224:
287:
133:
662:
712:
464:
276:
577:
33:
878:
Heppner, John B; Richman, David B; Naranjo, Steven E; Habeck, Dale; Asaro, Christopher; Boevé, Jean-Luc; Baumgärtner, Johann; Schneider, David C; Lambdin, Paris; Cave, Ronald D; Ratcliffe, Brett C; Heppner, John B; Baldwin, Rebecca W; Scherer, Clay W; Frank, J. Howard; Dunford, James C; Somma, Louis
624:
of the order; it is a long tube formed by the paired galeae of the maxillae. Unlike sucking organs in other orders of insects, the
Lepidopteran proboscis can coil up so completely that it can fit under the head when not in use. During feeding, however, it extends to reach the nectar of flowers or
428:
In chewing insects, adductor and abductor muscles extend from inside the cranium to within the bases of the stipites and cardines much as happens with the mandibles in feeding, and also in using the maxillae as tools. To some extent the maxillae are more mobile than the mandibles, and the galeae,
673:
In female mosquitoes, all mouthparts are elongated. The labium encloses all other mouthparts, the stylets, like a sheath. The labrum forms the main feeding tube, through which blood is sucked. The sharp tips of the labrum and maxillae pierce the host's skin. During piercing, the labium remains
178:
that may vary greatly across insect species, as they are adapted to particular modes of feeding. The earliest insects had chewing mouthparts. Most specialisation of mouthparts are for piercing and sucking, and this mode of feeding has evolved a number of times independently. For example,
879:
A; Richman, David. B; Krafsur, E. S; Crooker, Allen; Heppner, John B; Capinera, John L; Menalled, Fabián D; Liebman, Matt; Capinera, John L; Teal, Peter E. A; Hoy, Marjorie A; Lloyd, James E; Sivinski, John; et al. (2008). "Silkworm Moths (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae)".
559:
The hypopharynx is a somewhat globular structure, located medially to the mandibles and the maxillae. In many species it is membranous and associated with salivary glands. It assists in swallowing the food. The hypopharynx divides the oral cavity into two parts: the
745:'s surface is covered by minute food channels, formed by the interlocking elongate hypopharynx and epipharynx, forming a proboscis used to channel liquid food to the oesophagus. The food channel draws liquid and liquified food to the oesophagus by
339:
In carnivorous chewing insects, the mandibles commonly are particularly serrated and knife-like, and often with piercing points. In herbivorous chewing insects mandibles tend to be broader and flatter on their opposing faces, as for example in
455:
The labium typically is a roughly quadrilateral structure, formed by paired, fused secondary maxillae. It is the major component of the floor of the mouth. Typically, together with the maxillae, the labium assists manipulation of food during
136:
The development of insect mouthparts from the primitive chewing mouthparts of a grasshopper in the centre (A), to the lapping type (B) of a bee, the siphoning type (C) of a butterfly and the sucking type (D) of a female mosquito. Legend:
421:). At the outer margin, the typical galea is a cupped or scoop-like structure, located over the outer edge of the labium. In non-chewing insects, such as adult Lepidoptera, the maxillae may be drastically adapted to other functions.
694:
is the possession of mouthparts where the mandibles and maxillae are modified into a proboscis, sheathed within a modified labium, which is capable of piercing tissues and sucking out the liquids. For example, true bugs, such as
487:. In these insects, the labium folds neatly beneath the head and thorax, but the insect can flick it out to snatch prey and bear it back to the head, where the chewing mouthparts can demolish it and swallow the particles.
527:
to the lacinia and galea of maxillae. The labial palps borne on the sides of labium are the counterparts of maxillary palps. Like the maxillary palps, the labial palps aid sensory function in eating. In many species the
367:, the mandibles are elongate and toothed, used both as hunting and defensive appendages. In bees, that feed primarily by the use of a proboscis, the primary use of the mandibles is to manipulate and shape wax, and many
211:, and having the same evolutionary origin. However, even if structures are almost physically and functionally identical, they may not be homologous; their analogous functions and appearance might be the product of
424:
Unlike the mandibles, but like the labium, the maxillae bear lateral palps on their stipites. These palps serve as organs of touch and taste in feeding and in the inspection of potential foods and/or prey.
467:
Dragonfly nymph feeding on fish that it has caught with its labium and snatched back to the other mouthparts for eating. The labium is just visible from the side, between the front pairs of legs.
440:
than mandibles, so they are more important in manipulating soft, liquid, or particulate food rather than cutting or crushing food such as material that requires the mandibles to cut or crush.
223:
749:. The housefly is able to eat solid food by secreting saliva and dabbing it over the food item. As the saliva dissolves the food, the solution is then drawn up into the mouth as a liquid.
1022:
584:
This section deals only with insects that feed by sucking fluids, as a rule without piercing their food first, and without sponging or licking. Typical examples are adult
286:
203:
are highly derived. Insect mouthparts show a multitude of different functional mechanisms across the wide diversity of insect species. It is common for significant
355:, the mandibles are modified to such an extent that they do not serve any feeding function, but are instead used to defend mating sites from other males. In some
600:
do pierce fruit to the extent that they are regarded as serious orchard pests. Some moths do not feed after emerging from the pupa, and have greatly reduced,
823:
532:
of the labium is much more complex than that of the other jaws, because in most, the ligula, palps and prementum all can be moved independently.
999:
923:
896:
800:
612:
have fully developed mandibles as adults), but also have the remaining mouthparts in the form of an elongated sucking tube, the proboscis.
471:
The role of the labium in some insects, however, is adapted to special functions; perhaps the most dramatic example is in the jaws of the
336:). They do this mainly in opening and closing their jaws in feeding, but also in using the mandibles as tools, or possibly in fighting.
50:
789:
542:, the labium is elongated to form a tube and tongue, and these insects are classified as having both chewing and lapping mouthparts.
774:
116:
1017:
97:
69:
54:
941:"Piercing and sucking mouth parts sensilla of irradiated mosquito, Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) with gamma radiation"
380:
309:
76:
430:
395:
317:
270:
132:
637:
within them) have mouthparts that pierce food items to enable sucking of internal fluids. Some are herbivorous, like
83:
43:
830:
742:
625:
other fluids. In certain specialist pollinators, the proboscis may be several times the body length of the moth.
915:
The Citrus
Industry: Crop protection, postharvest technology, and early history of citrus research in California
711:
301:
436:
Maxillae in most insects function partly like mandibles in feeding, but they are more mobile and less heavily
312:. Typically the mandibles are the largest and most robust mouthparts of a chewing insect, and it uses them to
65:
1037:
661:
191:) both pierce and suck, though female mosquitoes feed on animal blood whereas aphids feed on plant fluids.
605:
444:
725:
621:
212:
174:
383:
manipulate and, in chewing insects, partly masticate, food. Each maxilla consists of two parts, the
329:
321:
524:
204:
90:
995:
989:
970:
919:
892:
854:
770:
492:
325:
913:
811:
960:
952:
884:
746:
634:
609:
588:. As is usually the case with insects, there are variations: some moths, such as species of
547:
463:
333:
620:
The proboscis, as seen in adult
Lepidoptera, is one of the defining characteristics of the
666:
472:
352:
300:
A chewing insect has a pair of mandibles, one on each side of the head. The mandibles are
965:
940:
720:
364:
292:
280:
1031:
767:
Imms' General
Textbook of Entomology: Volume 1: Structure, Physiology and Development
703:
have the same mouthparts, but they are used to pierce the cuticles of captured prey.
682:, is injected into the food item and blood sucked out, each through different tubes.
679:
596:
363:, the mandibles also serve a defensive function (particularly in soldier castes). In
253:. Some insects do not have chewing mouthparts as adults but chew solid food in their
433:, both in feeding and in working, for example in nest building by mud-dauber wasps.
888:
700:
646:
601:
316:(cut, tear, crush, chew) food items. Two sets of muscles move the mandibles in the
275:
17:
576:
551:) is an example of an insect that has small labial palpi and no maxillary palpi.
585:
484:
480:
457:
348:
341:
313:
258:
246:
32:
956:
604:
mouthparts or none at all. All but a few adult
Lepidoptera lack mandibles (the
696:
642:
368:
208:
715:
691:
539:
242:
188:
974:
790:
Head, Mandibles, and unusual Labium of
Dragonfly Nymph (viewed from below)
738:
650:
590:
437:
384:
305:
200:
180:
512:
476:
360:
169:
675:
529:
250:
991:
Encyclopedic
Reference of Parasitology: Biology, Structure, Function
710:
660:
638:
575:
462:
285:
274:
254:
222:
184:
496:, and its broad basal portion is divided into regions called the
227:
The trophi, or mouthparts of a locust, a typical chewing insect:
669:
supports the bundle of stylets which penetrates the host's skin.
665:
Mouthparts of a female mosquito feeding on blood. The flexible
207:
to be conserved, with matching structures forming from matching
490:
The labium is attached at the rear end of the structure called
429:
laciniae, and palps also can move up and down somewhat, in the
371:
have mandibles adapted to scraping and ingesting wood fibres.
356:
26:
674:
outside the food item's skin, folding away from the stylets.
199:
Like most external features of arthropods, the mouthparts of
939:
Zahran, Nagwan; Sawires, Sameh; Hamza, Ali (2022-10-25).
812:
535:
The labium is innervated by the sub-esophageal ganglia.
699:, feed on the fluids of plants. Predatory bugs such as
405:). At the apex of each stipes are two lobes, the inner
994:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 310.
508:, which is the distal section, and furthest anterior.
443:Like the mandibles, maxillae are innervated by the
379:Situated beneath (caudal to) the mandibles, paired
57:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
515:; this consists of an inner pair of lobes called
296:) lapping mouthparts, showing labium and maxillae
580:Butterflies coil the proboscis when not feeding.
824:"Structure and function of insect mouthparts"
633:A number of insect orders (or more precisely
8:
511:The prementum bears a structure called the
964:
117:Learn how and when to remove this message
261:are major examples of such adaptations.
131:
757:
765:Richards, O. W.; Davies, R.G. (1977).
645:, while others are carnivorous, like
347:In males of some species, such as of
7:
1018:Form & Function: the Insect Head
918:. UCANR Publications. pp. 64–.
568:into which the salivary duct opens.
241:Examples of chewing insects include
55:adding citations to reliable sources
855:"Hymenoptera: ants, bees and wasps"
741:is a typical sponging insect. The
690:The defining feature of the order
500:, which is the proximal part, the
25:
564:or dorsal food pouch and ventral
129:Overview of mouthparts of insects
31:
324:move insects' mandibles apart (
42:needs additional citations for
889:10.1007/978-1-4020-6359-6_4198
1:
724:): note also the protruding
629:Piercing and sucking insects
271:Mandible (insect mouthpart)
183:(which are true flies) and
1054:
957:10.1038/s41598-022-22348-0
881:Encyclopedia of Entomology
519:and a lateral pair called
268:
988:Mehlhorn, Heinz (2001).
912:Walter Reuther (1989).
523:. These structures are
504:in the middle, and the
729:
670:
581:
468:
297:
283:
238:
166:
714:
664:
586:moths and butterflies
579:
466:
445:subesophageal ganglia
332:bring them together (
289:
278:
259:moths and butterflies
226:
135:
769:. Berlin: Springer.
545:The wild silk moth (
213:convergent evolution
51:improve this article
883:. pp. 3375–6.
290:European honeybee (
279:The mandibles of a
66:"Insect mouthparts"
18:Mouthparts (insect)
945:Scientific Reports
730:
671:
582:
469:
304:to the labrum and
298:
284:
239:
167:
1001:978-3-540-66819-0
925:978-0-931876-87-5
898:978-1-4020-6242-1
801:Insect Mouthparts
610:mandibulate moths
572:Siphoning insects
127:
126:
119:
101:
16:(Redirected from
1045:
1006:
1005:
985:
979:
978:
968:
936:
930:
929:
909:
903:
902:
875:
869:
868:
867:
865:
851:
845:
844:
842:
841:
835:
829:. Archived from
828:
820:
814:
809:
803:
798:
792:
787:
781:
780:
762:
747:capillary action
707:Sponging insects
548:Bombyx mandarina
330:adductor muscles
322:abductor muscles
145:, compound eye;
122:
115:
111:
108:
102:
100:
59:
35:
27:
21:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1047:
1046:
1044:
1043:
1042:
1028:
1027:
1023:Labelled photos
1014:
1009:
1002:
987:
986:
982:
938:
937:
933:
926:
911:
910:
906:
899:
877:
876:
872:
863:
861:
853:
852:
848:
839:
837:
833:
826:
822:
821:
817:
810:
806:
799:
795:
788:
784:
777:
764:
763:
759:
755:
735:
709:
688:
659:
631:
618:
574:
557:
453:
377:
273:
267:
236:
234:
232:
230:
228:
221:
219:Chewing insects
197:
130:
123:
112:
106:
103:
60:
58:
48:
36:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1051:
1049:
1041:
1040:
1038:Insect anatomy
1030:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1020:
1013:
1012:External links
1010:
1008:
1007:
1000:
980:
931:
924:
904:
897:
870:
846:
815:
804:
793:
782:
775:
756:
754:
751:
734:
731:
721:Gonia capitata
708:
705:
687:
684:
680:anticoagulants
658:
655:
630:
627:
617:
614:
573:
570:
556:
553:
452:
449:
431:sagittal plane
376:
373:
320:of the mouth:
293:Apis mellifera
269:Main article:
266:
263:
220:
217:
196:
193:
128:
125:
124:
39:
37:
30:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1050:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1033:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1011:
1003:
997:
993:
992:
984:
981:
976:
972:
967:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
935:
932:
927:
921:
917:
916:
908:
905:
900:
894:
890:
886:
882:
874:
871:
860:
856:
850:
847:
836:on 2010-06-10
832:
825:
819:
816:
813:
808:
805:
802:
797:
794:
791:
786:
783:
778:
776:0-412-61390-5
772:
768:
761:
758:
752:
750:
748:
744:
740:
732:
727:
723:
722:
717:
713:
706:
704:
702:
701:assassin bugs
698:
693:
685:
683:
681:
677:
668:
663:
656:
654:
652:
648:
647:assassin bugs
644:
640:
636:
628:
626:
623:
615:
613:
611:
608:known as the
607:
603:
599:
598:
593:
592:
587:
578:
571:
569:
567:
563:
554:
552:
550:
549:
543:
541:
536:
533:
531:
526:
522:
518:
514:
509:
507:
503:
499:
495:
494:
488:
486:
482:
478:
474:
465:
461:
459:
450:
448:
446:
441:
439:
434:
432:
426:
422:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
397:
393:
389:
386:
382:
374:
372:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
345:
343:
337:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
318:coronal plane
315:
311:
307:
303:
295:
294:
288:
282:
277:
272:
264:
262:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
237:5 Hypopharynx
231:2 Mandibles;
225:
218:
216:
214:
210:
206:
202:
194:
192:
190:
186:
182:
177:
176:
171:
164:
160:
157:, mandibles;
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
134:
121:
118:
110:
107:December 2023
99:
96:
92:
89:
85:
82:
78:
75:
71:
68: –
67:
63:
62:Find sources:
56:
52:
46:
45:
40:This article
38:
34:
29:
28:
19:
990:
983:
951:(1): 17833.
948:
944:
934:
914:
907:
880:
873:
862:, retrieved
858:
849:
838:. Retrieved
831:the original
818:
807:
796:
785:
766:
760:
736:
726:labial palps
719:
718:of the fly (
689:
672:
632:
619:
595:
589:
583:
565:
561:
558:
546:
544:
537:
534:
520:
516:
510:
505:
501:
497:
491:
489:
470:
454:
442:
435:
427:
423:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
391:
387:
378:
353:Cerambycidae
346:
342:caterpillars
338:
299:
291:
247:grasshoppers
240:
198:
173:
168:
165:hypopharynx.
162:
161:, maxillae;
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
141:, antennae;
138:
113:
104:
94:
87:
80:
73:
61:
49:Please help
44:verification
41:
697:shield bugs
678:containing
649:and female
643:leafhoppers
606:superfamily
555:Hypopharynx
530:musculature
521:paraglossae
485:damselflies
481:dragonflies
458:mastication
438:sclerotised
369:paper wasps
257:phase. The
243:dragonflies
233:3 Maxillae
187:(which are
840:2016-01-08
753:References
651:mosquitoes
622:morphology
566:salivarium
525:homologous
409:and outer
181:mosquitoes
175:mouthparts
153:, labrum;
149:, labium;
77:newspapers
716:Proboscis
692:Hemiptera
686:Proboscis
616:Proboscis
602:vestigial
540:honey bee
506:prementum
498:submentum
413:(plurals
365:bull ants
351:and some
349:Lucanidae
326:laterally
314:masticate
235:4 Labium
229:1 Labrum
209:primordia
195:Evolution
189:true bugs
1032:Category
975:36284127
743:labellum
739:housefly
733:Labellum
635:families
591:Serrodes
562:cibarium
493:cibarium
415:laciniae
403:stipites
401:(plural
392:cardines
390:(plural
385:proximal
381:maxillae
361:termites
334:medially
310:maxillae
306:anterior
281:bull ant
265:Mandible
205:homology
201:Hexapoda
966:9596698
864:8 April
657:Stylets
538:In the
517:glossae
477:Odonata
475:of the
407:lacinia
394:), and
375:Maxilla
308:to the
251:beetles
170:Insects
91:scholar
998:
973:
963:
922:
895:
773:
676:Saliva
667:labium
639:aphids
597:Achaea
513:ligula
502:mentum
479:, the
473:nymphs
451:Labium
419:galeae
399:stipes
396:distal
302:caudal
255:larval
185:aphids
93:
86:
79:
72:
64:
859:CSIRO
834:(PDF)
827:(PDF)
411:galea
388:cardo
172:have
98:JSTOR
84:books
996:ISBN
971:PMID
920:ISBN
893:ISBN
866:2012
771:ISBN
737:The
641:and
594:and
483:and
417:and
359:and
357:ants
249:and
70:news
961:PMC
953:doi
885:doi
460:.
328:);
53:by
1034::
969:.
959:.
949:12
947:.
943:.
891:.
857:,
653:.
447:.
344:.
245:,
215:.
163:hp
159:mx
155:md
151:lr
147:lb
1004:.
977:.
955::
928:.
901:.
887::
843:.
779:.
728:.
143:c
139:a
120:)
114:(
109:)
105:(
95:·
88:·
81:·
74:·
47:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
