Trincomalee - Knowledge (XXG)

1078: 4279:"Listen as I now recount the isle of Tamraparni, gemmed upon the ocean. The gods underwent austerities there, in a desire to attain greatness. In that region also is the lake of Gokarna. Then one should go to Gokarna, renowned in the three worlds. O Indra among kings! It is in the middle of the ocean and is worshipped by all the worlds. Brahma, the Devas, the rishis, the ascetics, the bhutas (spirits or ghosts), the yakshas, the pishachas, the kinnaras, the great nagas, the siddhas, the charanas, the gandharvas, humans, the pannagas, rivers ocean and mountains worship Uma's consort there". Mahabharata. Volume 3. pp. 46–47, 99 2299: 2151:. They were taken in procession around the region before being reinstalled amid opening ceremonies in one of the newly restored shrines of the compound on 3 March 1963. The naval and air bases were taken over by Sri Lanka in 1957. Following independence from Britain, the political relationship between Tamils and Sinhalese deteriorated across the island. Interest surrounding Trincomalee was increased due to its geostrategic position and the discovery of its underwater and land Hindu ruins. In 1968, the unity government of majority Sinhalese dominated 551: 1042: 2108: 1766: 1757: 88: 2251: 1104: 1062: 1706:. The rise of Francis Xavier and the migration of Portuguese soldiers to Trincomalee, conversions to Christianity by some residents and royals in the 1500s saw the erection of churches in the city. Koneswaram is described by Jesuit priests at this time as being a "... massive structure, a singular work of art. It is of great height, constructed with wonderful skill in blackish granite, on a rock projecting into the sea, and occupies a large space on the summit". 1054: 1886: 1094: 5451: 1381:, Trincomalee bay again is mentioned as the furthest spot down the river Mahavalli Ganga which must be protected from "the enemy in Rohana"; and Trincomalee is noted as a theatre of magic, where Naga snakes were manifested to foretell the consecration of Maha Naga of Anuradhapura. It was not long before the Siva temple's concurrent re-establishment on the promontory by the 6th century following the rise of the Pallava dynasty. The 600: 75: 60: 5792: 6261: 2268: 1086: 3220: 5527: 2404: 1070: 4629:

Siva temple there. A Tamil inscription by Raja Raja Chola refers to Ravi Kulamanikkeswaram Siva Temple in Padavikulam. (K. Indrapala, Epigraphia Tamilica, Jaffna Archeological Society, 1971 – page 34). A 13th century Sanskrit inscription excavated here mentions a Brahmin village in the area. The paddy fields of Padavikulam were watered by the Per Aru river.

5439: 95: 1868:, in the diary of his visit in June 1786 with a view to revitalising agricultural production around the Trincomalee district. The population was a shadow of what it had been in times of prosperity. What he saw were people who had lost much of their traditional skill and often living close to subsistence level. Van Senden made the first record of the 975: 2334:

Lisbon Museum including the stone inscription by Kulakottan (Kunakottan). The site's ruins include an emblem including two fish and is engraved with a prophecy stating that, after the 16th century, westerners with different eye colours will rule the country for 500 years and, at the end of it, rule will revert to the northerners (

2052:. In the early 1950s the British Government built groups of bungalows within the fort specifically for their employees. These bungalows today provide accommodation for the Sri Lankan Army. There was a large Naval Hospital which catered for sick and injured British naval personnel from all over the Indian Ocean and Persian Gulf. 706:(East). Therefore, other translators suggest definitions of Trincomalee such as "sacred angular/peaked hill", "sacred eastern hill" or "three peaked hill". The temple was constructed atop Swami Rock, also called Swami Malai or Kona-ma-malai, a cliff on the peninsula that drops 400 feet (120 metres) directly into the sea. 3843:

An inscription of the Cola king, Rajendra I (1012–1044 AD) was found recently at the goddess Kali's Temple in Trincomalee, detailing his expansion of the shrine. Indrapala, Karthigesu (2007). The evolution of an ethnic identity: The Tamils in Sri Lanka C. 300 BCE to C. 1200 CE. Colombo: Vijitha Yapa.

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which attracted seafaring merchants from East Africa and the Middle East to its ports. An inlet of Trincomalee, Nicholson Cove became the site of a small Arab settlement by the 13th and 14th century. The Nicholson Cove Tombstone inscriptions at Trincomalee refer to the deceased as the daughter of the

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Sivaratnam, C (1964). An outline of the cultural history and principles of Hinduism (1 ed.). Colombo: Stangard Printers. OCLC 12240260. Koneswaram temple. Tiru-Kona-malai, sacred mountain of Kona or Koneser, Iswara or Siva. The date of building the original temple is given as 1580 B.C., according to

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Chola-era inscriptions record the activities of Tamil mercantile communities in Padavikulam. The mercantile groups referred to were the Ticai Aayirattu Ain Nurruvar (Velupillai, Ceylon Tamil Inscriptions, 1971) and the Ayyavole. Taniyappan, a merchant from Padavikulam, laid a foundation stone for a

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In the mid-1980s, India became concerned that the US Navy might gain access to Trincomalee. India was suspicious about goodwill visits by the US Navy to the port and Sri Lankan proposals to contract out the refurbishment of oil storage tanks and modernisation of port facilities at Trincomalee. On 3

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As per another legend, Vayu Bhaghvan and Adiseshan had a dispute to find out who is superior, to prove the superiority adiseshan encircled the Kailasam, Vayu tried to remove this encircle by creating santamarutham (Twister). Due to the santamarutham, eight (8) kodumudigal (parts) fell from kailasam

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J. Burnand helps with the suppression of the revolt against the Indian amildars, administrators brought from Madras to Ceylon. He drafts another 'memoir' on the North and Northeast, in which he locates the origins of the Sinhalese in Siam and mentions that from time immemorial Sinhalese and Tamils

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sent to Trincomalee 60 Sinhala men in order to help the Danes in the construction of their fort. During their permanence in Trincomalee, the Danesh coined also some "Larins", on which were recorded the words 'Don Erich Grubbe', of these coins, today do not remain trace, if not in the diary of Ove

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for the remainder of the year. The city sees on average roughly 1,570 millimetres (62 in) of precipitation annually. Average temperatures in Trincomalee range from around 26 °C (79 °F) in December and January to approximately 30 °C (86 °F) during the warmest months of the

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attracted pilgrims from all parts of India. The shrine itself was demolished in 1622 by the Portuguese (who called it the Temple of a Thousand Columns), and who fortified the heights with the materials derived from its destruction. Some of the artifacts from the demolished temple were kept in the

1860:, but forced to pay forty elephants a year to the Dutch company. As tributaries, they recovered from Portuguese rule slowly under Dutch rule, and the Batticaloa district served as a dependency of the Fort of Trincomalee until 1782. The state of the region and the Tamils fears for the town and the 4817:

This decision was taken by the bishop of Cochin, Dom Sebastião de S. Pedro. Later, another decree of the same bishop dated 11 November 1622, tracing the one indicated in 1602, entrusted newly to the Jesuits the spiritual cure in the districts of Jaffna, Trincomalee and Batticaloa, giving to them

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Trincomalee has some of the most picturesque and scenic beaches found in Sri Lanka, relatively unspoilt and clean. The area is famous for bathing and swimming, owing to the relative shallowness of the sea, allowing one to walk out over a hundred meters into the sea without the water reaching the

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The city had rejoined the Coylot Vanni Country by the start of the 18th century, with much of the city's population having moved across the district following the temple's destruction. It was about three centuries after Norochcho and Knox that serious attempts at translating the temple's ancient

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at Matsyakesvaram on Konaparvatam of Tirukonamalai for conducting daily worship and rituals. Nittavinotapuram, Patiyana Aipolilpattinam, Makalana, Vikkiramacalamekapuram, Matottamana Iramakulavallip pattinam are some of the merchant towns where archaeological remains of monuments datable to the

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soldier in the service of the Dutch and the Governor of Batticaloa, composed a memoir on his administration there in 1794, noting Trincomalee to be an important fortified town in the Tamil nation. Trincomalee's fort was occupied by the Dutch for most of the 18th century, and subsequently by the

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was beginning to influence the operations of the now princely Trincomalee district. Despite it being one of the smaller states of the island, given as an appenage to younger sons of royal houses and still being dependent on the Jaffna kingdom, the city had become one of the richest and the most

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The buildings of Trincomalee were of masonry, thatched with leaves of bamboo and rattan, although the Pagodas and the Palace of the King were covered with copper, silver and gold. The metropolis had grown with well-built houses and streets that were cleaned regularly and were well adorned. The

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The earliest mention of the shrine is in the hymns of Thirugnana sambandar who sings of "Konamamalai, and of the peerless God, who dwelled on Konamamalai, to the sound of roaring ocean, and rows of Kalal and the anklets, and half of whose body is shared by the Maid of the

532:, it is accessible in all weathers to all craft. It has been described as the "finest harbour in the world" and by the British, "the most valuable colonial possession on the globe, as giving to our Indian Empire a security which it had not enjoyed from elsewhere". 4311:

in South India to the Parameswara Shiva temple at Tirukarasai — now in ruins — on the bank of the Mavilli Gangai before worshipping at Koneswaram; from there he went to Maha Tuvaddapuri to worship Lord Ketheeswarar and finally settled down on the Podiya

1460:, lauded the deity of the temples in each and lamented the schemes of other heretical faiths encroaching on Trincomalee. Mahendravarman I gave much assistance and military aid to his friend Manavanna of Anuradhapura, and he proceeded to build a twin temple called 1984:

called the city "the most valuable colonial possession on the globe, as giving to our Indian Empire a security which it had not enjoyed from its establishment" and the harbour "the finest and most advantageous Bay in the whole of India". In the 19th century, the

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and Pothankadu in the west, and Verugal in the south, formed a great Saiva Tamil principality of the island's state Mummudi Chola Mandalam. Residents in this collective community were allotted services, which they had to perform at the Koneswaram temple. A

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and his mother had worshipped Siva at the shrine, when the former wanted to remove the temple of Koneswaram when his mother was in ailing health around 2000 BCE. This literature continues that as the king was heaving the rock, Lord Siva made him drop his

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Koneswaram temple. Tiru-Kona-malai, sacred mountain of Kona or Koneser, Iswara or Siva. The date of building the original temple is given as 1580, BCE. according to a Tamil poem by Kavi Raja Virothayan translated into English in 1831 by Simon Cassie

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Trincomalee's strategic importance has shaped its recent history. The great European powers vied for mastery of the harbour. The Portuguese, the Dutch, the French, and the British, each held it in turn, and there have been many sea battles nearby.

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from the Dutch, the first place on the island they captured. The French recaptured it on 29 August of the same year after the Battle of Trincomalee. In 1783 the French ceded it to the British and subsequently, Britain ceded Trincomalee back to the

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Of particular importance are the references in two Sanskrit dramas of the 9th century to the abode of Agastya shrines on Sivan Oli Padam Malai called Akastiya Stapanam, Trikutakiri and Ilankaitturai in the Trincomalee District where Koneswaram is

1840:, came ashore by chance near Trincomalee and were captured and held in captivity by the Kandyan king in 1659. The Kandyans then pursued a scorched earth policy to try and oust the Dutch and take Trincomalee and Batticaloa on the east coast. The 1824:, an officer mentions that Trincomalee is a "fort built rather strongly of hard stones from an old pagoda round the hillock. On each side there is a sandy and rocky bay and it is like a peninsula". Rajasinghe finally formed an alliance with the 1726:

In 1612, D. Hieronymo de Azevedo, after great difficulties due to torrential rains, arrived at Trincomalee with a Portuguese contingent from Kandy. Here de Azevedo "was keen on building a fort" to the scope; he called in aid from King

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arrived in Trincomalee at the end of 1619 with a first ship, called "Øresund" under the command of Roelant Crape. This small expedition was the vanguard of another Danish fleet, composed of four vessels and 300 soldiers, commanded by

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collapsed over disagreements about declaring the holy Hindu site a protected area. A committee appointed by a Federal Party Minister to study the viability of declaring the site protected was disbanded without consultation by the

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originated on the promontory of Trincomalee. One of Trincomalee's suburbs, Kankuveli is home to ruins of the Tamil Siddhar medical university established by Agastya, the "Agathiyar Thapanam", which alongside his other shrines at

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was built and named after the city's name. A Tamil press is established in Jaffna in 1820; a report on Trincomalee laments its sorry, poverty-stricken state and recommends 'colonization with intelligent settlers'. By 1827, The

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was levied from the Koneswaram temple, and they collected a duty on areca nuts exported through the Trincomalee and Batticaloa ports. Jaffna had given minimal logistical access to its Trincomalee and Batticaloa seaports to the

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were important in the early history of Trincomalee because of the increased significance of the city to Hinduism and trade in the early centuries of the common era, making sure to contribute elements of their unique style of

1793:, that reached the island in May 1620. They wanted to try their fortune in the Asian seas; the Danish expedition occupied Koneswaram temple. It was here that the Danes began the works for the fortification of the peninsula. 3945:

The Malabars call it Tirukonathamalei, or "the mountain of the sacred Konatha," from the Hindoo god of that name, who had formerly a temple on the summit of one of the hills there, which was celebrated over the whole of

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and re-consolidated Tamil sovereign power in the island's north, north west and north east in Trincomalee by 1215; during Magha's reign, the temple and city underwent rich development in the name of a Chodaganga Deva on

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to secure military advantages against its enemies; this was used by their influential European overlords to consolidate power in the region. In 1603, the first Dutch fleet arrives at Trincomalee and Batticaloa ports.

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March 2023, President Ranil Wickremesinghe instructed the petroleum minister and officials to promptly implement a strategy to revitalize the Trincomalee oil tank farm and integrate it into the nation's economy.

2358:. The fort was built in 1623 by the Portuguese and captured in 1639 by the Dutch. It then went through a phase of dismantling and reconstruction and was attacked and captured by the British in 1782, during the 1872:

dealing with a large field dedicated to Koneswaram temple. He was struck by the contrast between the prosperity signified by the inscription and what he then saw in the village. Trincomalee town remained under

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The harbour, the fifth largest natural harbour in the world, is overlooked by terraced highlands, its entrance is guarded by two headlands, and there is a carriage road along its northern and eastern edges.

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of Kanniya (Kan = stone; niya = land), on the road to Trincomalee. A high wall bounds the rectangular enclosure which includes all seven springs. Each is in turn enclosed by a dwarf wall to form a well.

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is published, giving the total population figures for Trincomalee as 19,158 – Tamils and among them 317 Sinhalese. The Vanni, counted under Mannar, has 22,536 inhabitants, among them 517 Sinhalese.

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On palaeographical and other considerations this epigraphic record could be assigned to the late 10th or early 11th century. It records a grant of 250 veli of land on the coast, to the shrine of

1227:'s consort, known in the three worlds and worshiped by all natives of the island including the Nagas, Yakkhas, Siddhars and Devas, peoples from the subcontinent, the rivers, ocean and mountains. 1182:, directed renovations of the Hindu temples and oversaw settlement of Tamils for their upkeep. Sacrificial and other cult practices at the Trincomalee promontory have been documented since the 1968:, and named after the city. The importance of Fort Fredrick was due to Trincomalee's natural harbour. Through Trincomalee, it was believed a strong naval force could secure control of India's 769:

from 350 — 290 BCE, describes the island as being divided by a long river, productive of a large number of gold and pearls in one half and that the inhabitants of this country are called

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inscriptions of the 6th century BCE — 2nd century CE. Trincomalee, the coastal peninsula town where Koneswaram is located is an anglicized form of the old Tamil word "Thiru-kona-malai" (

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Barner Jensen, U. "Danish East India. Trade coins and the coins of Tranquebar, 1620–1845", pp. 11–12; Holden Furber "Imperi rivali nei mercati d’oriente, 1600–1800", note n° 66, p. 326: "

4050:, pp.109. "Gonarda could be a rendering of Ko-Natha, Go-Natha, or Go-Nadu. Gonarda" (IX.13; XXXII.22), a locality in the southern division (XIV. 12) as mentioned in the Brihat-Samhita of 1844:

set up base in Trincomalee in the Spring of 1672, and tried to make overtures to the Kandyans, but an alliance was not sealed; by July 1672, Trincomalee was retaken by the Dutch fleet.

2168:. The Federal Party withdrew its support to the government following that action. According to journalists like T. Sabaratnam, this incident had severe repercussions alongside the 5724: 1702:

to bring it back under Jaffna control, forcing the boy king into exile. He was eventually baptised as Raja Alphonsus of Trincomalee and taken under the wing of the missionary

5579: 1698:. The death of one of its kings, Vanniana Raja of Trincomalee, left his young son, the Prince of Trincomalee under the guardianship of his uncle. Trincomalee was annexed by 1166:

in Sanskrit. Over its long history, Trincomalee, and specifically the Swami Rock promontory, has housed several Kovil temples to deities of the Hindu pantheon, as well as a

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year from April through September. Extreme temperatures in the city range from 16.5 °C (61.7 °F) in December 2022 to 39.8 °C (103.6 °F) on 13 May 1890.

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by Rajendra Chola I increased pilgrimage to the city. Trincomalee was used by Chola king Ilankesvarar Tevar as his eastern port in the 11th century and prospered under the

1743:, assigned to the "spiritual cures of the Franciscans". The Jesuits followed the Portuguese soldiers to Trincomalee and Batticaloa when they occupied the two localities. 1694:

visited place of Hindu worship in the world, declared the "Rome of the Pagans of the Orient" and "Rome of the Gentiles" by the Portuguese. It hosted the Hindu funeral of

4094:, Tirumalai, Jagannath and Vaijayanthi and concludes that while these latter temples were well visited by the Hindus, the former had surpassed all the latter temples. 3517:

E Greig, Doreen (1987). "The reluctant colonists: Netherlanders abroad in the 17th and 18th centuries". U.S.A.: Assen, The Netherlands; Wolfeboro, N.H., U.S.A.: 227.

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sent to Portugal for the purpose of identification. The Tamil inscription contains a prophecy on the city and its temple, a copy of which was sent and is retained in

887:, motivating Kullakottan Chola who learnt of its sanctity to sail to Trincomalee and develop the three Hindu temples of the Koneswaram compound. The compiler of the 5341: 3130: 6181: 4190:

to the Maccakesvaram (another name for Koneswaram) temple of Konaparvatam, Konamamalai from the localities Urakirikamam, Kirikanta and Kirikamam to the shrine of

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in 1942, the city and district were affected after Sri Lanka gained independence in 1948, when the political relationship between Tamil and Sinhalese people

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chest. Whale watching is a common pastime in the seas off Trincomalee, and successful sightings are on the rise with the increase of tourism in the area.

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With the turn of the modern era, English authors and poets used Trincomalee as inspiration for literature and poetry and became connected with the city.

942: 1947: 1143:. The Tamil settlement at the port of Trincomalee was one of the oldest settlements on the island. One inscription from 900 to 1000 CE belonging to the 4871:

had divided the rule of the island between the two of them. The English translation of Burnand's memoir of 1798 becomes known as the 'Cleghorn minute'.

6316: 6174: 1736: 442: 5258: 3357: 2219: 1629:. At this time, Trincomalee was trading pearls, precious stones, vessels, elephants, muslins, baqam and cinnamon, and was passed by Chinese voyager 1621:. Mariners were particularly excited when observing the massive shrine from afar in the sea. Building blocks from the city were used to expand the 5572: 4259:

Eleven years in Ceylon: Comprising sketches of the field sports and natural history of that colony, and an account of its history and antiquities

2362:. The French then took it from the British, and handed it back to the Dutch for a large sum of money. In 1795, when the French had occupied the 6286: 5337: 3716:

Placenames of the world : origins and meanings of the names for 6,600 countries, cities, territories, natural features, and historic sites

5516: 5228: 5067: 4964: 4468: 3849: 3723: 3665: 3633: 3600: 1378: 1828:, who captured the Fort of Triquinimale in 1639 and handed it to the Kandyans for destruction in 1643. In 1660, the Dutch built the present 591:, another name of Lord Shiva – a temple with this name is also found in Aduthurai, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, near the early Chola capital. 3367: 1377:

versus Maha Viharaya sectarianism in Anuradhapura. This explains some of the Buddhist archeological remains in the region. By the reign of

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of the South" and the "Rome of the Pagans of the Orient". The harbour is renowned for its large size and security; unlike any other in the

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Ceylon; an account of the island physical, historical and topographical, with notices of its natural history, antiquities, and productions

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state in 1815. The city's architecture shows some of the best examples of interaction between native and European styles. Attacked by the

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will work with the Ceylon Petroleum Corporation to develop the Upper Tank Farm at the abandoned World War II port, known as China Bay.

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of Trincomalee and the rest of the Vanni became subordinates and were put back under the commandment of Jaffna with a large degree of

1223:, the Hindu epic written between 400 and 100 BCE, the temple of Gokarna bay is in the middle of the ocean and is the island shrine of 4881:

had divided the rule of the island between the two of them. The English translation of Burnand's memoir of 1798 becomes known as the

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Schalk, Peter (2002). "Buddhism Among Tamils in Pre-colonial Tamilakam and Ilam: Prologue. The Pre-Pallava and the Pallava period".

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Illustrations and Views of Dutch Ceylon, 1602–1796: A Comprehensive Work of Pictorial Reference with Selected Eye-Witness Accounts

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of the war. However, the installation later served as an important launching point for British naval operations in 1944 and 1945.

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at the foot of the promontory which they called Pagoda Hill, and another fort at the mouth of the harbour home to Dutch officers,

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is executed by the British – a pension is paid to his widow, the Vannichi, until the late 19th century. The British officer

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is another ancient practice which involves a variation of Sūrya Namaskāra. It is a procedure of saluting The Sun, taught to Sri

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is one of the six commonwealth war cemeteries in Sri Lanka. It is maintained by Sri Lankan Ministry of Defence on behalf of the

1946:, in ancient characters concerning the traditional founder of Trincomalee and the temple, Kullakottan Chola. The French admiral 1073:

Nilaveli Beach just north of the city, near where one of the earliest stone inscriptions mentioning the holy city was discovered

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of unknown antiquity — manuscripts of which have been discovered and dated from the 5th — 7th century. It was in the

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and Murugan Tiruppadai of Sri Lanka; its sacred status to the Hindus has led to it being declared "Dakshina-Then Kailasam" or "

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Arumugam, S (1980). "The Lord of Thiruketheeswaram, an ancient Hindu sthalam of hoary antiquity in Sri Lanka". Colombo: 106.

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Heralded as "Dakshina Kailasam"/"Then Kailasam" (Kailaas of the South) because it lies on exactly the same longitude as the

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on the island, and that "to the east of this island at the shore of the sea lies a great Siva temple in a holy place called

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sites of historical importance. These sites are sacred to the Hindus and some Buddhists also worship at these Hindu sites.

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writings were made. The Dutch ruled the Tamil country with increased focus on districts like the Vannimai, Trincomalee and

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word for the terms "Lord", "King" or "Chief", which allude to the deity that presides here; this term appears in several

4091: 3333: 3264: 3241: 2437: 2156: 1449: 1187: 5551: 3178:. Trincomalee Railway Station is the terminus of Trincomalee-bound rail services, the majority of which originate from 5921: 5747: 5588: 859:(the primary abode of Shiva), Trincomalee's traditional history and legends were compiled into the Sanskrit treatises 824: 431: 395: 165: 3230: 1666:

assigned to the Pandyan era belonged to sea traders that likely originated from Trincomalee. The city even attracted

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in 1830. The worship of Eiswara is noted to have been the original worship of the island and the deity worshiped by

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Thirunanacamptanta Cuvamikal Arulicceyta Tevarattiruppatikankal, Saiva Siddhanta publishing works Ltd, Madras, 1927

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The Dakshina Kailasa Manmiam, a chronicle on the history of the temple, notes that the Sage Agastya proceeded from

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The Koneswaram temple compounds, the city and its adjacent region, from Periyakulam and Manankerni in the north,

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hill on the eastern coast of Lanka once again in the 3rd century. Another mention is found in the 5th century CE

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on Konesar Road, and the Salli Muthumariamman Kovil of Uppuveli beach in the Trincomalee suburb of Sambalativu.

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Romesh Chunder Dutt (2001). A History of Civilisation in Ancient India: Based on Sanscrit ..., Volume 1. pp.285

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in 2013. It was not adversely affected by the tsunami of 2004 because of the sea terrain around Trincomalee.

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about the priests of Koneswaram. Following some benefaction of the shrine by Gajabahu II, his successor King

1419:, reveal that lands and villages of Tamils in the island's northeast were prospering, particularly following 6306: 4400: 3168: 3164: 1731:

of Jaffna but not seeing him, he abandoned the enterprise and he marched towards Jaffna. The early death of

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speaking culture on the island for nearly a millennium. With a population of 99,135, the city is built on a

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according to a Sanskrit inscription in Grantha script excavated on a doorjamb at the Hindu temple dated to

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Professor K. Indrapala, Early Tamil Settlements in Ceylon. PhD Thesis, University of London, 1965.page 331

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In 2015, India and Sri Lanka agreed to develop South Asia's largest oil depot at a port near Trincomalee.

2359: 2215:. The name refers to a watchtower built on a hill commanding a 360-degree view of the harbor and the bay. 2048:. Some of the old buildings in the fort were used as residences, including one previously occupied by the 2034: 1910: 1626: 1610: 1595: 1441: 1424: 1383: 958: 864: 474: 172: 160: 5250: 2302:

Lover's Leap was suicide spot to failed lovers. They jumped from the edge of Swami Rock into Indian Ocean

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for Trincomalee, in a number of places, referring to the three pagodas on the promontory of Trincomalee.

4497: 4226: 4199: 4191: 3879: 3530: 3340:

is situated in Trincomalee. It was first established in 1967, and gained university status in 2001. The

3260: 3203: 2152: 1919: 1899: 1709:

The Trincomalee and Batticaloa chiefdoms starting paying direct tributes to the Portuguese commander in

1646: 1622: 1373:

country, who had intervened to avenge the persecution of Vetullavada adherents during the Tamraparniyan

1335: 1097: 946: 466: 458: 5460: 1103: 1865: 1135:

since ancient times. Trinco, as it is commonly called, has been a seaport since 400 BCE. The earliest

6281: 5060:

S.J.V. Chelvanayakam and the crisis of Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism, 1947–1977: a political biography

3420: 3202:

started broadcasting from Trincomalee Relay Station in 1984. Its transmitter were mostly used by the

2173: 1943: 1837: 1587: 1574: 1400: 1374: 1183: 517: 490: 391: 280: 177: 4841:

Professor Jeremy Black, Jeremy Black. From Louis XIV to Napoleon: The Fate of a Great Power. pp.1678

4749:

M. G. Francis. History of Ceylon: An Abridged Translation of Professor Peter Courtenay's Work. pp.80

3910:

Nān̲kāvatu An̲aittulakat Tamil̲ārāycci Makānāṭṭu nikal̲ccikaḷ, Yāl̲ppāṇam, Can̲avari, 1974, Volume 2

1713:

from 1582 as Portuguese influence over the entire North east gained momentum. An annual sum of 1280

1111:

Trincomalee which is a natural deep-water harbour has attracted seafarers, trader and pilgrims from

1061: 4372:

by Sage Agastya, before his fight with Ravana. It is described in the "Yuddha Kaanda" Canto 107 of

3595:(3 ed.). Hong Kong: Hong Kong : Apa Productions (HK); Prentice Hall, 1985. p. 214. 3337: 3142:(precipitation days, 1968–1990 and sun, 1975–1983), Department of Meteorology (records up to 2007) 2330: 2188: 1853: 1849: 1420: 1330: 715: 572: 403: 5220: 3718:(2 ed.). London: Jefferson, N.C.; London : McFarland & Co., cop. 2006. p. 382. 2067:

based on his experiences in the city. Trincomalee's Bhadrakali Amman temple provides a setting in

4615: 4308: 4018: 3175: 2329:

The Koneswaram temple, with a recorded history from the 3rd century BCE and legends attesting to

2212: 2076: 2049: 1986: 1923: 1821: 494: 435: 5112: 3932: 1365:

who themselves had been antagonized by Mahasen. He worked under the tutelage of Sangamitta, the

1030: 5290: 3194:

operated a shortwave and mediumwave relay station in Trincomalee, which was handed over to the

1357:, destroyed the devalaya temple compound in Trincomalee housing Siva lingas in it, and built a 1053: 6065: 5991: 5876: 5557: 5170: 5063: 5038: 5013: 4985: 4960: 4769:

Re-exploring the links : history and constructed histories between Portugal and Sri Lanka

4653: 4561: 4529: 4485: 4464: 4440:

a Tamil poem by Kavi Raja Virothayan translated into English in 1831 by Simon Cassie Chitty...

4332: 4298: 4177: 4055: 4006: 3963: 3936: 3867: 3845: 3811: 3729: 3719: 3694: 3671: 3661: 3629: 3606: 3596: 3569: 3518: 3083: 3036: 2985: 2354:

The entrance to the roadway leading to Koneswaram is actually the entrance to what used to be

2307: 2242: 2192: 2165: 2038: 1885: 1728: 1690: 1613:

had the traditional history of the Koneswaram temple compiled as a chronicle in verse, titled

1606: 1508: 1436: 1358: 1093: 625: 508:

to the south, the historical "Gokarna" in Sanskrit, means "Cow's Ear", akin to other sites of

478: 415: 4650:

Ceylon, the Portuguese era: being a history of the island for the period, 1505–1658, Volume 1

3761: 3747: 5136: 4828: 4360: 4142: 4110: 3691:

Names and Their Histories: A Handbook of Historical Geography and Topographical Nomenclature

2056: 2006: 1990: 1969: 1931: 1719: 1638: 1480: 1476: 1445: 1340: 1005: 840: 513: 366: 304: 5362: 4526:

Being a research into the history of Jaffna, from very early times to the Portuguese period

5397: 5143: 4510: 4365: 4212: 3892: 3543: 3411: 2184: 2080: 2045: 1965: 1958: 1935: 1667: 1634: 1591: 1544: 1528: 1243:

continues that the shrine is the next pilgrimage spot for Hindus en route south following

938: 782: 747: 718:, a circular natural harbour which the temple crowns towards the north, is referred to as 501: 65: 5454: 5086:

India's Ocean: the Story of India's Bid for Regional Leadership. Retrieved 13 August 2014

4051: 3285: 1210:

state that it is probable there is no more ancient form of worship existing than that of

5450: 4896: 4758:

Perniola, V. "The Catholic church in Sri Lanka. The Portuguese period", vol. II, p. 366.

2017:

and fuel storage and support facilities for the British fleets there. After the fall of

587:(Ko-Kannam bay) where the temple is illustrated. Just above, both cartographers mention 74: 6119: 5961: 5005: 4859:

Dutch and British colonial intervention in Sri Lanka c. 1780–1815: expansion and reform

3926: 3430: 3329: 3199: 3191: 2363: 2196: 2161: 2096: 1980:

called Trincomalee "the finest harbour in the world", while the British Prime Minister

1915: 1833: 1825: 1703: 1552: 1492: 1483:

oversaw the city's development when under their empire. A significant expansion of the

1302: 1297: 1207: 1140: 873: 832: 820: 778: 687: 656:), meaning "Lord of the Sacred Hill", its earliest reference in this form found in the 649: 505: 470: 414:

of the same name, which divides its inner and outer harbours. It is home to the famous

349: 2222:, Trincomalee was a focal point for relief efforts on the eastern coast of Sri Lanka. 1926:

and held it until Sri Lanka's independence in 1948, with a claimed aim of "preventing

6275: 5956: 4957:

The evolution of an ethnic identity: The Tamils in Sri Lanka C. 300 BCE to C. 1200 CE

4461:

The evolution of an ethnic identity: The Tamils in Sri Lanka C. 300 BCE to C. 1200 CE

3626:

The evolution of an ethnic identity: The Tamils in Sri Lanka C. 300 BCE to C. 1200 CE

2864: 2355: 2022: 2014: 1861: 1829: 1801: 1710: 1650:

chief Badriddin Husain Bin Ali Al-Halabi, showing that her family hailed from Halab (

1570: 1536: 1399:

Early Tamil dynasties continued to employ the city as the prefectural capital of the

1224: 1144: 1034: 901: 856: 525: 5390: 3475: 2044:

One of the places inhabited by the British was Fort Fredrick, now controlled by the

624:

The city has developed from a village settlement on the promontory dedicated to the

599: 6239: 6166: 6075: 6055: 5971: 5901: 5891: 5814: 5716: 5700: 2068: 1973: 1894: 1813: 1774:

Underwater ruins of the Koneswaram temple include statues of the popular Hindu god

1714: 1548: 1001: 723: 675: 645: 529: 521: 482: 450: 3449: 1085: 5515: 5155:

C.S. Navaratnam, A Short History of Hinduism in Ceylon, Jaffna, 1964. Pages 43–47

4449:

Ci Patmanātan, S. Pathmanathan (1978). The Kingdom of Jaffna, Volume 1. pp. 26–27

2288:

at Swami Rock (Konamalai) and looks straight down into the ocean below (middle).

6105: 6100: 6090: 6070: 6015: 5936: 5896: 4982:

Electoral politics in an emergent state: the Ceylon general election of May 1970

4808:

Perniola, V. "The Catholic church in Sri Lanka. The Portuguese period", vol. III

4067:

Manohar Laxman Varadpande (1987). History of Indian Theatre, Volume 1, pp. 80–81

3928:

An historical, political, and statistical account of Ceylon and its dependencies

3219: 2092: 1950:, when with his fleet in the city in 1781 had sent a copy of the inscription to 1739:

saw all the territory of the kingdom of Jaffna, comprising both Trincomalee and

1663: 1556: 1524: 1472: 1465: 1432: 1370: 1311: 1289:

Patanjali's birth at the city in 180 BCE and its connections to another Siddhar

1252: 1244: 1219: 1179: 1132: 1116: 1046: 950: 795: 762: 580: 489:, erupting into civil war. It is home to major naval and air force bases at the 5316:"World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Trincomalee" 4796:

Perniola, V. "The Catholic church in Sri Lanka. The Portuguese period", vol. II

1503:

emerged in the region during Chola trade with the far east and the conquest of

608:

map of 1502, showing three Tamil towns on east coast, Mullaitivu, Trincomalee (

6234: 6085: 6060: 6030: 6025: 5911: 5871: 5839: 5685: 5675: 5113:"Sri Lanka : President instructs to revive the Trincomalee oil tank farm" 4725:

Ci Patmanātan, S. Pathmanathan (1978). The Kingdom of Jaffna, Volume 1. p. 237

3345: 2453: 2449: 2403: 2148: 2128: 2030: 2026: 1790: 1740: 1679: 1671: 1659: 1496: 1388: 1333:

brought his nephew Panduvasdeva to land at the bay in the 4th century BC. The

1306: 1248: 1158:

Ancient texts, as well as an inscription unearthed by archeologists among its

1069: 954: 663: 5484: 5471: 4565: 4533: 4248:

Constance Frederica Gordon Cumming (1893). Two happy years in Ceylon. pp. 295

3733: 3675: 2338:. The Hindu temple was also documented in several medieval texts such as the 2127:

statues from the 10th century CE of a seated figure of Shiva (in the form of

1964:

was built during the early 19th century by Indian workers to aid them in the

1800:

built from its ruins, Trincomalee had a Portuguese force during the reign of

131: 118: 6260: 6249: 6134: 6050: 6000: 5946: 5829: 5791: 5751: 5705: 5695: 4818:

possibility to build churches, to train the sacraments and to convert souls.

4657: 4489: 3862:

Arumugam, S (1980). "Some ancient Hindu temples of Sri Lanka" (2 ed.).

3610: 3573: 3522: 2018: 1930:

invading the colony" if left under the Dutch. Their rule is sealed with the

1869: 1817: 1732: 1699: 1599: 1583: 1539:

used the city as a garrison point during his rule. The city was governed by

1504: 1457: 1361:

edifice in its stead. He destroyed the Hindu temple to appease monks of the

1353: 1325: 1136: 1128: 896: 892: 641: 560: 434:

and an ancient ferry service to Jaffna and the south side of the harbour at

411: 399: 270: 266: 261: 153: 4921:

An Account of an Inscription Found Near Trincomalee in the Island of Ceylon

4302: 4181: 4010: 3967: 3940: 3871: 3832:

Era Year 1145), and details donations this royal made to Konamamalai temple

3591:

Herbert Keuneman; John Gottberg; Ravindralal Anthonis; Hans Hoefer (1985).

2033:. Trincomalee harbour and airfield were attacked by a carrier fleet of the 678:

manuscripts and inscriptions mention the monumental compound shrine as the

5438: 4932:

G. Philip V. Akrigg, Helen B. Akrigg (1997). British Columbia place names.

4638:

Abraham, Meera (1988). Two medieval merchant guilds of south India. p. 132

4528:. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services (republished: 1993). p. 378. 3815: 1864:

is described in considerable detail by the Dutch Governor of Trincomalee,

1594:, Trincomalee rose in status in the Jaffna kingdom, often visited by King 1239:. By staying there for twelve nights, one's soul is cleansed of all sins. 6139: 6124: 6114: 6095: 6080: 6020: 5986: 5951: 5906: 5866: 5856: 5690: 5660: 5655: 5624: 5535:

was created from a revision of this article dated 4 August 2010

4377: 4058:(LVIII.20-9) also mentions Gonarda among the countries of southern India. 3820:

The inscription, found in the Hindu temple premises dates the landing of

1927: 1874: 1857: 1812:

who destroyed one of the temples had a copy of the oldest inscription in

1579: 1567:

and remnants of Pandyan art and architecture still stand in Trincomalee.

1560: 1547:

in the 13th century, despite invasions from and the eventual subduing of

1531:

used Trincomalee as his eastern port, to launch a successful invasion of

1515: 1488: 1257: 1171: 1167: 1152: 812: 790: 786: 727: 3495:"Sri Lanka: largest cities and towns and statistics of their population" 3182:. The station lies close to the northern coast and beaches of the city. 1452:

took steps to attack the Vanniar chiefs between Trincomalee and Mannar,

6244: 6209: 6129: 6109: 6045: 6040: 6035: 5995: 5981: 5881: 5861: 5834: 5766: 5645: 5603: 4373: 4086:

Queyroz compares Konesvaram to the famous Hindu temples in Rameswaram,

3807: 3425: 2370:, it was again taken over by the British, who named it Fort Frederick. 2136: 1785: 1683: 1630: 1428: 1404: 1290: 1286: 1228: 1175: 879: 658: 605: 556: 251: 5413: 4082:

Perspectives in archaeology : Leelananda Prematilleke festschrift

3773: 3771: 563:

of 140 CE in a 1562 Ruscelli publication. From the Shiva footprint of

6224: 6010: 6005: 5976: 5966: 5941: 5886: 5824: 5680: 2140: 2124: 2120: 1994: 1841: 1775: 1651: 1456:

hymns were composed on the two holy cities, one of which, written by

1262: 1232: 1211: 1203: 1148: 1120: 1112: 287: 3777:

S. Pathmanathan, The Kingdom of Jaffna, Colombo, 1978. pages 135–144

1605:

Trincomalee served a similar purpose to its west coast sister city,

1270:. As a result of this a cleft was created on the rock, today called 1235:, one acquireth the merit of the horse-sacrifice, and the status of 5370:

Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world

5084: 2415:

Marble Beach is located in 16 km (10 miles) from Trincomalee.

1147:

excavated near where the promontory's first temple stood is from a

512:

worship across the Indian subcontinent. Uniquely, Trincomalee is a

6219: 6214: 5819: 5809: 5665: 5650: 5363:"Klimatafel von Trincomalee (Tirikunamalaya) / Sri Lanka (Ceylon)" 2402: 2311: 2297: 2172:. The city and its district were severely affected by the 30-year 2132: 2106: 1884: 1805: 1655: 1642: 1532: 1316: 1267: 1159: 1124: 1102: 1092: 1084: 1076: 1068: 1060: 1052: 1040: 1037:'s 1688 map of the island with Trincomalee on the northeast coast. 1029: 852: 670:

is a generally used epithet denoting a "sacred" temple site while

509: 4392: 3925:

Pridham, Charles (1849). "Trincomalee – Its Early History".

1206:, the ancient Yakkha queen; Charles Pridham, Jonathan Forbes and 4369: 4131:

S. Pathmanathan. (1978). The Kingdom of Jaffna. Volume 1. pp.136

3904: 3902: 3829: 2116: 1520: 1294: 1065:

Antonio Bocarro's 1635 map of temples of Trincomalee promontory.

45: 6170: 5720: 5561: 2147:

buried 500 yards from the promontory's end while digging for a

1309:

science across the continent during the pre-classical era. The

722:

or "Lord's Cheek", alluding to the cheek shape of Shiva's bull

426:, the Trincomalee Hindu Cultural Hall and, opened in 1897, the 4853: 4851: 4849: 4847: 4186:

The Nilaveli inscription describes the land grant of 250 veli

3213: 2010: 968: 441:

Trincomalee was made into a fortified port town following the

340: 4176:. University of London/Colombo : Arul M. Rajendran: 56. 3566:

An outline of the cultural history and principles of Hinduism

1796:

Following the destruction of the Koneswaram compound and the

1217:

In the earliest known literary reference to the Siva temple,

1174:

church, both introduced following invasions. A descendant of

861:

Dakshina Kailasa Puranam — Sthala Puranam of Koneswaram

422:. The town is home to other historical monuments such as the 5513: 4943:

Churchill's Navy: The Ships, Men and Organisation, 1939–1945

2317:

Prominent sites include the Koneswaram temple compound, its

2083:

stories feature multiple settings in the city, including in

843:, stands on Konesar Road before the entrance to Swami Rock. 4767:

Jorge Manuel Flores; Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian. (2007).

4736:

Sarandib: an ethnological study of the Muslims of Sri Lanka

4652:. Vol. 1. Sri Lanka: Tisara Prakasakayo. p. 262. 4430:

Culavamsa: Being the More Recent Part of Mahavamsa. pp59-60

3789:

H.N. Apte, Vayupurana, Chapter 48 verses 20–30, Poona, 1929

1942:

discovered a stone epigraph, the oldest of the province of

1641:. The Tamil country had established a strong alliance with 933:

into 8 different places: are Thirugonamalai (Trincomalee),

418:

from where it developed and earned its historic Tamil name

331: 325: 319: 5410:"Naval and Maritime Academy of SLN reaches Par Excellence" 4080:

Prematilleka, Leelananda; Seneviratne, Sudharshan (1990).

3167:

highways in Sri Lanka, as well as the northern end of the

1403:, allowing administrative duties to be handled by elected 835:

all associated with ancient Shiva temples. The associated

402:. Located on the east coast of the island overlooking the 5137:

http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=14006

3962:. London: Longman, Green; Longman, Roberts. p. 484. 3748:"Tirukōṇa-malai (Trincomalee), Kīri-malai, Kutirai-malai" 316: 2139:, a statue of the goddess Mathumai Ambal and later Lord 3972:

The districts at the southern extremity of Batticaloa,

3958:

Tennent, James Emerson (1859). "The Northern Forests".

1836:. An English sea captain and his son, the writer named 1339:

asserts that Vijaya restored the Koneswaram temple and

1278:. Upon her death, her last rites were performed at the 1057:

Procession of Koneswaram idol pooja in Trincomalee city

583:

river's estuary into the Indian Ocean is just south of

4898:

Final French Struggles in India and on the Indian Seas

4560:. Colombo: Colombo : Kalai Nilayam. p. 233. 2099:, of the British Royal Navy is buried in Trincomalee. 1495:. Two powerful merchant guilds of the time – the 4782:

Statistics of the Colonies of the British Empire,...

4558:

Tamil culture in Ceylon : a general introduction

1391:

confirms Trincomalee's sacred status for all Hindus.

1151:

and also concerns Koneswaram, as do the 10th century

575:) rises three rivers, including the Mavillie-Gangai ( 377: 322: 307: 4696:

J R Sinnatamby (1968). Ceylon in Ptolemy's geography

4322: 4320: 3797: 3795: 2009:, the British built a large airfield to house their 1293:

from at least the 5th–4th century BCE suggests that

337: 313: 310: 5920: 5800: 5758: 5633: 5612: 5596: 4745: 4743: 360: 334: 328: 277: 260: 250: 242: 234: 229: 221: 213: 208: 198: 193: 183: 171: 159: 147: 23: 4172:Pathmanathan, S. (1978). "The Kingdom of Jaffna". 2183:Today SLNS Tissa and SLN Dockyard are used by the 1139:inscriptions found in Trincomalee city are in the 1107:Prima Flour Factory to the right, Trincomalee city 406:, Trincomalee has been one of the main centres of 5318:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 5221:"The photographs of Trincomalee Beach, July 2018" 4048:India as seen in the Bṛhatsaṁhitā of Varāhamihira 5012:. C Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd. p. 364. 2211:. The base is home to a naval museum called the 5342:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 4357:Ramayana, Book VI, CANTO CVI.: GLORY TO THE SUN 4230:period of Chola administration have been found. 4075: 4073: 3660:. Pannapitiya: Stamford Lake (Pvt.) Ltd. 2004. 2310:and Hindus around the world. The city has many 909:and his self description as a "Gonardiya" from 5526: 5251:"The photographs of Marble Beach, August 2018" 5062:. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. p. 110. 4792: 4790: 1820:. In a 1638 letter to Dutch Colonial Governor 793:(Bacchus) like the Pandyans of Tamilakam. The 6182: 5732: 5573: 4804: 4802: 4605: 4603: 4601: 3785: 3783: 1682:while stopping to pay homage to Koneswaram's 1231:there for three nights in worship of Siva as 1004:. Please discuss this issue on the article's 895:'s place of birth at the temple corroborates 730:equivalent of the port town's harbour bay is 34: 8: 1563:; it then remained in the Pandyan empire of 1186:period, and were noted during the reigns of 390:, is the administrative headquarters of the 5289:. Department of Meteorology. Archived from 5165:R. K. De Silva and W. G. M. Beumer (1988). 4984:. Cambridge University Press. p. 215. 4716:– a hawk-beak shaped hill on the east coast 3828:to Friday 14th April, 1223 CE (recorded as 3512: 3510: 3508: 3506: 3504: 3483:. Jaffna: Aseeravatham Press. p. 1-30. 3417:, a British sailing frigate built in India. 3248:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1282:in the Kanniya suburb of Trincomalee city. 28: 6189: 6175: 6167: 5739: 5725: 5717: 5580: 5566: 5558: 5278: 5276: 5191:"Delhi toehold in key Lanka port, at last" 4582:KAN Sastri, A History of South India, p412 4023:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3920: 3918: 3693:. London: BiblioBazaar, LLC. p. 308. 3568:(1 ed.). Colombo: Stangard Printers. 2460: 2021:, Trincomalee became the home port of the 1582:, 1223. After the fall of the Pandyans of 694:) has other meanings in Old Tamil such as 20: 4861:. Proefschrift Universiteit Leiden. pp.86 4257:Jonathan Forbes, George Turnour. (1840). 3559: 3557: 3555: 3553: 3312:Learn how and when to remove this message 3159:Trincomalee is on the eastern end of the 2464:Climate data for Trincomalee (1991–2020) 1737:Portuguese conquest of the Jaffna kingdom 883:that the shrine first found reference as 443:Portuguese conquest of the Jaffna kingdom 5543:, and does not reflect subsequent edits. 3810:: Ceylon University Press. p. 112. 3802:de Silva, K. M.; Ray, C.M. (1959–1973). 3651: 3649: 3647: 3645: 2220:2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami 1523:sect in Nilaveli had even complained to 4291:Some ancient Hindu temples of Sri Lanka 3996: 3994: 3992: 3980:are so called from the two Tamil words 3441: 1948:Pierre André de Suffren de Saint Tropez 259: 249: 228: 220: 207: 192: 146: 111: 80: 71: 56: 51: 4959:. Colombo: Vijitha Yapa. p. 308. 4506: 4495: 4463:. Colombo: Vijitha Yapa. p. 230. 4327:Pathmanathan, Sivasubramaniam (2006). 4208: 4197: 4016: 3888: 3877: 3628:. Colombo: Vijitha Yapa. p. 324. 3539: 3528: 2115:In 1950, one of the original shrine's 1543:and Jatavarman Veera Pandyan I of the 1045:Uppuveli Beach in Trincomalee city, a 905:, which describes him as hailing from 837:Bhadrakali Amman Temple of Trincomalee 493:. The city also has the largest Dutch 430:. Trincomalee is also the site of the 5231:from the original on 31 December 2018 4003:A Short History of Hinduism in Ceylon 3358:Methodist Girls' College, Trincomalee 2170:contributing factors of the civil war 1379:Silakala Ambosamanera of Anuradhapura 1089:Koneswaram temple shrine, Trincomalee 1081:1775 Mannevillette Map of Trincomalee 276: 241: 233: 212: 197: 182: 170: 158: 7: 5284:"Ever Recorded Daily Extreme Values" 5261:from the original on 29 January 2019 5093:from the original on 24 January 2016 4153:from the original on 18 October 2017 3931:. London: T. and W. Boone. pp. 3368:R. K. M. Sri Koneswara Hindu College 3348:, also has a campus in Trincomalee. 3246:adding citations to reliable sources 2292:at Swami Rock seen from sea (right). 2111:Sri Lankan naval ship at Trincomalee 1911:British captured Trincomalee's forts 1485:Bhadrakali Amman Temple, Trincomalee 698:, while another origin for the term 424:Bhadrakali Amman Temple, Trincomalee 5372:(in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst 4421:Mahavamsa. Chapter 35. Verses 40–47 3352:List of schools in Trincomalee city 2201:Security Forces Headquarters - East 1978:Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson 1952:Abraham Hyacinthe Anquetil-Duperron 1619:Sthala Puranam of Koneswaram Temple 1462:Kokarneswarar Temple, Thirukokarnam 1261:in written form describes how King 94: 6312:Port cities and towns in Sri Lanka 5010:Religion and Politics in Sri Lanka 4780:Robert Montgomery Martin. (1839). 4593:Medieval Tamils in Lanka = Ilankai 4107:"Arulmigu Gneelivaneswarar Temple" 3196:Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corporation 2209:Commonwealth War Graves Commission 1049:, with Konesar Malai in background 807:." The bay is also referred to as 14: 5338:"Climate Normals for Trincomalee" 5169:. London: Serendib Publications. 3378:St. Joseph's College, Trincomalee 3373:Sri Shanmuga Hindu Ladies College 2155:and the minority Tamil dominated 1444:to the city. During the reign of 1247:of the early Pandyan kingdom and 217:7.5 km (2.9 sq mi) 6317:Provincial capitals in Sri Lanka 6259: 5790: 5525: 5449: 5437: 5412:. Sri Lanka Navy. Archived from 4270:Mahabharata. Volume 3. pp. 46–47 3218: 2452:from April through August and a 2266: 2249: 2234: 2089:A Singular Affair at Trincomalee 1764: 1755: 1255:). In the same time period, the 1162:archaeological remains, call it 988:to read and navigate comfortably 973: 598: 549: 303: 93: 86: 73: 58: 4895:Malleson, George Bruce (1884). 4403:from the original on 6 May 2019 3474:Gunasingam, Selladurai (1979). 3383:St. Mary's College, Trincomalee 3344:, which has its main campus in 3342:Eastern University of Sri Lanka 1565:Maravarman Kulasekara Pandyan I 1200:The Life of Alexander Alexander 871: — three chapters of the 702:could come from the Tamil term 5391:"Sri Lanka Railways Timetable" 5257:. independent-travellers.com. 5227:. independent-travellers.com. 4955:Indrapala, Karthigesu (2007). 4648:Pieris, Paulus Edward (1983). 4612:Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis 4459:Indrapala, Karthigesu (2007). 3656:Ramachandran, Nirmala (2004). 3624:Indrapala, Karthigesu (2007). 3363:Orr's Hill Vivekananda College 1898:French who fought and won the 1645:and the Delhi Sultinate under 1501:Five Hundred Lords of Ayyavolu 394:and major resort port city of 1: 6287:Populated places in Sri Lanka 3658:The Hindu legacy to Sri Lanka 2446:Köppen climate classification 2000:Return of the Population 1824 1889:Trincomalee WWII War Cemetery 1633:by ship, eight days from the 1602:in the following centuries. 921:, meaning "three Kailasams", 750:offers the etymological link 445:, changing hands between the 246:13,000/km (34,000/sq mi) 5457:travel guide from Wikivoyage 5035:Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism 4919:Johnston, Alexander (1827). 4672:A Critical History of Jaffna 3764:. TamilNet. 24 October 2010. 3150:Transport and communications 2438:tropical wet and dry climate 2145:Urban Council of Trincomalee 1881:Late modern and contemporary 1810:Constantino de Sá de Noronha 1625:under the patronage of king 1541:Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan I 1450:Aggabodhi II of Anuradhapura 1214:upon his sacred promontory. 1188:Pandukabhaya of Anuradhapura 839:, significantly expanded by 680:Thirukonamalai Konesar Kovil 271:Sri Lanka Standard Time Zone 6159:, also a Municipal council 5461:Detailed map of Trincomalee 5058:Wilson, Jayaratnam (1994). 5033:Wilson, Jayaratnam (1999). 4980:Wilson, Jeyaratnam (1975). 4046:Ajay Mitra Shastri (1969). 3174:The city is also served by 2937:Average precipitation days 2723:Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 2583:Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 1954:of France for translation. 1870:Kankuveli Tamil inscription 1670:in 1468, who traversed the 996:content into sub-articles, 758:based on this connection. 432:Trincomalee railway station 378: 361: 6338: 4857:Alicia Schrikker. (2006). 4524:Rasanayagam, M.C. (1926). 4329:Hindu Temples of Sri Lanka 4005:. Jaffna. pp. 43–47. 3477:The Tamils and Trincomalee 3388:Vigneshwara Maha Vidyalaya 3326:Naval and Maritime Academy 3137: 3128: 2463: 2368:War of the First Coalition 2284:Koneswaram Temple (left). 2260:at Swami Rock (Konamalai). 1904:American Revolutionary War 1696:Bhuvanekabahu VII of Kotte 1689:By the late 16th century, 1471:Following the conquest of 1417:Mahinda IV of Anuradhapura 1363:Anuradhapura Maha Viharaya 469:, being absorbed into the 463:American Revolutionary War 6256: 6205: 6148: 5787: 5777:Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte 5641:Sri Jayawardenapura Kotte 5591:with a 50,000+ population 5037:. UBC Press. p. 99. 4393:"Hinduism Today Magazine" 4001:Navaratnam, C.S. (1964). 3908:S. Vithiananthan (1980). 3450:"Trincomalee – Sri Lanka" 3407:Sampur Coal Power Station 3081: 3034: 2983: 2936: 2862: 2792: 2722: 2652: 2582: 2512: 2507: 2504: 2501: 2498: 2495: 2492: 2489: 2486: 2483: 2480: 2477: 2474: 2471: 2468: 2306:Trincomalee is sacred to 2277:seen from the sea (East). 2063:and would go on to write 1280:Kanniya Hot water springs 1198:until the publication of 1196:Manavanna of Anuradhapura 1192:Maha Naga of Anuradhapura 734:, meaning "Cow's Ear" or 691: 653: 628:. The origin of the term 543:Early maps of Trincomalee 428:Trincomalee Hindu College 382:), historically known as 370: 353: 112: 81: 72: 57: 52: 43: 35: 29: 5142:20 February 2009 at the 4591:N. Parameswaran (2003). 4295:University of California 3864:University of California 3750:. TamilNet. 1 July 2007. 3402:Place names in Sri Lanka 2344:Dakshina Kailasa Puranam 2218:In the aftermath of the 2205:Trincomalee War Cemetery 2029:, and submarines of the 1982:William Pitt the Younger 1934:, and the last Vanniar, 1676:Nallur Kandaswamy temple 1615:Dakshina Kailasa Puranam 1423:'s intervention against 1407:chiefs. Inscriptions of 1345:Mahasena of Anuradhapura 869:Dakshina Kailasa Manmiam 710:Gokarna Bay, Trincomalee 674:means mountain or hill; 4556:Raghavan, M.D. (1971). 2436:Trincomalee features a 1909:On 8 January 1782, the 1598:and his successor King 1341:the other four Eswarams 1176:Ellalan of Anuradhapura 1170:vihara and a Christian 5852:Dehiwala-Mount Lavinia 5620:Dehiwala-Mount Lavinia 5521: 5501:Listen to this article 5255:Independent Travellers 5225:Independent Travellers 4734:Asiff Hussein (2007). 4706:Gerolamo Emilio Gerini 4505:Cite journal requires 4331:. Kumaran Book House. 4207:Cite journal requires 3887:Cite journal requires 3689:Taylor, Isaac (1843). 3564:Sivaratnam, C (1964). 3538:Cite journal requires 3140:Deutscher Wetterdienst 2448:. The city features a 2408: 2393:Indian Oil Corporation 2360:Fourth Anglo-Dutch War 2325:Hindu historical sites 2303: 2135:, his consort goddess 2112: 2035:Imperial Japanese Navy 1976:. The British admiral 1922:. In 1795 the British 1890: 1674:pilgrimage route from 1627:Gunaveera Cinkaiariyan 1611:Jeyaveera Cinkaiariyan 1596:Singai Pararasasegaram 1442:Dravidian architecture 1425:Sena I of Anuradhapura 1384:Mattakallappu Manmiyam 1108: 1100: 1090: 1082: 1074: 1066: 1058: 1050: 1038: 865:Jeyaveera Cinkaiariyan 662:of the 7th century by 6200:capitals of Sri Lanka 5520: 5396:31 March 2012 at the 4397:www.hinduismtoday.com 3714:Room, Adrian (2006). 3204:Adventist World Radio 3133:(humidity 1961–1990) 2406: 2301: 2153:United National Party 2110: 2065:2001: A Space Odyssey 2037:in April 1942 in the 1906:in 1782 at the city. 1900:Battle of Trincomalee 1888: 1647:Martanda Cinkaiariyan 1617:, known today as the 1535:in the 12th century. 1491:chieftaincies of the 1336:Yalpana Vaipava Malai 1303:Sivan Oli Padam Malai 1285:The Siva-worshipping 1153:Nilaveli inscriptions 1106: 1098:Battle of Trincomalee 1096: 1088: 1080: 1072: 1064: 1056: 1044: 1033: 863:, written in 1380 by 819:is also a place name 738:and the deity's name 506:Mahavilli Ganga River 279: • Summer ( 225:8 m (26 ft) 5552:More spoken articles 5446:at Wikimedia Commons 4391:Academy, Himalayan. 4289:Arumugam, S (1980). 3421:Trincomalee Garrison 3242:improve this section 2513:Record high °C (°F) 2423:There are the seven 2203:in Trincomalee. The 2095:'s younger brother, 2085:A Scandal in Bohemia 1972:and the rest of the 1944:Trincomalee District 1798:Fort of Triquinimale 1735:brought upon by the 1588:Muhammad bin Tughluq 1586:due to invasions by 1575:Parakrama Pandyan II 1401:Trincomalee District 847:Kailaas of the South 573:Sivan Oli Pada Malai 518:Paadal Petra Sthalam 491:Trincomalee Garrison 392:Trincomalee District 243: • Density 132:8.56667°N 81.23333°E 5748:Metropolitan cities 5481: / 5296:on 29 December 2009 5117:www.colombopage.com 4227:Nilakanta Mahadevar 3984:, the smiling babe. 3338:Sri Lanka Air Force 3190:German broadcaster 2793:Record low °C (°F) 2653:Daily mean °C (°F) 2331:classical antiquity 2189:Sri Lanka Air Force 1924:recaptured the city 1623:Kovil at Rameswaram 1421:Srimara Srivallabha 1347:, according to the 1047:coastal resort city 885:Koneiswara Parwatia 821:in Karnataka, India 813:Tamil New Years Day 752:Thiru-Gokarna-Malai 716:Trincomalee Harbour 536:Names and etymology 404:Trincomalee Harbour 128: / 53:City of Trincomalee 6157:Provincial capital 6031:Katunayake Seeduwa 5802:Municipal councils 5522: 5195:telegraphindia.com 5146:Canadian Red Cross 4714:Ying-Ko Tswei Shan 4685:The Jaffna Dynasty 4616:Uppsala University 4192:Nilakanta Mahadeva 3762:"Aayiththiyamalai" 3497:. World Gazetteer. 3176:Sri Lanka Railways 2409: 2304: 2213:Hoods Tower Museum 2157:ITAK Federal Party 2143:were found by the 2113: 2077:Arthur Conan Doyle 2061:Reefs of Taprobane 2050:Duke of Wellington 1987:Trincomali Channel 1940:Alexander Johnston 1891: 1822:Anthony van Diemen 1109: 1101: 1091: 1083: 1075: 1067: 1059: 1051: 1039: 957:, and Suwethagiri 589:Abaratha Ratchagar 579:) whose tributary 235: • Total 214: • Total 189:Town & Gravets 6269: 6268: 6164: 6163: 5782: 5772: 5759:National capitals 5714: 5713: 5589:Sri Lankan cities 5518: 5442:Media related to 5069:978-1-85065-130-7 4966:978-955-1266-72-1 4710:Ying-ko tsui Shan 4470:978-955-1266-72-1 4056:Markandeya Purana 3850:978-955-1266-72-1 3804:History of Ceylon 3725:978-0-7864-2248-7 3667:978-955-8733-97-4 3635:978-955-1266-72-1 3602:978-0-13-839944-3 3334:Air Force Academy 3322: 3321: 3314: 3296: 3146: 3145: 2986:relative humidity 2407:Trincomalee Beach 2319:Bhadrakali temple 2308:Sri Lankan Tamils 2243:Koneswaram Temple 2193:China Bay Airport 2166:Dudley Senanayake 2103:Post independence 2039:Indian Ocean Raid 2013:base, called the 1893:Jacob Burnand, a 1729:Ethirimana Cinkam 1691:Portuguese Ceylon 1509:Malay Archipelago 1437:Narasimhavarman I 1431:kings, including 1359:Mahayana Buddhist 1023: 1022: 761:The ethnographer 522:Maha Shakta pitha 504:, bridged by the 479:Indian Ocean raid 416:Koneswaram temple 376: 359: 293: 292: 199: • Type 137:8.56667; 81.23333 18:City in Sri Lanka 6329: 6322:Kingdom of Kandy 6264: 6263: 6191: 6184: 6177: 6168: 5795: 5794: 5781:(Administrative) 5780: 5770: 5741: 5734: 5727: 5718: 5597:500,000 and more 5582: 5575: 5568: 5559: 5542: 5540: 5529: 5528: 5519: 5509: 5507: 5502: 5496: 5495: 5493: 5492: 5491: 5486: 5485:8.567°N 81.233°E 5482: 5479: 5478: 5477: 5474: 5453: 5441: 5426: 5425: 5423: 5421: 5416:on 29 March 2008 5406: 5400: 5388: 5382: 5381: 5379: 5377: 5367: 5359: 5353: 5352: 5350: 5348: 5334: 5328: 5327: 5325: 5323: 5312: 5306: 5305: 5303: 5301: 5295: 5288: 5280: 5271: 5270: 5268: 5266: 5247: 5241: 5240: 5238: 5236: 5217: 5211: 5210: 5208: 5206: 5197:. 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Van Senden 1768: 1767: 1759: 1758: 1639:Tenavaram temple 1637:, on his way to 1573:'s reign ousted 1481:Rajendra Chola I 1477:Rajaraja Chola I 1446:Mahendravarman I 1305:, helped spread 1026:Earliest history 1018: 1015: 1009: 977: 976: 969: 915:Konesar Kalvettu 841:Rajendra Chola I 785:adds worshipped 756:Thiru-Gona-Malai 693: 655: 602: 553: 408:Sri Lankan Tamil 396:Eastern Province 381: 375:romanized: 374: 372: 364: 358:romanized: 357: 355: 347: 346: 343: 342: 339: 336: 333: 330: 327: 324: 321: 318: 315: 312: 309: 302: 284: 143: 142: 140: 139: 138: 133: 129: 126: 125: 124: 121: 97: 96: 90: 77: 62: 38: 37: 32: 31: 21: 6337: 6336: 6332: 6331: 6330: 6328: 6327: 6326: 6302:Pandyan dynasty 6292:Pallava dynasty 6272: 6271: 6270: 6265: 6258: 6254: 6201: 6195: 6165: 6160: 6144: 5916: 5796: 5789: 5785: 5754: 5745: 5715: 5710: 5629: 5613:200,000–499,999 5608: 5592: 5586: 5556: 5555: 5544: 5538: 5536: 5533:This audio file 5530: 5523: 5514: 5511: 5505: 5504: 5500: 5489: 5487: 5483: 5480: 5475: 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1668:Arunagirinathar 1635:Nicobar islands 1592:Delhi Sultanate 1529:Parakramabahu I 1448:in 600, as one 1397: 1028: 1019: 1013: 1010: 991: 978: 974: 967: 943:Thiruenkoimalai 939:Thiruchiramalai 849: 765:writing in his 736:Gokarna Pattana 712: 622: 617: 616: 615: 614: 613: 603: 594: 593: 592: 577:Mahavali-Ganges 554: 545: 544: 538: 514:Pancha Ishwaram 502:Trincomalee Bay 497:on the island. 477:as part of the 467:British in 1795 306: 300: 299: 278: 136: 134: 130: 127: 122: 119: 117: 115: 114: 108: 107: 106: 105: 104: 103: 102: 98: 68: 66:Trincomalee Bay 48: 39: 33: 26: 19: 12: 11: 5: 6335: 6333: 6325: 6324: 6319: 6314: 6309: 6307:Jaffna kingdom 6304: 6299: 6294: 6289: 6284: 6274: 6273: 6267: 6266: 6257: 6255: 6253: 6252: 6247: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6206: 6203: 6202: 6196: 6194: 6193: 6186: 6179: 6171: 6162: 6161: 6149: 6146: 6145: 6143: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6120:Valvettithurai 6117: 6112: 6103: 6101:Seethawakapura 6098: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6068: 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4941:Brian Lavery, 4934: 4925: 4912: 4887: 4873: 4863: 4843: 4834: 4820: 4810: 4798: 4786: 4773: 4760: 4751: 4739: 4727: 4718: 4698: 4689: 4676: 4670:Gnanaprakasar, 4663: 4640: 4631: 4621: 4597: 4584: 4575: 4548: 4539: 4516: 4507:|journal= 4476: 4469: 4451: 4442: 4432: 4423: 4414: 4383: 4348: 4337: 4316: 4297:. p. 37. 4293:(2 ed.). 4281: 4272: 4263: 4250: 4241: 4232: 4218: 4209:|journal= 4164: 4133: 4124: 4113:on 5 July 2018 4098: 4084:. p. 99. 4069: 4060: 4039: 4030: 3988: 3950: 3914: 3898: 3889:|journal= 3854: 3836: 3791: 3779: 3767: 3753: 3739: 3724: 3706: 3699: 3681: 3666: 3641: 3634: 3616: 3601: 3583: 3549: 3540:|journal= 3500: 3486: 3466: 3454:britannica.com 3440: 3438: 3435: 3434: 3433: 3431:Arunagirinagar 3428: 3423: 3418: 3409: 3404: 3399: 3395: 3392: 3391: 3390: 3385: 3380: 3375: 3370: 3365: 3360: 3353: 3350: 3330:Sri Lanka Navy 3320: 3319: 3226: 3224: 3217: 3211: 3208: 3200:Deutsche Welle 3192:Deutsche Welle 3187: 3184: 3156: 3153: 3151: 3148: 3144: 3143: 3135: 3134: 3126: 3125: 3122: 3119: 3116: 3113: 3110: 3107: 3104: 3101: 3098: 3095: 3092: 3089: 3086: 3084:sunshine hours 3079: 3078: 3075: 3072: 3069: 3066: 3063: 3060: 3057: 3054: 3051: 3048: 3045: 3042: 3039: 3037:sunshine hours 3032: 3031: 3028: 3025: 3022: 3019: 3016: 3013: 3010: 3007: 3004: 3001: 2998: 2995: 2992: 2981: 2980: 2977: 2974: 2971: 2968: 2965: 2962: 2959: 2956: 2953: 2950: 2947: 2944: 2941: 2934: 2933: 2928: 2923: 2918: 2913: 2908: 2903: 2898: 2893: 2888: 2883: 2878: 2873: 2868: 2860: 2859: 2854: 2849: 2844: 2839: 2834: 2829: 2824: 2819: 2814: 2809: 2804: 2799: 2794: 2790: 2789: 2784: 2779: 2774: 2769: 2764: 2759: 2754: 2749: 2744: 2739: 2734: 2729: 2724: 2720: 2719: 2714: 2709: 2704: 2699: 2694: 2689: 2684: 2679: 2674: 2669: 2664: 2659: 2654: 2650: 2649: 2644: 2639: 2634: 2629: 2624: 2619: 2614: 2609: 2604: 2599: 2594: 2589: 2584: 2580: 2579: 2574: 2569: 2564: 2559: 2554: 2549: 2544: 2539: 2534: 2529: 2524: 2519: 2514: 2510: 2509: 2506: 2503: 2500: 2497: 2494: 2491: 2488: 2485: 2482: 2479: 2476: 2473: 2470: 2466: 2465: 2459: 2433: 2430: 2420: 2417: 2400: 2397: 2388: 2385: 2375: 2372: 2364:Dutch Republic 2351: 2350:The Dutch Fort 2348: 2326: 2323: 2290:Ravana's Cleft 2286:Ravana's Cleft 2283: 2282: 2275:Ravana's Cleft 2273: 2272: 2265: 2264: 2258:Ravana's Cleft 2256: 2255: 2248: 2247: 2240: 2233: 2232: 2231: 2230: 2229: 2227: 2224: 2197:Sri Lanka Army 2162:prime minister 2104: 2101: 1920:Peace of Paris 1916:Dutch Republic 1882: 1879: 1854:Vanniar chiefs 1834:Fort Ostenburg 1773: 1772: 1763: 1762: 1754: 1753: 1752: 1751: 1750: 1748: 1745: 1704:Francis Xavier 1553:Savakanmaindan 1493:Jaffna kingdom 1468:, Tamil Nadu. 1396: 1393: 1369:monk from the 1367:Tamil Buddhist 1351:and the later 1343:upon arrival. 1315:refers to the 1298:Sun Salutation 1276:Ravana's Cleft 1208:George Turnour 1141:Tamil language 1027: 1024: 1021: 1020: 1000:it, or adding 981: 979: 972: 966: 963: 935:Thirukalahasti 917:uses the term 874:Skanda Puranam 848: 845: 711: 708: 621: 618: 612:) and Pannoam. 604: 597: 596: 595: 555: 548: 547: 546: 542: 541: 540: 539: 537: 534: 471:British Ceylon 420:Thirukonamalai 362:Tirukkōṇamalai 291: 290: 285: 275: 274: 264: 258: 257: 254: 248: 247: 244: 240: 239: 236: 232: 231: 227: 226: 223: 219: 218: 215: 211: 210: 206: 205: 200: 196: 195: 191: 190: 187: 181: 180: 175: 169: 168: 163: 157: 156: 151: 145: 144: 110: 109: 100: 99: 92: 91: 85: 84: 83: 82: 79: 78: 70: 69: 63: 55: 54: 50: 49: 44: 41: 40: 27: 24: 17: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6334: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6297:Chola dynasty 6295: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6279: 6277: 6262: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6207: 6204: 6199: 6192: 6187: 6185: 6180: 6178: 6173: 6172: 6169: 6158: 6154: 6153: 6147: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 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4787: 4783: 4777: 4774: 4770: 4764: 4761: 4755: 4752: 4746: 4744: 4740: 4737: 4731: 4728: 4722: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4702: 4699: 4693: 4690: 4686: 4680: 4677: 4673: 4667: 4664: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4644: 4641: 4635: 4632: 4625: 4622: 4617: 4613: 4606: 4604: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4588: 4585: 4579: 4576: 4572: 4571:Mountains..." 4567: 4563: 4559: 4552: 4549: 4543: 4540: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4520: 4517: 4512: 4499: 4491: 4487: 4480: 4477: 4472: 4466: 4462: 4455: 4452: 4446: 4443: 4436: 4433: 4427: 4424: 4418: 4415: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4387: 4384: 4380: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4362: 4358: 4352: 4349: 4345: 4340: 4338:955-9429-91-4 4334: 4330: 4323: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4310: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4285: 4282: 4276: 4273: 4267: 4264: 4260: 4254: 4251: 4245: 4242: 4236: 4233: 4228: 4222: 4219: 4214: 4201: 4194: 4193: 4189: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4168: 4165: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4137: 4134: 4128: 4125: 4112: 4108: 4102: 4099: 4095: 4093: 4089: 4083: 4076: 4074: 4070: 4064: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4043: 4040: 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3351: 3349: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3316: 3313: 3305: 3302:February 2024 3294: 3291: 3287: 3284: 3280: 3277: 3273: 3270: 3266: 3263: – 3262: 3261:"Trincomalee" 3258: 3257:Find sources: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3237: 3236: 3232: 3227:This section 3225: 3221: 3216: 3215: 3209: 3207: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3185: 3183: 3181: 3177: 3172: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3155:Road and rail 3154: 3149: 3141: 3136: 3132: 3127: 3123: 3120: 3117: 3114: 3111: 3108: 3105: 3102: 3099: 3096: 3093: 3090: 3087: 3085: 3080: 3076: 3073: 3070: 3067: 3064: 3061: 3058: 3055: 3052: 3049: 3046: 3043: 3040: 3038: 3035:Mean monthly 3033: 3029: 3026: 3023: 3020: 3017: 3014: 3011: 3008: 3005: 3002: 2999: 2996: 2993: 2987: 2982: 2978: 2975: 2972: 2969: 2966: 2963: 2960: 2957: 2954: 2951: 2948: 2945: 2942: 2935: 2929: 2924: 2919: 2914: 2909: 2904: 2899: 2894: 2889: 2884: 2879: 2874: 2869: 2866: 2865:precipitation 2861: 2855: 2850: 2845: 2840: 2835: 2830: 2825: 2820: 2815: 2810: 2805: 2800: 2795: 2791: 2785: 2780: 2775: 2770: 2765: 2760: 2755: 2750: 2745: 2740: 2735: 2730: 2725: 2721: 2715: 2710: 2705: 2700: 2695: 2690: 2685: 2680: 2675: 2670: 2665: 2660: 2655: 2651: 2645: 2640: 2635: 2630: 2625: 2620: 2615: 2610: 2605: 2600: 2595: 2590: 2585: 2581: 2575: 2570: 2565: 2560: 2555: 2550: 2545: 2540: 2535: 2530: 2525: 2520: 2515: 2511: 2467: 2462: 2458: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2431: 2429: 2426: 2418: 2416: 2413: 2405: 2398: 2396: 2394: 2386: 2384: 2380: 2373: 2371: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2356:Fort Fredrick 2349: 2347: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2332: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2315: 2313: 2309: 2300: 2291: 2287: 2276: 2259: 2244: 2225: 2223: 2221: 2216: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2181: 2177: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2164:at the time, 2163: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2133:Chandrasekhar 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2109: 2102: 2100: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2073:Birds of Prey 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2053: 2051: 2047: 2042: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2023:Eastern Fleet 2020: 2016: 2015:RAF China Bay 2012: 2008: 2003: 2001: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1962: 1955: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1912: 1907: 1905: 1901: 1896: 1887: 1880: 1878: 1876: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1862:Kantalai tank 1859: 1855: 1851: 1845: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1830:Fort Fredrick 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1802:Rajasinghe II 1799: 1794: 1792: 1787: 1777: 1746: 1744: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1724: 1721: 1716: 1712: 1707: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1692: 1687: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1603: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1537:Kalinga Magha 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1517: 1512: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1469: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1394: 1392: 1390: 1386: 1385: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1355: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1337: 1332: 1328: 1327: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1313: 1308: 1307:Tamraparniyan 1304: 1299: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1283: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1264: 1260: 1259: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1221: 1215: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1156: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1145:Chola Dynasty 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1105: 1099: 1095: 1087: 1079: 1071: 1063: 1055: 1048: 1043: 1036: 1035:Robert Morden 1032: 1025: 1017: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 989: 987: 982:This section 980: 971: 970: 964: 962: 960: 959:Thirupangeeli 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 936: 930: 928: 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 907:Then Kailasam 904: 903: 902:Tirumandhiram 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 881: 876: 875: 870: 866: 862: 858: 857:Mount Kailash 854: 846: 844: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 797: 792: 788: 784: 780: 777:in Tamil and 776: 772: 768: 764: 759: 757: 753: 749: 746:in Sanskrit. 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 709: 707: 705: 701: 697: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 661: 660: 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 619: 611: 607: 601: 590: 586: 582: 578: 574: 570: 566: 562: 558: 552: 535: 533: 531: 527: 526:Mount Kailash 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 498: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 456: 452: 449:in 1620, the 448: 444: 439: 437: 433: 429: 425: 421: 417: 413: 409: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 385: 380: 379:Trikuṇāmaḷaya 368: 363: 351: 345: 297: 289: 286: 282: 272: 268: 265: 263: 256:Trincomalians 255: 253: 245: 237: 224: 216: 204: 203:Urban Council 201: 188: 186: 179: 176: 174: 167: 164: 162: 155: 152: 150: 141: 113:Coordinates: 89: 76: 67: 61: 47: 42: 22: 16: 6240:Anuradhapura 6229: 6151: 6150: 6076:Nawalapitiya 6056:Kuliyapitiya 5972:Embilipitiya 5929: 5902:Nuwara Eliya 5892:Akkaraipattu 5815:Anuradhapura 5775: 5771:(Commercial) 5765: 5701:Anuradhapura 5670: 5466: 5463:, pdf format 5418:. 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Retrieved 3453: 3444: 3413: 3323: 3308: 3299: 3289: 3282: 3275: 3268: 3256: 3240:Please help 3228: 3189: 3186:Broadcasting 3180:Colombo Fort 3173: 3158: 2990:(at Daytime) 2867:mm (inches) 2444:) under the 2441: 2435: 2422: 2414: 2410: 2390: 2381: 2377: 2353: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2328: 2316: 2305: 2289: 2285: 2274: 2257: 2217: 2191:is based at 2187:, while the 2182: 2178: 2131:), Shiva as 2114: 2088: 2084: 2072: 2069:Wilbur Smith 2064: 2060: 2054: 2043: 2004: 1999: 1974:Indian Ocean 1960: 1956: 1908: 1892: 1846: 1814:Tamil Brahmi 1797: 1795: 1782: 1747:Early modern 1725: 1708: 1688: 1618: 1614: 1604: 1569: 1549:Chandrabhanu 1513: 1470: 1453: 1398: 1382: 1352: 1348: 1334: 1324: 1320: 1310: 1284: 1275: 1272:Ravana Vettu 1271: 1256: 1240: 1236: 1218: 1216: 1199: 1163: 1157: 1137:epigraphical 1110: 1014:January 2017 1011: 983: 931: 926: 922: 919:Tiri Kayilai 918: 914: 910: 906: 900: 884: 878: 872: 868: 860: 850: 816: 808: 804: 800: 794: 774: 770: 766: 760: 755: 751: 748:Pathmanathan 743: 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