Trial of Joan of Arc - Knowledge (XXG)

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English, Joan responded that she did not know, but believed that the English would be beaten as punishment for their sins. This session focused on Joan's military career as well as if she herself was worshipped. She refused to answer some of the questions posed by her inquisitors about her banner and sword, but explained to them that she had already answered these questions, something that she repeatedly did throughout the entirety of her trial.

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this question elicited a protest from one of the assessors, Jean Lefèvre, who said it was a "grave question" that Joan wasn't required to answer. Cauchon retorted: "It would have been better for you if you had kept your mouth shut!" Joan's response, neatly avoiding the theological trap, left the court "stupefied" according to one of the notaries, Boisguillaume.

608:. In response, promoter (prosecutor) Jean d'Estivet forbade Joan to attend, citing "especially the impropriety of the garments to which she clung" according to the Trial transcript (Barrett translation). Her soldier's clothing increasingly became an issue as the trial progressed and the tribunal failed to find other grounds for a conviction. 591:

purpose of conducting the trial against Joan. Without such a grant, he would have been unable to conduct the hearings as he was not in his native diocese. He also stated that Joan was "vehemently suspected of heresy" and that "rumors of her acts and sayings wounding our faith had notoriously spread." This was the basis for the

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provided by God. She explained that all the symbolism and the wording was in respect to God. Joan was asked whether she had been in contact with any fairies, why she looked at her ring before battle, and why the banner was present at the Dauphin's coronation. This was where accusations of Joan being a witch were more focused.

1063:, her leap from the tower of Beaurevoir, her wearing of male clothing, and the aforesaid charge concerning a prisoner who was put to death) were a recapitulation of earlier replies. Regarding the horse, her statement was that she had purchased the horse from the Bishop, but that she did not know if he received the money. 781:

guided her for seven years, but that the first time she heard voices (when she was about 13), it was that of St. Michael. She said St. Catherine and St. Margaret appeared to her with "beautiful crowns" on their heads. She refused to answer some of the questions, and referred others to the record of the

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The ordinary, or regular, trial of Joan began on March 26, the day after Palm Sunday, with the drawing up of the 70 articles, later summarized in a 12 article indictment. If Joan refused to answer them, she would have been said to have admitted them. On the following day, the articles were read aloud

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In the afternoon of the same day, the assessors convened again in Joan's prison cell, taking up where the morning session had left off, namely, with the question of Joan's salvation and the certainty she felt concerning same. Joan qualified her earlier reply by adding that her belief in her salvation

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The questioning then turned to the assault on Paris. She stated that she went to Paris not at the behest of a revelation, but "at the request of nobles who wanted to make an attack" adding that "after it had been revealed to me ... at Melun that I would be captured, I usually deferred to the captains

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Joan was asked concerning a dream which her father had prior to her leaving Domrémy. She replied that she was "often told by my mother that my father spoke of having dreamed that I would go off with men-at-arms" and that she had heard her mother tell how "my father said to my brothers 'in truth, if I

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Later, when commenting on when she first heard her voices, Joan said that she "vowed to keep her virginity as long as it should please God" adding that she was then "thirteen years old, or thereabouts". She said that she had not told anyone of her visions (neither her parents, nor her priest, nor any

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Turning again to the question of her adoption of soldier's attire, she was asked if she had worn it "by revelation." She referred to the record of Poitiers, but did add that she had begun wearing soldier's clothing at Vaucouleurs, when she set out across enemy-held territory to travel to Chinon. Many

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She stated that at the age of twelve or thirteen, she "had a voice from God to help and guide me", but that at first she "was much afraid". She added that the voice was "seldom heard without a light" and that she "often heard the voice" when she came to France. She then related details of her journey

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The procedures of an Inquisitorial trial called for a preliminary investigation into the life of the suspect. This investigation consisted of the collection of any evidence about the character of the subject, including witness testimony. This could then be followed by an interrogation of the accused,

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After a question was raised concerning allegations that Joan had taken a man at ransom and subsequently had him put to death, she answered that she had not done that. Then the assessors read off a list of charges, all of which had been dealt with in previous examinations, and asked her, in reference

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Nevertheless, she then went on to describe the sign and the meeting in detail. She described an angel bringing the King a crown of pure gold, rich and precious, which was put in the King's treasury. She added that when she first came to the King accompanied by the angel, she told him, "Sire, this is

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After taking the oath in the same form as before, the questioning turned once again to the appearance of the Saints whom she claimed to see. She stated: "I saw them with my two eyes, and I believe it was they I saw as firmly as I believe in the existence of God," and that God had created them in the

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There was further questioning about her assumption of soldier's attire to which she responded: "Everything I have done is at God's command." As to her first meeting with Charles VII, she referred the most substantive questions to the records of the Poitiers investigation but did state that the "King

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From there, the questioning turned again to Joan's childhood in Domremy, with questions about the "Ladies Tree" and the customs surrounding it. The session ended with Joan being asked whether she would wear women's clothing if such were supplied her. She replied: "Give me and I will take it and go;

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Again the session began with skirmishing over the oath, after which Jean Beaupere began with extensive questioning concerning Joan's voices. She was asked, among other things, what she was doing when the voice came to her, where the voice was, if there was any tactile interaction, what it said, etc.

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In response to the summons of Bishop Cauchon on this same date, priest and bailiff Jean Massieu reported that Joan had agreed to appear in court, but she requested that ecclesiastics of the French side be summoned equal in number to those of the English party (as required by the Church's rules), and

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In the final session of her trial, Joan was questioned about her banner. The inquisitors implied that the banner was the reason that she had been victorious in battle, but Joan gave all credit to God. Joan had told her inquisitors that Saints Margaret and Catherine gave her the banner though it was

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Throughout the rest of this section Joan told the inquisitors that she was confident in what she had said to them. She said, ″All my words and deeds are in God's hands, and I wait on him in these things. I assure you, I would not do or say anything against the Christian faith. If I had said or done

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The question was a deliberate attempt to entrap her, since the Church's doctrine held that no one could be certain of being in God's grace; and yet answering 'no' could also be used against her because the judge could claim she had admitted to being in a state of sin. According to the eyewitnesses,

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The lengthy investigations and appellate trial during the 1450s produced additional information about the details and behind-the-scenes activity during the process, since the 115 witnesses questioned during these investigations included many of the clergymen who had served during the trial in 1431.

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Joan, having completed her mission, prepared to return home to Domremy. Before she could go, she was asked by the newly crowned king to continue fighting for France, and she agreed. What was a string of victories before became a series of military setbacks that eventually led to her capture. First,

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The questioning then turned again to her adoption of male attire. She answered that the decision to adopt same was "of her own accord, and not at the request of any man alive." She added that "Everything I have done I have done at the instruction of my voices", this latter comment in response to a

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In a letter dated 20 February 1431 sent to the assessors and others summoning them to appear the morning of the following day for the first public interrogation session of Joan, Pierre Cauchon cited the grant of jurisdiction within the city of Rouen by the chapter of the cathedral of Rouen for the

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The result of these inquiries was that nothing could be found against Joan to support any charges against her. The man who was commissioned to collect testimony, Nicolas Bailly, said that he "had found nothing concerning Joan that he would not have liked to find about his own sister". This angered

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On May 28, Joan recanted her previous abjuration, and donned men's apparel once more. When asked, she admitted to listening to her voices again. She was accused of relapsing into heresy, and sentenced to be executed. "Only those who had relapsed—that is, those who having once abjured their errors

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The morning session of March 14 began with lengthy questioning concerning Joan's leap from the tower at Beaurevoir where she had been held captive prior to being delivered to the English. She gave as one of the reasons for the leap that she knew she "had been sold to the English, and I would have

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Finally, the session closed with some questions about Joan's escape attempt from the castle at Beaurevoir, where she was held for a number of months by her Burgundian captors. She stated that although her visions forbade it, "from fear of the English, I leaped and commended myself to God" and "in

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Joan was then asked many detailed questions concerning the saints (called "apparitions" by the questioner, Pierre Cauchon) who she believed visited her. She was asked whether they were male or female, did they have hair, what language they spoke, etc. Asked whether St. Margaret spoke English, she

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Again Joan took a limited form of the oath and again Beaupere took the principal lead in the questioning, first turning to the subject of her voices. Joan stated that she had heard the voices many times since the previous session and that they were St. Catherine and St. Margaret, whose voices had

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In nearly the last session, Joan answered questions about her Saintly voices as well as wearing men's clothes. In response to the question of whether she thought her Saints hated the English, Joan replied, ″They love what God loves and hate what God hates.″ Upon being asked whether God hated the

915:, I was told by my voices ... that I would be captured before St. John's Day," adding that "it had to be so" and that "I should not be distressed, but take it in good part, and God would aid me." However, although she had known that she would be captured, she did not know the date and time. 691:

Finally, reminding her of her previous escape attempts, Joan was admonished against escaping, being told that if she were to do so, she would automatically be convicted of heresy. She rejected this, saying that she had given no oath regarding this matter to anyone and adding, "It is true that I

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The questioning then turned to her Saints and the light which accompanied them when they spoke to her. She stated that there was not a day when they did not come, and that they were always accompanied by a light. She asked three things of her voices: her deliverance (from imprisonment by the

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With the words "Here begin the proceedings in matters of faith against a deceased woman, Joan, commonly known as the Maid", the trial transcript announces the start, on January 9, 1431, of the judicial inquiry into the case of Joan of Arc (Jeanne d'Arc as her name appears at the head of said

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The bulk of this session was taken up with a discussion of the "sign" shown to the King (Charles) when Joan first met him at Chinon. When asked whether she had sworn to St. Catherine not to tell the sign, Joan replied, "I have sworn and promised not to tell this sign of my own accord."

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Joan reported that she asked the voice for counsel regarding the questioning and was told to "answer boldly and God would comfort ". She further stated that she "never found to utter two contrary opinions" and she affirmed her belief that "this voice comes from God, and by His command".

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other questions about this matter were put to her which she refused to answer. However, it transpired that, on several occasions, she had been offered women's clothing and asked to put off her male attire but she replied that she "would not put it off without God's leave."

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Asked what this meant, she reported that St. Catherine had told her she would have aid, that she would be delivered by a great victory, adding, "Take everything peacefully; have no care for thy martyrdom; in the end thou shalt come to the Kingdom of Paradise."

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At this session Jean Lemaitre the Vice-Inquisitor was finally present, after having tried to avoid attendance. He was not present at the following sessions until March 13, and he subsequently spent virtually no time on the case throughout the course of the trial.

1097:: And what do you say if I've promised our king and sworn not to remove these clothes? Nonetheless, I say, make me a long robe that touches the ground, with no train and give it to me for Mass. Then when I come back I'll put back on these clothes I'm wearing. 886:, I saw a painting of myself done by the hands of a Scot") and the response of the common people to her—the kissing of her rings, hands, garments, and the like." ("Many women touched my hands and my rings; but I do not know with what thought or intention.") 595:

a necessary requirement for bringing charges against a suspect. He also alluded to the expected absence of the Vice-Inquisitor for Rouen, Jean Le Maistre, whose presence was required by canon law in order to validate the proceedings. One witness in the

1020:: (to Cauchon) "You say that you are my judge; I do not know if you are: but take good heed not to judge me ill, because you would put yourself in great peril. And I warn you so that if God punish you for it, I shall have done my duty in telling you." 1145:, and told that she would be burned immediately unless she signed a document renouncing her visions and agreeing to stop wearing soldiers' clothing. Faced with immediate execution, she agreed to give up the clothing and sign the abjuration document. 427:

The Burgundians delivered her to the English in exchange for 10,000 francs. King Charles did not attempt to retrieve her. In December of that same year, she was transferred to Rouen, the military headquarters and administrative capital in France of

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Asked whether she thought it was right to leave her parents without permission, she responded that she did so at the command of God and therefore "it was right to do so," further stating that "afterwards, I wrote to them, and they forgave me."

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She added that if she were in a state of sin, she didn't think these saints would come to her; and she wished everyone could hear them as well as she did. She thought she was about thirteen years old when they came to her for the first time.

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concerning which of the three Papal claimants was the true Pope. Joan stated that she "believed in our Holy Father the Pope at Rome" and that she "had never written nor caused to be written anything concerning the three sovereign Pontiffs".

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An English translation of most of the testimony from these postwar investigations can be found in "The Retrial of Joan of Arc; The Evidence at the Trial For Her Rehabilitation 1450 – 1456" by Régine Pernoud, translated into English by J.M.

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thought this thing would happen which I have dreamed about my daughter, I would want you to drown her; and if you would not, I would drown her myself." (He evidently mistakenly assumed she would become a prostitute accompanying an army.)

600:, which was held over 20 years later, stated that Lemaitre had to be threatened to ensure his attendance at the trial. The inquisitor at the rehabilitation trial later declared these points to be violations of the Church's rules. 1041:

Asked about any need she felt to confess, she responded that she "did not know of having committed mortal sin," adding that "if I were in mortal sin, I think St. Catherine and St. Margaret would at once abandon me."

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Questions followed concerning her sword and her standard, which the assessors asked her to describe in particular detail. The session concluded with questioning about the siege at Orleans and the assault against the town of

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The questioning ended for this session with Joan being asked whether, after hearing that revelation, she felt she could no longer commit mortal sin. She replied, "I do not know; but in everything I commit myself to God."

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She was then asked concerning matters such as her name, her birth, her parents and godparents, her baptism, and her religious upbringing. When she reported that her mother had taught her the standard Catholic prayers—the

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Pernoud, Régine. "Joan of Arc By Herself and Her Witnesses", p. 165. The Papal Commission appointed a quarter of a century later to examine the conduct of the original Trial would here too fault the proceedings of this

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Asked directly whether, in leaping from the tower, she expected to kill herself, Joan replied, "No, for as I leaped I commended myself to God." By leaping she hoped to escape and avoid deliverance to the English.

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After being brought before the court, the proceedings were explained to Joan and an exhortation was delivered to her by Bishop Cauchon, following which she was required to take an oath concerning her testimony.

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All Trial quotations are from the English translation of the Trial transcripts by W.P. Barrett. In places, the dialogue has been rendered into direct discourse where the Trial transcript recorded only indirect

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Joan was then asked about her meeting with Catherine de La Rochelle, a French mystic who likewise claimed to have revelations from God. Joan said her saints had described Catherine as "folly and nothing more".

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Throughout the trial, Joan had been requesting to hear Mass which had been refused to her. She was asked whether or not it would be proper for her to attend church wearing men's clothing or women's clothing.

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And finally she was asked again about the sign which was given to her King whereby he recognized her and her mission and again she refused to answer any questions on this subject, saying, "Go and ask him."

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During the trial in 1431, three notaries headed by Guillaume Manchon independently recorded the proceedings and collated them each day following the trial session. These records were originally written in

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She further stated that they (her saints) "often come without my calling, but sometimes if they did not come, I would pray God to send them", adding "I have never needed them without having them."

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She was then asked about her rings and whether she attempted to effect cures thereby, to which she replied: "I never cured anyone with any of my rings." They also asked her whether she had a

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Other letters which she had dictated were then brought up. In the course of this exchange, she stated that "before seven years are past the English will lose a greater stake than they did at

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She was then asked about her banner and the meaning of the designs painted thereon. Finally, the session closed with questions about the sign she gave to Charles as proof of her mission.

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Joan was questioned concerning the first meeting with her King when he was shown a sign. Then attention turned to whether or not her voices/saints had ever failed her in any respect.

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at the request of Charles VII. The tribunal declared that the judgement of the original trial was not valid because it was biased and had not followed proper procedure.

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your sign; take it." When asked why God had chosen her for this task, she replied simply, "It pleased God so to do, by a simple maid to drive back the King's enemies."

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anything, or if there were anything on my body that clerks could say was against the Christian faith the Lord established, I would not uphold it but would reject it.″

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when she was taken prisoner by the Burgundians. Asked about the role of her saints in this action, Joan reported that "Easter week last, when I was in the trenches at

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and Joan was questioned in French. The next two days, the extensive list of charges were then read to her in French. The Ordinary Trial concluded on May 24 with the

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The questioner and the assessors seemed to be interested, as evidenced by this line of questioning, in whether or not any magical significance was attached thereto.

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Cauchon, who was hoping for something he could use against her. He accused Bailly of being "a traitor and a bad man" and refused to pay him his promised salary.

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Addressing the question of a future escape, she said that the saints in her visions "told me that I shall be delivered, but I do not know the day or the hour."

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Many other questions about her standard and pennons and those of her followers ensued. She replied that they were made of "white satin, and on some there were

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They gave vivid memories of many incidents that are not recorded in the trial transcript, and described how the English government had manipulated the affair.

716:. She replied that she had learned to "spin and to sew", that she "confessed her sins once a year", sometimes more often, and "received the sacrament of the 1933: 2344: 2231: 759:: If I am not, may God put me there; and if I am, may God so keep me. I should be the saddest creature in the world if I knew I were not in His grace. 559:). The Duchess announced that Joan had been found to be a virgin. At the same time, representatives of the judge were sent to Joan's home village of 1972: 789:

had a sign touching on my mission before he believed in me" and that "the clergy of my party held that there was nothing but good in my mission".

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Apart from this, her replies to the charges (concerning the attack on Paris on a Feast Day, the allegation that she had stolen a horse from the

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On May 16, 1920, Pope Benedict XV canonized Joan of Arc as a Saint. She is the patroness saint of France, women, prisoners, and soldiers.

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Oil painting, on canvas, of Joan of Arc wearing a suit of armor over a red skirt. Painted by John Everett Millais and published in 1865.

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Here, the interest seemed to be whether or not she was venerated or worshiped in any way, and whether she encouraged such behavior.

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by Régine Pernoud, translated by Edward Hyams. Includes lengthy excerpts from the transcript and descriptions by the eyewitnesses.

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leaping was wounded", further stating that she would "rather surrender her soul to God than fall into the hands of the English".

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master Thomas de Courcelles about four years after the trial. Five copies were produced, three of which are still in existence.

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Questioning resumed, this time in her prison cell, with only a handful of assessors present. Joan described the action outside

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Following the usual disagreements over the oath, the session then turned to certain letters exchanged between herself and the

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Pernoud, Régine. "The Retrial of Joan of Arc; The Evidence at the Trial For Her Rehabilitation 1450–1456", pp. 188, 196.

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and vicinity to inquire further into Joan's life, her habits, and virtue, with several witnesses being interviewed.

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The first order of business was a preliminary inquiry into Joan's character and habits. An examination as to Joan's

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The prisoner was asked about a warning which she had given to Bishop Cauchon. She reported her words as follows:

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for an escort and leaving that city wearing soldier's attire and equipped with a sword supplied by Baudricourt.

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in which they were compelled to provide testimony which could then be used against them in a subsequent trial.

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was "provided that I kept my oath and promise to Our Lord to keep safe my virginity of body and of soul."

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published the first unabridged version of the trial record in the first volume of his five-volume series

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returned to them—could be condemned to death by a tribunal of the Inquisition and delivered for death."

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in 1920. The trial is one of the most famous in history, becoming the subject of many books and films.

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at Easter". The questioning then took a more serious turn as the issue of her visions was taken up.

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English), that God should aid the French, and, finally, she asked for the salvation of her soul.

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After some further sparring over the oath, Joan was questioned about her youth and activities in

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The Retrial of Joan of Arc; The Evidence at the Trial For Her Rehabilitation 1450–1456

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On May 30, 1431, Joan of Arc was burned at the stake at the Old Marketplace in Rouen.

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Eighteen years after Joan of Arc’s execution, an ecclesiastical tribunal initiated a

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thereto, whether or not she felt herself in mortal sin as a result. She replied:

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question as to whether or not her voices ordered her to wear a soldier's outfit.

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In the spring of 1429, acting in obedience to what she said was the command of

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Statue of Joan of Arc on the upper park at Meridian Hill (Malcolm X) Park in

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replied: "Why should she speak English when she is not on the English side?"

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wished and still wish to escape, as is lawful for any captive or prisoner."

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in Paris in the 1840s. But it was not until 1932 that the first unabridged

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otherwise, I am content with this , since it pleases God that I wear it."

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in September of that same year. Then, she was captured in May 1430 in the

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Several questions of a theological nature followed, including this one:

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and destroyed a large percentage of the remaining English forces at the

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On May 24, Joan was taken to a scaffold set up in the cemetery next to

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The court returned to the matter of the oath in subsequent sessions.

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Pernoud, Régine. "Joan of Arc By Herself and Her Witnesses", p. 184.

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Pernoud, Régine. "Joan of Arc By Herself and Her Witnesses", p. 168.

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Pernoud, Régine. "Joan of Arc By Herself and Her Witnesses", p. 169.

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from Domrémy, to Chinon, first applying to Robert de Baudricourt in

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died rather than fall into the hands of my enemies the English."

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1431 trial and execution of French saint Joan of Arc for heresy

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was conducted some time prior to January 13, overseen by the

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translation became available when W.P. Barrett published his

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Capture of Joan of Arc by Adolphe Alexandre Dillens (c. 1850)

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Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License

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Procès de condamnation et de réhabilitation de Jeanne d'Arc

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Procès de Condamnation et de Réhabilitation de Jeanne d'Arc

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After briefly describing her meeting with Friar Richard at

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Procès de condamnation et de réhabilitation de Jeanne d'Arc

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Fifteenth session: Saturday, March 17, 1431 (afternoon)

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volume I, by Jules Quicherat (transcriber and editor).

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Fourteenth session: Saturday, March 17, 1431 (morning)

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Twelfth session: Wednesday, March 14, 1431 (afternoon)

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Eleventh session: Wednesday, March 14, 1431 (morning)

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Procès en Nullité de la Condamnation de Jeanne d'Arc

749:: Do you know whether or not you are in God's grace? 2270: 2207: 2180: 2049: 1998: 1952: 1925: 1898: 1889: 1818: 1745: 1513:Frank, John P. (1997). "The Trial of Joan of Arc". 275: 264: 256: 248: 240: 226: 208: 200: 181: 171: 46:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1591: 1157:Joan of Arc being burnt at the stake in Rouen, by 796:Joan of Arc in prison, by Gillot Saint-Evre (1833) 1428:Barrett, W.P. "The Trial of Jeanne d'Arc", p. 59. 965:Ninth session: Monday, March 12, 1431 (afternoon) 1663:Transcription of the Condemnation documents, in 922:Eighth session: Monday, March 12, 1431 (morning) 479:The Arrest of Joan of Arc by Adele Martin (1835) 1659:. Vol. 2. Société de l'Histoire de France. 1647:. Vol. 1. Société de l'Histoire de France. 2289:Cross-dressing, gender identity, and sexuality 1723: 604:she asked that she should be allowed to hear 8: 1934:Joan of Arc Kissing the Sword of Deliverance 1688:This article incorporates material from the 1067:Thirteenth session: Thursday, March 15, 1431 320:allies. She was prosecuted by a pro-English 130: 1500: 696:Second session: Thursday, February 22, 1431 612:First session: Wednesday, February 21, 1431 185:9 January – 29 May 1431 1895: 1730: 1716: 1708: 1381: 1379: 776:Fourth session: Tuesday, February 27, 1431 732:Third session: Saturday, February 24, 1431 129: 2232:Szenen aus dem Leben der Heiligen Johanna 1681:Joan of Arc, By Herself and Her Witnesses 903:Seventh session: Saturday, March 10, 1431 332:, in 1431. The court found her guilty of 106:Learn how and when to remove this message 2162:Jeannette: The Childhood of Joan of Arc 2146:The Messenger: The Story of Joan of Arc 2031:The Trial of Joan of Arc at Rouen, 1431 1881:Richard Beauchamp, 13th Earl of Warwick 1488: 1476: 1464: 1449: 1437: 1394: 1239: 1191: 2294:Alternative historical interpretations 978:Tenth session: Tuesday, March 13, 1431 856:Sixth session: Saturday, March 3, 1431 809:Fifth session: Thursday, March 1, 1431 316:forces and subsequently sold to their 7: 406:a reversal before the gates of Paris 44:adding citations to reliable sources 676:("Our Father" or "Lord's Prayer"), 424:, who was allied with the English. 396:—was crowned a few months later at 14: 2345:Catholicism-related controversies 1673:Histoire complète de Jeanne d’Arc 557:Henry II of France, VI of England 157:in her prison, 1431. Painting by 1790:Siege of Saint-Pierre-le-Moûtier 1679:"The Trial of Condemnation", in 1624:; Clin, Marie-Véronique (1998). 436:before a Church court headed by 144: 20: 1696:", which is licensed under the 861:form and fashion that she saw. 31:needs additional citations for 388:, reversing the course of the 1: 1676:in three volumes (1898–1899). 312:in 1430, she was captured by 164:Musée des Beaux-Arts de Rouen 1753:Maid of Lorraine prophecies 2363: 2284:National symbols of France 2074:The Passion of Joan of Arc 1327:"The Trial of Joan of Arc" 1288:"The Trial of Joan of Arc" 1249:"The Trial of Joan of Arc" 555:in France of the boy-king 432:, and placed on trial for 352:national heroine, she was 155:The Cardinal of Winchester 120: 1670:Philippe-Hector Dunand's 1590:Pernoud, Régine (2007) . 464:but were translated into 292:legal proceeding against 279:Death by burning at stake 175: 143: 135: 2248:The Survival of St. Joan 2130:The Trial of Joan of Arc 2114:Joan of Arc at the Stake 1871:Jean II, Duke of Alençon 1573:Harvard University Press 1569:The Trial of Joan of Arc 430:King Henry VI of England 348:, in 1456. Considered a 286:The Trial of Joan of Arc 123:The Trial of Joan of Arc 2256:Das Mädchen aus Domrémy 2240:The Triumph of St. Joan 1907:The Tale of Joan of Arc 1501:Pernoud & Clin 1998 1325:Frank, John P. (1997). 1286:Frank, John P. (1997). 1247:Frank, John P. (1997). 680:("Hail Mary"), and the 2335:Witch trials in France 1161: 991:on questions of war." 852: 797: 705: 627: 587: 584:Dante Gabriel Rossetti 523: 480: 456: 368:Background and context 300:military leader under 271:found guilty of heresy 204:Four and a half months 55:"Trial of Joan of Arc" 1846:Charles VII of France 1628:. St. Martin's Press. 1545:Catholic Saint Medals 1156: 955:Robert de Baudricourt 846: 795: 703: 625: 578: 549:John, Duke of Bedford 517: 478: 454: 394:Charles VII of France 362:Roman Catholic Church 2106:Daughters of Destiny 1694:Trial of Joan of Arc 598:rehabilitation trial 500:Trial of Joan of Arc 376:, Joan inspired the 131:Trial of Joan of Arc 40:improve this article 2224:The Maid of Orleans 2154:The Silence of Joan 2082:Saint Joan the Maid 2007:The Maid of Orleans 1891:Cultural depictions 1746:Life and background 953:churchman), except 531:Preliminary inquiry 470:University of Paris 338:burned at the stake 153:is interrogated by 132: 1758:Hundred Years' War 1700:but not under the 1567:(April 30, 2007). 1162: 1159:François Chifflart 853: 798: 706: 628: 588: 545:Duchess of Bedford 524: 481: 457: 447:Documentary record 410:siege of Compiègne 390:Hundred Years' War 342:Inquisitor-General 310:siege of Compiègne 306:Hundred Years' War 138:Hundred Years' War 121:For the film, see 2302: 2301: 2266: 2265: 2200:(1999 miniseries) 1582:978-0-674-02405-2 1541:"St. Joan of Arc" 1440:, pp. 73–74. 1143:Saint-Ouen Church 815:Count of Armagnac 283: 282: 116: 115: 108: 90: 2352: 2340:Trials in France 1983:Washington, D.C. 1978:Portland, Oregon 1896: 1866:Guy XIV de Laval 1768:Siege of Orléans 1732: 1725: 1718: 1709: 1660: 1653:Quicherat, Jules 1648: 1629: 1617: 1597: 1586: 1556: 1555: 1553: 1551: 1537: 1531: 1530: 1510: 1504: 1498: 1492: 1486: 1480: 1474: 1468: 1462: 1453: 1447: 1441: 1435: 1429: 1426: 1420: 1417: 1411: 1408: 1402: 1392: 1386: 1383: 1374: 1371: 1365: 1361: 1355: 1354: 1322: 1316: 1315: 1283: 1277: 1276: 1244: 1228: 1225: 1219: 1216: 1210: 1206: 1200: 1196: 1061:Bishop of Senlis 849:Washington, D.C. 518:The keep of the 422:Duke of Burgundy 382:Siege of Orléans 196: 194: 190: 177: 172:Native name 148: 133: 111: 104: 100: 97: 91: 89: 48: 24: 16: 2362: 2361: 2355: 2354: 2353: 2351: 2350: 2349: 2315:1430s in France 2305: 2304: 2303: 2298: 2262: 2216:Giovanna d'Arco 2203: 2176: 2045: 1994: 1989:Jeanne au Sacre 1948: 1921: 1885: 1876:Jean V de Bueil 1856:André de Lohéac 1820: 1814: 1778:Meung-sur-Loire 1741: 1736: 1651: 1639: 1636: 1622:Pernoud, Régine 1620: 1606: 1589: 1583: 1565:Hobbins, Daniel 1563: 1560: 1559: 1549: 1547: 1539: 1538: 1534: 1512: 1511: 1507: 1499: 1495: 1487: 1483: 1475: 1471: 1463: 1456: 1448: 1444: 1436: 1432: 1427: 1423: 1418: 1414: 1409: 1405: 1393: 1389: 1384: 1377: 1372: 1368: 1362: 1358: 1324: 1323: 1319: 1285: 1284: 1280: 1246: 1245: 1241: 1236: 1231: 1226: 1222: 1217: 1213: 1207: 1203: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1174: 1151: 1139: 1126: 1117: 1108: 1069: 1035: 997: 980: 967: 924: 905: 900: 898:Prison sessions 858: 811: 785:investigation. 778: 734: 698: 614: 573: 533: 520:castle of Rouen 512: 488:Jules Quicherat 468:by Manchon and 449: 416:faction led by 386:Battle of Patay 370: 192: 188: 186: 167: 162: 126: 119: 112: 101: 95: 92: 49: 47: 37: 25: 12: 11: 5: 2360: 2359: 2356: 2348: 2347: 2342: 2337: 2332: 2327: 2325:1431 in Europe 2322: 2317: 2307: 2306: 2300: 2299: 2297: 2296: 2291: 2286: 2281: 2278:March to Reims 2274: 2272: 2268: 2267: 2264: 2263: 2261: 2260: 2252: 2244: 2236: 2235:(written 1943) 2228: 2220: 2211: 2209: 2205: 2204: 2202: 2201: 2193: 2184: 2182: 2178: 2177: 2175: 2174: 2166: 2158: 2150: 2142: 2134: 2126: 2118: 2110: 2102: 2094: 2086: 2078: 2070: 2066:Joan the Woman 2062: 2053: 2051: 2047: 2046: 2044: 2043: 2035: 2027: 2019: 2011: 2002: 2000: 1996: 1995: 1993: 1992: 1985: 1980: 1975: 1970: 1965: 1956: 1954: 1950: 1949: 1947: 1946: 1938: 1929: 1927: 1923: 1922: 1920: 1919: 1911: 1902: 1900: 1893: 1887: 1886: 1884: 1883: 1878: 1873: 1868: 1863: 1861:Gilles de Rais 1858: 1853: 1848: 1843: 1837: 1834:Isabelle Romée 1831: 1824: 1822: 1821:contemporaries 1816: 1815: 1813: 1812: 1807: 1802: 1797: 1792: 1787: 1786: 1785: 1780: 1775: 1770: 1763:Loire Campaign 1760: 1755: 1749: 1747: 1743: 1742: 1737: 1735: 1734: 1727: 1720: 1712: 1685: 1684: 1677: 1668: 1661: 1649: 1641:DuParc, Pierre 1635: 1632: 1631: 1630: 1618: 1604: 1587: 1581: 1558: 1557: 1532: 1505: 1503:, p. 132. 1493: 1481: 1469: 1454: 1442: 1430: 1421: 1412: 1403: 1387: 1375: 1366: 1356: 1317: 1278: 1238: 1237: 1235: 1232: 1230: 1229: 1220: 1211: 1201: 1190: 1188: 1185: 1173: 1170: 1150: 1147: 1138: 1135: 1125: 1124:Ordinary trial 1122: 1116: 1113: 1107: 1104: 1099: 1098: 1090: 1082: 1068: 1065: 1057: 1056: 1034: 1031: 1022: 1021: 996: 993: 979: 976: 966: 963: 947: 946: 937: 936: 923: 920: 904: 901: 899: 896: 857: 854: 810: 807: 777: 774: 761: 760: 751: 750: 733: 730: 697: 694: 666: 665: 656: 655: 646: 645: 636: 635: 613: 610: 572: 569: 532: 529: 511: 508: 448: 445: 441:Pierre Cauchon 392:. The Dauphin— 369: 366: 281: 280: 277: 273: 272: 266: 262: 261: 258: 254: 253: 250: 246: 245: 242: 238: 237: 228: 224: 223: 210: 206: 205: 202: 198: 197: 183: 179: 178: 173: 169: 168: 159:Paul Delaroche 149: 141: 140: 117: 114: 113: 28: 26: 19: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2358: 2357: 2346: 2343: 2341: 2338: 2336: 2333: 2331: 2328: 2326: 2323: 2321: 2318: 2316: 2313: 2312: 2310: 2295: 2292: 2290: 2287: 2285: 2282: 2279: 2276: 2275: 2273: 2269: 2258: 2257: 2253: 2250: 2249: 2245: 2242: 2241: 2237: 2234: 2233: 2229: 2226: 2225: 2221: 2218: 2217: 2213: 2212: 2210: 2206: 2199: 2198: 2194: 2191: 2190: 2186: 2185: 2183: 2179: 2172: 2171: 2167: 2164: 2163: 2159: 2156: 2155: 2151: 2148: 2147: 2143: 2140: 2139: 2138:Joan the Maid 2135: 2132: 2131: 2127: 2124: 2123: 2119: 2116: 2115: 2111: 2108: 2107: 2103: 2100: 2099: 2095: 2092: 2091: 2087: 2084: 2083: 2079: 2076: 2075: 2071: 2068: 2067: 2063: 2060: 2059: 2055: 2054: 2052: 2048: 2041: 2040: 2036: 2033: 2032: 2028: 2025: 2024: 2020: 2017: 2016: 2012: 2009: 2008: 2004: 2003: 2001: 1997: 1991: 1990: 1986: 1984: 1981: 1979: 1976: 1974: 1971: 1969: 1968:New York City 1966: 1964: 1962: 1958: 1957: 1955: 1951: 1944: 1943: 1939: 1936: 1935: 1931: 1930: 1928: 1924: 1917: 1916: 1912: 1909: 1908: 1904: 1903: 1901: 1897: 1894: 1892: 1888: 1882: 1879: 1877: 1874: 1872: 1869: 1867: 1864: 1862: 1859: 1857: 1854: 1852: 1849: 1847: 1844: 1841: 1838: 1835: 1832: 1829: 1828:Jacques d'Arc 1826: 1825: 1823: 1817: 1811: 1808: 1806: 1803: 1801: 1798: 1796: 1793: 1791: 1788: 1784: 1781: 1779: 1776: 1774: 1771: 1769: 1766: 1765: 1764: 1761: 1759: 1756: 1754: 1751: 1750: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1733: 1728: 1726: 1721: 1719: 1714: 1713: 1710: 1706: 1705: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1682: 1678: 1675: 1674: 1669: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1637: 1633: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1605:9781586171780 1601: 1596: 1595: 1588: 1584: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1561: 1546: 1542: 1536: 1533: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1509: 1506: 1502: 1497: 1494: 1490: 1485: 1482: 1479:, p. 80. 1478: 1473: 1470: 1467:, p. 78. 1466: 1461: 1459: 1455: 1452:, p. 73. 1451: 1446: 1443: 1439: 1434: 1431: 1425: 1422: 1416: 1413: 1407: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1391: 1388: 1382: 1380: 1376: 1370: 1367: 1360: 1357: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1321: 1318: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1282: 1279: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1243: 1240: 1233: 1224: 1221: 1215: 1212: 1205: 1202: 1195: 1192: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1179: 1171: 1169: 1166: 1160: 1155: 1148: 1146: 1144: 1136: 1134: 1132: 1123: 1121: 1114: 1112: 1105: 1103: 1096: 1095: 1091: 1088: 1087: 1083: 1080: 1079: 1075: 1074: 1073: 1066: 1064: 1062: 1054: 1053: 1049: 1048: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1032: 1030: 1026: 1019: 1018: 1014: 1013: 1012: 1009: 1005: 1001: 994: 992: 988: 984: 977: 975: 971: 964: 962: 958: 956: 950: 944: 943: 939: 938: 934: 933: 929: 928: 927: 921: 919: 916: 914: 910: 902: 897: 895: 891: 887: 885: 881: 876: 874: 869: 865: 862: 855: 850: 845: 841: 837: 835: 830: 826: 824: 819: 816: 808: 806: 804: 794: 790: 786: 784: 775: 773: 769: 765: 758: 757: 753: 752: 748: 747: 743: 742: 741: 738: 731: 729: 727: 721: 719: 715: 710: 702: 695: 693: 689: 687: 683: 679: 675: 669: 663: 662: 658: 657: 653: 652: 648: 647: 643: 642: 638: 637: 633: 632: 624: 620: 619: 618: 611: 609: 607: 601: 599: 594: 585: 581: 577: 571:Interrogation 570: 568: 564: 562: 558: 554: 550: 547:(the wife of 546: 542: 537: 530: 528: 521: 516: 509: 507: 505: 504:New York City 501: 497: 493: 489: 485: 477: 473: 471: 467: 463: 462:Middle French 453: 446: 444: 442: 439: 435: 431: 425: 423: 419: 415: 411: 407: 401: 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 367: 365: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 331: 327: 323: 319: 315: 311: 308:. During the 307: 303: 299: 295: 291: 287: 278: 274: 270: 267: 263: 259: 255: 251: 247: 243: 239: 236: 232: 229: 225: 222: 218: 214: 211: 207: 203: 199: 184: 180: 174: 170: 165: 160: 156: 152: 147: 142: 139: 134: 128: 124: 110: 107: 99: 96:February 2023 88: 85: 81: 78: 74: 71: 67: 64: 60: 57: – 56: 52: 51:Find sources: 45: 41: 35: 34: 29:This article 27: 23: 18: 17: 2320:1430s in law 2254: 2246: 2238: 2230: 2222: 2214: 2195: 2187: 2168: 2160: 2152: 2144: 2136: 2128: 2120: 2112: 2104: 2097: 2088: 2080: 2072: 2064: 2056: 2037: 2029: 2022: 2014: 2006: 1987: 1961:Jeanne d'Arc 1960: 1940: 1932: 1913: 1905: 1840:Pierre d'Arc 1810:Canonization 1799: 1687: 1686: 1680: 1672: 1664: 1656: 1644: 1625: 1593: 1568: 1548:. Retrieved 1544: 1535: 1518: 1514: 1508: 1496: 1489:Hobbins 2007 1484: 1477:Hobbins 2007 1472: 1465:Hobbins 2007 1450:Hobbins 2007 1445: 1438:Hobbins 2007 1433: 1424: 1415: 1406: 1395:Pernoud 1955 1390: 1369: 1359: 1337:(2): 51–69. 1334: 1330: 1320: 1298:(2): 51–69. 1295: 1291: 1281: 1259:(2): 51–69. 1256: 1252: 1242: 1223: 1214: 1204: 1194: 1182: 1175: 1167: 1163: 1140: 1127: 1118: 1109: 1100: 1093: 1092: 1086:Interrogator 1085: 1084: 1077: 1076: 1070: 1058: 1051: 1050: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1027: 1023: 1016: 1015: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 989: 985: 981: 972: 968: 959: 951: 948: 941: 940: 931: 930: 925: 917: 906: 892: 888: 877: 873:fleur-de-lis 870: 866: 863: 859: 838: 831: 827: 820: 812: 799: 787: 779: 770: 766: 762: 755: 754: 745: 744: 739: 735: 722: 711: 707: 690: 674:Pater Noster 670: 667: 660: 659: 650: 649: 640: 639: 630: 629: 615: 602: 592: 589: 579: 565: 538: 534: 525: 499: 491: 486: 482: 458: 426: 402: 371: 336:and she was 322:church court 290:15th century 285: 284: 176:Jeanne d'Arc 161:(1797–1856), 136:Part of the 127: 102: 93: 83: 76: 69: 62: 50: 38:Please help 33:verification 30: 2330:Joan of Arc 2280:(initiated) 2197:Joan of Arc 2170:Joan of Arc 2098:Joan of Arc 2090:Joan of Arc 2058:Joan of Arc 1942:Joan of Arc 1915:Joan of Arc 1739:Joan of Arc 1690:Citizendium 1626:Joan of Arc 726:Vaucouleurs 593:diffamatio, 586:(1828–1882) 580:Joan of Arc 346:Jean Bréhal 304:during the 302:Charles VII 294:Joan of Arc 269:Joan of Arc 151:Joan of Arc 2309:Categories 2189:Saint Joan 2181:Television 2122:Saint Joan 2015:Saint Joan 1819:Family and 1515:Litigation 1397:, p. 1331:Litigation 1292:Litigation 1253:Litigation 1234:References 1199:discourse. 1137:Abjuration 1131:abjuration 686:Confession 582:(1882) by 536:records). 418:Philip III 414:Burgundian 404:there was 314:Burgundian 233:defeat at 193:1431-05-29 189:1431-01-09 66:newspapers 1963:(Frémiet) 1926:Paintings 1851:Pierronne 1842:(brother) 1783:Beaugency 1692:article " 1550:March 11, 1521:(2): 69. 1343:0097-9813 1304:0097-9813 1265:0097-9813 1172:Aftermath 1149:Execution 909:Compiègne 718:Eucharist 678:Ave Maria 541:virginity 510:In prison 249:Convicted 235:Compiègne 2023:The Lark 1836:(mother) 1830:(father) 1655:(1844). 1643:(1977). 1527:29759909 1351:29759909 1312:29759909 1273:29759909 932:Question 834:mandrake 783:Poitiers 746:Question 651:Question 631:Question 354:declared 330:Normandy 276:Sentence 217:Normandy 209:Location 201:Duration 191: – 2271:Related 2039:I, Joan 1953:Statues 1805:Retrial 1773:Jargeau 1634:Sources 1614:1338471 1178:retrial 823:Orléans 803:Jargeau 714:Domrémy 561:Domrémy 496:English 412:by the 378:Dauphin 360:by the 318:English 265:Verdict 257:Charges 241:Outcome 231:English 187: ( 80:scholar 2259:(1976) 2251:(1970) 2243:(1950) 2227:(1881) 2219:(1845) 2208:Operas 2192:(1967) 2173:(2019) 2165:(2017) 2157:(2011) 2149:(1999) 2141:(1994) 2133:(1962) 2125:(1957) 2117:(1954) 2109:(1954) 2101:(1948) 2093:(1935) 2085:(1929) 2077:(1928) 2069:(1916) 2061:(1900) 2042:(2022) 2034:(1952) 2026:(1952) 2018:(1923) 2010:(1801) 1945:(1879) 1937:(1863) 1918:(1796) 1910:(1429) 1899:Poetry 1612: 1602: 1579: 1525: 1364:Cohen. 1349: 1341: 1310: 1302: 1271: 1263: 1209:trial. 880:Troyes 553:regent 438:Bishop 434:heresy 350:French 334:heresy 298:French 288:was a 260:Heresy 244:Guilty 221:France 82: 75: 68: 61: 53: 2050:Films 1999:Plays 1973:Paris 1800:Trial 1523:JSTOR 1347:JSTOR 1308:JSTOR 1269:JSTOR 1187:Notes 913:Melun 884:Arras 851:, USA 682:Credo 466:Latin 398:Reims 358:saint 326:Rouen 227:Cause 213:Rouen 87:JSTOR 73:books 1795:Name 1702:GFDL 1610:OCLC 1600:ISBN 1577:ISBN 1552:2024 1339:ISSN 1300:ISSN 1261:ISSN 1094:Joan 1078:Joan 1052:Joan 1017:Joan 942:Joan 756:Joan 661:Joan 641:Joan 606:Mass 296:, a 182:Date 59:news 1399:266 875:." 502:in 374:God 324:at 252:Yes 42:by 2311:: 1608:. 1575:. 1571:. 1543:. 1519:23 1517:. 1457:^ 1378:^ 1345:. 1335:23 1333:. 1329:. 1306:. 1296:23 1294:. 1290:. 1267:. 1257:23 1255:. 1251:. 1133:. 957:. 688:. 551:, 506:. 420:, 400:. 356:a 344:, 328:, 219:, 215:, 1731:e 1724:t 1717:v 1704:. 1616:. 1585:. 1554:. 1529:. 1491:. 1401:. 1353:. 1314:. 1275:. 195:) 166:. 125:. 109:) 103:( 98:) 94:( 84:· 77:· 70:· 63:· 36:.

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