33:
55:
778:
wasps were considered a good candidate for biological control, even more so as the moth larvae are difficult to control with insecticide. Moreover, light brown apple moths are relatively vulnerable to egg parasitism, with their eggs being laid in masses of 20–50 on the upper surfaces of basal leaves
279:
To locate host eggs, adult females use chemical and visual signals, such as egg shape and colour. After she finds a suitable egg, an experienced female attempts to determine if the egg has previously been parasitized, using her ovipositor and antennal drumming (tapping on the egg surface). Females
565:
species vary in their host specificity. This can lead to nontarget hosts being parasitized. This, in turn, can cause problems by reducing the amount of parasitism of the target host, and depending on the rate of parasitism, nontarget effects could be significant on nontarget host populations.
646:, which cause serious damage to carpets, furniture, clothing and other wool and silk objects in historic buildings. The trial was abandoned in 2023; while the microwasps performed well at reducing moth populations in combination with pheromones, they were no better than pheromones alone.
291:
wasps are small and very uniform in structure, which causes difficulty in identifying the separate species. As females are all relatively similar, taxonomists rely upon examination of males to tell the different species apart, using features of their antennae and genitalia.
461:
have several evolutionary implications. Commonly, uninfected wasps are unable to breed with infected wasps. Many generations of reproductive isolation of these different groups may result in speciation. In addition, some hosts can evolve with a dependency on
727:
is the most widely distributed species in North
America. It is a more generalized parasitoid, able to parasitise a range of different species. It has been the focus of many research studies and has been successfully reared on 18 genera of Lepidoptera.
943:
Knutson A (2005) 'The
Trichogramma Manual: A guide to the use of Trichogramma for Biological Control with Special Reference to Augmentative Releases for Control of bollworm and Budworm in Cotton.' (Texas Agricultural Extension
770:. The larvae cause the most damage, especially to grape berries, as their feeding provides sites for bunch rot to occur. Losses in the crops can amount up to $ 2000/ha in one season. It is very predominant in areas such as the
362:
infected hosts transmit this intracellular bacterium to uninfected individuals. These manipulations include male killing (increasing ratio of infected females that can reproduce), feminization (males become fertile females),
307:, original specimens are very important, as they are the basis of reference for subsequent descriptions of species. The original specimens, however, were lost. Riley also described a second species in 1879 as
1726:
Westwood (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) from tropical northern
Australia: a survey of egg parasitoids for potential pest insect biological control in regions of proposed agricultural expansion".
280:
also use antennal drumming to determine the size and quality of the target egg, which determines the number of eggs the female will insert. A single female can parasitize up to 10 host eggs a day.
535:
wasps are used for control on numerous crops and plants; these include cotton, sugarcane, vegetables, sugarbeets, orchards, and forests. Some of the pests controlled include cotton bollworm (
32:
418:
must be relatively high inside of the hosts' ovaries. Cytoplasmic incompatibility of the host and bacterium can also be the source of this unsuccessful transfer in-vitro. These limitations
956:"Maximized complexity in miniaturized brains: morphology and distribution of octopaminergic, dopaminergic and serotonergic neurons in the parasitic wasp, Trichogramma evanescens"
2210:
934:
Upadhyay RK, Mukerji KG, Chamola BP (2001) 'Biocontrol potential and its
Exploitation in Sustainable Agriculture: Insect Pests.' (Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers).
1709:"'Surprising' clothes moths slump of nearly 40% across National Trust houses, possibly helped by record heat and drought, charity's annual insect pests report finds"
2089:
1008:
Zang, Lian-Sheng; Wang, Su; Zhang, Fan; Desneux, Nicolas (2021-01-07). "Biological
Control with Trichogramma in China: History, Present Status, and Perspectives".
2128:
1797:
The good bug book: beneficial organisms commercially available in
Australia and New Zealand for biological pest control.' (Integrated Pest Management Pty Ltd).
1217:
Polaszek, A; Rugman-Jones, P; Stouthamer, R; Hernandez-Suarez, E; Cabello, T; Pino Pérez, M (2012). "Molecular and morphological diagnoses of five species of
877:
for
Biological Control with Special Reference to Augmentative Releases for Control of Bollworm and Budworm in Cotton.' (Texas Agricultural Extension Service).
311:, but these specimens were also lost. To correct these errors, entomologists returned to the areas where Riley originally found the species and obtained
2063:
2102:
1884:
379:
wasps, causes infected females to asexually produce fertile females and nonfunctional males. The effects of this include potential speciation of
2215:
499:
of the parasitoid world, as they have been used for inundative releases and much understanding today comes from experiments with these wasps.
1847:"Developing a commercially viable system for biological control of light brown apple moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in grapes using endemic
478:, where females must compete for male mates, which has evolutionary implications as it exposes different phenotypes to natural selection.
299:
species was in North
America in 1871, by Charles V. Riley. He described the tiny wasps that emerged from eggs of the viceroy butterfly as
1814:(Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) species for biocontrol of light brown apple moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in grapevines in Australia"
1690:
387:
is maintained long enough for genetic divergence to occur and for a new species of asexual wasps to become reproductively isolated.
222:, approaching the theoretical lower limit of the size of an insect brain, yet exhibiting complex behaviors to sustain their lives.
390:
Transmission of the bacterium through horizontal transfer has been observed within the same species and among different species of
1662:"Status of research on the development of management tactics and strategies for the spruce bud moth in white spruce plantations"
1893:
611:
1065:
Klomp, H; Teerink, B.J.; Wei, Chun Ma (1979). "Discrimination
Between Parasitized and Unparasitized Hosts in the Egg Parasite
774:. Insecticide use is not a choice method for most growers, who prefer a more natural means of controlling pests. As a result,
2107:
1143:
species from south-eastern
Australia using the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS-2) region of the ribosomal gene complex".
2115:
474:
can influence gender determination in its hosts so that more females are successfully born. This results in a reversal in
324:
1451:
Charlat, Sylvain; Hurst, Gregory D. D.; Merçot, Hervé (2003-04-01). "Evolutionary consequences of Wolbachia infections".
1349:"Natural interspecific and intraspecific horizontal transfer of parthenogenesis–inducing wolbachia in trichogramma wasps"
583:
began to be seriously used in the 1990s in China. Since then some applications have fallen out of use due to the rise of
1613:
787:
54:
2220:
1972:
1959:
1500:
1010:
847:
Consoli FL, Parra JRP, Zucchi RA (2010) 'Egg Parasitoids in Agroecosystems with Emphasis on Trichogramma.' (Springer).
368:
2205:
2042:
1509:
1019:
1708:
2133:
2055:
1673:
888:
662:
237:
organs due to their need to discriminate host from nonhost in a crowded environment. Zhang et al. 1979 finds 13
656:
602:, however for some crops/pests it remains the better option and so is expected to continue instead of expanded
358:
has been observed to alter the host's reproductive success upon infection. Through a series of manipulations,
763:
species, not much work has been undertaken to use them commercially for biological control within Australia.
267:
704:
634:
759:
is used for biological control of light brown apple moth in vineyards. Though Australia has its own native
743:
710:
698:
692:
680:
1912:
748:
686:
674:
2164:
1977:
1272:
668:
572:
126:
2182:
136:
2143:
2011:
1238:
1152:
907:
549:
537:
512:
354:
is a widespread bacterial genus that infects insects' organs, most commonly the reproductive organs.
1190:(Hym., Trichogrammatidae), showing the importance of the male genitalia as a diagnostic character".
766:
Light brown apple moth is common throughout Australia and is polyphagous on more than 80 native and
643:
250:
271:. This is considered to generalize to the entire genus, and there may be more still undiscovered.
1778:
1546:
1537:
1426:
1254:
1168:
1139:
Thomson, LJ; Rundle, BJ; Carew, ME; Hoffmann, AA (2003). "Identification and characterization of
1047:
830:
767:
555:
510:
is one of the most commonly found species in Europe and was first mass reared in 1926 on eggs of
304:
262:
197:
49:
2169:
732:
was introduced into Australia in the 1970s as part of the Ord River Irrigation Area IPM scheme.
204:
spp. have been the most extensively studied. More than a thousand papers have been published on
1950:
2151:
2094:
1998:
1529:
1521:
1476:
1468:
1378:
1086:
1039:
1031:
987:
190:
116:
2156:
531:
are produced commercially in insectaries around the world, with 30 countries releasing them.
1862:
1825:
1770:
1735:
1643:
1593:
1513:
1460:
1416:
1368:
1360:
1316:
1308:
1246:
1199:
1160:
1121:
1078:
1023:
977:
967:
915:
822:
475:
242:
887:
Sumer, F; Tuncbilek, AS; Oztemiz, S; Pintureau, B; Rugman-Jones, P; Stouthamer, R (2009).
543:
364:
470:, so that eventually an infection is a requirement for successful reproduction. Finally,
1517:
1242:
1156:
1125:
911:
2050:
2037:
1373:
1348:
1321:
1292:
1027:
982:
955:
629:
182:
1464:
2199:
1774:
1739:
1661:
1164:
1051:
254:
1964:
1782:
1550:
1541:
1258:
1172:
834:
442:
between different species. Therefore, although interspecific horizontal transfer of
771:
752:
450:, it is likely to occur quite frequently in nature and is not well understood yet.
258:
246:
234:
215:
2003:
1901:
2120:
2076:
1944:
1566:
Bezd. (Hym., Trichogrammatidae).- Journal of Applied Entomology, 119 (1): 83-87.
490:
178:
106:
1935:
1250:
1203:
972:
920:
495:
1525:
1472:
1090:
1035:
2024:
1830:
1809:
1598:
1577:
1562:
BURGIO G., MAINI S., 1995.- Control of European corn borer in sweet corn by
1186:
Nagarkatti, S; Nagaraja, H (1971). "Redescriptions of some known species of
1082:
639:
467:
350:
238:
208:
species, and they are the most used biological control agents in the world.
86:
66:
1867:
1846:
1533:
1480:
1382:
1364:
1312:
1043:
991:
1647:
1985:
1929:
1753:
Davies, AP; Pufke, US; Zalucki, MP (2011). "Spatio-temporal variation in
615:
1990:
422:
suggest that in nature, horizontal transfer by parthenogenesis-inducing
2068:
1677:
1430:
826:
584:
312:
2081:
426:
may be a difficult and rare phenomenon. However, when looking at the
219:
196:
Although several groups of egg parasitoids are commonly employed for
96:
76:
1906:
1421:
1400:
2029:
2177:
438:-specific genes, which may be explained by horizontal transfer of
1353:
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences
1301:
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences
1069:(Hym.: Trichogrammatidae): a Matter of Learning and Forgetting".
1910:
520:
has been investigated as a method of biological control of the
2016:
755:
control, and is predominately used in orchards. In Australia,
331:
species is over 200, but as of 1960, only some 40 species of
1634:
to control lepidopterous pests: Achievements and outlook".
638:, which parasitises clothes moth eggs, in conjunction with
654:
The most commonly used species for biological control are
1630:
Hassan, SA (1993). "The mass rearing and utilization of
809:
Flanders, S; Quednau, W (1960). "Taxonomy of the genus
1104:
Nagarkatti, S; Nagaraja, H (1977). "Biosystematics of
598:
in China is expected, and this threatens some uses of
954:
van der Woude, Emma; Smid, Hans M. (September 2017).
594:
is also toxic to the parasitoid. Future expansion of
1498:: Advances, Successes, and Potential of Their Use".
323:. These specimens are now preserved properly in the
1919:
1229:(Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in the Canary Islands".
1711:(Press release). National Trust. 13 February 2023.
410:successful horizontal transfer is uncommon within
371:. Horizontal transfer of parthenogenesis-inducing
1494:Smith, Sandy M. (1996). "Biological Control with
1003:
1001:
813:(Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Trichogrammatidae)".
570:wasps to control populations of spruce bud moth (
493:pests for many years. They can be considered the
1761:in a tropical Bt-transgenic cotton landscape".
1722:Davies, AP; Zalucki, MP (2008). "Collection of
1578:"Mass Production of Egg Parasites of the Genus
502:Entomologists in the early 1900s began to rear
1818:Annals of the Entomological Society of America
1342:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1332:
406:; however, limitations to transmission exist.
8:
1808:Glenn, DC; Hercus, MJ; Hoffmann, AA (1997).
1612:Smith, S.M.; Hubbes, M.; Carrow, J.R. 1986.
1394:
1392:
434:form a monophyletic group based on several
189:is one of around 80 genera from the family
2211:Insects used as insect pest control agents
1907:
1286:
1284:
1282:
889:"A molecular key to the common species of
524:, a major pest of spruce and fir forests.
31:
20:
1866:
1829:
1691:"Conservation at Blickling Hall, Norfolk"
1614:Factors affecting inundative releases of
1597:
1420:
1399:Bourtzis, Kostas; O'Neill, Scott (1998).
1372:
1320:
981:
971:
919:
865:
863:
861:
859:
857:
855:
853:
466:for core reproductive functions, such as
632:in England embarked on a trial of using
1145:Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
801:
1405:Infections and Arthropod Reproduction"
1446:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1297:symbionts between Trichogramma wasps"
566:Research is being done on the use of
414:, which suggests that the density of
7:
2183:F05B87A2-E764-FF9A-09A9-FC57FF99EE8A
2144:79ff5c19-d957-4462-bfc2-6d6fdd336fbc
2056:7b7e9f0d-ad57-479f-a9f3-1aef223f7371
1347:Huigens, M. E.; et al. (2004).
1291:Grenier, Simon; et al. (1998).
577:, which damages white spruce trees.
1518:10.1146/annurev.en.41.010196.002111
1293:"Successful horizontal transfer of
1126:10.1146/annurev.en.22.010177.001105
489:spp. have been used for control of
218:research, having fewer than 10,000
193:, with over 200 species worldwide.
1763:Agricultural and Forest Entomology
1192:Bulletin of Entomological Research
1028:10.1146/annurev-ento-060120-091620
14:
1851:(Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)"
1620:. J. Appl. Entomol. 101(1):29–39.
610:will be especially necessary for
1845:Glenn, DC; Hoffmann, AA (1997).
1775:10.1111/j.1461-9563.2010.00512.x
1740:10.1111/j.1440-6055.2008.00644.x
1728:Australian Journal of Entomology
1165:10.1046/j.1570-7458.2003.00029.x
53:
1902:Trichogramma dropping by drones
1618:Ril. against the spruce budworm
1221:: biological control agents of
44:on egg of armyworm (Noctuidae)
1855:Journal of Economic Entomology
1071:Netherlands Journal of Zoology
873:Manual: A guide to the use of
1:
2216:Biological pest control wasps
1465:10.1016/S0168-9525(03)00024-6
1225:(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and
506:spp. for biological control.
375:, which has been observed in
325:United States National Museum
214:spp. are also of interest in
893:of the Mediterranean region"
553:), and European corn borer (
1501:Annual Review of Entomology
1114:Annual Review of Entomology
1011:Annual Review of Entomology
369:cytoplasmic incompatibility
327:. Currently, the number of
295:The first description of a
2237:
547:), lightbrown apple moth (
16:Genus of parasitic insects
1251:10.1007/s10526-011-9361-y
1204:10.1017/s0007485300057412
1067:Trichogramma embryophagum
973:10.1007/s00441-017-2642-8
921:10.1007/s10526-009-9219-8
163:
158:
50:Scientific classification
48:
39:
30:
23:
960:Cell and Tissue Research
522:Choristoneura fumiferana
430:-host associations, the
1599:10.3733/hilg.v04n16p465
1083:10.1163/002829679X00412
635:Trichogramma evanescens
606:in those applications.
400:T. deion, T. pretiosum,
42:Trichogramma dendrolimi
1666:The Forestry Chronicle
1564:Trichogramma brassicae
1365:10.1098/rspb.2003.2640
1313:10.1098/rspb.1998.0455
1223:Chrysodeixis chalcites
869:Knutson A (2005) 'The
749:light brown apple moth
432:Trichogramma-Wolbachia
309:Trichogramma pretiosum
233:have highly developed
200:throughout the world,
2165:Paleobiology Database
1831:10.1093/aesa/90.2.128
1648:10.1002/ps.2780370412
1576:Flanders, SE (1930).
744:Trichogramma carverae
612:resistance management
573:Zeiraphera canadensis
177:is a genus of minute
2051:Fauna Europaea (new)
1885:Biocontrol-oriented
1868:10.1093/jee/90.2.370
1616:Trichogramma minutum
644:common clothes moths
550:Epiphyas postvittana
538:Helicoverpa armigera
513:Sitotroga cerealella
335:had been described.
301:Trichogramma minutum
1795:Llewellyn R (2002)
1307:(1404): 1441–1445.
1243:2012BioCo..57...21P
1157:2003EEApp.106..235T
912:2009BioCo..54..617S
747:is mainly used for
625:is widely adopted.
2221:Hymenoptera genera
1757:egg parasitism by
1678:10.5558/tfc68614-5
1453:Trends in Genetics
1110:Trichogrammatoidea
827:10.1007/bf02372951
768:introduced species
556:Ostrinia nubilalis
482:Biological control
198:biological control
2206:Trichogrammatidae
2193:
2192:
2152:Open Tree of Life
1913:Taxon identifiers
1660:Turgeon, Jean J.
1636:Pesticide Science
1359:(1538): 509–515.
541:), codling moth (
191:Trichogrammatidae
170:
169:
154:
127:Trichogrammatinae
117:Trichogrammatidae
2228:
2186:
2185:
2173:
2172:
2160:
2159:
2147:
2146:
2137:
2136:
2124:
2123:
2121:NHMSYS0021220661
2111:
2110:
2098:
2097:
2085:
2084:
2072:
2071:
2059:
2058:
2046:
2045:
2033:
2032:
2020:
2019:
2007:
2006:
1994:
1993:
1981:
1980:
1968:
1967:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1908:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1810:"Characterizing
1805:
1799:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1750:
1744:
1743:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1687:
1681:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1627:
1621:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1573:
1567:
1560:
1554:
1545:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1448:
1435:
1434:
1424:
1396:
1387:
1386:
1376:
1344:
1327:
1326:
1324:
1288:
1277:
1276:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1214:
1208:
1207:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1005:
996:
995:
985:
975:
951:
945:
941:
935:
932:
926:
925:
923:
897:
884:
878:
867:
848:
845:
839:
838:
806:
663:T. brevicapillum
527:Nine species of
476:sexual selection
185:of insect eggs.
152:
137:Trichogrammatini
58:
57:
35:
21:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2226:
2225:
2196:
2195:
2194:
2189:
2181:
2176:
2168:
2163:
2155:
2150:
2142:
2140:
2132:
2127:
2119:
2114:
2106:
2101:
2093:
2088:
2080:
2075:
2067:
2062:
2054:
2049:
2041:
2036:
2028:
2023:
2015:
2010:
2002:
1997:
1989:
1984:
1976:
1971:
1963:
1958:
1949:
1948:
1943:
1934:
1933:
1928:
1915:
1881:
1876:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1807:
1806:
1802:
1794:
1790:
1752:
1751:
1747:
1721:
1720:
1716:
1707:
1706:
1702:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1659:
1655:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1611:
1607:
1592:(16): 465–501.
1575:
1574:
1570:
1561:
1557:
1493:
1492:
1488:
1450:
1449:
1438:
1422:10.2307/1313355
1398:
1397:
1390:
1346:
1345:
1330:
1290:
1289:
1280:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1216:
1215:
1211:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1064:
1063:
1059:
1007:
1006:
999:
953:
952:
948:
942:
938:
933:
929:
895:
886:
885:
881:
868:
851:
846:
842:
808:
807:
803:
799:
785:
779:in grapevines.
740:
722:
657:T. atopovirilia
652:
544:Cydia pomonella
484:
453:The effects of
404:T. atopovirilia
365:parthenogenesis
347:
286:
277:
261:, and external
228:
183:endoparasitoids
181:wasps that are
165:230+, see text
151:
52:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2234:
2232:
2224:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2198:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2187:
2174:
2161:
2148:
2138:
2125:
2112:
2099:
2086:
2073:
2060:
2047:
2038:Fauna Europaea
2034:
2021:
2008:
1995:
1982:
1969:
1956:
1941:
1925:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1899:
1891:
1880:
1879:External links
1877:
1875:
1874:
1861:(2): 370–382.
1837:
1824:(2): 128–137.
1800:
1788:
1769:(3): 247–258.
1745:
1734:(2): 160–167.
1714:
1700:
1695:National Trust
1682:
1672:(5): 614–622.
1653:
1642:(4): 387–391.
1622:
1605:
1568:
1555:
1510:Annual Reviews
1486:
1459:(4): 217–223.
1436:
1415:(4): 287–293.
1388:
1328:
1278:
1264:
1209:
1178:
1151:(3): 235–240.
1131:
1096:
1057:
1020:Annual Reviews
997:
966:(3): 477–496.
946:
936:
927:
906:(5): 617–624.
879:
849:
840:
821:(4): 285–294.
800:
798:
795:
784:
781:
739:
734:
721:
716:
651:
648:
630:National Trust
483:
480:
346:
337:
285:
284:Identification
282:
276:
273:
227:
224:
168:
167:
161:
160:
156:
155:
153:Westwood, 1833
144:
140:
139:
134:
130:
129:
124:
120:
119:
114:
110:
109:
104:
100:
99:
94:
90:
89:
84:
80:
79:
74:
70:
69:
64:
60:
59:
46:
45:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2233:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2184:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2139:
2135:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1946:
1942:
1937:
1931:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1883:
1882:
1878:
1869:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1850:
1841:
1838:
1832:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1813:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1792:
1789:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1749:
1746:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1718:
1715:
1710:
1704:
1701:
1696:
1692:
1686:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1657:
1654:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1626:
1623:
1619:
1617:
1609:
1606:
1600:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1581:
1572:
1569:
1565:
1559:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1502:
1497:
1490:
1487:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1432:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1404:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1384:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1323:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1296:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1274:
1268:
1265:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1227:Tuta absoluta
1224:
1220:
1213:
1210:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1182:
1179:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1135:
1132:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1100:
1097:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1077:(2): 254–27.
1076:
1072:
1068:
1061:
1058:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1012:
1004:
1002:
998:
993:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
965:
961:
957:
950:
947:
940:
937:
931:
928:
922:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
894:
892:
883:
880:
876:
872:
866:
864:
862:
860:
858:
856:
854:
850:
844:
841:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
805:
802:
796:
794:
793:
791:
782:
780:
777:
773:
769:
764:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
745:
738:
735:
733:
731:
726:
720:
717:
715:
713:
712:
707:
706:
701:
700:
695:
694:
689:
688:
683:
682:
677:
676:
671:
670:
665:
664:
659:
658:
649:
647:
645:
641:
637:
636:
631:
626:
624:
622:
618:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
587:
582:
578:
576:
574:
569:
564:
560:
558:
557:
552:
551:
546:
545:
540:
539:
534:
530:
525:
523:
519:
515:
514:
509:
505:
500:
498:
497:
492:
488:
481:
479:
477:
473:
469:
465:
460:
456:
451:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
388:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
361:
357:
353:
352:
345:
341:
338:
336:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
315:specimens of
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
293:
290:
283:
281:
274:
272:
270:
269:
268:T. dendrolimi
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
241:types on the
240:
236:
232:
225:
223:
221:
217:
213:
209:
207:
203:
199:
194:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
175:
166:
162:
157:
150:
149:
145:
142:
141:
138:
135:
132:
131:
128:
125:
122:
121:
118:
115:
112:
111:
108:
105:
102:
101:
98:
95:
92:
91:
88:
85:
82:
81:
78:
75:
72:
71:
68:
65:
62:
61:
56:
51:
47:
43:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
1965:Trichogramma
1951:Trichogramma
1921:Trichogramma
1920:
1895:Trichogramma
1894:
1887:Trichogramma
1886:
1858:
1854:
1849:Trichogramma
1848:
1840:
1821:
1817:
1812:Trichogramma
1811:
1803:
1796:
1791:
1766:
1762:
1759:Trichogramma
1758:
1754:
1748:
1731:
1727:
1724:Trichogramma
1723:
1717:
1703:
1694:
1685:
1669:
1665:
1656:
1639:
1635:
1632:Trichogramma
1631:
1625:
1615:
1608:
1589:
1585:
1580:Trichogramma
1579:
1571:
1563:
1558:
1505:
1499:
1496:Trichogramma
1495:
1489:
1456:
1452:
1412:
1408:
1402:
1356:
1352:
1304:
1300:
1294:
1267:
1237:(1): 21–35.
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1219:Trichogramma
1218:
1212:
1195:
1191:
1188:Trichogramma
1187:
1181:
1148:
1144:
1141:Trichogramma
1140:
1134:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1106:Trichogramma
1105:
1099:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1060:
1015:
1009:
963:
959:
949:
939:
930:
903:
899:
891:Trichogramma
890:
882:
875:Trichogramma
874:
871:Trichogramma
870:
843:
818:
814:
811:Trichogramma
810:
804:
790:Trichogramma
789:
786:
776:Trichogramma
775:
772:Yarra Valley
765:
761:Trichogramma
760:
756:
753:codling moth
742:
741:
736:
730:T. pretiosum
729:
725:T. pretiosum
724:
723:
719:T. pretiosum
718:
709:
705:T. pretiosum
703:
697:
691:
685:
679:
673:
667:
661:
655:
653:
650:Species used
633:
628:In 2021 the
627:
620:
616:
608:Trichogramma
607:
603:
600:Trichogramma
599:
595:
591:
585:
581:Trichogramma
580:
579:
571:
568:Trichogramma
567:
563:Trichogramma
562:
561:
554:
548:
542:
536:
533:Trichogramma
532:
529:Trichogramma
528:
526:
521:
517:
511:
507:
504:Trichogramma
503:
501:
494:
491:lepidopteran
487:Trichogramma
486:
485:
471:
463:
459:Trichogramma
458:
454:
452:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
412:Trichogramma
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
394:, including
392:Trichogramma
391:
389:
384:
381:Trichogramma
380:
377:Trichogramma
376:
372:
359:
355:
349:
348:
344:Trichogramma
343:
339:
333:Trichogramma
332:
329:Trichogramma
328:
321:T. pretiosum
320:
316:
308:
300:
297:Trichogramma
296:
294:
289:Trichogramma
288:
287:
278:
266:
235:chemosensory
231:Trichogramma
230:
229:
216:neuroscience
212:Trichogramma
211:
210:
206:Trichogramma
205:
202:Trichogramma
201:
195:
187:Trichogramma
186:
174:Trichogramma
173:
172:
171:
164:
148:Trichogramma
147:
146:
41:
25:Trichogramma
24:
18:
2077:iNaturalist
1945:Wikispecies
1755:Helicoverpa
1512:: 375–406.
1120:: 157–176.
1022:: 463–484.
757:T. carverae
737:T. carverae
711:T. thalense
699:T. platneri
693:T. nubilale
681:T. fuentesi
642:to control
446:is limited
179:polyphagous
123:Subfamily:
107:Hymenoptera
2200:Categories
1409:BioScience
1273:"Chalcids"
1231:BioControl
1112:species".
900:BioControl
815:BioControl
797:References
687:T. minutum
675:T. exiguum
640:pheromones
518:T. minutum
508:T. minutum
496:Drosophila
360:Wolbachia-
317:T. minutum
275:Parasitism
251:mouthparts
87:Arthropoda
1586:Hilgardia
1526:0066-4170
1473:0168-9525
1403:Wolbachia
1295:Wolbachia
1198:: 13–31.
1091:0028-2960
1052:221938883
1036:0066-4170
944:Service).
472:Wolbachia
468:oogenesis
464:Wolbachia
455:Wolbachia
444:Wolbachia
440:Wolbachia
436:Wolbachia
428:Wolbachia
424:Wolbachia
416:Wolbachia
396:T. kaykai
385:Wolbachia
373:Wolbachia
356:Wolbachia
351:Wolbachia
340:Wolbachia
263:genitalia
226:Sensation
73:Kingdom:
67:Eukaryota
1986:BugGuide
1936:Q2662992
1930:Wikidata
1783:83477611
1551:96421784
1542:33808315
1534:15012334
1481:12683975
1383:15129961
1259:18701180
1173:84163027
1044:32976724
992:28597098
835:34509414
788:List of
669:T. deion
590:because
448:in vitro
420:in vitro
408:In vitro
305:taxonomy
243:antennae
239:sensilla
159:Species
113:Family:
83:Phylum:
77:Animalia
63:Domain:
2157:1048704
2095:1240539
2069:1384396
1897:Article
1697:. 2022.
1431:1313355
1374:1691627
1322:1689218
1239:Bibcode
1153:Bibcode
983:5579201
908:Bibcode
792:species
783:Species
313:neotype
220:neurons
143:Genus:
133:Tribe:
103:Order:
97:Insecta
93:Class:
40:Female
2170:150539
2141:NZOR:
2108:153756
2082:250417
2030:1TRIGG
1991:517261
1889:Manual
1781:
1549:
1540:
1532:
1524:
1479:
1471:
1429:
1381:
1371:
1319:
1257:
1171:
1089:
1050:
1042:
1034:
990:
980:
833:
708:, and
619:maize/
367:, and
2178:Plazi
2090:IRMNG
2043:78207
2017:32381
1978:24358
1779:S2CID
1547:S2CID
1538:S2CID
1508:(1).
1427:JSTOR
1255:S2CID
1169:S2CID
1048:S2CID
1018:(1).
896:(PDF)
831:S2CID
588:crops
383:, if
303:. In
2134:7490
2129:NCBI
2103:ITIS
2064:GBIF
2025:EPPO
2004:7ZCZ
1973:BOLD
1530:PMID
1522:ISSN
1477:PMID
1469:ISSN
1379:PMID
1108:and
1087:ISSN
1040:PMID
1032:ISSN
988:PMID
751:and
623:corn
319:and
255:wing
247:eyes
2116:NBN
2012:EoL
1999:CoL
1960:AFD
1863:doi
1826:doi
1771:doi
1736:doi
1674:doi
1644:doi
1594:doi
1514:doi
1461:doi
1417:doi
1369:PMC
1361:doi
1357:271
1317:PMC
1309:doi
1305:265
1247:doi
1200:doi
1161:doi
1149:106
1122:doi
1079:doi
1024:doi
978:PMC
968:doi
964:369
916:doi
823:doi
614:if
559:).
457:in
402:and
342:in
265:of
259:leg
2202::
2180::
2167::
2154::
2131::
2118::
2105::
2092::
2079::
2066::
2053::
2040::
2027::
2014::
2001::
1988::
1975::
1962::
1947::
1932::
1859:90
1857:.
1853:.
1822:90
1820:.
1816:.
1777:.
1767:13
1765:.
1732:47
1730:.
1693:.
1670:68
1668:.
1664:.
1640:37
1638:.
1588:.
1584:.
1536:.
1528:.
1520:.
1506:41
1504:.
1475:.
1467:.
1457:19
1455:.
1439:^
1425:.
1413:48
1411:.
1407:.
1391:^
1377:.
1367:.
1355:.
1351:.
1331:^
1315:.
1303:.
1299:.
1281:^
1253:.
1245:.
1235:57
1233:.
1196:61
1194:.
1167:.
1159:.
1147:.
1118:22
1116:.
1085:.
1075:30
1073:.
1046:.
1038:.
1030:.
1016:66
1014:.
1000:^
986:.
976:.
962:.
958:.
914:.
904:54
902:.
898:.
852:^
829:.
817:.
714:.
702:,
696:,
690:,
684:,
678:,
672:,
666:,
660:,
621:Bt
617:Bt
604:Bt
596:Bt
592:Bt
586:Bt
516:.
398:,
257:,
253:,
249:,
245:,
1871:.
1865::
1834:.
1828::
1785:.
1773::
1742:.
1738::
1680:.
1676::
1650:.
1646::
1602:.
1596::
1590:4
1582:"
1553:.
1544:.
1516::
1483:.
1463::
1433:.
1419::
1401:"
1385:.
1363::
1325:.
1311::
1275:.
1261:.
1249::
1241::
1206:.
1202::
1175:.
1163::
1155::
1128:.
1124::
1093:.
1081::
1054:.
1026::
994:.
970::
924:.
918::
910::
837:.
825::
819:5
575:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
