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1508:. The Nguyễn defended these lines against numerous Trịnh offensives which lasted until 1672. The story from this time is that the great military engineer was a Vietnamese general who was hired away from the Trịnh court by the Nguyễn. This man is given the credit in Vietnam for the successful design of the Nguyễn walls. Against the walls the Trịnh mustered an army of 100,000 men, 500 elephants, and 500 large ships (Dupuy "Encyclopedia of Military History" pg. 596). The initial attacks on the Nguyễn wall were unsuccessful. The attacks lasted for several years.
1670:, one of the last Trịnh Lords and ruler of the north, launched his attack on the Nguyễn on 15 November 1774. For the first time, the Nguyễn walls were broken and captured. In February 1775, the Nguyễn capital of Huế was captured by the Royal (Trịnh) army. After some fighting with the army of the Tây Sơn, a treaty was signed and the Trịnh army left the destruction of the Nguyễn to the southern rebels. A dozen years later the Trịnh Lords would be thrown out of Vietnam by the youngest and most popular of the Tây Sơn brothers.
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1572:, the Royal army attacked the Nguyễn army and defeated it. The Nguyễn were fatally weakened by a division between their two top generals who refused to cooperate with each other. In 1656 the Nguyễn army was driven back all the way to their original walls. Trịnh Tạc tried to break the walls of the Nguyễn in 1661 but this attack, like so many before it, failed to break through the walls.
1694:
technologies and welcoming to outsiders. From foreign traders, craftsmen, and mercenaries (mostly from
Portugal, Holland, China and Japan), both sides acquired advanced civil and military technologies such as mechanics, shipbuilding and artillery construction, as well as cultural and religious elements. This long period played an important role in the formation of Vietnamese identity.
1416:
in the court and kept Hoàng near him at all times for surveillance purposes. Nguyen Hoang adopted Trinh Tung's two important generals as his nephews and incited them to rebel against their commander. When the rebels stormed the court, Trinh Tung fled with the
Emperor while Hoàng took to the Southern Provinces, never to return. In 1600 the old Nguyen ruler broke relations with the
36:
1457:. Now Trịnh Tráng made a formal demand for submission, and again Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên refused. Finally in 1627 open warfare broke out between the Trịnh and the Nguyễn. For four months a large Trịnh army battled against the Nguyễn army but were unable to defeat them. The result of this war was that Vietnam had effectively been partitioned into
1445:
1693:
To fight against the larger and more powerful
Imperial army under Trịnh clan, Nguyễn lords actively expanded their territory to the South into the former land of the Champa empire. They annexed much of the area that is now the southern half of Vietnam. Both sides were enthusiastic about using foreign
1547:
were destroyed in a humiliating defeat by the Nguyễn fleet with their
Chinese style galleys. Trịnh Tráng staged yet another offensive in 1648 but at the battle of Truong Duc, the Royal army was badly beaten by the Nguyễn. The new Lê king died around this time, perhaps as a result of the defeat. This
1530:
In 1633 the Trịnh tried an amphibious assault on the Nguyễn to get around the wall. The Trịnh fleet was defeated by the Nguyễn fleet at the battle of Nhat-Le. Around 1635 the Trịnh copied the Nguyễn and sought military aid from the
Europeans. Trịnh Tráng hired the Dutch to make cannons and ships for
1388:, his wife's brother and the second son of Nguyen Kim. The suspicious causes of his father's and brother's deaths, as well as his brother's subsequent takeover, probably caused bitter resentment in Nguyen Hoang and the later rivalry between the two families. For the next 55 years, Nguyen Hoang ruled
1415:
In 1593, Nguyen Hoang went personally to the court, bringing money and an army to help destroy the remaining Mac armies. Once the Mạc were defeated, Nguyen Hoang held the office of Grand Vizier for the next 7 years. However, his nephew Trinh Tung became increasingly wary of Nguyen Hoang's influence
1496:
While the Trịnh ruled over a much more populous territory, the Nguyễn had several advantages. First, they were on the defensive. Second, the Nguyễn were able to take advantage of their contacts with the
Europeans, specifically the Portuguese, to purchase advanced European weapons and hire European
1649:
the border between their lands (1673). Although the Nguyễn nominally accepted the Lê King as the ruler of
Vietnam, the reality was, the Nguyễn ruled the south, and the Trịnh ruled the north. This division continued for the next 100 years. The border between the Trịnh and the Nguyễn was strongly
1937:. Vol. 3 of Economic history of Southeast Asia data paper series. Contributors Australian National University. Economic History of Southeast Asia Project, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ASEAN Economic Research Unit (reprint ed.). Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
1640:
citadel and the Nguyen walls, but was halted by the Nguyen navy. The Trinh army lost 17,000 men within the first three days of the offensive against 25,000 Nguyen troops, which forced them to abort the attack and start peace talks. With mediation supplied by the government of the
1452:
In 1620, Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên officially refused to send taxes to the court in Hanoi. A formal demand was made to the Nguyễn to submit to the authority of the court, and it was formally refused. In 1623 Trịnh Tùng died and was succeeded by his son
1619:
In 1671, the Trịnh made a last effort to conquer the southern Nguyễn. They gathered a massive army of 80,000 men, the largest invasion force of the entire conflict. The attacking army was under the command of Trịnh Tạc and his son,
1531:
the Royal army. In 1642–43, the Trịnh army attacked the Nguyễn walls. With the aid of the Dutch cannons, the Trịnh army broke through the first wall but failed to break through the second. At sea, the Trịnh, with their Dutch ships
1517:
1497:
military experts in fortifications. Third, the geography was favorable to them, as the flat land suitable for large organized armies is very narrow at this point of
Vietnam; the mountains nearly reach to the sea.
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lands. Periodically, he sent military forces north to help the Trinh in their long fight against the Mạc dynasty. In 1570 Trinh Kiem died and was succeeded by his second son
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was assassinated. Nguyen Kim's son-in-law, Trinh Kiem, then took control over the Royal army. In 1558, Trịnh Kiểm gave the rulership over the southernmost province of
1268:, centered in today's Central Vietnam. The wars resulted in a long stalemate and century of peace before conflicts resumed in 1774 resulting in the emergence of the
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1428:, continued his father's policy of defiance, but also initiated friendly relations with the Europeans sailing into the area. A foreign trading post was set up in
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After the first assault, the Nguyễn built two massive fortified lines which stretched a few miles from the sea to the hills. The walls were built north of
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The Nguyễn launched their own invasion of northern
Vietnam in 1653. The Nguyễn army attacked north and defeated the weakened Royal army.
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Reconceptualizing
Southern Vietnamese History from the 15th to 18th Centuries: Competition along the Coasts from Guangdong to Cambodia
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regions, with the Trịnh controlling most of the north and the Nguyễn controlling most of the south; the dividing line was the
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1248:: 鄭阮紛爭, lit. Trịnh–Nguyễn contention) was a 17th and 18th-century lengthy civil war waged between the two ruling families in
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1909:. Vol. 5 of TANAP monographs on the history of the Asian-European interaction (illustrated ed.). BRILL.
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1982:. Vol. 2 of Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce, 1450–1680 (illustrated ed.). Yale University Press.
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Map of Vietnam showing (roughly) the areas controlled by the Trịnh, Nguyễn, Mạc, and Champa about the year 1640
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following Trịnh Lords at the time, Nguyễn Lords collapsed in Saigon in 1777. During the division of Vietnam,
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Southern Vietnam Under the Nguyẽ̂n: Documents on the Economic History of Cochinchina (Dàng Trong), 1602-1777
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1408:) recaptured the city the next year. 20 years later in 1592, Trinh Tung again captured Hanoi and executed
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in 1428. By 1520 a succession of weak emperors had brought the country into a state of civil war (see
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fell to the Nguyễn army. In the following year, Trịnh Tráng died as Nguyễn forces made attacks into
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Views of Seventeenth-Century Vietnam: Christoforo Borri on Cochinchina and Samuel Baron on Tonkin
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The long peace came to an end in 1774. At the time, the Nguyễn were under heavy assault from
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2010:. Playscripts Series. Translated by Geoffrey Skelton (reprint ed.). Calder and Boyars.
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The Spanish Experience in Taiwan 1626-1642: The Baroque Ending of a Renaissance Endeavour
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Upper:Goa style arquebuses - Probably were widespread in Vietnam during the 17th century
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to restore Đại Việt under rule of Lê Emperor. When Lê dynasty was restored in 1533, the
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1424:(a term meaning prince or king). Hoang died in 1613. The new leader of the Nguyen,
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2017:
America and the Vietnam War: Re-examining the Culture and History of a Generation
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1980:
Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce, 1450-1680: Expansion and crisis, Volume 2
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1344:, the father of the first Nguyễn lords, married his daughter to his subordinate
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Division map of Vietnam by Trịnh lords (red) and Nguyễn lords (blue) in 1757.
1645:, the Trịnh and the Nguyễn finally agreed to end the fighting by making the
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The Harper Encyclopedia of Military History: From 3500 B.C. to the Present
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now left the door open for the Nguyễn to finally go on the offensive.
1372:) but they gathered a new army and captured some southern provinces of
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army and part of their force had been defeated in recent fighting in
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Both the Trịnh and Nguyễn families were descended from aides, namely
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1364:. Around 1530, Le dynasty loyalist rebels were forced into exile in
2015:
Wiest, Andrew; Barbier, Mary Kathryn; Robins, Glenn, eds. (2009).
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1666:. The result was, the army in the north defending Huế was weak.
1636:. The Trinh army crossed the Gianh river, then assaulted on the
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1360:. His daughter married the young head of the Trịnh family
1906:
Silk for Silver: Dutch-Vietnamese Rerlations; 1637 - 1700
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1376:. In 1545, Nguyen Kim and subsequently his eldest son
1404:
from the Mạc king in 1572. However, the Mạc emperor (
1963:(illustrated ed.). Hong Kong University Press.
1624:, while the defending army was under the command of
1356:
The prime mover in the period from 1525 onwards was
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was used as the de facto border between two regimes
162:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1881:
254:
1701:they captured from Nguyễn lord territories in
2019:(illustrated ed.). Taylor & Francis.
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8:
1989:Vietnam: Trials and Tribulations of a Nation
1888:(Fourth ed.). New York: HarperCollins.
1880:Dupuy, R. Ernest; Dupuy, Trevor N. (1993).
1481:), which was imposed as the border between
1328:clans fought as allies against the usurper
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1719:Southern and Northern Dynasties of Vietnam
638:
624:
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265:
251:
100:. Please do not remove this message until
240:Learn how and when to remove this message
222:Learn how and when to remove this message
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
27:Civil war between feudal clans in Vietnam
2043:Dror, Olga; Taylor, K. W., eds. (2006).
1296:(who is a son-in-law of Nguyễn Kim) and
96:Relevant discussion may be found on the
1830:
1818:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1931:Li, Tana; Reid, Anthony, eds. (1993).
1568:. Under a new Trịnh Lord, the capable
7:
1469:. This border was very close to the
160:adding citations to reliable sources
1959:Mateo, José Eugenio Borao (2009).
25:
2099:Wars involving the Dutch Republic
1677:The model of a riverine warship (
1400:, a vigorous leader who captured
45:This article has multiple issues.
1865:Literary Works of Sanderson Beck
1583:
1526:Battle of the Gianh River (1643)
1420:court and titled himself as the
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147:needs additional citations for
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1:
2065:- with short historical notes
1724:Northern and southern Vietnam
1477:located just to the south in
1320:). For the next 20 years the
1300:himself, to the hero-Emperor
260:Part of Civil Wars in Vietnam
1174:Lombok and Karangasem (1894)
2051:, Cornell University Press.
1684:during Trịnh's era in XVII.
102:conditions to do so are met
2120:
2026:Zottoli, Brian A. (2011),
1523:
662:
390:
359:
275:
264:
259:
2030:, University of Michigan
1987:Sardesai, D. R. (1988).
1903:Hoang, Anh Tuan (2007).
1861:"Southeast Asia to 1800"
1859:Beck, Sanderson (2007).
925:South Africa (1659-1677)
920:New Netherland (1659–63)
860:New Netherland (1643–45)
2084:17th century in Vietnam
1242:Trịnh-Nguyễn phân tranh
700:Banda Islands (1609–21)
307:15 November 1774–1775:
2104:Wars involving Vietnam
2079:17th-century conflicts
1978:Reid, Anthony (1993).
1685:
1654:Conquest of Huế (1775)
1650:guarded but peaceful.
1592:This section is empty.
1521:
1449:
1318:Lê dynasty's civil war
1241:
1234:Trịnh–Nguyễn Civil War
905:2nd Recife (1652-1654)
391:Commanders and leaders
305:1627–1672: Indecisive
255:Trịnh-Nguyễn civil War
2089:Civil wars in Vietnam
2006:Weiss, Peter (1971).
1991:. Promilla & Co.
1676:
1524:Further information:
1519:
1459:northern and southern
1447:
1308:from Chinese rule of
987:Sri Lanka (1764-1766)
935:Sri Lanka (1670-1670)
285:15 November 1774–1775
2008:Discourse on Vietnam
1729:Sino–Dutch conflicts
1576:The end of the fight
1491:Partition of Vietnam
1471:Seventeenth parallel
1149:Gold Coast (1869–70)
785:Liuqiu Island (1636)
715:Pescadores (1622–24)
156:improve this article
1734:Cambodian–Dutch War
1560:was captured. Then
1558:Quảng Bình Province
1467:Quảng Bình Province
1221:Indonesia (1946–49)
1216:Indonesia (1941–45)
1109:Palembang (1851–59)
915:Malabar (1658-1663)
730:Persian Gulf (1625)
685:Cape Rachado (1606)
89:of this article is
2094:Revival Lê dynasty
1703:Quảng Nam Province
1697:The Dutch brought
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1522:
1479:Quảng Trị Province
1473:(in actuality the
1450:
1440:The first campaign
1426:Nguyen Phuc Nguyen
1336:had to retreat to
1144:Pasoemah (1864–68)
1114:Montrado (1854–55)
1024:Cape Colony (1806)
1007:Cape Colony (1795)
910:2nd Colombo (1654)
880:Philippines (1646)
855:Cambodia (1643–44)
790:Porto Calvo (1637)
770:Liaoluo Bay (1633)
653:colonial campaigns
527:Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên
171:"Trịnh–Nguyễn War"
2049:SEAP Publications
1699:Montagnard slaves
1630:Nguyễn Phúc Thuận
1612:
1611:
1504:near the city of
1229:
1228:
1064:Sumatra (1821–37)
1002:Gold Coast (1782)
895:Guararapes (1649)
890:Guararapes (1648)
800:Vietnam (1637–43)
750:Batavia (1628–29)
695:Mozambique (1608)
690:Mozambique (1607)
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1566:Nghệ An Province
1562:Hà Tĩnh Province
1552:Nguyễn offensive
1312:and started the
1211:Venezuela (1908)
1159:Mandor (1884–85)
1154:Aceh (1873–1913)
1134:Borneo (1859–63)
1089:Ahanta (1837–39)
1059:Palembang (1821)
1054:Palembang (1819)
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820:Itamaracá (1640)
775:Taiwan (1635–36)
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1179:Pedir (1897–98)
1139:Japan (1863–64)
1034:Moluccas (1810)
967:India (1739–41)
865:India (1644-45)
815:Mormugão (1639)
810:Salvador (1638)
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720:Salvador (1624)
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1869:. Retrieved
1864:
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1773:Reid p. 230.
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1603:January 2022
1600:
1596:adding to it
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1493:(1954–75).
1451:
1436:engineers.
1421:
1414:
1386:Nguyen Hoang
1368:(modern-day
1355:
1310:Ming dynasty
1291:
1262:Nguyễn lords
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1164:Jambi (1885)
1049:Ambon (1817)
1013:19th century
1012:
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992:India (1781)
951:18th century
950:
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940:India (1673)
885:Kombi (1647)
850:Chile (1643)
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760:Jambi (1630)
710:Macau (1622)
705:Johor (1613)
665:17th century
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385:Nguyễn lords
360:Belligerents
349:Tây Sơn wars
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185:
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166:
154:Please help
149:verification
146:
116:
107:
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61:
54:
48:
47:Please help
44:
1950:16 February
1539:Nachtegaels
1489:during the
1463:Gianh River
1455:Trịnh Tráng
1410:Mac Mau Hop
1406:Mac Mau Hop
1378:Nguyen Uong
1334:Mạc dynasty
1274:Gianh River
1254:Trịnh lords
1206:Bali (1908)
1201:Bali (1906)
1124:Bali (1858)
1104:Bali (1849)
1099:Bali (1848)
1094:Bali (1846)
1084:Aceh (1831)
1039:Java (1811)
745:Cuba (1628)
479:Jan Erntsen
438:Lê Văn Hiểu
405:Trịnh Tráng
373:Trịnh lords
316:Territorial
2073:Categories
1944:981301668X
1850:References
1800:Li, p. 96.
1739:Lê–Mạc War
1647:Linh River
1434:Portuguese
1398:Trinh Tung
1362:Trinh Kiem
1358:Nguyen Kim
1346:Trịnh Kiểm
1342:Nguyễn Kim
1314:Lê dynasty
1298:Nguyễn Kim
1294:Trịnh Kiểm
1282:Đàng Trong
1278:Đàng Ngoài
1266:Đàng Trong
1258:Đàng Ngoài
1238:Vietnamese
1169:Edi (1890)
805:Goa (1638)
597:1774–1775:
560:Đào Duy Từ
491:1774–1775:
311:'s victory
182:newspapers
87:neutrality
50:improve it
1871:28 August
1745:Citations
1705:to their
1680:Mông Đồng
1668:Trịnh Sâm
1622:Trịnh Căn
1570:Trịnh Tạc
1390:Quang Nam
1382:Quang Nam
1352:Partition
503:Trịnh Sâm
427:Trịnh Căn
416:Trịnh Tạc
335:Quảng Nam
324:captured
283:1627–1672
98:talk page
56:talk page
1922:10 March
1713:See also
1664:Cambodia
1506:Đồng Hới
1374:Dai Viet
1366:Lan Xang
1338:Cao Bang
1306:Đại Việt
1260:and the
339:Gia Định
328:in 1775
326:Phú Xuân
290:Location
91:disputed
1660:Tây Sơn
1288:Origins
1250:Vietnam
1246:chữ Hán
485:†
466:†
345:emerge
318:changes
295:Vietnam
196:scholar
1995:
1967:
1941:
1913:
1892:
1689:Legacy
1534:Kievit
1430:Hoi An
1394:Champa
1326:Nguyễn
1302:Lê Lợi
1252:, the
481:
462:
331:Nguyễn
302:Result
198:
191:
184:
177:
169:
1422:Vuong
1418:Trinh
1402:Hanoi
1322:Trịnh
649:Dutch
322:Trịnh
309:Trịnh
203:JSTOR
189:books
1993:ISBN
1965:ISBN
1952:2014
1939:ISBN
1924:2014
1911:ISBN
1890:ISBN
1873:2019
1632:and
1541:and
1485:and
1370:Laos
1324:and
1280:and
1232:The
280:Date
175:news
84:The
1598:.
1502:Huế
1465:in
1412:.
1384:to
1264:of
1256:of
158:by
2075::
1863:.
1753:^
1709:.
1537:,
1340:.
1244:;
1240::
59:.
2001:.
1973:.
1954:.
1926:.
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1875:.
1682:)
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1601:(
1236:(
639:e
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62:(
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