42:
646:
labeled as "cockroaches" in need of extermination. Despite its colossal scale, particularly within such a short period of time, the genocide was carried out almost entirely by hand, usually with the utilization of machetes and clubs. Various atrocities committed include the rape of thousands of Tutsi women, as well as the dismemberment and disfigurement of victims. Frequently the killers were people the victims knew personally—neighbors, workmates, former friends, sometimes even relatives through marriage. At least 500,000 Tutsis were killed, and approximately 2 million refugees (mostly Hutus) left for refugee camps of neighboring
Burundi, Tanzania, Uganda, and former Zaire.
582:, all first-instance cases were to have completed trial by the end of 2008 (this date was later extended to the end of 2009) and all work was to be completed by 2010. As of 2009, the tribunal had finished 50 trials and convicted 29 accused persons, and another 11 trials were in progress and 14 individuals were awaiting trial in detention; but the prosecutor intended to transfer 5 to national jurisdiction for trial. 13 others were still at large, some suspected to be dead. The United Nations Security Council called upon the tribunal to finish its work by 31 December 2014 to prepare for its closure and transfer of its responsibilities to the
618:
1151:
1462:, and crimes against humanity, before and during the period of the genocides of 1994. On 3 December 2003, the court found all three defendants guilty and sentenced Nahimana and Ngeze to life imprisonment and Barayagwiza to imprisonment for 35 years. On 28 November 2007, the Appeals Chamber partially allowed appeals against conviction from all three men, reducing their sentences to 30 years' imprisonment for Nahimana, 32 years' imprisonment for Barayagwiza and 35 years' imprisonment for Ngeze.
630:
arbitrary construct based more on physical characteristics than ethnic background. However, the social differences between the Hutu and the Tutsi have traditionally allowed the Tutsi, with a strong pastoralist tradition, to gain social, economic, and political ascendancy over the Hutu, who were primarily agriculturalists. The distinction under colonial powers allowed Tutsis to establish ruling power until a Hutu revolution in 1959 abolished the Tutsi monarchy by 1961.
1032:
1079:
158:
980:
881:
1223:
750:
1271:
956:
801:
1247:
1103:
932:
1175:
825:
1199:
853:
678:
1008:
1291:
1127:
2628:
1497:
serving their sentences. The
Tribunal acquitted 14 individuals and transferred the cases against 10 individuals to national jurisdictions. Proceedings against nine individuals ended before a final judgment was rendered: two of whom had their charges dismissed by the Tribunal, two of whom had their charges withdrawn by the Prosecutor, and five of whom died.
1584:
International
Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Genocide and Other Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of Rwanda and Rwandan Citizens Responsible for Genocide and Other Such Violations Committed in the Territory of Neighbouring States,
629:
The tension between the majority Hutu and the minority Tutsi had developed over time but was particularly emphasized late in the nineteenth century and early in the twentieth century as a result of German and
Belgian colonialism over Rwanda. The ethnic categorization of the two was an imposed and an
1407:
falls within the act of genocide. "...the
Chamber finds that in most cases, the rapes of Tutsi women in Taba, were accompanied with the intent to kill those women. ... In this respect, it appears clearly to the chamber that the acts of rape and sexual violence, as other acts of serious bodily and
1496:
The ICTR indicted a total of 96 individuals. The proceedings against one individual are suspended before the IRMCT. The ICTR (or the IRMCT as its successor) convicted 61 individuals: 25 of whom are currently serving sentences, 22 of whom have completed their sentences, and 14 of whom died while
668:
called for an investigation of the events, and acted to establish an international criminal tribunal to prosecute those individuals most responsible for the genocide. Adopting
Resolution 955, the Security Council created the ICTR on 8 November 1994 and the ICTR would also deal with other crimes
645:
Most of the killing during the
Rwandan genocide was carried out by the radical Hutu groups known as the Interahamwe and the Impuzamugambi. Radio broadcasts also were an integral part of the genocide, which further fueled the genocide by encouraging Hutu civilians to kill their Tutsi neighbours,
613:
refers to the mass slaughter of more than 800,000 ethnic Tutsi and politically moderate Hutu by government-directed gangs of Hutu extremist soldiers and police in Rwanda. The duration of the 1994 genocide is usually described as 100 days, beginning on April 6 and ending in mid-July.
1478:, and other members of his administration, for the assassination of his predecessor. This case was under the regular jurisdiction of the French courts because French citizens were also killed in the plane crash. The majority of genocide cases were handled by the so-called
663:
because using the term would make an obligation for the United States to send troops, which it was reluctant to do after several of its soldiers were killed during a humanitarian mission in
Somalia the previous year. Finally in July 1994, after the genocide was over, the
1408:
mental harm committed against the Tutsi, reflected the determination to make Tutsi women suffer and to mutilate them even before killing them, the intent being to destroy the Tutsi group while inflicting acute suffering on its members in the process." Presiding judge
641:
On April 6, 1994, a plane carrying then-President
Juvenal Habyarimana, and Cyprien Ntaryamira of Burundi was shot down, killing everyone on board. The Hutu held the RPF accountable and immediately began the genocide, targeted at both Tutsis and Hutu moderates.
1365:
The
Registry was responsible for the overall administration and management of the ICTR. It also performed other legal functions assigned to it by the Tribunal's Rules of Procedure and Evidence, and was the Tribunal's channel of communication.
543:. Through several resolutions, the Security Council called on the tribunal to complete its investigations by end of 2004, complete all trial activities by end of 2008, and complete all work in 2012. The tribunal had jurisdiction over
658:
is regarded as a major failure. The international response to the Rwandan genocide was poor. For weeks, the major power nations denied that a genocide was taking place in Rwanda. The United States refused to call the incident
2819:
1491:
633:
The hostility between the two groups continued, as "additional rounds of ethnic tension and violence flared periodically and led to mass killings of Tutsi in Rwanda, such as in 1963, 1967, and 1973". The establishment of the
288:
1412:
said in a statement after the verdict: "From time immemorial, rape has been regarded as spoils of war. Now it will be considered a war crime. We want to send out a strong message that rape is no longer a trophy of war."
2756:
228:
349:
1395:
After an intense and precisely targeted campaign of a number of international non-governmental organizations, which aimed at raising awareness of gendered violence at the ICTR, the trial of
3257:
41:
3292:
583:
2966:
3084:
3354:
2337:
Klaus Bachmann, Thomas Sparrow-Botero, Peter Lambertz: When justice meets politics. Independence and Autonomy of ad hoc international criminal tribunals, Peter Lang Int 2013
2375:
459:
3364:
2692:
2632:
1790:
Peskin, Victor (2005). "Beyond Victor's Justice? The Challenge of Prosecuting the Winners at the International Criminal Tribunals for the Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda".
3252:
1309:
The Investigations Division was responsible for collecting evidence implicating individuals in crimes committed in Rwanda in 1994. Headed by a Chief of Investigations.
2855:
1447:
1353:
1343:
1333:
579:
540:
326:
3282:
2908:
2876:
1526:
1323:
532:
505:
360:
96:
3384:
2939:
402:
2185:
1302:
The Office of the Prosecutor was divided into various units at the height of its activity, including the Investigations Division and the Prosecution Division:
536:
3389:
2903:
2641:
655:
638:(RPF) and its invasion from Uganda furthered ethnic hatred. A ceasefire in these hostilities led to negotiations between the government and the RPF in 1992.
354:
3374:
3369:
2353:
3149:
3394:
3379:
3077:
3051:
431:
1725:
520:, or by Rwandan citizens in nearby states, between 1 January and 31 December 1994. The court eventually convicted 61 individuals and acquitted 14.
2566:
669:
against international humanitarian law committed on the territory of Rwanda and neighboring states between 1 January 1994 and 31 December 1994.
2773:
1536:
452:
249:
2685:
2493:
2470:
586:(IRMCT or Mechanism) which had begun functioning for the ICTR branch on 1 July 2012. The Tribunal was officially closed on 31 December 2016.
2581:
3046:
426:
3070:
1982:
Morrill, Hanna (2011). "Challenging Impunity - The Failure of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda to Prosecute Paul Kagame".
1928:
1542:
3119:
2437:
1553:
2985:
2412:
2322:
2293:
445:
689:
The tribunal consisted of 16 judges in four "chambers" – three to hear trials, and one to hear appeals. In addition, there were 9
3005:
3000:
2995:
2803:
2778:
2678:
2379:
2211:
1370:
254:
165:
1845:
617:
3033:
2881:
1700:
1676:
1652:
1606:
501:
3323:
3267:
2720:
202:
2237:""International Criminal Tribunal For Rwanda (ICTR)", PiCT(Project on International Courts and Tribunals) 24 September 2013"
2034:
3139:
1747:
1563:
1306:
The Prosecution Division was responsible for prosecuting all cases before the Tribunal. Headed by a Chief of Prosecutions.
3287:
3272:
3101:
1521:
2236:
3328:
3109:
2163:
1877:"International intervention, justice and national reconciliation: the role of the ICTY and ICTR in Bosnia and Rwanda"
1435:" began on 23 October 2000. It was charged with the prosecution of the media which encouraged the genocide of 1994.
3165:
3093:
2924:
1374:
386:
3318:
1531:
1000:
175:
2990:
622:
2561:
3176:
2951:
2871:
2750:
2730:
2586:
1825:
Keith, Kirsten MF (2009). "Justice at the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda: Are Criticisms Just".
1471:
1095:
635:
590:
548:
344:
2510:
MacKinnon, Catharine A. (2009). "Prosecutor V. Nahimana, Barayagwiza, & Ngeze. Case No. ICTR 99-52-A".
2089:
17:
3333:
3308:
3201:
3012:
2896:
2886:
1908:
Schabas, William A. (2010). "Victor's Justice: Selecting Situations at the International Criminal Court".
1511:
1459:
1443:
1426:
578:, interim Prime Minister, pleaded guilty. According to the ICTR's Completion Strategy, in accordance with
368:
1733:
972:
845:
2791:
2485:
2404:
Learning in Modern International Society On the Cognitive Problem: Solving Abilities of Political Actors
2159:
1955:
1349:
264:
1215:
742:
1773:"ICTR Expected to close down in 2015 | United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda"
3277:
3134:
817:
489:
3234:
3181:
3144:
1516:
1263:
948:
711:
665:
598:
497:
2350:
1239:
1191:
873:
3218:
3213:
3186:
3124:
2796:
2735:
2543:
2535:
1807:
1772:
1439:
1422:
560:
552:
269:
212:
2462:
1143:
3129:
2745:
2725:
2715:
2527:
2489:
2466:
2433:
2408:
2318:
2314:
2289:
2285:
1947:
1943:
1857:
1712:
1688:
1409:
1396:
1390:
1319:
513:
217:
207:
197:
2402:
1846:"The Impunity Gap of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda: Causes and Consequences"
1664:
1618:
3247:
3196:
2946:
2786:
2701:
2519:
2454:
1935:
1888:
1799:
610:
509:
408:
259:
183:
2008:
1929:"Let's Be Friends: The United States, Post-Genocide Rwanda, and Victor's Justice in Arusha"
3359:
3313:
3114:
2934:
2929:
2357:
1968:
1339:
481:
396:
157:
1632:
1558:
1167:
2262:
3017:
2602:
1404:
793:
699:
judges were assigned to Chambers II and III. There was an additional pool of 9 further
3348:
2838:
2547:
2455:
2373:
Quoted in citation for honorary doctorate, Rhodes University, April 2005 accessed at
2361:
1811:
1547:
1329:
1071:
575:
309:
2486:
Ingelaere, B. 2016. Inside Rwanda’s Gacaca Courts: Searching Justice after Genocide.
2349:, ICTR-96-4-T, International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), 2 September 1998,
3154:
2956:
2828:
1479:
1451:
1378:
1119:
1024:
924:
571:
391:
299:
140:
2060:
2038:
2843:
2142:
1893:
1876:
1506:
1475:
1438:
On 19 August 2003, at the tribunal in Arusha, life sentences were requested for
594:
556:
314:
1751:
2740:
2453:
Jones, Adam (2010). "Genocide and Mass Violence". In Laura J. Shepherd (ed.).
1803:
1432:
222:
3062:
2656:
2643:
2531:
1861:
3223:
2606:
2598:
2576:
2240:
1400:
1369:
The Registry was headed by the Registrar, who was the Representative of the
677:
564:
2571:
1290:
2627:
2577:
Topical digests of the case law of ICTR and ICTY, Human Rights Watch, 2004
3191:
1939:
1492:
List of people indicted in the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
691:
544:
528:
109:
86:
2539:
2849:
320:
144:
3208:
2523:
2118:
1295:
682:
524:
517:
82:
72:
2562:
International Center for Transitional Justice, Criminal Justice page
2670:
2589:(English + French + Kinyarwanda + Swahili) covering the ICTR trials
703:
judges who would be called on in the case of a judge being absent.
2833:
676:
616:
304:
2592:
2430:
The Failure to Prevent Genocide in Rwanda: The Role of Bystanders
2823:
589:
The tribunal's failure to prosecute war crimes committed by the
3066:
2674:
597:
was widely criticized, to the point of being characterized as "
2614:
1294:
Offices of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda in
2311:
From War to Genocide: Criminal Politics in Rwanda, 1990–1994
2282:
From War to Genocide: Criminal Politics in Rwanda, 1990–1994
2757:
Assassination of Juvénal Habyarimana and Cyprien Ntaryamira
3258:
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
2611:
Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
1631:
International Justice Resource Center (7 February 2010).
1474:
was also pursuing a case against the current President,
539:. In 1998 the operation of the tribunal was expanded in
120:
3293:
International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals
2615:
United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
2186:"In Africa, Bill Clinton Toils for a Charitable Legacy"
2149:(compiling several individual reports), March 31, 2004
1482:, a modernized customary dispute resolution mechanism.
584:
International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals
494:
Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga Rwashyiriweho u Rwanda
2347:
The Prosecutor v. Jean-Paul Akayesu (Trial Judgement)
2113:
2111:
1726:"Rwanda genocide court says mandate extended to 2009"
535:. From 2006, Arusha also became the location of the
3301:
3232:
3163:
3100:
3026:
2975:
2917:
2864:
2812:
2766:
2708:
2582:
A case before the ICTR: Jean Kambanda - TRIAL WATCH
136:
131:
115:
102:
92:
78:
68:
60:
52:
32:
3248:International Military Tribunal (Nuremberg Trials)
1850:Hastings International and Comparative Law Review
621:Photographs of genocide victims displayed at the
27:1994 court of the United Nations Security Council
3278:Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia
3253:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
2595:- collection of interviews with tribunal members
2572:Human Rights Watch Report, "Genocide in Rwanda"
1322:, late 1994 to 30 September 1996 (by virtue of
1527:International Criminal Tribunal for Yugoslavia
508:in order to adjudicate people charged for the
97:United Nations Security Council Resolution 955
3078:
2686:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1997:
453:
8:
2967:National Unity and Reconciliation Commission
1736:on March 5, 2016 – via uk.reuters.com.
1458:newspaper. They were charged with genocide,
656:United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda
1585:between 1 January 1994 and 31 December 1994
486:Tribunal pénal international pour le Rwanda
18:Tribunal pénal international pour le Rwanda
3355:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
3263:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
3085:
3071:
3063:
2962:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
2693:
2679:
2671:
2633:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
2267:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
1342:, 15 September 1999 to 14 September 2003 (
537:African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights
474:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
460:
446:
152:
40:
3283:Special Panels of the Dili District Court
2856:Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines
2512:The American Journal of International Law
2313:. University of Wisconsin Press. p.
2284:. University of Wisconsin Press. p.
1892:
1448:Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines
1352:, 15 September 2003 to 31 December 2015 (
3365:United Nations Security Council mandates
2488:Madison: University of Wisconsin Press (
2084:
2082:
2061:"Rwanda Genocide: 100 days of slaughter"
1289:
1050:
903:
772:
721:
1844:Haskell, Leslie; Waldorf, Lars (2011).
1599:
1575:
1332:, 1 October 1996 to 15 September 1999 (
182:
2428:Grunfeld, Fred; Anke Huijboom (2007).
1964:
1953:
1537:Rule of Law in Armed Conflicts Project
29:
1984:Brooklyn Journal of International Law
1827:Law in Context: A Socio-Legal Journal
7:
3385:Organizations disestablished in 2015
2407:. Springer Netherlands. p. 87.
500:established in November 1994 by the
3390:United Nations courts and tribunals
1543:The Church and the Rwandan genocide
1381:was Registrar. after January 2013.
2143:"Rwanda/UN: Acknowledging Failure"
25:
3375:Aftermath of the Rwandan genocide
3370:Organizations established in 1994
2457:Gender Matters in Global Politics
2184:Chozick, Amy (4 September 2012).
2160:"Ambush in Mogadishu: Transcript"
1554:Global Justice or Global Revenge?
2626:
1715: page 1. 18 July 2008.
1470:French investigating magistrate
1269:
1245:
1221:
1197:
1173:
1149:
1125:
1101:
1077:
1030:
1006:
978:
954:
940:President ICTR, presiding judge
930:
879:
851:
823:
799:
748:
695:judges, making 25 in all. All 9
580:Security Council Resolution 1503
512:and other serious violations of
166:Nyamata Genocide Memorial Centre
156:
3395:Incitement to genocide case law
3380:1994 establishments in Tanzania
2037:. History. 2009. Archived from
1927:Reydams, Luc (1 January 2013).
1732:. July 29, 2008. Archived from
1701:United Nations Security Council
1677:United Nations Security Council
1653:United Nations Security Council
1607:United Nations Security Council
502:United Nations Security Council
294:International Criminal Tribunal
33:International Criminal Tribunal
3324:International humanitarian law
3268:Special Court for Sierra Leone
2721:Origins of Hutu, Tutsi and Twa
2587:Hirondelle News Agency, Arusha
523:In 1995, it became located in
203:Origins of Hutu, Tutsi and Twa
1:
2593:Voices of the Rwanda Tribunal
2212:"Exclusive: Rwanda Revisited"
2210:Lynch, Colum (5 April 2015).
1564:Yvonne Ntacyobatabara Basebya
1454:, director and editor of the
1385:The Case of Jean-Paul Akayesu
3288:Special Tribunal for Lebanon
3273:International Criminal Court
2376:"Rhodes - Rhodes University"
2123:Holocaust Memorial Day Trust
1522:International Criminal Court
1446:, persons in charge for the
964:Vice-president ICTR, member
3329:International speech crimes
3110:Customary international law
1894:10.1080/1475483032000137084
3411:
3150:Convention Against Torture
3094:International criminal law
2925:Great Lakes refugee crisis
2263:"Office of the Prosecutor"
1875:Humphrey, Michael (2003).
1489:
1420:
1388:
1375:Bongani Christopher Majola
387:Great Lakes refugee crisis
231:Habyarimana and Ntaryamira
3319:Joint criminal enterprise
3042:
2432:. Brill. pp. 21–22.
2309:Guichaoua, André (2015).
2280:Guichaoua, André (2015).
2009:"Rwanda Genocide of 1994"
1804:10.1080/14754830590952152
1532:Joint criminal enterprise
1001:Bakhtiyar R.Tuzmukhamedov
650:Establishment of the ICTR
48:
39:
3239:(in order of foundation)
2567:TRIAL: Cases before ICTR
2401:Claudia Hofmann (2008).
2364:(accessed 13 April 2010)
1910:John Marshall Law Review
1748:"ICTR - Status of Cases"
1466:Related legal activities
1286:Office of the Prosecutor
623:Genocide Memorial Center
3177:Crimes against humanity
2952:Rwandan genocide denial
2872:Rwandan Patriotic Front
2731:Belgian colonial empire
2607:procedural history note
2013:Encyclopedia Britannica
1881:Journal of Human Rights
1792:Journal of Human Rights
1667: 22 February 1995.
636:Rwandan Patriotic Front
591:Rwandan Patriotic Front
549:crimes against humanity
350:International community
345:Rwandan Patriotic Front
3334:Universal jurisdiction
3309:Command responsibility
3202:Incitement to genocide
3140:United Nations Charter
3034:Double genocide theory
3013:Kwibuka T20 Tournament
2897:Operation Support Hope
2877:International response
2461:. Routledge. pp.
2094:World Without Genocide
2035:"The Rwandan Genocide"
1963:Cite journal requires
1621: 8 November 1994.
1512:Command responsibility
1460:incitement to genocide
1444:Jean-Bosco Barayagwiza
1427:Jean Bosco Barayagwiza
1399:established the legal
1299:
706:The column denoted by
686:
626:
557:Additional Protocol II
493:
485:
355:United Nations Mission
2360:¶.733. Available at:
1350:Hassan Bubacar Jallow
1293:
680:
620:
369:Opération "Turquoise"
310:Impuzamugambi militia
265:Musha Church massacre
3235:International courts
3135:Nuremberg principles
2635:at Wikimedia Commons
2243:on 27 September 2013
2147:AfricaFocus Bulletin
1940:10.2139/ssrn.2197823
1691: 30 April 1998.
1472:Jean-Louis Bruguière
1371:UN Secretary-General
818:Solomy Balungi Bossa
681:An ICTR building in
605:The Rwandan genocide
570:The first trial, of
553:Common Article Three
551:, and violations of
163:Human skulls at the
3182:Crime of aggression
3145:Genocide Convention
2982:Genocide memorials
2909:UNSC Resolution 935
2887:Opération Turquoise
2653: /
1517:Genocide Convention
1431:The trial against "
1264:Khalida Rashid Khan
973:Gberdao Gustave Kam
949:Florence Rita Arrey
846:Lee Gacugia Muthoga
712:order of precedence
666:UN Security Council
498:international court
361:UN Security Council
315:Interahamwe militia
282:Parties responsible
103:Number of positions
3187:Crime of apartheid
3125:Geneva Conventions
2940:Massacres of Hutus
2736:Rwandan Revolution
2657:3.3677°S 36.6965°E
2356:2012-10-12 at the
2190:The New York Times
2096:. 21 February 2017
2090:"Rwandan Genocide"
1440:Ferdinand Nahimana
1423:Ferdinand Nahimana
1300:
687:
627:
593:or try RPF leader
565:internal conflicts
563:(which deals with
561:Geneva Conventions
403:Massacres of Hutus
270:Nyarubuye massacre
213:Rwandan Revolution
3342:
3341:
3168:international law
3130:Nuremberg Charter
3120:Hague Conventions
3060:
3059:
2746:Rwandan Civil War
2726:Kingdom of Rwanda
2716:History of Rwanda
2631:Media related to
2603:Michael P. Scharf
2599:Introductory note
2494:978-0-299-30970-1
2472:978-0-203-86494-4
2216:foreignpolicy.com
1410:Navanethem Pillay
1397:Jean-Paul Akayesu
1391:Jean-Paul Akayesu
1320:Richard Goldstone
1283:
1282:
1216:Arlette Ramaroson
1044:
1043:
900:Trial Chamber III
897:
896:
766:
765:
743:Mparany Rajohnson
574:, began in 1997.
572:Jean-Paul Akayesu
514:international law
470:
469:
218:Rwandan Civil War
208:Kingdom of Rwanda
198:History of Rwanda
151:
150:
35:for Rwanda (ICTR)
16:(Redirected from
3402:
3302:Related concepts
3240:
3197:Genocidal intent
3087:
3080:
3073:
3064:
2947:Second Congo War
2759:
2702:Rwandan genocide
2695:
2688:
2681:
2672:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2664:
2663:
2662:-3.3677; 36.6965
2658:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2649:
2646:
2630:
2551:
2524:10.2307/20456724
2497:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2460:
2450:
2444:
2443:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2398:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2387:
2378:. Archived from
2371:
2365:
2344:
2338:
2335:
2329:
2328:
2306:
2300:
2299:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2239:. Archived from
2233:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2181:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2156:
2150:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2115:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2086:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2005:
1992:
1991:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1966:
1961:
1959:
1951:
1933:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1777:unictr.irmct.org
1769:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1759:
1750:. Archived from
1744:
1738:
1737:
1722:
1716:
1713:S/RES/1824(2008)
1698:
1692:
1689:S/RES/1165(1998)
1674:
1668:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1628:
1622:
1604:
1587:
1580:
1275:
1273:
1272:
1251:
1249:
1248:
1227:
1225:
1224:
1203:
1201:
1200:
1179:
1177:
1176:
1155:
1153:
1152:
1131:
1129:
1128:
1107:
1105:
1104:
1096:Patrick Robinson
1087:Presiding judge
1083:
1081:
1080:
1051:
1036:
1034:
1033:
1012:
1010:
1009:
984:
982:
981:
960:
958:
957:
936:
934:
933:
904:
885:
883:
882:
857:
855:
854:
829:
827:
826:
809:Presiding judge
805:
803:
802:
773:
769:Trial Chamber II
754:
752:
751:
722:
611:Rwandan genocide
599:victor's justice
510:Rwandan genocide
462:
455:
448:
409:Second Congo War
260:Gikondo massacre
229:Assassination of
184:Rwandan genocide
168:
160:
153:
127:
124:
122:
64:31 December 2015
44:
30:
21:
3410:
3409:
3405:
3404:
3403:
3401:
3400:
3399:
3345:
3344:
3343:
3338:
3314:Superior orders
3297:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3228:
3170:
3167:
3159:
3115:Peremptory norm
3096:
3091:
3061:
3056:
3038:
3022:
2971:
2935:First Congo War
2930:Kibeho massacre
2913:
2860:
2820:People indicted
2808:
2762:
2755:
2704:
2699:
2661:
2659:
2655:
2652:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2639:
2623:
2558:
2509:
2506:
2504:Further reading
2501:
2500:
2484:
2480:
2473:
2452:
2451:
2447:
2440:
2427:
2426:
2422:
2415:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2385:
2383:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2358:Wayback Machine
2345:
2341:
2336:
2332:
2325:
2308:
2307:
2303:
2296:
2279:
2278:
2274:
2261:
2260:
2256:
2246:
2244:
2235:
2234:
2230:
2220:
2218:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2194:
2192:
2183:
2182:
2178:
2168:
2166:
2158:
2157:
2153:
2141:
2137:
2127:
2125:
2119:"1994: Rwanda""
2117:
2116:
2109:
2099:
2097:
2088:
2087:
2080:
2070:
2068:
2059:
2058:
2054:
2044:
2042:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2018:
2016:
2015:. 5 August 2016
2007:
2006:
1995:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1962:
1952:
1931:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1771:
1770:
1766:
1757:
1755:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1724:
1723:
1719:
1699:
1695:
1675:
1671:
1665:S/RES/977(1995)
1651:
1647:
1637:
1635:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1619:S/RES/955(1994)
1605:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1590:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1503:
1494:
1488:
1468:
1429:
1421:Main articles:
1419:
1393:
1387:
1363:
1354:Resolution 1505
1344:Resolution 1259
1340:Carla Del Ponte
1334:Resolution 1047
1316:
1288:
1270:
1268:
1246:
1244:
1222:
1220:
1198:
1196:
1174:
1172:
1150:
1148:
1126:
1124:
1102:
1100:
1078:
1076:
1049:
1047:Appeals Chamber
1031:
1029:
1007:
1005:
979:
977:
955:
953:
931:
929:
902:
880:
878:
852:
850:
824:
822:
800:
798:
771:
749:
747:
720:
718:Trial Chamber I
675:
652:
607:
541:Resolution 1165
466:
437:
436:
422:
414:
413:
397:First Congo War
382:
374:
373:
365:
362:
340:
332:
331:
296:
292:
289:People indicted
283:
275:
274:
245:
237:
236:
233:
230:
193:
169:
164:
162:
119:
107:
56:8 November 1994
34:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3408:
3406:
3398:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3347:
3346:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3305:
3303:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3244:
3242:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3205:
3204:
3199:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3173:
3171:
3166:Crimes against
3164:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3106:
3104:
3098:
3097:
3092:
3090:
3089:
3082:
3075:
3067:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3054:
3049:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3036:
3030:
3028:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3020:
3018:Survivors Fund
3015:
3010:
3009:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2979:
2977:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2943:
2942:
2932:
2927:
2921:
2919:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2900:
2899:
2893:United States
2891:
2890:
2889:
2879:
2874:
2868:
2866:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2858:
2853:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2816:
2814:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2806:
2801:
2800:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2781:
2776:
2774:Initial events
2770:
2768:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2760:
2753:
2751:Arusha Accords
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2712:
2710:
2706:
2705:
2700:
2698:
2697:
2690:
2683:
2675:
2637:
2636:
2622:
2621:External links
2619:
2618:
2617:
2596:
2590:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2557:
2556:External links
2554:
2553:
2552:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2478:
2471:
2445:
2439:978-9004157811
2438:
2420:
2413:
2393:
2391:March 23, 2007
2366:
2339:
2330:
2323:
2301:
2294:
2272:
2254:
2228:
2202:
2176:
2151:
2135:
2107:
2078:
2067:. 7 April 2014
2052:
2026:
1993:
1974:
1965:|journal=
1919:
1900:
1887:(4): 495–505.
1867:
1836:
1817:
1798:(2): 213–231.
1782:
1764:
1739:
1717:
1693:
1669:
1645:
1623:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1566:
1561:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1502:
1499:
1490:Main article:
1487:
1484:
1467:
1464:
1418:
1415:
1405:genocidal rape
1389:Main article:
1386:
1383:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1357:
1347:
1337:
1327:
1324:Resolution 936
1315:
1312:
1311:
1310:
1307:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1266:
1261:
1257:
1256:
1253:
1242:
1237:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1218:
1213:
1209:
1208:
1205:
1194:
1189:
1185:
1184:
1181:
1170:
1165:
1161:
1160:
1157:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1136:
1133:
1122:
1117:
1113:
1112:
1109:
1098:
1093:
1089:
1088:
1085:
1074:
1069:
1065:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1038:
1037:Czech Republic
1027:
1022:
1018:
1017:
1014:
1003:
998:
994:
993:
986:
975:
970:
966:
965:
962:
951:
946:
942:
941:
938:
927:
922:
918:
917:
914:
911:
908:
901:
898:
895:
894:
887:
876:
871:
867:
866:
859:
848:
843:
839:
838:
831:
820:
815:
811:
810:
807:
796:
794:William Sekule
791:
787:
786:
783:
780:
777:
770:
767:
764:
763:
756:
745:
740:
736:
735:
732:
729:
726:
719:
716:
710:indicates the
683:Kigali, Rwanda
674:
673:ICTR structure
671:
651:
648:
606:
603:
533:Resolution 977
506:Resolution 955
468:
467:
465:
464:
457:
450:
442:
439:
438:
435:
434:
429:
423:
420:
419:
416:
415:
412:
411:
406:
399:
394:
389:
383:
380:
379:
376:
375:
372:
371:
366:
363:Resolution 935
359:
357:
352:
347:
341:
338:
337:
334:
333:
330:
329:
324:
317:
312:
307:
302:
297:
287:
284:
281:
280:
277:
276:
273:
272:
267:
262:
257:
252:
250:Initial events
246:
243:
242:
239:
238:
235:
234:
227:
225:
220:
215:
210:
205:
200:
194:
191:
190:
187:
186:
180:
179:
171:
170:
161:
149:
148:
138:
134:
133:
129:
128:
117:
113:
112:
104:
100:
99:
94:
90:
89:
80:
76:
75:
70:
66:
65:
62:
58:
57:
54:
50:
49:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3407:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3300:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3236:
3231:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3214:Slave trading
3212:
3210:
3207:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3162:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3088:
3083:
3081:
3076:
3074:
3069:
3068:
3065:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3044:
3041:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3027:Historigraphy
3025:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2976:Commemoration
2974:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2916:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2888:
2885:
2884:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2863:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2851:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2839:Impuzamugambi
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2811:
2805:
2802:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2765:
2758:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2696:
2691:
2689:
2684:
2682:
2677:
2676:
2673:
2669:
2666:
2634:
2629:
2625:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2518:(1): 97–103.
2517:
2513:
2508:
2507:
2503:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2482:
2479:
2474:
2468:
2464:
2459:
2458:
2449:
2446:
2441:
2435:
2431:
2424:
2421:
2416:
2414:9783531907895
2410:
2406:
2405:
2397:
2394:
2382:on 2008-10-01
2381:
2377:
2370:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2352:
2348:
2343:
2340:
2334:
2331:
2326:
2324:9780299298203
2320:
2316:
2312:
2305:
2302:
2297:
2295:9780299298203
2291:
2287:
2283:
2276:
2273:
2268:
2264:
2258:
2255:
2242:
2238:
2232:
2229:
2217:
2213:
2206:
2203:
2191:
2187:
2180:
2177:
2165:
2161:
2155:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2139:
2136:
2124:
2120:
2114:
2112:
2108:
2095:
2091:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2066:
2062:
2056:
2053:
2041:on 2017-07-02
2040:
2036:
2030:
2027:
2014:
2010:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1994:
1989:
1985:
1978:
1975:
1970:
1957:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1930:
1923:
1920:
1915:
1911:
1904:
1901:
1895:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1871:
1868:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1840:
1837:
1832:
1828:
1821:
1818:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1786:
1783:
1778:
1774:
1768:
1765:
1754:on 2009-07-21
1753:
1749:
1743:
1740:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1721:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1697:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1673:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1649:
1646:
1634:
1627:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1600:
1593:
1586:
1579:
1576:
1569:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1555:
1551:
1549:
1548:Lyal S. Sunga
1546:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1500:
1498:
1493:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1480:gacaca courts
1477:
1473:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1450:, as well as
1449:
1445:
1441:
1436:
1434:
1428:
1424:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1392:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1367:
1360:
1355:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1331:
1330:Louise Arbour
1328:
1325:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1303:
1297:
1292:
1285:
1278:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1084:United States
1075:
1073:
1072:Theodor Meron
1070:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1046:
1039:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1015:
1004:
1002:
999:
996:
995:
991:
987:
976:
974:
971:
968:
967:
963:
952:
950:
947:
944:
943:
939:
928:
926:
923:
920:
919:
915:
912:
909:
906:
905:
899:
892:
888:
877:
875:
872:
869:
868:
864:
860:
849:
847:
844:
841:
840:
836:
832:
821:
819:
816:
813:
812:
808:
797:
795:
792:
789:
788:
784:
781:
778:
775:
774:
768:
761:
757:
746:
744:
741:
738:
737:
733:
730:
727:
724:
723:
717:
715:
713:
709:
704:
702:
698:
694:
693:
684:
679:
672:
670:
667:
662:
657:
649:
647:
643:
639:
637:
631:
624:
619:
615:
612:
604:
602:
600:
596:
592:
587:
585:
581:
577:
576:Jean Kambanda
573:
568:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
521:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
463:
458:
456:
451:
449:
444:
443:
441:
440:
433:
430:
428:
425:
424:
418:
417:
410:
407:
404:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
384:
378:
377:
370:
367:
364:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
342:
336:
335:
328:
325:
323:
322:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
295:
290:
286:
285:
279:
278:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
247:
241:
240:
232:
226:
224:
221:
219:
216:
214:
211:
209:
206:
204:
201:
199:
196:
195:
189:
188:
185:
181:
177:
173:
172:
167:
159:
155:
154:
146:
142:
139:
135:
130:
126:
118:
114:
111:
105:
101:
98:
95:
93:Authorized by
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
38:
31:
19:
3262:
3155:Rome Statute
3047:Bibliography
2961:
2957:Gacaca court
2848:
2829:Genocidaires
2813:Perpetrators
2792:Musha Church
2638:
2610:
2515:
2511:
2481:
2456:
2448:
2429:
2423:
2403:
2396:
2384:. Retrieved
2380:the original
2369:
2346:
2342:
2333:
2310:
2304:
2281:
2275:
2266:
2257:
2247:24 September
2245:. Retrieved
2241:the original
2231:
2219:. Retrieved
2215:
2205:
2193:. Retrieved
2189:
2179:
2167:. Retrieved
2154:
2146:
2138:
2126:. Retrieved
2122:
2098:. Retrieved
2093:
2069:. Retrieved
2064:
2055:
2043:. Retrieved
2039:the original
2029:
2017:. Retrieved
2012:
1987:
1983:
1977:
1956:cite journal
1922:
1913:
1909:
1903:
1884:
1880:
1870:
1853:
1849:
1839:
1830:
1826:
1820:
1795:
1791:
1785:
1776:
1767:
1756:. Retrieved
1752:the original
1742:
1734:the original
1729:
1720:
1708:
1704:
1696:
1684:
1680:
1672:
1660:
1656:
1648:
1636:. Retrieved
1626:
1614:
1610:
1602:
1583:
1578:
1559:Hans Köchler
1552:
1495:
1469:
1455:
1452:Hassan Ngeze
1437:
1430:
1394:
1379:South Africa
1368:
1364:
1361:The Registry
1301:
1240:Andrésia Vaz
1192:Carmel Agius
1168:Mehmet GĂĽney
1120:Fausto Pocar
1025:Robert Fremr
989:
985:Burkina Faso
925:Vagn Joensen
890:
874:Seon Ki Park
862:
834:
759:
707:
705:
700:
696:
690:
688:
660:
653:
644:
640:
632:
628:
608:
588:
569:
522:
477:
473:
471:
427:Bibliography
392:Gacaca court
319:
300:Genocidaires
293:
141:Vagn Joensen
106:16 permanent
69:Jurisdiction
3052:Filmography
2844:Interahamwe
2660: /
1582:Full name:
1507:Anees Ahmed
1476:Paul Kagame
1314:Prosecutors
886:South Korea
595:Paul Kagame
490:Kinyarwanda
432:Filmography
53:Established
3349:Categories
3219:Starvation
2783:Massacres
2779:Chronology
2741:Hutu Power
2709:Background
2648:36°41′47″E
2386:2008-02-27
2195:18 October
2169:27 October
1758:2010-04-13
1705:Resolution
1681:Resolution
1657:Resolution
1611:Resolution
1594:References
1433:hate media
1417:Media Case
1228:Madagascar
755:Madagascar
701:ad literim
327:RTLM radio
255:Chronology
223:Hutu Power
192:Background
3224:War crime
2918:Aftermath
2797:Nyarubuye
2645:3°22′04″S
2548:229169281
2532:0002-9300
2362:unhcr.org
1862:0149-9246
1856:(1): 49.
1812:143431169
1486:Indictees
1401:precedent
1144:Liu Daqun
625:in Kigali
496:) was an
421:Resources
381:Aftermath
137:Currently
132:President
61:Dissolved
3192:Genocide
2986:Bisesero
2865:Response
2540:20456724
2354:Archived
2065:BBC News
1501:See also
1276:Pakistan
990:ad litem
988:Member (
961:Cameroon
891:ad litem
889:Member (
863:ad litem
861:Member (
835:ad litem
833:Member (
806:Tanzania
760:ad litem
758:Member (
697:ad litem
692:ad litem
661:genocide
545:genocide
531:, under
529:Tanzania
339:Response
176:a series
174:Part of
110:ad litem
87:Tanzania
79:Location
3102:Sources
3006:Nyamata
3001:Ntarama
2996:Murambi
2850:Kangura
2822:by the
2787:Gikondo
2613:in the
2609:on the
2221:8 April
1948:2197823
1730:Reuters
1711:.
1687:.
1663:.
1617:.
1539:(RULAC)
1456:Kangura
1298:, 2003.
1279:Member
1255:Member
1252:Senegal
1231:Member
1207:Member
1183:Member
1159:Member
1135:Member
1111:Member
1108:Jamaica
1063:Status
1060:Country
1040:Member
1016:Member
992:judge)
937:Denmark
916:Status
913:Country
893:judge)
865:judge)
837:judge)
785:Status
782:Country
762:judge)
734:Status
731:Country
559:of the
321:Kangura
145:Denmark
123:.unictr
116:Website
3360:Arusha
3209:Piracy
2991:Kigali
2904:UNAMIR
2882:France
2767:Events
2546:
2538:
2530:
2492:
2469:
2465:–147.
2436:
2411:
2351:p. 166
2321:
2292:
2128:5 July
2100:5 July
2071:5 July
2045:5 July
2019:5 July
1990:: 683.
1946:
1916:: 535.
1860:
1810:
1707:
1683:
1659:
1633:"ICTR"
1613:
1442:, and
1296:Arusha
1274:
1250:
1226:
1202:
1180:Turkey
1178:
1154:
1130:
1106:
1082:
1035:
1013:Russia
1011:
983:
959:
935:
884:
856:
830:Uganda
828:
804:
753:
525:Arusha
518:Rwanda
482:French
291:by the
244:Events
178:on the
83:Arusha
73:Rwanda
2834:Akazu
2544:S2CID
2536:JSTOR
1932:(PDF)
1833:: 78.
1808:S2CID
1703:
1679:
1655:
1638:2 May
1609:
1570:Notes
1403:that
1204:Malta
1156:China
1132:Italy
1057:Judge
910:Judge
858:Kenya
779:Judge
728:Judge
305:Akazu
2824:ICTR
2804:Rape
2605:and
2528:ISSN
2490:ISBN
2467:ISBN
2434:ISBN
2409:ISBN
2319:ISBN
2290:ISBN
2249:2013
2223:2015
2197:2012
2171:2009
2130:2017
2102:2017
2073:2017
2047:2017
2021:2017
1969:help
1944:SSRN
1858:ISSN
1709:1824
1685:1165
1640:2023
1425:and
654:The
609:The
555:and
478:ICTR
472:The
125:.org
2601:by
2520:doi
2516:103
2463:127
2315:299
2286:297
2164:PBS
1936:doi
1889:doi
1800:doi
1661:977
1615:955
1557:by
1377:of
1260:12.
1236:10.
1188:11.
1021:18.
997:13.
969:17.
870:16.
842:15.
814:14.
739:19.
601:".
567:).
516:in
504:in
121:www
3351::
2542:.
2534:.
2526:.
2514:.
2496:).
2317:.
2288:.
2265:.
2214:.
2188:.
2162:.
2145:,
2121:.
2110:^
2092:.
2081:^
2063:.
2011:.
1996:^
1988:37
1986:.
1960::
1958:}}
1954:{{
1942:.
1934:.
1914:43
1912:.
1883:.
1879:.
1854:34
1852:.
1848:.
1831:27
1829:.
1806:.
1794:.
1775:.
1728:.
1373:.
1212:9.
1164:6.
1140:8.
1116:7.
1092:5.
1068:3.
945:2.
921:1.
790:4.
714:.
547:,
527:,
492::
488:;
484::
480:;
108:9
85:,
3086:e
3079:t
3072:v
2694:e
2687:t
2680:v
2550:.
2522::
2475:.
2442:.
2417:.
2389:.
2327:.
2298:.
2269:.
2251:.
2225:.
2199:.
2173:.
2132:.
2104:.
2075:.
2049:.
2023:.
1971:)
1967:(
1950:.
1938::
1897:.
1891::
1885:2
1864:.
1814:.
1802::
1796:4
1779:.
1761:.
1642:.
1356:)
1346:)
1336:)
1326:)
1054:#
907:#
776:#
725:#
708:#
685:.
476:(
461:e
454:t
447:v
405:)
401:(
147:)
143:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
