roelant Crape. This small expedition was the vanguard of another Danish fleet, composed of four vessels and 300 soldiers, commanded by

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collapsed over disagreements about declaring the holy Hindu site a protected area. A committee appointed by a Federal Party Minister to study the viability of declaring the site protected was disbanded without consultation by the

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originated on the promontory of Trincomalee. One of Trincomalee's suburbs, Kankuveli is home to ruins of the Tamil Siddhar medical university established by Agastya, the "Agathiyar Thapanam", which alongside his other shrines at

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was built and named after the city's name. A Tamil press is established in Jaffna in 1820; a report on Trincomalee laments its sorry, poverty-stricken state and recommends 'colonization with intelligent settlers'. By 1827, The

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was levied from the Koneswaram temple, and they collected a duty on areca nuts exported through the Trincomalee and Batticaloa ports. Jaffna had given minimal logistical access to its Trincomalee and Batticaloa seaports to the

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were important in the early history of Trincomalee because of the increased significance of the city to Hinduism and trade in the early centuries of the common era, making sure to contribute elements of their unique style of

1804:, that reached the island in May 1620. They wanted to try their fortune in the Asian seas; the Danish expedition occupied Koneswaram temple. It was here that the Danes began the works for the fortification of the peninsula. 3956:

The Malabars call it Tirukonathamalei, or "the mountain of the sacred Konatha," from the Hindoo god of that name, who had formerly a temple on the summit of one of the hills there, which was celebrated over the whole of

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and re-consolidated Tamil sovereign power in the island's north, north west and north east in Trincomalee by 1215; during Magha's reign, the temple and city underwent rich development in the name of a Chodaganga Deva on

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to secure military advantages against its enemies; this was used by their influential European overlords to consolidate power in the region. In 1603, the first Dutch fleet arrives at Trincomalee and Batticaloa ports.

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March 2023, President Ranil Wickremesinghe instructed the petroleum minister and officials to promptly implement a strategy to revitalize the Trincomalee oil tank farm and integrate it into the nation's economy.

2369:. The fort was built in 1623 by the Portuguese and captured in 1639 by the Dutch. It then went through a phase of dismantling and reconstruction and was attacked and captured by the British in 1782, during the 1883:

dealing with a large field dedicated to Koneswaram temple. He was struck by the contrast between the prosperity signified by the inscription and what he then saw in the village. Trincomalee town remained under

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The harbour, the fifth largest natural harbour in the world, is overlooked by terraced highlands, its entrance is guarded by two headlands, and there is a carriage road along its northern and eastern edges.

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of Kanniya (Kan = stone; niya = land), on the road to Trincomalee. A high wall bounds the rectangular enclosure which includes all seven springs. Each is in turn enclosed by a dwarf wall to form a well.

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is published, giving the total population figures for Trincomalee as 19,158 – Tamils and among them 317 Sinhalese. The Vanni, counted under Mannar, has 22,536 inhabitants, among them 517 Sinhalese.

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On palaeographical and other considerations this epigraphic record could be assigned to the late 10th or early 11th century. It records a grant of 250 veli of land on the coast, to the shrine of

1238:'s consort, known in the three worlds and worshiped by all natives of the island including the Nagas, Yakkhas, Siddhars and Devas, peoples from the subcontinent, the rivers, ocean and mountains. 1193:, directed renovations of the Hindu temples and oversaw settlement of Tamils for their upkeep. Sacrificial and other cult practices at the Trincomalee promontory have been documented since the 1979:, and named after the city. The importance of Fort Fredrick was due to Trincomalee's natural harbour. Through Trincomalee, it was believed a strong naval force could secure control of India's 780:

from 350 — 290 BCE, describes the island as being divided by a long river, productive of a large number of gold and pearls in one half and that the inhabitants of this country are called

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inscriptions of the 6th century BCE — 2nd century CE. Trincomalee, the coastal peninsula town where Koneswaram is located is an anglicized form of the old Tamil word "Thiru-kona-malai" (

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Barner Jensen, U. "Danish East India. Trade coins and the coins of Tranquebar, 1620–1845", pp. 11–12; Holden Furber "Imperi rivali nei mercati d’oriente, 1600–1800", note n° 66, p. 326: "

4061:, pp.109. "Gonarda could be a rendering of Ko-Natha, Go-Natha, or Go-Nadu. Gonarda" (IX.13; XXXII.22), a locality in the southern division (XIV. 12) as mentioned in the Brihat-Samhita of 1855:

set up base in Trincomalee in the Spring of 1672, and tried to make overtures to the Kandyans, but an alliance was not sealed; by July 1672, Trincomalee was retaken by the Dutch fleet.

2179:. The Federal Party withdrew its support to the government following that action. According to journalists like T. Sabaratnam, this incident had severe repercussions alongside the 5735: 1713:

to bring it back under Jaffna control, forcing the boy king into exile. He was eventually baptised as Raja Alphonsus of Trincomalee and taken under the wing of the missionary

5590: 1709:. The death of one of its kings, Vanniana Raja of Trincomalee, left his young son, the Prince of Trincomalee under the guardianship of his uncle. Trincomalee was annexed by 1177:

in Sanskrit. Over its long history, Trincomalee, and specifically the Swami Rock promontory, has housed several Kovil temples to deities of the Hindu pantheon, as well as a

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year from April through September. Extreme temperatures in the city range from 16.5 °C (61.7 °F) in December 2022 to 39.8 °C (103.6 °F) on 13 May 1890.

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by Rajendra Chola I increased pilgrimage to the city. Trincomalee was used by Chola king Ilankesvarar Tevar as his eastern port in the 11th century and prospered under the

1754:, assigned to the "spiritual cures of the Franciscans". The Jesuits followed the Portuguese soldiers to Trincomalee and Batticaloa when they occupied the two localities. 1705:

visited place of Hindu worship in the world, declared the "Rome of the Pagans of the Orient" and "Rome of the Gentiles" by the Portuguese. It hosted the Hindu funeral of

4105:, Tirumalai, Jagannath and Vaijayanthi and concludes that while these latter temples were well visited by the Hindus, the former had surpassed all the latter temples. 3528:

E Greig, Doreen (1987). "The reluctant colonists: Netherlanders abroad in the 17th and 18th centuries". U.S.A.: Assen, The Netherlands; Wolfeboro, N.H., U.S.A.: 227.

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sent to Portugal for the purpose of identification. The Tamil inscription contains a prophecy on the city and its temple, a copy of which was sent and is retained in

898:, motivating Kullakottan Chola who learnt of its sanctity to sail to Trincomalee and develop the three Hindu temples of the Koneswaram compound. The compiler of the 5352: 3141: 6192: 4201:

to the Maccakesvaram (another name for Koneswaram) temple of Konaparvatam, Konamamalai from the localities Urakirikamam, Kirikanta and Kirikamam to the shrine of

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in 1942, the city and district were affected after Sri Lanka gained independence in 1948, when the political relationship between Tamil and Sinhalese people

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chest. Whale watching is a common pastime in the seas off Trincomalee, and successful sightings are on the rise with the increase of tourism in the area.

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With the turn of the modern era, English authors and poets used Trincomalee as inspiration for literature and poetry and became connected with the city.

953: 1958: 1154:. The Tamil settlement at the port of Trincomalee was one of the oldest settlements on the island. One inscription from 900 to 1000 CE belonging to the 4882:

had divided the rule of the island between the two of them. The English translation of Burnand's memoir of 1798 becomes known as the 'Cleghorn minute'.

6327: 6185: 1747: 453: 5269: 3368: 2230: 1640:. At this time, Trincomalee was trading pearls, precious stones, vessels, elephants, muslins, baqam and cinnamon, and was passed by Chinese voyager 1632:. Mariners were particularly excited when observing the massive shrine from afar in the sea. Building blocks from the city were used to expand the 5583: 4270:

Eleven years in Ceylon: Comprising sketches of the field sports and natural history of that colony, and an account of its history and antiquities

2373:. The French then took it from the British, and handed it back to the Dutch for a large sum of money. In 1795, when the French had occupied the 6297: 5348: 3727:

Placenames of the world : origins and meanings of the names for 6,600 countries, cities, territories, natural features, and historic sites

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versus Maha Viharaya sectarianism in Anuradhapura. This explains some of the Buddhist archeological remains in the region. By the reign of

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of the South" and the "Rome of the Pagans of the Orient". The harbour is renowned for its large size and security; unlike any other in the

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Ceylon; an account of the island physical, historical and topographical, with notices of its natural history, antiquities, and productions

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state in 1815. The city's architecture shows some of the best examples of interaction between native and European styles. Attacked by the

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will work with the Ceylon Petroleum Corporation to develop the Upper Tank Farm at the abandoned World War II port, known as China Bay.

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of Trincomalee and the rest of the Vanni became subordinates and were put back under the commandment of Jaffna with a large degree of

1234:, the Hindu epic written between 400 and 100 BCE, the temple of Gokarna bay is in the middle of the ocean and is the island shrine of 4892:

had divided the rule of the island between the two of them. The English translation of Burnand's memoir of 1798 becomes known as the

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Schalk, Peter (2002). "Buddhism Among Tamils in Pre-colonial Tamilakam and Ilam: Prologue. The Pre-Pallava and the Pallava period".

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Illustrations and Views of Dutch Ceylon, 1602–1796: A Comprehensive Work of Pictorial Reference with Selected Eye-Witness Accounts

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of the war. However, the installation later served as an important launching point for British naval operations in 1944 and 1945.

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at the foot of the promontory which they called Pagoda Hill, and another fort at the mouth of the harbour home to Dutch officers,

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is executed by the British – a pension is paid to his widow, the Vannichi, until the late 19th century. The British officer

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is another ancient practice which involves a variation of Sūrya Namaskāra. It is a procedure of saluting The Sun, taught to Sri

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is one of the six commonwealth war cemeteries in Sri Lanka. It is maintained by Sri Lankan Ministry of Defence on behalf of the

1957:, in ancient characters concerning the traditional founder of Trincomalee and the temple, Kullakottan Chola. The French admiral 1084:

Nilaveli Beach just north of the city, near where one of the earliest stone inscriptions mentioning the holy city was discovered

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of unknown antiquity — manuscripts of which have been discovered and dated from the 5th — 7th century. It was in the

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and Murugan Tiruppadai of Sri Lanka; its sacred status to the Hindus has led to it being declared "Dakshina-Then Kailasam" or "

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Arumugam, S (1980). "The Lord of Thiruketheeswaram, an ancient Hindu sthalam of hoary antiquity in Sri Lanka". Colombo: 106.

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Heralded as "Dakshina Kailasam"/"Then Kailasam" (Kailaas of the South) because it lies on exactly the same longitude as the

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on the island, and that "to the east of this island at the shore of the sea lies a great Siva temple in a holy place called

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sites of historical importance. These sites are sacred to the Hindus and some Buddhists also worship at these Hindu sites.

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writings were made. The Dutch ruled the Tamil country with increased focus on districts like the Vannimai, Trincomalee and

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word for the terms "Lord", "King" or "Chief", which allude to the deity that presides here; this term appears in several

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assigned to the Pandyan era belonged to sea traders that likely originated from Trincomalee. The city even attracted

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in 1830. The worship of Eiswara is noted to have been the original worship of the island and the deity worshiped by

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Thirunanacamptanta Cuvamikal Arulicceyta Tevarattiruppatikankal, Saiva Siddhanta publishing works Ltd, Madras, 1927

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The Dakshina Kailasa Manmiam, a chronicle on the history of the temple, notes that the Sage Agastya proceeded from

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The Koneswaram temple compounds, the city and its adjacent region, from Periyakulam and Manankerni in the north,

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hill on the eastern coast of Lanka once again in the 3rd century. Another mention is found in the 5th century CE

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on Konesar Road, and the Salli Muthumariamman Kovil of Uppuveli beach in the Trincomalee suburb of Sambalativu.

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Romesh Chunder Dutt (2001). A History of Civilisation in Ancient India: Based on Sanscrit ..., Volume 1. pp.285

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in 2013. It was not adversely affected by the tsunami of 2004 because of the sea terrain around Trincomalee.

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about the priests of Koneswaram. Following some benefaction of the shrine by Gajabahu II, his successor King

1430:, reveal that lands and villages of Tamils in the island's northeast were prospering, particularly following 6317: 4411: 3179: 3175: 1742:

of Jaffna but not seeing him, he abandoned the enterprise and he marched towards Jaffna. The early death of

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speaking culture on the island for nearly a millennium. With a population of 99,135, the city is built on a

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according to a Sanskrit inscription in Grantha script excavated on a doorjamb at the Hindu temple dated to

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Professor K. Indrapala, Early Tamil Settlements in Ceylon. PhD Thesis, University of London, 1965.page 331

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In 2015, India and Sri Lanka agreed to develop South Asia's largest oil depot at a port near Trincomalee.

2370: 2226:. The name refers to a watchtower built on a hill commanding a 360-degree view of the harbor and the bay. 2059:. Some of the old buildings in the fort were used as residences, including one previously occupied by the 2045: 1921: 1637: 1621: 1606: 1452: 1435: 1394: 969: 875: 485: 183: 171: 5261: 2313:

Lover's Leap was suicide spot to failed lovers. They jumped from the edge of Swami Rock into Indian Ocean

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for Trincomalee, in a number of places, referring to the three pagodas on the promontory of Trincomalee.

4508: 4237: 4210: 4202: 3890: 3541: 3351:

is situated in Trincomalee. It was first established in 1967, and gained university status in 2001. The

3271: 3214: 2163: 1930: 1910: 1720:

The Trincomalee and Batticaloa chiefdoms starting paying direct tributes to the Portuguese commander in

1657: 1633: 1384:

country, who had intervened to avenge the persecution of Vetullavada adherents during the Tamraparniyan

1346: 1108: 957: 477: 469: 5471: 1114: 1876: 1146:

since ancient times. Trinco, as it is commonly called, has been a seaport since 400 BCE. The earliest

6292: 5071:

S.J.V. Chelvanayakam and the crisis of Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism, 1947–1977: a political biography

3431: 3213:

started broadcasting from Trincomalee Relay Station in 1984. Its transmitter were mostly used by the

2184: 1954: 1848: 1598: 1585: 1411: 1385: 1194: 528: 501: 402: 291: 188: 4852:

Professor Jeremy Black, Jeremy Black. From Louis XIV to Napoleon: The Fate of a Great Power. pp.1678

4760:

M. G. Francis. History of Ceylon: An Abridged Translation of Professor Peter Courtenay's Work. pp.80

3921:

Nān̲kāvatu An̲aittulakat Tamil̲ārāycci Makānāṭṭu nikal̲ccikaḷ, Yāl̲ppāṇam, Can̲avari, 1974, Volume 2

1724:

from 1582 as Portuguese influence over the entire North east gained momentum. An annual sum of 1280

1122:

Trincomalee which is a natural deep-water harbour has attracted seafarers, trader and pilgrims from

1072: 4383:

by Sage Agastya, before his fight with Ravana. It is described in the "Yuddha Kaanda" Canto 107 of

3606:(3 ed.). Hong Kong: Hong Kong : Apa Productions (HK); Prentice Hall, 1985. p. 214. 3348: 3153:(precipitation days, 1968–1990 and sun, 1975–1983), Department of Meteorology (records up to 2007) 2341: 2199: 1864: 1860: 1431: 1341: 726: 583: 414: 5231: 3729:(2 ed.). London: Jefferson, N.C.; London : McFarland & Co., cop. 2006. p. 382. 2078:

based on his experiences in the city. Trincomalee's Bhadrakali Amman temple provides a setting in

4626: 4319: 4029: 3186: 2340:

The Koneswaram temple, with a recorded history from the 3rd century BCE and legends attesting to

2223: 2087: 2060: 1997: 1934: 1832: 505: 446: 5123: 3943: 1376:

who themselves had been antagonized by Mahasen. He worked under the tutelage of Sangamitta, the

1041: 5301: 3205:

operated a shortwave and mediumwave relay station in Trincomalee, which was handed over to the

1368:, destroyed the devalaya temple compound in Trincomalee housing Siva lingas in it, and built a 1064: 6076: 6002: 5887: 5568: 5181: 5074: 5049: 5024: 4996: 4971: 4780:

Re-exploring the links : history and constructed histories between Portugal and Sri Lanka

4664: 4572: 4540: 4496: 4475: 4451:

a Tamil poem by Kavi Raja Virothayan translated into English in 1831 by Simon Cassie Chitty...

4343: 4309: 4188: 4066: 4017: 3974: 3947: 3878: 3856: 3822: 3740: 3730: 3705: 3682: 3672: 3640: 3617: 3607: 3580: 3529: 3094: 3047: 2996: 2365:

The entrance to the roadway leading to Koneswaram is actually the entrance to what used to be

2318: 2253: 2203: 2176: 2049: 1896: 1739: 1701: 1624:

had the traditional history of the Koneswaram temple compiled as a chronicle in verse, titled

1617: 1519: 1447: 1369: 1104: 636: 519:

to the south, the historical "Gokarna" in Sanskrit, means "Cow's Ear", akin to other sites of

489: 426: 4661:

Ceylon, the Portuguese era: being a history of the island for the period, 1505–1658, Volume 1

3772: 3758: 5147: 4839: 4371: 4153: 4121: 3702:

Names and Their Histories: A Handbook of Historical Geography and Topographical Nomenclature

2067: 2017: 2001: 1980: 1942: 1730: 1649: 1491: 1487: 1456: 1351: 1016: 851: 524: 377: 315: 5373: 4537:

Being a research into the history of Jaffna, from very early times to the Portuguese period

5408: 5154: 4521: 4376: 4223: 3903: 3554: 3422: 2195: 2091: 2056: 1976: 1969: 1946: 1678: 1645: 1602: 1555: 1539: 1254:

continues that the shrine is the next pilgrimage spot for Hindus en route south following

949: 793: 758: 729:, a circular natural harbour which the temple crowns towards the north, is referred to as 512: 76: 5465: 5097:

India's Ocean: the Story of India's Bid for Regional Leadership. Retrieved 13 August 2014

4062: 3296: 1221:

state that it is probable there is no more ancient form of worship existing than that of

5461: 4907: 4769:

Perniola, V. "The Catholic church in Sri Lanka. The Portuguese period", vol. II, p. 366.

2028:

and fuel storage and support facilities for the British fleets there. After the fall of

598:(Ko-Kannam bay) where the temple is illustrated. Just above, both cartographers mention 85: 6130: 5972: 5016: 4870:

Dutch and British colonial intervention in Sri Lanka c. 1780–1815: expansion and reform

3937: 3441: 3340: 3210: 3202: 2374: 2207: 2172: 2107: 1991:

called Trincomalee "the finest harbour in the world", while the British Prime Minister

1926: 1844: 1836: 1714: 1563: 1503: 1494:

oversaw the city's development when under their empire. A significant expansion of the

1313: 1308: 1218: 1151: 884: 843: 831: 789: 698: 667:), meaning "Lord of the Sacred Hill", its earliest reference in this form found in the 660: 516: 481: 425:

of the same name, which divides its inner and outer harbours. It is home to the famous

360: 2233:, Trincomalee was a focal point for relief efforts on the eastern coast of Sri Lanka. 1937:

and held it until Sri Lanka's independence in 1948, with a claimed aim of "preventing

6286: 5967: 4968:

The evolution of an ethnic identity: The Tamils in Sri Lanka C. 300 BCE to C. 1200 CE

4472:

The evolution of an ethnic identity: The Tamils in Sri Lanka C. 300 BCE to C. 1200 CE

3637:

The evolution of an ethnic identity: The Tamils in Sri Lanka C. 300 BCE to C. 1200 CE

2875: 2366: 2033: 2025: 1872: 1840: 1812: 1721: 1661:

chief Badriddin Husain Bin Ali Al-Halabi, showing that her family hailed from Halab (

1581: 1547: 1410:

Early Tamil dynasties continued to employ the city as the prefectural capital of the

1235: 1155: 1045: 912: 867: 536: 5401: 3486: 2055:

One of the places inhabited by the British was Fort Fredrick, now controlled by the

635:

The city has developed from a village settlement on the promontory dedicated to the

610: 6250: 6177: 6086: 6066: 5982: 5912: 5902: 5825: 5727: 5711: 2079: 1984: 1905: 1824: 1785:

Underwater ruins of the Koneswaram temple include statues of the popular Hindu god

1725: 1559: 1012: 734: 686: 656: 540: 532: 493: 461: 3460: 1096: 5526: 5166:

C.S. Navaratnam, A Short History of Hinduism in Ceylon, Jaffna, 1964. Pages 43–47

4460:

Ci Patmanātan, S. Pathmanathan (1978). The Kingdom of Jaffna, Volume 1. pp. 26–27

2299:

at Swami Rock (Konamalai) and looks straight down into the ocean below (middle).

6116: 6111: 6101: 6081: 6026: 5947: 5907: 4993:

Electoral politics in an emergent state: the Ceylon general election of May 1970

4819:

Perniola, V. "The Catholic church in Sri Lanka. The Portuguese period", vol. III

4078:

Manohar Laxman Varadpande (1987). History of Indian Theatre, Volume 1, pp. 80–81

3939:

An historical, political, and statistical account of Ceylon and its dependencies

3230: 2103: 1961:, when with his fleet in the city in 1781 had sent a copy of the inscription to 1750:

saw all the territory of the kingdom of Jaffna, comprising both Trincomalee and

1674: 1567: 1535: 1483: 1476: 1443: 1381: 1322: 1300:

Patanjali's birth at the city in 180 BCE and its connections to another Siddhar

1263: 1255: 1230: 1190: 1143: 1127: 1057: 961: 806: 773: 591: 500:, erupting into civil war. It is home to major naval and air force bases at the 5327:"World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Trincomalee" 4807:

Perniola, V. "The Catholic church in Sri Lanka. The Portuguese period", vol. II

1514:

emerged in the region during Chola trade with the far east and the conquest of

619:

map of 1502, showing three Tamil towns on east coast, Mullaitivu, Trincomalee (

6245: 6096: 6071: 6041: 6036: 5922: 5882: 5850: 5696: 5686: 5124:"Sri Lanka : President instructs to revive the Trincomalee oil tank farm" 4736:

Ci Patmanātan, S. Pathmanathan (1978). The Kingdom of Jaffna, Volume 1. p. 237

3356: 2464: 2460: 2414: 2159: 2139: 2041: 2037: 1801: 1751: 1690: 1682: 1670: 1507: 1399: 1344:

brought his nephew Panduvasdeva to land at the bay in the 4th century BC. The

1317: 1259: 1169:

Ancient texts, as well as an inscription unearthed by archeologists among its

1080: 965: 674: 5495: 5482: 4576: 4544: 4259:

Constance Frederica Gordon Cumming (1893). Two happy years in Ceylon. pp. 295

3744: 3686: 2349:. The Hindu temple was also documented in several medieval texts such as the 2138:

statues from the 10th century CE of a seated figure of Shiva (in the form of

1975:

was built during the early 19th century by Indian workers to aid them in the

1811:

built from its ruins, Trincomalee had a Portuguese force during the reign of

142: 129: 6271: 6260: 6145: 6061: 6011: 5957: 5840: 5802: 5762: 5716: 5706: 4829:

possibility to build churches, to train the sacraments and to convert souls.

4668: 4500: 3873:

Arumugam, S (1980). "Some ancient Hindu temples of Sri Lanka" (2 ed.).

3621: 3584: 3533: 2029: 1941:

invading the colony" if left under the Dutch. Their rule is sealed with the

1880: 1828: 1743: 1710: 1610: 1594: 1550:

used the city as a garrison point during his rule. The city was governed by

1515: 1468: 1372:

edifice in its stead. He destroyed the Hindu temple to appease monks of the

1364: 1336: 1147: 1139: 907: 903: 652: 571: 445:

and an ancient ferry service to Jaffna and the south side of the harbour at

422: 410: 281: 277: 272: 164: 17: 4932:

An Account of an Inscription Found Near Trincomalee in the Island of Ceylon

4313: 4192: 4021: 3978: 3951: 3882: 3843:

Era Year 1145), and details donations this royal made to Konamamalai temple

3602:

Herbert Keuneman; John Gottberg; Ravindralal Anthonis; Hans Hoefer (1985).

2044:. Trincomalee harbour and airfield were attacked by a carrier fleet of the 689:

manuscripts and inscriptions mention the monumental compound shrine as the

5449: 4943:

G. Philip V. Akrigg, Helen B. Akrigg (1997). British Columbia place names.

4649:

Abraham, Meera (1988). Two medieval merchant guilds of south India. p. 132

4539:. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services (republished: 1993). p. 378. 3826: 1875:

is described in considerable detail by the Dutch Governor of Trincomalee,

1605:, Trincomalee rose in status in the Jaffna kingdom, often visited by King 1250:. By staying there for twelve nights, one's soul is cleansed of all sins. 6150: 6135: 6125: 6106: 6091: 6031: 5997: 5962: 5917: 5877: 5867: 5701: 5671: 5666: 5635: 5546:

was created from a revision of this article dated 4 August 2010

4388: 4069:(LVIII.20-9) also mentions Gonarda among the countries of southern India. 3831:

The inscription, found in the Hindu temple premises dates the landing of

1938: 1885: 1868: 1823:

who destroyed one of the temples had a copy of the oldest inscription in

1590: 1578:

and remnants of Pandyan art and architecture still stand in Trincomalee.

1571: 1558:

in the 13th century, despite invasions from and the eventual subduing of

1542:

used Trincomalee as his eastern port, to launch a successful invasion of

1526: 1499: 1268: 1182: 1178: 1163: 823: 801: 797: 738: 3506:"Sri Lanka: largest cities and towns and statistics of their population" 3193:. The station lies close to the northern coast and beaches of the city. 1463:

took steps to attack the Vanniar chiefs between Trincomalee and Mannar,

6255: 6220: 6140: 6120: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6006: 5992: 5892: 5872: 5845: 5777: 5656: 5614: 4384: 4097:

Queyroz compares Konesvaram to the famous Hindu temples in Rameswaram,

3818: 3436: 2381:, it was again taken over by the British, who named it Fort Frederick. 2147: 1796: 1694: 1641: 1439: 1415: 1301: 1297: 1239: 1186: 890: 669: 616: 567: 262: 5424: 4093:

Perspectives in archaeology : Leelananda Prematilleke festschrift

3784: 3782: 574:

of 140 CE in a 1562 Ruscelli publication. From the Shiva footprint of

6235: 6021: 6016: 5987: 5977: 5952: 5897: 5835: 5691: 2151: 2135: 2131: 2005: 1852: 1786: 1662: 1467:

hymns were composed on the two holy cities, one of which, written by

1273: 1243: 1222: 1214: 1159: 1131: 1123: 298: 3788:

S. Pathmanathan, The Kingdom of Jaffna, Colombo, 1978. pages 135–144

1616:

Trincomalee served a similar purpose to its west coast sister city,

1281:. As a result of this a cleft was created on the rock, today called 1246:, one acquireth the merit of the horse-sacrifice, and the status of 5381:

Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world

5095: 2426:

Marble Beach is located in 16 km (10 miles) from Trincomalee.

1158:

excavated near where the promontory's first temple stood is from a

523:

worship across the Indian subcontinent. Uniquely, Trincomalee is a

6230: 6225: 5830: 5820: 5676: 5661: 5374:"Klimatafel von Trincomalee (Tirikunamalaya) / Sri Lanka (Ceylon)" 2413: 2322: 2308: 2183:. The city and its district were severely affected by the 30-year 2143: 2117: 1895: 1816: 1666: 1653: 1543: 1327: 1278: 1170: 1135: 1113: 1103: 1095: 1087: 1079: 1071: 1063: 1051: 1048:'s 1688 map of the island with Trincomalee on the northeast coast. 1040: 863: 681:

is a generally used epithet denoting a "sacred" temple site while

520: 4403: 3936:

Pridham, Charles (1849). "Trincomalee – Its Early History".

1217:, the ancient Yakkha queen; Charles Pridham, Jonathan Forbes and 4380: 4142:

S. Pathmanathan. (1978). The Kingdom of Jaffna. Volume 1. pp.136

3915: 3913: 3840: 2127: 1531: 1305: 1076:

Antonio Bocarro's 1635 map of temples of Trincomalee promontory.

56: 6181: 5731: 5572: 2158:

buried 500 yards from the promontory's end while digging for a

1320:

science across the continent during the pre-classical era. The

733:

or "Lord's Cheek", alluding to the cheek shape of Shiva's bull

437:, the Trincomalee Hindu Cultural Hall and, opened in 1897, the 4864: 4862: 4860: 4858: 4197:

The Nilaveli inscription describes the land grant of 250 veli

3224: 2021: 979: 452:

Trincomalee was made into a fortified port town following the

351: 4187:. University of London/Colombo : Arul M. Rajendran: 56. 3577:

An outline of the cultural history and principles of Hinduism

1807:

Following the destruction of the Koneswaram compound and the

1228:

In the earliest known literary reference to the Siva temple,

1185:

church, both introduced following invasions. A descendant of

872:

Dakshina Kailasa Puranam — Sthala Puranam of Koneswaram

433:. The town is home to other historical monuments such as the 5524: 4954:

Churchill's Navy: The Ships, Men and Organisation, 1939–1945

2328:

Prominent sites include the Koneswaram temple compound, its

2094:

stories feature multiple settings in the city, including in

854:, stands on Konesar Road before the entrance to Swami Rock. 4778:

Jorge Manuel Flores; Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian. (2007).

4747:

Sarandib: an ethnological study of the Muslims of Sri Lanka

4663:. Vol. 1. Sri Lanka: Tisara Prakasakayo. p. 262. 4441:

Culavamsa: Being the More Recent Part of Mahavamsa. pp59-60

3800:

H.N. Apte, Vayupurana, Chapter 48 verses 20–30, Poona, 1929

1953:

discovered a stone epigraph, the oldest of the province of

1652:. The Tamil country had established a strong alliance with 944:

into 8 different places: are Thirugonamalai (Trincomalee),

429:

from where it developed and earned its historic Tamil name

342: 336: 330: 5421:"Naval and Maritime Academy of SLN reaches Par Excellence" 4091:

Prematilleka, Leelananda; Seneviratne, Sudharshan (1990).

3178:

highways in Sri Lanka, as well as the northern end of the

1414:, allowing administrative duties to be handled by elected 846:

all associated with ancient Shiva temples. The associated

413:. Located on the east coast of the island overlooking the 5148:

http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=14006

3973:. London: Longman, Green; Longman, Roberts. p. 484. 3759:"Tirukōṇa-malai (Trincomalee), Kīri-malai, Kutirai-malai" 327: 2150:, a statue of the goddess Mathumai Ambal and later Lord 3983:

The districts at the southern extremity of Batticaloa,

3969:

Tennent, James Emerson (1859). "The Northern Forests".

1847:. An English sea captain and his son, the writer named 1350:

asserts that Vijaya restored the Koneswaram temple and

1289:. Upon her death, her last rites were performed at the 1068:

Procession of Koneswaram idol pooja in Trincomalee city

594:

river's estuary into the Indian Ocean is just south of

4909:

Final French Struggles in India and on the Indian Seas

4571:. Colombo: Colombo : Kalai Nilayam. p. 233. 2110:, of the British Royal Navy is buried in Trincomalee. 1506:. Two powerful merchant guilds of the time – the 4793:

Statistics of the Colonies of the British Empire,...

4569:

Tamil culture in Ceylon : a general introduction

1402:

confirms Trincomalee's sacred status for all Hindus.

1162:

and also concerns Koneswaram, as do the 10th century

586:) rises three rivers, including the Mavillie-Gangai ( 388: 333: 318: 4707:

J R Sinnatamby (1968). Ceylon in Ptolemy's geography

4333: 4331: 3808: 3806: 2020:, the British built a large airfield to house their 1304:

from at least the 5th–4th century BCE suggests that

348: 324: 321: 5931: 5811: 5769: 5644: 5623: 5607: 4756: 4754: 371: 345: 339: 288: 271: 261: 253: 245: 240: 232: 224: 219: 209: 204: 194: 182: 170: 158: 34: 4183:Pathmanathan, S. (1978). "The Kingdom of Jaffna". 2194:Today SLNS Tissa and SLN Dockyard are used by the 1150:inscriptions found in Trincomalee city are in the 1118:Prima Flour Factory to the right, Trincomalee city 417:, Trincomalee has been one of the main centres of 5329:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 5232:"The photographs of Trincomalee Beach, July 2018" 4059:India as seen in the Bṛhatsaṁhitā of Varāhamihira 5023:. C Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd. p. 364. 2222:. The base is home to a naval museum called the 5353:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 4368:Ramayana, Book VI, CANTO CVI.: GLORY TO THE SUN 4241:period of Chola administration have been found. 4086: 4084: 3671:. Pannapitiya: Stamford Lake (Pvt.) Ltd. 2004. 2321:and Hindus around the world. The city has many 920:and his self description as a "Gonardiya" from 5537: 5262:"The photographs of Marble Beach, August 2018" 5073:. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. p. 110. 4803: 4801: 1831:. In a 1638 letter to Dutch Colonial Governor 804:(Bacchus) like the Pandyans of Tamilakam. The 6193: 5743: 5584: 4815: 4813: 4616: 4614: 4612: 3796: 3794: 1693:while stopping to pay homage to Koneswaram's 1242:there for three nights in worship of Siva as 1015:. Please discuss this issue on the article's 906:'s place of birth at the temple corroborates 741:equivalent of the port town's harbour bay is 45: 8: 1574:; it then remained in the Pandyan empire of 1197:period, and were noted during the reigns of 401:, is the administrative headquarters of the 5300:. Department of Meteorology. Archived from 5176:R. K. De Silva and W. G. M. Beumer (1988). 4995:. Cambridge University Press. p. 215. 4727:– a hawk-beak shaped hill on the east coast 3839:to Friday 14th April, 1223 CE (recorded as 3523: 3521: 3519: 3517: 3515: 3494:. Jaffna: Aseeravatham Press. p. 1-30. 3428:, a British sailing frigate built in India. 3259:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1293:in the Kanniya suburb of Trincomalee city. 39: 6200: 6186: 6178: 5750: 5736: 5728: 5591: 5577: 5569: 5289: 5287: 5202:"Delhi toehold in key Lanka port, at last" 4593:KAN Sastri, A History of South India, p412 4034:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3931: 3929: 3704:. London: BiblioBazaar, LLC. p. 308. 3579:(1 ed.). Colombo: Stangard Printers. 2471: 2032:, Trincomalee became the home port of the 1593:, 1223. After the fall of the Pandyans of 705:) has other meanings in Old Tamil such as 31: 4872:. Proefschrift Universiteit Leiden. pp.86 4268:Jonathan Forbes, George Turnour. (1840). 3570: 3568: 3566: 3564: 3323:Learn how and when to remove this message 3170:Trincomalee is on the eastern end of the 2475:Climate data for Trincomalee (1991–2020) 1748:Portuguese conquest of the Jaffna kingdom 894:that the shrine first found reference as 454:Portuguese conquest of the Jaffna kingdom 5554:, and does not reflect subsequent edits. 3821:: Ceylon University Press. p. 112. 3813:de Silva, K. M.; Ray, C.M. (1959–1973). 3662: 3660: 3658: 3656: 2231:2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami 1534:sect in Nilaveli had even complained to 4302:Some ancient Hindu temples of Sri Lanka 4007: 4005: 4003: 3991:are so called from the two Tamil words 3452: 1959:Pierre André de Suffren de Saint Tropez 270: 260: 239: 231: 218: 203: 157: 122: 91: 82: 67: 62: 4970:. Colombo: Vijitha Yapa. p. 308. 4517: 4506: 4474:. Colombo: Vijitha Yapa. p. 230. 4338:Pathmanathan, Sivasubramaniam (2006). 4219: 4208: 4027: 3899: 3888: 3639:. Colombo: Vijitha Yapa. p. 324. 3550: 3539: 2126:In 1950, one of the original shrine's 1554:and Jatavarman Veera Pandyan I of the 1056:Uppuveli Beach in Trincomalee city, a 916:, which describes him as hailing from 848:Bhadrakali Amman Temple of Trincomalee 504:. The city also has the largest Dutch 441:. Trincomalee is also the site of the 5242:from the original on 31 December 2018 4014:A Short History of Hinduism in Ceylon 3369:Methodist Girls' College, Trincomalee 2181:contributing factors of the civil war 1390:Silakala Ambosamanera of Anuradhapura 1100:Koneswaram temple shrine, Trincomalee 1092:1775 Mannevillette Map of Trincomalee 287: 252: 244: 223: 208: 193: 181: 169: 7: 5295:"Ever Recorded Daily Extreme Values" 5272:from the original on 29 January 2019 5104:from the original on 24 January 2016 4164:from the original on 18 October 2017 3942:. London: T. and W. Boone. pp. 3379:R. K. M. Sri Koneswara Hindu College 3359:, also has a campus in Trincomalee. 3257:adding citations to reliable sources 2303:at Swami Rock seen from sea (right). 2122:Sri Lankan naval ship at Trincomalee 1922:British captured Trincomalee's forts 1496:Bhadrakali Amman Temple, Trincomalee 709:, while another origin for the term 435:Bhadrakali Amman Temple, Trincomalee 5383:(in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst 4432:Mahavamsa. Chapter 35. Verses 40–47 3363:List of schools in Trincomalee city 2212:Security Forces Headquarters - East 1989:Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson 1963:Abraham Hyacinthe Anquetil-Duperron 1630:Sthala Puranam of Koneswaram Temple 1473:Kokarneswarar Temple, Thirukokarnam 1272:in written form describes how King 105: 6323:Port cities and towns in Sri Lanka 5021:Religion and Politics in Sri Lanka 4791:Robert Montgomery Martin. (1839). 4604:Medieval Tamils in Lanka = Ilankai 4118:"Arulmigu Gneelivaneswarar Temple" 3207:Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corporation 2220:Commonwealth War Graves Commission 1060:, with Konesar Malai in background 818:." The bay is also referred to as 25: 5349:"Climate Normals for Trincomalee" 5180:. London: Serendib Publications. 3389:St. Joseph's College, Trincomalee 3384:Sri Shanmuga Hindu Ladies College 2166:and the minority Tamil dominated 1455:to the city. During the reign of 1258:of the early Pandyan kingdom and 228:7.5 km (2.9 sq mi) 6328:Provincial capitals in Sri Lanka 6270: 5801: 5536: 5460: 5448: 5423:. Sri Lanka Navy. Archived from 4281:Mahabharata. Volume 3. pp. 46–47 3229: 2463:from April through August and a 2277: 2260: 2245: 2100:A Singular Affair at Trincomalee 1775: 1766: 1266:). In the same time period, the 1173:archaeological remains, call it 999:to read and navigate comfortably 984: 609: 560: 314: 104: 97: 84: 69: 4906:Malleson, George Bruce (1884). 4414:from the original on 6 May 2019 3485:Gunasingam, Selladurai (1979). 3394:St. Mary's College, Trincomalee 3355:, which has its main campus in 3353:Eastern University of Sri Lanka 1576:Maravarman Kulasekara Pandyan I 1211:The Life of Alexander Alexander 882: — three chapters of the 713:could come from the Tamil term 5402:"Sri Lanka Railways Timetable" 5268:. independent-travellers.com. 5238:. independent-travellers.com. 4966:Indrapala, Karthigesu (2007). 4659:Pieris, Paulus Edward (1983). 4623:Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis 4470:Indrapala, Karthigesu (2007). 3667:Ramachandran, Nirmala (2004). 3635:Indrapala, Karthigesu (2007). 3374:Orr's Hill Vivekananda College 1909:French who fought and won the 1656:and the Delhi Sultinate under 1512:Five Hundred Lords of Ayyavolu 405:and major resort port city of 1: 6298:Populated places in Sri Lanka 3669:The Hindu legacy to Sri Lanka 2457:Köppen climate classification 2011:Return of the Population 1824 1900:Trincomalee WWII War Cemetery 1644:by ship, eight days from the 1613:in the following centuries. 932:, meaning "three Kailasams", 761:offers the etymological link 456:, changing hands between the 257:13,000/km (34,000/sq mi) 5468:travel guide from Wikivoyage 5046:Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism 4930:Johnston, Alexander (1827). 4683:A Critical History of Jaffna 3775:. TamilNet. 24 October 2010. 3161:Transport and communications 2449:tropical wet and dry climate 2156:Urban Council of Trincomalee 1892:Late modern and contemporary 1821:Constantino de Sá de Noronha 1636:under the patronage of king 1552:Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan I 1461:Aggabodhi II of Anuradhapura 1225:upon his sacred promontory. 1199:Pandukabhaya of Anuradhapura 850:, significantly expanded by 691:Thirukonamalai Konesar Kovil 282:Sri Lanka Standard Time Zone 6170:, also a Municipal council 5472:Detailed map of Trincomalee 5069:Wilson, Jayaratnam (1994). 5044:Wilson, Jayaratnam (1999). 4991:Wilson, Jeyaratnam (1975). 4057:Ajay Mitra Shastri (1969). 3185:The city is also served by 2948:Average precipitation days 2734:Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 2594:Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 1965:of France for translation. 1881:Kankuveli Tamil inscription 1681:in 1468, who traversed the 1007:content into sub-articles, 769:based on this connection. 443:Trincomalee railway station 389: 372: 6349: 4868:Alicia Schrikker. (2006). 4535:Rasanayagam, M.C. (1926). 4340:Hindu Temples of Sri Lanka 4016:. Jaffna. pp. 43–47. 3488:The Tamils and Trincomalee 3399:Vigneshwara Maha Vidyalaya 3337:Naval and Maritime Academy 3148: 3139: 2474: 2379:War of the First Coalition 2295:Koneswaram Temple (left). 2271:at Swami Rock (Konamalai). 1915:American Revolutionary War 1707:Bhuvanekabahu VII of Kotte 1700:By the late 16th century, 1482:Following the conquest of 1428:Mahinda IV of Anuradhapura 1374:Anuradhapura Maha Viharaya 480:, being absorbed into the 474:American Revolutionary War 6267: 6216: 6159: 5798: 5788:Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte 5652:Sri Jayawardenapura Kotte 5602:with a 50,000+ population 5048:. UBC Press. p. 99. 4404:"Hinduism Today Magazine" 4012:Navaratnam, C.S. (1964). 3919:S. Vithiananthan (1980). 3461:"Trincomalee – Sri Lanka" 3418:Sampur Coal Power Station 3092: 3045: 2994: 2947: 2873: 2803: 2733: 2663: 2593: 2523: 2518: 2515: 2512: 2509: 2506: 2503: 2500: 2497: 2494: 2491: 2488: 2485: 2482: 2479: 2317:Trincomalee is sacred to 2288:seen from the sea (East). 2074:and would go on to write 1291:Kanniya Hot water springs 1209:until the publication of 1207:Manavanna of Anuradhapura 1203:Maha Naga of Anuradhapura 745:, meaning "Cow's Ear" or 702: 664: 639:. The origin of the term 554:Early maps of Trincomalee 439:Trincomalee Hindu College 393:), historically known as 381: 364: 123: 92: 83: 68: 63: 54: 46: 40: 5153:20 February 2009 at the 4602:N. Parameswaran (2003). 4306:University of California 3875:University of California 3761:. TamilNet. 1 July 2007. 3413:Place names in Sri Lanka 2355:Dakshina Kailasa Puranam 2229:In the aftermath of the 2216:Trincomalee War Cemetery 2040:, and submarines of the 1993:William Pitt the Younger 1945:, and the last Vanniar, 1687:Nallur Kandaswamy temple 1626:Dakshina Kailasa Puranam 1434:'s intervention against 1418:chiefs. Inscriptions of 1356:Mahasena of Anuradhapura 880:Dakshina Kailasa Manmiam 721:Gokarna Bay, Trincomalee 685:means mountain or hill; 4567:Raghavan, M.D. (1971). 2447:Trincomalee features a 1920:On 8 January 1782, the 1609:and his successor King 1352:the other four Eswarams 1187:Ellalan of Anuradhapura 1181:vihara and a Christian 5863:Dehiwala-Mount Lavinia 5631:Dehiwala-Mount Lavinia 5532: 5512:Listen to this article 5266:Independent Travellers 5236:Independent Travellers 4745:Asiff Hussein (2007). 4717:Gerolamo Emilio Gerini 4516:Cite journal requires 4342:. Kumaran Book House. 4218:Cite journal requires 3898:Cite journal requires 3700:Taylor, Isaac (1843). 3575:Sivaratnam, C (1964). 3549:Cite journal requires 3151:Deutscher Wetterdienst 2459:. The city features a 2419: 2404:Indian Oil Corporation 2371:Fourth Anglo-Dutch War 2336:Hindu historical sites 2314: 2146:, his consort goddess 2123: 2046:Imperial Japanese Navy 1987:. The British admiral 1933:. In 1795 the British 1901: 1685:pilgrimage route from 1638:Gunaveera Cinkaiariyan 1622:Jeyaveera Cinkaiariyan 1607:Singai Pararasasegaram 1453:Dravidian architecture 1436:Sena I of Anuradhapura 1395:Mattakallappu Manmiyam 1119: 1111: 1101: 1093: 1085: 1077: 1069: 1061: 1049: 876:Jeyaveera Cinkaiariyan 673:of the 7th century by 6211:capitals of Sri Lanka 5531: 5407:31 March 2012 at the 4408:www.hinduismtoday.com 3725:Room, Adrian (2006). 3215:Adventist World Radio 3144:(humidity 1961–1990) 2417: 2312: 2164:United National Party 2121: 2076:2001: A Space Odyssey 2048:in April 1942 in the 1917:in 1782 at the city. 1911:Battle of Trincomalee 1899: 1658:Martanda Cinkaiariyan 1628:, known today as the 1546:in the 12th century. 1502:chieftaincies of the 1347:Yalpana Vaipava Malai 1314:Sivan Oli Padam Malai 1296:The Siva-worshipping 1164:Nilaveli inscriptions 1117: 1109:Battle of Trincomalee 1107: 1099: 1091: 1083: 1075: 1067: 1055: 1044: 874:, written in 1380 by 830:is also a place name 749:and the deity's name 517:Mahavilli Ganga River 290: • Summer ( 236:8 m (26 ft) 5563:More spoken articles 5457:at Wikimedia Commons 4402:Academy, Himalayan. 4300:Arumugam, S (1980). 3432:Trincomalee Garrison 3253:improve this section 2524:Record high °C (°F) 2434:There are the seven 2214:in Trincomalee. The 2106:'s younger brother, 2096:A Scandal in Bohemia 1983:and the rest of the 1955:Trincomalee District 1809:Fort of Triquinimale 1746:brought upon by the 1599:Muhammad bin Tughluq 1597:due to invasions by 1586:Parakrama Pandyan II 1412:Trincomalee District 858:Kailaas of the South 584:Sivan Oli Pada Malai 529:Paadal Petra Sthalam 502:Trincomalee Garrison 403:Trincomalee District 254: • Density 143:8.56667°N 81.23333°E 5759:Metropolitan cities 5492: / 5307:on 29 December 2009 5128:www.colombopage.com 4238:Nilakanta Mahadevar 3995:, the smiling babe. 3349:Sri Lanka Air Force 3201:German broadcaster 2804:Record low °C (°F) 2664:Daily mean °C (°F) 2342:classical antiquity 2200:Sri Lanka Air Force 1935:recaptured the city 1634:Kovil at Rameswaram 1432:Srimara Srivallabha 1358:, according to the 1058:coastal resort city 896:Koneiswara Parwatia 832:in Karnataka, India 824:Tamil New Years Day 763:Thiru-Gokarna-Malai 727:Trincomalee Harbour 547:Names and etymology 415:Trincomalee Harbour 139: / 64:City of Trincomalee 6168:Provincial capital 6042:Katunayake Seeduwa 5813:Municipal councils 5533: 5206:telegraphindia.com 5157:Canadian Red Cross 4725:Ying-Ko Tswei Shan 4696:The Jaffna Dynasty 4627:Uppsala University 4203:Nilakanta Mahadeva 3773:"Aayiththiyamalai" 3508:. World Gazetteer. 3187:Sri Lanka Railways 2420: 2315: 2224:Hoods Tower Museum 2168:ITAK Federal Party 2154:were found by the 2124: 2088:Arthur Conan Doyle 2072:Reefs of Taprobane 2061:Duke of Wellington 1998:Trincomali Channel 1951:Alexander Johnston 1902: 1833:Anthony van Diemen 1120: 1112: 1102: 1094: 1086: 1078: 1070: 1062: 1050: 968:, and Suwethagiri 600:Abaratha Ratchagar 590:) whose tributary 246: • Total 225: • Total 200:Town & Gravets 6280: 6279: 6175: 6174: 5793: 5783: 5770:National capitals 5725: 5724: 5600:Sri Lankan cities 5529: 5453:Media related to 5080:978-1-85065-130-7 4977:978-955-1266-72-1 4721:Ying-ko tsui Shan 4481:978-955-1266-72-1 4067:Markandeya Purana 3861:978-955-1266-72-1 3815:History of Ceylon 3736:978-0-7864-2248-7 3678:978-955-8733-97-4 3646:978-955-1266-72-1 3613:978-0-13-839944-3 3345:Air Force Academy 3333: 3332: 3325: 3307: 3157: 3156: 2997:relative humidity 2418:Trincomalee Beach 2330:Bhadrakali temple 2319:Sri Lankan Tamils 2254:Koneswaram Temple 2204:China Bay Airport 2177:Dudley Senanayake 2114:Post independence 2050:Indian Ocean Raid 2024:base, called the 1904:Jacob Burnand, a 1740:Ethirimana Cinkam 1702:Portuguese Ceylon 1520:Malay Archipelago 1448:Narasimhavarman I 1442:kings, including 1370:Mahayana Buddhist 1034: 1033: 772:The ethnographer 533:Maha Shakta pitha 515:, bridged by the 490:Indian Ocean raid 427:Koneswaram temple 387: 370: 304: 303: 210: • Type 148:8.56667; 81.23333 29:City in Sri Lanka 16:(Redirected from 6340: 6333:Kingdom of Kandy 6275: 6274: 6202: 6195: 6188: 6179: 5806: 5805: 5792:(Administrative) 5791: 5781: 5752: 5745: 5738: 5729: 5608:500,000 and more 5593: 5586: 5579: 5570: 5553: 5551: 5540: 5539: 5530: 5520: 5518: 5513: 5507: 5506: 5504: 5503: 5502: 5497: 5496:8.567°N 81.233°E 5493: 5490: 5489: 5488: 5485: 5464: 5452: 5437: 5436: 5434: 5432: 5427:on 29 March 2008 5417: 5411: 5399: 5393: 5392: 5390: 5388: 5378: 5370: 5364: 5363: 5361: 5359: 5345: 5339: 5338: 5336: 5334: 5323: 5317: 5316: 5314: 5312: 5306: 5299: 5291: 5282: 5281: 5279: 5277: 5258: 5252: 5251: 5249: 5247: 5228: 5222: 5221: 5219: 5217: 5208:. 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Van Senden 1779: 1778: 1770: 1769: 1650:Tenavaram temple 1648:, on his way to 1584:'s reign ousted 1492:Rajendra Chola I 1488:Rajaraja Chola I 1457:Mahendravarman I 1316:, helped spread 1037:Earliest history 1029: 1026: 1020: 988: 987: 980: 926:Konesar Kalvettu 852:Rajendra Chola I 796:adds worshipped 767:Thiru-Gona-Malai 704: 666: 613: 564: 419:Sri Lankan Tamil 407:Eastern Province 392: 386:romanized: 385: 383: 375: 369:romanized: 368: 366: 358: 357: 354: 353: 350: 347: 344: 341: 338: 335: 332: 329: 326: 323: 320: 313: 295: 154: 153: 151: 150: 149: 144: 140: 137: 136: 135: 132: 108: 107: 101: 88: 73: 49: 48: 43: 42: 32: 21: 6348: 6347: 6343: 6342: 6341: 6339: 6338: 6337: 6313:Pandyan dynasty 6303:Pallava dynasty 6283: 6282: 6281: 6276: 6269: 6265: 6212: 6206: 6176: 6171: 6155: 5927: 5807: 5800: 5796: 5765: 5756: 5726: 5721: 5640: 5624:200,000–499,999 5619: 5603: 5597: 5567: 5566: 5555: 5549: 5547: 5544:This audio file 5541: 5534: 5525: 5522: 5516: 5515: 5511: 5500: 5498: 5494: 5491: 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1679:Arunagirinathar 1646:Nicobar islands 1603:Delhi Sultanate 1540:Parakramabahu I 1459:in 600, as one 1408: 1039: 1030: 1024: 1021: 1002: 989: 985: 978: 954:Thiruenkoimalai 950:Thiruchiramalai 860: 776:writing in his 747:Gokarna Pattana 723: 633: 628: 627: 626: 625: 624: 614: 605: 604: 603: 588:Mahavali-Ganges 565: 556: 555: 549: 525:Pancha Ishwaram 513:Trincomalee Bay 508:on the island. 488:as part of the 478:British in 1795 317: 311: 310: 289: 147: 145: 141: 138: 133: 130: 128: 126: 125: 119: 118: 117: 116: 115: 114: 113: 109: 79: 77:Trincomalee Bay 59: 50: 44: 37: 30: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6346: 6344: 6336: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6318:Jaffna kingdom 6315: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6285: 6284: 6278: 6277: 6268: 6266: 6264: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6217: 6214: 6213: 6207: 6205: 6204: 6197: 6190: 6182: 6173: 6172: 6160: 6157: 6156: 6154: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6131:Valvettithurai 6128: 6123: 6114: 6112:Seethawakapura 6109: 6104: 6099: 6094: 6089: 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4958: 4952:Brian Lavery, 4945: 4936: 4923: 4898: 4884: 4874: 4854: 4845: 4831: 4821: 4809: 4797: 4784: 4771: 4762: 4750: 4738: 4729: 4709: 4700: 4687: 4681:Gnanaprakasar, 4674: 4651: 4642: 4632: 4608: 4595: 4586: 4559: 4550: 4527: 4518:|journal= 4487: 4480: 4462: 4453: 4443: 4434: 4425: 4394: 4359: 4348: 4327: 4308:. p. 37. 4304:(2 ed.). 4292: 4283: 4274: 4261: 4252: 4243: 4229: 4220:|journal= 4175: 4144: 4135: 4124:on 5 July 2018 4109: 4095:. p. 99. 4080: 4071: 4050: 4041: 3999: 3961: 3925: 3909: 3900:|journal= 3865: 3847: 3802: 3790: 3778: 3764: 3750: 3735: 3717: 3710: 3692: 3677: 3652: 3645: 3627: 3612: 3594: 3560: 3551:|journal= 3511: 3497: 3477: 3465:britannica.com 3451: 3449: 3446: 3445: 3444: 3442:Arunagirinagar 3439: 3434: 3429: 3420: 3415: 3410: 3406: 3403: 3402: 3401: 3396: 3391: 3386: 3381: 3376: 3371: 3364: 3361: 3341:Sri Lanka Navy 3331: 3330: 3237: 3235: 3228: 3222: 3219: 3211:Deutsche Welle 3203:Deutsche Welle 3198: 3195: 3167: 3164: 3162: 3159: 3155: 3154: 3146: 3145: 3137: 3136: 3133: 3130: 3127: 3124: 3121: 3118: 3115: 3112: 3109: 3106: 3103: 3100: 3097: 3095:sunshine hours 3090: 3089: 3086: 3083: 3080: 3077: 3074: 3071: 3068: 3065: 3062: 3059: 3056: 3053: 3050: 3048:sunshine hours 3043: 3042: 3039: 3036: 3033: 3030: 3027: 3024: 3021: 3018: 3015: 3012: 3009: 3006: 3003: 2992: 2991: 2988: 2985: 2982: 2979: 2976: 2973: 2970: 2967: 2964: 2961: 2958: 2955: 2952: 2945: 2944: 2939: 2934: 2929: 2924: 2919: 2914: 2909: 2904: 2899: 2894: 2889: 2884: 2879: 2871: 2870: 2865: 2860: 2855: 2850: 2845: 2840: 2835: 2830: 2825: 2820: 2815: 2810: 2805: 2801: 2800: 2795: 2790: 2785: 2780: 2775: 2770: 2765: 2760: 2755: 2750: 2745: 2740: 2735: 2731: 2730: 2725: 2720: 2715: 2710: 2705: 2700: 2695: 2690: 2685: 2680: 2675: 2670: 2665: 2661: 2660: 2655: 2650: 2645: 2640: 2635: 2630: 2625: 2620: 2615: 2610: 2605: 2600: 2595: 2591: 2590: 2585: 2580: 2575: 2570: 2565: 2560: 2555: 2550: 2545: 2540: 2535: 2530: 2525: 2521: 2520: 2517: 2514: 2511: 2508: 2505: 2502: 2499: 2496: 2493: 2490: 2487: 2484: 2481: 2477: 2476: 2470: 2444: 2441: 2431: 2428: 2411: 2408: 2399: 2396: 2386: 2383: 2375:Dutch Republic 2362: 2361:The Dutch Fort 2359: 2337: 2334: 2301:Ravana's Cleft 2297:Ravana's Cleft 2294: 2293: 2286:Ravana's Cleft 2284: 2283: 2276: 2275: 2269:Ravana's Cleft 2267: 2266: 2259: 2258: 2251: 2244: 2243: 2242: 2241: 2240: 2238: 2235: 2208:Sri Lanka Army 2173:prime minister 2115: 2112: 1931:Peace of Paris 1927:Dutch Republic 1893: 1890: 1865:Vanniar chiefs 1845:Fort Ostenburg 1784: 1783: 1774: 1773: 1765: 1764: 1763: 1762: 1761: 1759: 1756: 1715:Francis Xavier 1564:Savakanmaindan 1504:Jaffna kingdom 1479:, Tamil Nadu. 1407: 1404: 1380:monk from the 1378:Tamil Buddhist 1362:and the later 1354:upon arrival. 1326:refers to the 1309:Sun Salutation 1287:Ravana's Cleft 1219:George Turnour 1152:Tamil language 1038: 1035: 1032: 1031: 1011:it, or adding 992: 990: 983: 977: 974: 946:Thirukalahasti 928:uses the term 885:Skanda Puranam 859: 856: 722: 719: 632: 629: 623:) and Pannoam. 615: 608: 607: 606: 566: 559: 558: 557: 553: 552: 551: 550: 548: 545: 482:British Ceylon 431:Thirukonamalai 373:Tirukkōṇamalai 302: 301: 296: 286: 285: 275: 269: 268: 265: 259: 258: 255: 251: 250: 247: 243: 242: 238: 237: 234: 230: 229: 226: 222: 221: 217: 216: 211: 207: 206: 202: 201: 198: 192: 191: 186: 180: 179: 174: 168: 167: 162: 156: 155: 121: 120: 111: 110: 103: 102: 96: 95: 94: 93: 90: 89: 81: 80: 74: 66: 65: 61: 60: 55: 52: 51: 38: 35: 28: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6345: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6308:Chola dynasty 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6290: 6288: 6273: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6218: 6215: 6210: 6203: 6198: 6196: 6191: 6189: 6184: 6183: 6180: 6169: 6165: 6164: 6158: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6088: 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4804: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4788: 4785: 4781: 4775: 4772: 4766: 4763: 4757: 4755: 4751: 4748: 4742: 4739: 4733: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4713: 4710: 4704: 4701: 4697: 4691: 4688: 4684: 4678: 4675: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4655: 4652: 4646: 4643: 4636: 4633: 4628: 4624: 4617: 4615: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4599: 4596: 4590: 4587: 4583: 4582:Mountains..." 4578: 4574: 4570: 4563: 4560: 4554: 4551: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4531: 4528: 4523: 4510: 4502: 4498: 4491: 4488: 4483: 4477: 4473: 4466: 4463: 4457: 4454: 4447: 4444: 4438: 4435: 4429: 4426: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4398: 4395: 4391: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4373: 4369: 4363: 4360: 4356: 4351: 4349:955-9429-91-4 4345: 4341: 4334: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4321: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4296: 4293: 4287: 4284: 4278: 4275: 4271: 4265: 4262: 4256: 4253: 4247: 4244: 4239: 4233: 4230: 4225: 4212: 4205: 4204: 4200: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4179: 4176: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4148: 4145: 4139: 4136: 4123: 4119: 4113: 4110: 4106: 4104: 4100: 4094: 4087: 4085: 4081: 4075: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4060: 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3367: 3366: 3362: 3360: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3327: 3324: 3316: 3313:February 2024 3305: 3302: 3298: 3295: 3291: 3288: 3284: 3281: 3277: 3274: – 3273: 3272:"Trincomalee" 3269: 3268:Find sources: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3248: 3247: 3243: 3238:This section 3236: 3232: 3227: 3226: 3220: 3218: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3196: 3194: 3192: 3188: 3183: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3166:Road and rail 3165: 3160: 3152: 3147: 3143: 3138: 3134: 3131: 3128: 3125: 3122: 3119: 3116: 3113: 3110: 3107: 3104: 3101: 3098: 3096: 3091: 3087: 3084: 3081: 3078: 3075: 3072: 3069: 3066: 3063: 3060: 3057: 3054: 3051: 3049: 3046:Mean monthly 3044: 3040: 3037: 3034: 3031: 3028: 3025: 3022: 3019: 3016: 3013: 3010: 3007: 3004: 2998: 2993: 2989: 2986: 2983: 2980: 2977: 2974: 2971: 2968: 2965: 2962: 2959: 2956: 2953: 2946: 2940: 2935: 2930: 2925: 2920: 2915: 2910: 2905: 2900: 2895: 2890: 2885: 2880: 2877: 2876:precipitation 2872: 2866: 2861: 2856: 2851: 2846: 2841: 2836: 2831: 2826: 2821: 2816: 2811: 2806: 2802: 2796: 2791: 2786: 2781: 2776: 2771: 2766: 2761: 2756: 2751: 2746: 2741: 2736: 2732: 2726: 2721: 2716: 2711: 2706: 2701: 2696: 2691: 2686: 2681: 2676: 2671: 2666: 2662: 2656: 2651: 2646: 2641: 2636: 2631: 2626: 2621: 2616: 2611: 2606: 2601: 2596: 2592: 2586: 2581: 2576: 2571: 2566: 2561: 2556: 2551: 2546: 2541: 2536: 2531: 2526: 2522: 2478: 2473: 2469: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2442: 2440: 2437: 2429: 2427: 2424: 2416: 2409: 2407: 2405: 2397: 2395: 2391: 2384: 2382: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2367:Fort Fredrick 2360: 2358: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2343: 2335: 2333: 2331: 2326: 2324: 2320: 2311: 2302: 2298: 2287: 2270: 2255: 2236: 2234: 2232: 2227: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2192: 2188: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2175:at the time, 2174: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2144:Chandrasekhar 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2120: 2113: 2111: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2084:Birds of Prey 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2064: 2062: 2058: 2053: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2034:Eastern Fleet 2031: 2027: 2026:RAF China Bay 2023: 2019: 2014: 2012: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1973: 1966: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1923: 1918: 1916: 1912: 1907: 1898: 1891: 1889: 1887: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1873:Kantalai tank 1870: 1866: 1862: 1856: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1841:Fort Fredrick 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1813:Rajasinghe II 1810: 1805: 1803: 1798: 1788: 1757: 1755: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1735: 1732: 1727: 1723: 1718: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1703: 1698: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1614: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1548:Kalinga Magha 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1528: 1523: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1480: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1405: 1403: 1401: 1397: 1396: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1366: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1348: 1343: 1339: 1338: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1324: 1319: 1318:Tamraparniyan 1315: 1310: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1294: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1275: 1271: 1270: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1232: 1226: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1167: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1156:Chola Dynasty 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1116: 1110: 1106: 1098: 1090: 1082: 1074: 1066: 1059: 1054: 1047: 1046:Robert Morden 1043: 1036: 1028: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1000: 998: 993:This section 991: 982: 981: 975: 973: 971: 970:Thirupangeeli 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 941: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 918:Then Kailasam 915: 914: 913:Tirumandhiram 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 892: 887: 886: 881: 877: 873: 869: 868:Mount Kailash 865: 857: 855: 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 817: 813: 809: 808: 803: 799: 795: 791: 788:in Tamil and 787: 783: 779: 775: 770: 768: 764: 760: 757:in Sanskrit. 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 720: 718: 716: 712: 708: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 671: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 630: 622: 618: 612: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 563: 546: 544: 542: 538: 537:Mount Kailash 534: 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 509: 507: 503: 499: 495: 491: 487: 483: 479: 475: 471: 467: 463: 460:in 1620, the 459: 455: 450: 448: 444: 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 416: 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 391: 390:Trikuṇāmaḷaya 379: 374: 362: 356: 308: 300: 297: 293: 283: 279: 276: 274: 267:Trincomalians 266: 264: 256: 248: 235: 227: 215: 214:Urban Council 212: 199: 197: 190: 187: 185: 178: 175: 173: 166: 163: 161: 152: 124:Coordinates: 100: 87: 78: 72: 58: 53: 33: 27: 19: 6251:Anuradhapura 6240: 6162: 6161: 6087:Nawalapitiya 6067:Kuliyapitiya 5983:Embilipitiya 5940: 5913:Nuwara Eliya 5903:Akkaraipattu 5826:Anuradhapura 5786: 5782:(Commercial) 5776: 5712:Anuradhapura 5681: 5477: 5474:, pdf format 5429:. 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