455:
472:
311:
54:
829:
treatment modalities include oral terbinafine, oral itraconazole, and intermittent "pulse therapy" with oral itraconazole
Fingernail infections can be treated in 6–8 weeks while toenail infections may take up to 12 weeks to achieve cure. Topical treatment by occlusive dressing combining 20% urea paste with 2% tolnaftate have also shown promise in softening the nail plate to promote penetration of the antifungal agent to the nail bed.
33:
828:
Tinea unguium presents a much greater therapeutic challenge as topical creams do not penetrate the nail bed. Historically, systemic griseofulvin treatment showed improvements in some patients with tinea unguium; however, failure was common even in lengthy treatment courses (e.g., > 1 yr). Current
464:
isolated from toenail (left to right): Primary isolation from scrapings on
Sabouraud's dextrose agar with cycloheximide, chloramphenicol and gentamicin (14 d); Greenish colonies on Littman Oxgall agar (14 d); Restricted, red colony without pH change on Bromocresol Purple Milk Solids Glucose agar (10
1624:
De
Doncker, P; Decroix, J; Piérard, GE; Roelant, D; Woestenborghs, R; Jacqmin, P; Odds, F; Heremans, A; Dockx, P; Roseeuw, D (January 1996). "Antifungal pulse therapy for onychomycosis. A pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic investigation of monthly cycles of 1-week pulse therapy with itraconazole".
775:
This species has a propensity to infect glabrous (hairless) skin and is only exceptionally known from other sites. Transmission occurs via infected towels, linens, clothing (contributing factors are high humidity, heat, perspiration, diabetes mellitus, obesity, friction from clothes). Infection can
516:
from other dermatophytes by means of characteristic micromorphology in culture, usually consisting of small, tear-drop-shaped microconidia, as well as its usual blood-red colony reverse pigmentation on most growth media. In addition, the
Bromocresol purple (BCP) milk solid glucose agar test can be
1181:
Martinez DA, Oliver BG, Gräser Y, Goldberg JM, Li W, Martinez-Rossi NM, Monod M, Shelest E, Barton RC, Birch E, Brakhage AA, Chen Z, Gurr SJ, Heiman D, Heitman J, Kosti I, Rossi A, Saif S, Samalova M, Saunders CW, Shea T, Summerbell RC, Xu J, Young S, Zeng Q, Birren BW, Cuomo CA, White TC (2012).
710:
are frequently chronic, remaining limited to the nails of only one or two digits for many years without progression. Spontaneous cure is rare. These infections are usually unresponsive to topical treatments and respond only to systemic therapy. Although it is most frequently seen in adults,
373:
form two distinct biogeographical subpopulations. One is largely restricted to parts of Africa and southern Asia, while the other consists of a population that has spread around the world. Isolates of the Afro-Asiatic subpopulation most commonly manifest clinically as
636:, in which the entire foot forms white scaly patches and infections usually affect both feet. Individuals with tinea pedis are likely to have infection at multiple sites. Infections can be spontaneously cured or controlled by topical antifungal treatment. Although
560:
infections are restricted to the upper layers of the epidermis; however, deeper infections are possible. Approximately 80–93% of chronic dermatophyte infections in many parts of the developed world are thought to be caused by
808:
infections but is no longer used for this indication due to the risk of liver damage as a side effect. Oral terbinafine, itraconazole or fluconazole have all been shown to be safer, effective treatments. Terbinafine and
525:
remains sky blue, indicating neutral pH, until 7 to 10 days after inoculation. In primary outgrowth on
Sabouraud dextrose agar with cycloheximide and antibacterials, contaminating organisms may cause confusion, as
538:
cultures can be isolated on both cycloheximide-containing media and cycloheximide-free media. The latter are conventionally used for the detection of nail infections caused by non-dermatophytes such as
433:
which is common from northwestern India and southeast Asia as well as parts of West Africa, is characterized by strongly granular colonies and is the only variant in the complex that reliably produces
286:
in 1845 and is currently considered to be a complex of species that comprises multiple, geographically patterned morphotypes, several of which have been formally described as distinct taxa, including
735:
have revealed the presence of heat shock proteins, transporters, metabolic enzymes and a system of up-regulation of key enzymes in the glyoxylate cycle. The species secretes more than 20 different
530:
colonies deprived of glucose by competing contaminants may grow without forming the species' distinctive red pigment. Both antibiotic-resistant bacteria and saprotrophic fungi may outcompete
565:, including cases of tinea pedis (foot), tinea unguium (nail), tinea manuum (hand), tinea cruris (groin), and tinea corporis (arms and leg), as well as some cases of tinea barbae (beard).
680:
is the most common cause of this disease, also known as 'jock itch.' Infections cause reddish brown lesions mainly on the upper thighs and trunk, that are border by raised edge.
441:, combinations of varying species of the genus can have multiplicative effects that are invisible to the host immune system, resulting in potentially chronic infection.
1538:
Vural, Emre; Winfield, Harry L.; Shingleton, Alexander W.; Horn, Thomas D.; Shafirstein, Gal (2007). "The effects of laser irradiation on
Trichophyton rubrum growth".
534:
for glucose if they contaminate the sample. Red pigment production can be restored in such contaminated isolates using casamino acids erythritol albumin agar (CEA).
3148:
2993:
1581:
Cronin, L; Moffitt, M; Mawad, D; Morton, OC; Lauto, A; Stack, C (June 2014). "An in vitro study of the photodynamic effect of rose bengal on trichophyton rubrum".
1049:"Phylogenetic Classification and Species Identification of Dermatophyte Strains Based on DNA Sequences of Nuclear Ribosomal Internal Transcribed Spacer 1 Regions"
508:
As a preliminary test indicating infection, plucked hairs and skin and nail scrapings can be directly viewed under a microscope for detection of fungal elements.
3032:
3096:
2915:
1117:
Laboratory handbook of dermatophytes : a clinical guide and laboratory handbook of dermatophytes and other filamentous fungi from skin, hair, and nails
611:
in which an infection in one part of the body induces an immune response in the form of a sterile rash at a remote site. The most common clinical forms of
556:
is rarely isolated from animals. In humans, men are more often infected than women. Infections can manifest as both chronic and acute forms. Typically
3135:
2967:
975:
William
Williams, The Principles and Practice of Veterinary Surgery, p.734, W.R. Jenkins, 1894, from the collection of the University of California.
2491:
2175:
1660:
Gupta, AK; Daigle, D; Paquet, M (17 July 2014). "Therapies for
Onychomycosis: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis of Mycological Cure".
330:
are white and cottony on the surface. The colony underside is usually red, although some isolates appear more yellowish and others more brownish.
2406:
2146:
2142:
1361:
1124:
632:
is one of the most common causes of chronic tinea pedis commonly known as athlete's foot. Chronic infections of tinea pedis result in
603:. Mannan, a component of the fungal cell wall, can also suppress immune responses, although the mechanism of action remains unknown.
2356:
1712:
1397:
776:
be avoided by lifestyle and hygiene modifications such as avoiding walking barefoot on damp floors particularly in communal areas.
3209:
2391:
2170:
2165:
1872:
2496:
2137:
1862:
1867:
800:
hydrochloride, butenafine hydrochloride and undecylenic acid are effective. For more severe or complicated infections, oral
1184:"Comparative genome analysis of Trichophyton rubrum and related dermatophytes reveals candidate genes involved in infection"
310:
3019:
2211:
1047:
Makimura, Koichi; Tamura, Y; Mochizuki, T; Hasegawa, A; Tajiri, Y; Hanazawa, R; Uchida, K; Saito, H; Yamaguchi, H (1999).
2759:
702:
tends to be restricted to the underside of the nail plate and is characterized by the formation of white plaques on the
698:
is now the most common cause of invasive fungal nail disease (called onychomycosis or tinea unguium). Nail invasion by
53:
2831:
731:
ancestor, establishing itself ultimately as an exclusive agent of dermatophytosis on human hosts. Genetic analyses of
706:
that can spread to the entire nail. The nail often thickens and becomes brittle, turns brown or black. Infections by
595:
infections do not elicit strong inflammatory responses, as this agent suppresses cellular immune responses involving
346:. Growth is inhibited in the presence of certain sulfur-, nitrogen- and phosphorus-containing compounds. Isolates of
521:
species release different amounts of ammonium ion, altering the pH of this medium. In this test, medium supporting
3204:
1937:
1879:
821:
infections have been found to be susceptible to photodynamic treatment, laser irradiation, and photoactivation of
3037:
2667:
541:
3199:
2674:
2236:
1916:
573:
in which case it is characterized by fungal element in follicles and foreign body giant cells in the dermis. A
929:"Gene expression profiling in the human pathogenic dermatophyte Trichophyton rubrum during growth on proteins"
2906:
994:
Gräser, Y; Scott, J; Summerbell, R (2008). "The new species concept in dermatophytes-a polyphasic approach".
3214:
2755:
2718:
2660:
2585:
2560:
2554:
2351:
2043:
1965:
927:
Zaugg, C; Monod, M; Weber, J; Harshman, K; Pradervand, S; Thomas, J; Bueno, M; Giddey, K; Staib, P (2009).
767:
shares phylogenetic affiliations with other dermatophytes, it has a distinctive protein regulation system.
2868:
2783:
2714:
2453:
2442:
2371:
2361:
2346:
2252:
2217:
2189:
2154:
2126:
1944:
1440:
El-Gohary, M; van Zuuren, EJ; Fedorowicz, Z; Burgess, H; Doney, L; Stuart, B; Moore, M; Little, P (2014).
1003:
784:
Treatment depends on the locus and severity of infection. For tinea pedis, many antifungal creams such as
640:
tinea pedis in children is extremely rare, it has been reported in children as young as two years of age.
276:
2526:
2274:
1930:
1705:
148:
2304:
845:
342:. Macroconidia, when present, are smooth-walled and narrowly club-shaped, although most isolates lack
3176:
3127:
3047:
2959:
2941:
2700:
2690:
2504:
2401:
2396:
2260:
2183:
2122:
545:. A skin test is ineffective in diagnosing active infection and often yields false negative results.
512:
cannot be distinguished from other dermatophytes in this direct examination. It can be distinguished
1300:
Dahl, MV; Grando, SA (1994). "Chronic dermatophytosis: what is special about
Trichophyton rubrum?".
1008:
454:
32:
2812:
2540:
2532:
2366:
2724:
2706:
2522:
2518:
2435:
2428:
2386:
2132:
1606:
1563:
1029:
281:
170:
48:
3153:
2998:
3109:
3055:
2928:
2851:
2836:
1987:
1923:
1852:
1677:
1642:
1598:
1555:
1520:
1471:
1393:
1357:
1309:
1279:
1213:
1163:
1120:
1078:
1021:
958:
906:
256:
115:
489:(right) showing differential responses on Bromocresol Purple Milk Solids Glucose agar (7 d).
2789:
2745:
2685:
2604:
2421:
2341:
2330:
2102:
2038:
1698:
1669:
1634:
1590:
1547:
1510:
1502:
1461:
1453:
1269:
1261:
1203:
1195:
1153:
1068:
1060:
1013:
948:
940:
896:
888:
703:
582:
3060:
501:
produces weak growth accompanied by clearing of the milk solids and a purple colour change.
2646:
2001:
1894:
1889:
1830:
1793:
813:(topical creams) have been successfully treated tinea cruris and tinea corporis caused by
1506:
1466:
1441:
471:
3122:
2954:
2774:
2591:
2448:
2298:
2287:
2266:
2160:
1825:
1743:
1725:
1515:
1490:
1350:
1208:
1183:
953:
928:
375:
249:
95:
1690:
1274:
1249:
581:. Extensive granuloma formations may occur in patients with immune deficiencies (e.g.
3193:
3101:
2920:
2846:
2807:
2740:
2653:
2576:
2481:
2465:
2414:
2280:
2247:
2242:
2023:
1857:
1835:
1813:
1073:
1048:
901:
892:
876:
744:
689:
633:
387:
379:
1610:
1567:
3114:
2933:
2636:
2597:
2546:
2486:
2057:
2051:
2007:
1951:
1884:
1847:
1842:
1809:
1788:
1457:
1033:
801:
789:
740:
667:
649:
570:
343:
335:
238:
125:
1064:
3087:
877:"Molecular markers reveal exclusively clonal reproduction in Trichophyton rubrum"
382:. In contrast, the globally-distributed subpopulation manifests predominantly in
3024:
2980:
2900:
2621:
2475:
2336:
2292:
2203:
1993:
822:
797:
624:
608:
596:
383:
1158:
1141:
2841:
2824:
2616:
2510:
2376:
2113:
2093:
2032:
1779:
1752:
1638:
1551:
1414:
1017:
793:
785:
415:
351:
255:
that colonizes the upper layers of dead skin, and is the most common cause of
252:
245:
105:
85:
2891:
2631:
1766:
810:
728:
578:
419:
264:
65:
1681:
1602:
1594:
1559:
1524:
1475:
1217:
1082:
1025:
962:
910:
1646:
1313:
1283:
1199:
394:
complex are endemic to different regions; isolates previously referred to
3161:
3081:
3006:
2885:
2818:
2381:
1761:
1167:
756:
736:
334:
grows slowly in culture with sparse production of teardrop or peg-shaped
268:
1265:
944:
3140:
2972:
2197:
2084:
2078:
2073:
1738:
1733:
1721:
1491:"Effect of intense pulsed light on Trichophyton rubrum growth in vitro"
760:
752:
658:
and is characterized by unilateral infections of the palm of the hand.
600:
260:
2985:
3166:
3011:
1818:
1757:
1673:
437:. In addition to the regioselectivity of these variants of the genus
434:
339:
241:
75:
2862:
1442:"Topical antifungal treatments for tinea cruris and tinea corporis"
763:; they have an optimum pH of 8 and are calcium dependent. Although
2320:
1899:
1748:
309:
1770:
493:
shows unrestricted growth with alkaline (purple) colour change,
2946:
2866:
1694:
406:
are found in Sub-Saharan Africa. All species included in the
1415:"FDA Safety Changes: Ketoconazole Linked With Liver Injury"
804:
was historically shown to be an effective treatment for
585:). Immunodeficient neonates are susceptible to systemic
607:
infection has been associated with the induction of an
314:
Bottom view of a
Sabouraud agar plate with a colony of
1662:
Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association
3071:
2875:
2800:
2773:
2739:
2684:
2630:
2615:
2575:
2464:
2319:
2228:
2112:
2101:
2092:
2072:
2022:
1979:
1908:
1802:
1787:
1778:
1732:
1349:
410:complex are "–" mating type with the exception of
1383:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
715:nail infections have been recorded in children.
1343:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1227:
497:shows restricted growth with no pH change, and
1341:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1140:Youssef, N; Wyborn, CH; Holt, G (March 1978).
1706:
1142:"Antibiotic production by dermatophyte fungi"
199:J. Kane, Salkin, Weitzman & Smitka (1982)
8:
989:
987:
985:
983:
981:
414:which represents the "+" mating type and is
1446:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1388:Kwon-Chung, K.J.; Bennett, John E. (1992).
1295:
1293:
922:
920:
875:Gräser, Y; Kühnisch, J; Presber, W (1999).
2863:
2627:
2109:
2098:
2089:
1799:
1784:
1775:
1713:
1699:
1691:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1092:
31:
20:
1938:Trichophyton interdigitale/mentagrophytes
1514:
1465:
1273:
1207:
1157:
1072:
1007:
952:
900:
694:Once considered a rare causative agent,
2492:Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
2176:Progressive disseminated histoplasmosis
837:
1356:. Philadelphia, Pa.: Lea and Febiger.
7:
3177:f7df6df6-d33e-4509-945b-6d473856a03a
3048:64c93cd8-c978-4080-97a1-80e478353d0c
2407:Erosio interdigitalis blastomycetica
2147:Primary pulmonary coccidioidomycosis
2143:Primary cutaneous coccidioidomycosis
1248:Weitzman, I; Summerbell, RC (1995).
1507:10.3969/j.issn.1673-4254.2017.06.25
1392:. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger.
654:Tinea manuum is commonly caused by
517:used to distinguish it. Different
14:
1413:Lowes, Robert (August 23, 2013).
2392:Congenital cutaneous candidiasis
2171:Primary pulmonary histoplasmosis
2166:Primary cutaneous histoplasmosis
1873:Proximal subungual onychomycosis
1053:Journal of Clinical Microbiology
893:10.1128/jcm.37.11.3713-3717.1999
881:Journal of Clinical Microbiology
470:
453:
52:
2497:Primary cutaneous aspergillosis
2138:Disseminated coccidioidomycosis
1863:White superficial onychomycosis
1146:Journal of General Microbiology
615:infection are described below.
398:originate from Portugal, while
248:. It is an exclusively clonal,
1868:Distal subungual onychomycosis
1458:10.1002/14651858.CD009992.pub2
425:. The mating type identity of
1:
2212:Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
1495:Nan Fang Yi Ke da Xue Xue Bao
1254:Clinical Microbiology Reviews
1065:10.1128/jcm.37.4.920-924.1999
796:(a synthetic thiocarbamate),
569:has also been known to cause
2760:Encephalitozoon intestinalis
2253:South American blastomycosis
2248:North American blastomycosis
1853:Tinea pedis (athlete's foot)
1308:: 97–109, discussion 110–1.
2832:Granuloma gluteale infantum
1858:Tinea unguium/onychomycosis
431:Trichophyton raubitschekii,
390:. Different members of the
3231:
1880:Tinea corporis gladiatorum
1348:DiSalvo, Arthur F (1983).
1159:10.1099/00221287-105-1-105
825:dye by green laser light.
687:
665:
647:
622:
577:infection may also form a
196:Trichophyton raubitschekii
2668:Syncephalastrum racemosum
1639:10.1001/archderm.132.1.34
1552:10.1007/s10103-007-0492-4
1540:Lasers in Medical Science
1489:Huang, H (20 June 2017).
1119:. Belmont, CA: Star Pub.
1018:10.1007/s11046-008-9099-y
542:Neoscytalidium dimidiatum
176:
169:
154:
147:
49:Scientific classification
47:
39:
30:
23:
2675:Apophysomyces variabilis
2237:Blastomyces dermatitidis
1952:Trichophyton schoenleini
1917:Epidermophyton floccosum
747:. These proteases allow
212:Epidermophyton purpureum
3210:Fungi described in 1845
2756:Enterocytozoon bieneusi
2719:Conidiobolus incongruus
2661:Lichtheimia corymbifera
2586:Cryptococcus neoformans
2555:Pseudallescheria boydii
2044:Malassezia folliculitis
1966:Trichophyton verrucosum
1627:Archives of Dermatology
1583:Journal of Biophotonics
1302:Advances in Dermatology
854:www.speciesfungorum.org
850:H. Bang, - GSD Species"
275:was first described by
220:Sabouraudiella purpurea
2784:Rhinosporidium seeberi
2715:Conidiobolus coronatus
2454:Pneumocystis pneumonia
2443:Pneumocystis jirovecii
2372:Candidal onychomycosis
2362:Antibiotic candidiasis
2218:Paracoccidioidomycosis
2190:African histoplasmosis
2155:Histoplasma capsulatum
2127:Coccidioides posadasii
1945:Trichophyton tonsurans
1595:10.1002/jbio.201200168
848:Trichophyton purpureum
323:
3073:Epidermophyton rubrum
2527:Phialophora verrucosa
2357:Chronic mucocutaneous
2275:Talaromyces marneffei
1931:Microsporum audouinii
1200:10.1128/mBio.00259-12
1115:Kane, Julius (1997).
350:are known to produce
338:laterally on fertile
313:
306:Growth and morphology
215:(H. Bang) C.W. Dodge,
188:Trichophyton fischeri
180:Trichophyton megninii
2701:Basidiobolus ranarum
2691:Entomophthoramycosis
2505:Exophiala jeanselmei
2402:Systemic candidiasis
2397:Perianal candidiasis
2261:Sporothrix schenckii
2184:Histoplasma duboisii
2123:Coccidioides immitis
1352:Occupational mycoses
326:Typical isolates of
2907:Trichophyton rubrum
2877:Trichophyton rubrum
2813:Fungal folliculitis
2541:Geotrichum candidum
2533:Chromoblastomycosis
2377:Candidal paronychia
2367:Candidal intertrigo
1959:Trichophyton rubrum
1266:10.1128/CMR.8.2.240
1250:"The dermatophytes"
945:10.1128/EC.00208-08
819:Trichophyton rubrum
725:Trichophyton rubrum
723:It is thought that
630:Trichophyton rubrum
605:Trichophyton rubrum
593:Trichophyton rubrum
567:Trichophyton rubrum
554:Trichophyton rubrum
332:Trichophyton rubrum
316:Trichophyton rubrum
273:Trichophyton rubrum
234:Trichophyton rubrum
158:Trichophyton rubrum
25:Trichophyton rubrum
2725:Conidiobolomycosis
2707:Basidiobolomycosis
2523:Fonsecaea compacta
2519:Fonsecaea pedrosoi
2387:Diaper candidiasis
2133:Coccidioidomycosis
856:. Species Fungorum
324:
204:Trichophyton kanei
164:(Castell.) Sabour.
3205:Arthrodermataceae
3187:
3186:
3056:Open Tree of Life
2869:Taxon identifiers
2860:
2859:
2852:Phaeohyphomycosis
2837:Hyalohyphomycosis
2769:
2768:
2735:
2734:
2571:
2570:
2315:
2314:
2068:
2067:
2033:Malassezia furfur
2018:
2017:
1988:Hortaea werneckii
1975:
1974:
1924:Microsporum canis
491:T. mentagrophytes
479:T. mentagrophytes
429:remains unknown.
422:
230:
229:
223:(H. Bang) Boedijn
208:
207:Summerbell (1987)
200:
192:
184:
183:R. Blanch. (1895)
116:Arthrodermataceae
16:Species of fungus
3222:
3180:
3179:
3170:
3169:
3157:
3156:
3144:
3143:
3131:
3130:
3118:
3117:
3105:
3104:
3092:
3091:
3090:
3064:
3063:
3051:
3050:
3041:
3040:
3028:
3027:
3025:NHMSYS0020536293
3015:
3014:
3002:
3001:
2989:
2988:
2976:
2975:
2963:
2962:
2950:
2949:
2937:
2936:
2924:
2923:
2911:
2910:
2909:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2864:
2790:Rhinosporidiosis
2746:Microsporidiosis
2686:Entomophthorales
2628:
2605:Trichosporonosis
2331:Candida albicans
2305:Adiaspiromycosis
2110:
2099:
2090:
2039:Tinea versicolor
1800:
1785:
1776:
1722:Fungal infection
1715:
1708:
1701:
1692:
1686:
1685:
1674:10.7547/13-110.1
1657:
1651:
1650:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1578:
1572:
1571:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1518:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1469:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1390:Medical mycology
1385:
1368:
1367:
1355:
1345:
1318:
1317:
1297:
1288:
1287:
1277:
1245:
1222:
1221:
1211:
1194:(5): e00259–12.
1178:
1172:
1171:
1161:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1112:
1087:
1086:
1076:
1044:
1038:
1037:
1011:
991:
976:
973:
967:
966:
956:
924:
915:
914:
904:
872:
866:
865:
863:
861:
842:
751:to digest human
583:Cushing syndrome
474:
457:
445:Diagnostic tests
420:
288:T. raubitschekii
285:
261:fungal infection
224:
216:
206:
198:
190:
182:
160:
57:
56:
40:Microconidia of
35:
21:
3230:
3229:
3225:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3220:
3219:
3200:Parasitic fungi
3190:
3189:
3188:
3183:
3175:
3173:
3165:
3160:
3152:
3147:
3139:
3134:
3126:
3121:
3113:
3108:
3100:
3095:
3086:
3085:
3080:
3067:
3059:
3054:
3046:
3044:
3036:
3031:
3023:
3018:
3010:
3005:
2997:
2992:
2984:
2979:
2971:
2966:
2958:
2953:
2945:
2940:
2932:
2927:
2919:
2914:
2905:
2904:
2899:
2890:
2889:
2884:
2871:
2861:
2856:
2796:
2765:
2743:
2731:
2688:
2680:
2647:Rhizopus oryzae
2634:
2619:
2611:
2567:
2460:
2311:
2224:
2105:
2082:
2077:
2064:
2014:
2002:Piedraia hortae
1971:
1904:
1895:Tinea incognito
1890:Tinea imbricata
1794:Dermatophytosis
1791:
1765:
1756:
1747:
1741:
1737:
1728:
1719:
1689:
1659:
1658:
1654:
1623:
1622:
1618:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1488:
1487:
1483:
1452:(8): CD009992.
1439:
1438:
1434:
1424:
1422:
1412:
1411:
1407:
1400:
1387:
1386:
1371:
1364:
1347:
1346:
1321:
1299:
1298:
1291:
1247:
1246:
1225:
1180:
1179:
1175:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1127:
1114:
1113:
1090:
1046:
1045:
1041:
1009:10.1.1.681.6863
1002:(5–6): 239–56.
993:
992:
979:
974:
970:
933:Eukaryotic Cell
926:
925:
918:
874:
873:
869:
859:
857:
844:
843:
839:
835:
782:
773:
727:evolved from a
721:
692:
686:
670:
664:
652:
646:
627:
621:
551:
506:
505:
504:
503:
502:
475:
467:
466:
458:
447:
367:
308:
279:
222:
214:
165:
162:
156:
143:
51:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3228:
3226:
3218:
3217:
3215:Fungus species
3212:
3207:
3202:
3192:
3191:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3181:
3171:
3158:
3145:
3132:
3119:
3106:
3093:
3077:
3075:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3065:
3052:
3042:
3029:
3016:
3003:
2990:
2977:
2964:
2951:
2938:
2925:
2912:
2897:
2881:
2879:
2873:
2872:
2867:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2828:
2827:
2815:
2810:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2794:
2793:
2792:
2779:
2777:
2775:Mesomycetozoea
2771:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2763:
2751:
2749:
2737:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2729:
2728:
2727:
2711:
2710:
2709:
2696:
2694:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2678:
2671:
2664:
2657:
2650:
2642:
2640:
2625:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2609:
2608:
2607:
2602:
2594:
2592:Cryptococcosis
2581:
2579:
2573:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2565:
2564:
2563:
2561:Allescheriasis
2551:
2550:
2549:
2537:
2536:
2535:
2515:
2514:
2513:
2501:
2500:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2471:
2469:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2456:
2451:
2449:Pneumocystosis
2439:
2432:
2425:
2418:
2411:
2410:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2326:
2324:
2317:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2307:
2299:Emmonsia parva
2295:
2290:
2288:Scedosporiosis
2285:
2284:
2283:
2271:
2270:
2269:
2267:Sporotrichosis
2257:
2256:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2222:
2221:
2220:
2208:
2207:
2206:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2180:
2179:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2161:Histoplasmosis
2151:
2150:
2149:
2140:
2135:
2118:
2116:
2107:
2096:
2087:
2070:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2062:
2061:
2060:
2048:
2047:
2046:
2041:
2028:
2026:
2020:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2012:
2011:
2010:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1983:
1981:
1977:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1969:
1962:
1955:
1948:
1941:
1934:
1927:
1920:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1876:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1836:Dermatophytids
1833:
1826:Tinea corporis
1823:
1822:
1821:
1806:
1804:
1797:
1782:
1773:
1744:dermatomycosis
1730:
1729:
1726:mesomycetozoea
1720:
1718:
1717:
1710:
1703:
1695:
1688:
1687:
1652:
1616:
1573:
1546:(4): 349–353.
1530:
1501:(6): 853–857.
1481:
1432:
1405:
1398:
1369:
1363:978-0812108859
1362:
1319:
1289:
1223:
1173:
1152:(1): 105–111.
1132:
1126:978-0898631579
1125:
1088:
1059:(4): 920–924.
1039:
996:Mycopathologia
977:
968:
916:
887:(11): 3713–7.
867:
836:
834:
831:
781:
778:
772:
769:
745:endopeptidases
720:
717:
688:Main article:
685:
682:
666:Main article:
663:
660:
648:Main article:
645:
642:
623:Main article:
620:
617:
550:
547:
476:
469:
468:
459:
452:
451:
450:
449:
448:
446:
443:
376:tinea corporis
366:
363:
307:
304:
257:athlete's foot
250:anthropophilic
244:in the phylum
228:
227:
226:
225:
217:
209:
201:
193:
191:J. Kane (1977)
185:
174:
173:
167:
166:
163:
152:
151:
145:
144:
140:T. rubrum
137:
135:
131:
130:
123:
119:
118:
113:
109:
108:
103:
99:
98:
96:Eurotiomycetes
93:
89:
88:
83:
79:
78:
73:
69:
68:
63:
59:
58:
45:
44:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3227:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3178:
3172:
3168:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3098:
3094:
3089:
3083:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3070:
3062:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3043:
3039:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2917:
2913:
2908:
2902:
2898:
2893:
2887:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2865:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2847:Keratomycosis
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2821:
2820:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2808:Alternariosis
2806:
2805:
2803:
2799:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2785:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2772:
2762:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2742:
2741:Microsporidia
2738:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2721:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2703:
2702:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2687:
2683:
2677:
2676:
2672:
2670:
2669:
2665:
2663:
2662:
2658:
2656:
2655:
2654:Mucor indicus
2651:
2649:
2648:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2633:
2629:
2626:
2623:
2618:
2614:
2606:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2588:
2587:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2577:Basidiomycota
2574:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2557:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2543:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2529:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2507:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2482:Aspergillosis
2480:
2479:
2478:
2477:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2463:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2445:
2444:
2440:
2438:
2437:
2436:C. tropicalis
2433:
2431:
2430:
2429:C. lusitaniae
2426:
2424:
2423:
2419:
2417:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2334:
2333:
2332:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2318:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2301:
2300:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2282:
2281:Talaromycosis
2279:
2278:
2277:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2263:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2243:Blastomycosis
2241:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2227:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2200:
2199:
2198:Lacazia loboi
2195:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2186:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2111:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2085:opportunistic
2080:
2075:
2071:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2024:Basidiomycota
2021:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1978:
1968:
1967:
1963:
1961:
1960:
1956:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1933:
1932:
1928:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1907:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1827:
1824:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1815:
1814:tinea capitis
1811:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1790:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1768:
1763:
1759:
1754:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1716:
1711:
1709:
1704:
1702:
1697:
1696:
1693:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1668:(4): 357–66.
1667:
1663:
1656:
1653:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1620:
1617:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1577:
1574:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1534:
1531:
1526:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1485:
1482:
1477:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1436:
1433:
1420:
1416:
1409:
1406:
1401:
1399:9780812114638
1395:
1391:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1370:
1365:
1359:
1354:
1353:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1320:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1285:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1260:(2): 240–59.
1259:
1255:
1251:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1177:
1174:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1136:
1133:
1128:
1122:
1118:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1043:
1040:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1001:
997:
990:
988:
986:
984:
982:
978:
972:
969:
964:
960:
955:
950:
946:
942:
939:(2): 241–50.
938:
934:
930:
923:
921:
917:
912:
908:
903:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
871:
868:
855:
851:
849:
841:
838:
832:
830:
826:
824:
820:
816:
812:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
779:
777:
770:
768:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
741:exopeptidases
738:
734:
730:
726:
718:
716:
714:
709:
705:
701:
697:
691:
690:Onychomycosis
683:
681:
679:
675:
669:
661:
659:
657:
651:
643:
641:
639:
635:
634:moccasin foot
631:
626:
618:
616:
614:
610:
606:
602:
599:particularly
598:
594:
590:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
559:
555:
548:
546:
544:
543:
537:
533:
529:
524:
520:
515:
511:
500:
496:
492:
488:
485:(center) and
484:
480:
473:
463:
456:
444:
442:
440:
436:
432:
428:
427:T. soudanense
424:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
400:T. soudanense
397:
393:
389:
388:tinea unguium
385:
381:
380:tinea capitis
377:
372:
364:
362:
360:
356:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
321:
317:
312:
305:
303:
301:
300:T. soudanense
297:
293:
289:
283:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
251:
247:
243:
240:
239:dermatophytic
236:
235:
221:
218:
213:
210:
205:
202:
197:
194:
189:
186:
181:
178:
177:
175:
172:
168:
161:
159:
153:
150:
149:Binomial name
146:
142:
141:
136:
133:
132:
129:
128:
124:
121:
120:
117:
114:
111:
110:
107:
104:
101:
100:
97:
94:
91:
90:
87:
84:
81:
80:
77:
74:
71:
70:
67:
64:
61:
60:
55:
50:
46:
43:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
3072:
2876:
2817:
2782:
2754:
2713:
2699:
2673:
2666:
2659:
2652:
2645:
2637:Mucormycosis
2598:Trichosporon
2596:
2584:
2553:
2547:Geotrichosis
2539:
2517:
2503:
2487:Aspergilloma
2474:
2441:
2434:
2427:
2420:
2413:
2352:Vulvovaginal
2329:
2297:
2273:
2259:
2235:
2210:
2196:
2182:
2153:
2121:
2106:(yeast+mold)
2074:Subcutaneous
2058:White piedra
2052:Trichosporon
2050:
2031:
2008:Black piedra
2000:
1986:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1950:
1943:
1936:
1929:
1922:
1915:
1885:Tinea faciei
1848:Tinea manuum
1843:Tinea cruris
1810:Tinea barbae
1789:Dermatophyte
1665:
1661:
1655:
1633:(1): 34–41.
1630:
1626:
1619:
1589:(6): 410–7.
1586:
1582:
1576:
1543:
1539:
1533:
1498:
1494:
1484:
1449:
1445:
1435:
1425:November 10,
1423:. Retrieved
1418:
1408:
1389:
1351:
1305:
1301:
1257:
1253:
1191:
1187:
1176:
1149:
1145:
1135:
1116:
1056:
1052:
1042:
999:
995:
971:
936:
932:
884:
880:
870:
858:. Retrieved
853:
847:
840:
827:
818:
814:
805:
802:ketoconazole
790:clotrimazole
783:
774:
771:Transmission
764:
748:
739:, including
732:
724:
722:
719:Epidemiology
712:
707:
699:
695:
693:
677:
674:E. floccosum
673:
671:
668:Tinea cruris
655:
653:
650:Tinea manuum
637:
629:
628:
612:
604:
592:
591:
586:
574:
571:folliculitis
566:
562:
557:
553:
552:
540:
535:
531:
527:
522:
519:Trichophyton
518:
513:
509:
507:
499:T. violaceum
498:
494:
490:
487:T. violaceum
486:
482:
478:
477:Colonies of
461:
460:Colonies of
439:Trichophyton
438:
430:
426:
411:
407:
404:T. gourvilii
403:
399:
395:
391:
370:
368:
358:
354:
347:
344:macroconidia
336:microconidia
331:
327:
325:
319:
315:
299:
295:
292:T. gourvilii
291:
287:
272:
233:
232:
231:
219:
211:
203:
195:
187:
179:
157:
155:
139:
138:
127:Trichophyton
126:
41:
24:
18:
2981:iNaturalist
2901:Wikispecies
2622:Zygomycosis
2476:Aspergillus
2422:C. glabrata
2337:Candidiasis
2293:Emmonsiosis
2204:Lobomycosis
1994:Tinea nigra
1909:By organism
1803:By location
1734:Superficial
1421:. WebMD LLC
823:rose bengal
798:terbinafine
672:Along with
625:Tinea pedis
609:id reaction
597:lymphocytes
589:infection.
416:auxotrophic
412:T. megninii
396:T. megninii
384:tinea pedis
369:Strains of
296:T. megninii
280: [
271:worldwide.
3194:Categories
2842:Otomycosis
2825:Fusariosis
2617:Zygomycota
2511:Eumycetoma
2347:Esophageal
2114:Onygenales
2094:Ascomycota
1780:Ascomycota
833:References
794:tolnaftate
786:miconazole
462:T. rubrum
423:-histidine
352:penicillin
253:saprotroph
246:Ascomycota
106:Onygenales
86:Ascomycota
82:Division:
3088:Q59578363
2801:Ungrouped
2632:Mucorales
2103:Dimorphic
1767:endothrix
1739:cutaneous
1004:CiteSeerX
860:8 October
815:T. rubrum
811:naftifine
806:T. rubrum
788:nitrate,
780:Treatment
765:T. rubrum
749:T. rubrum
737:proteases
733:T. rubrum
729:zoophilic
713:T. rubrum
708:T. rubrum
700:T. rubrum
696:T. rubrum
678:T. rubrum
656:T. rubrum
638:T. rubrum
613:T. rubrum
587:T. rubrum
579:granuloma
575:T. rubrum
563:T. rubrum
558:T. rubrum
549:Pathology
536:T. rubrum
532:T. rubrum
528:T. rubrum
523:T. rubrum
510:T. rubrum
495:T. rubrum
483:T. rubrum
408:T. rubrum
392:T. rubrum
371:T. rubrum
348:T. rubrum
328:T. rubrum
320:rodhainii
265:jock itch
263:of nail,
134:Species:
72:Kingdom:
66:Eukaryota
42:T. rubrum
3162:MycoBank
3154:10371640
3123:Fungorum
3102:60018834
3097:AusFungi
3082:Wikidata
3007:MycoBank
2999:10391076
2955:Fungorum
2921:60018833
2916:AusFungi
2886:Wikidata
2819:Fusarium
2415:C. auris
2382:Candidid
2079:systemic
1831:Ringworm
1762:exothrix
1682:25032982
1611:30630519
1603:23125143
1568:21874451
1560:17902014
1525:28669966
1476:25090020
1467:11198340
1419:Medscape
1218:22951933
1083:10074502
1026:18478366
963:19098130
911:10523582
757:collagen
514:in vitro
481:(left),
365:Variants
355:in vitro
277:Malmsten
269:ringworm
171:Synonyms
112:Family:
62:Domain:
3141:5259463
2973:2596156
2892:Q138834
1647:8546481
1516:6744133
1314:8060745
1284:7621400
1209:3445971
1034:3349369
954:2643602
761:elastin
753:keratin
601:T cells
359:in vivo
122:Genus:
102:Order:
92:Class:
3174:NZOR:
3167:102913
3128:102913
3045:NZOR:
3012:254498
2986:352616
2960:254498
2947:189158
1819:Kerion
1758:Piedra
1680:
1645:
1609:
1601:
1566:
1558:
1523:
1513:
1474:
1464:
1396:
1360:
1312:
1282:
1275:172857
1272:
1216:
1206:
1168:632806
1166:
1123:
1081:
1071:
1032:
1024:
1006:
961:
951:
909:
899:
704:lunula
435:urease
340:hyphae
267:, and
242:fungus
3149:IRMNG
3115:6FRK8
3061:13973
2994:IRMNG
2934:58HHK
2468:-like
2323:-like
2321:Yeast
2229:Other
1980:Other
1900:Favus
1749:Tinea
1607:S2CID
1564:S2CID
1074:88625
1030:S2CID
902:85735
662:Groin
318:var.
284:]
237:is a
76:Fungi
3136:GBIF
3038:5551
3033:NCBI
2968:GBIF
2466:Mold
2342:Oral
2083:and
1771:hair
1769:) =
1753:skin
1724:and
1678:PMID
1643:PMID
1599:PMID
1556:PMID
1521:PMID
1472:PMID
1427:2018
1394:ISBN
1358:ISBN
1310:PMID
1280:PMID
1214:PMID
1188:mBio
1164:PMID
1121:ISBN
1079:PMID
1022:PMID
959:PMID
907:PMID
862:2022
759:and
743:and
684:Nail
644:Hand
619:Foot
418:for
402:and
386:and
378:and
357:and
298:and
3110:CoL
3020:NBN
2942:EoL
2929:CoL
2601:spp
1736:and
1670:doi
1666:105
1635:doi
1631:132
1591:doi
1548:doi
1511:PMC
1503:doi
1462:PMC
1454:doi
1270:PMC
1262:doi
1204:PMC
1196:doi
1154:doi
1150:105
1069:PMC
1061:doi
1014:doi
1000:166
949:PMC
941:doi
897:PMC
889:doi
465:d).
3196::
3164::
3151::
3138::
3125::
3112::
3099::
3084::
3058::
3035::
3022::
3009::
2996::
2983::
2970::
2957::
2944::
2931::
2918::
2903::
2888::
2145:.
1751:=
1746:):
1676:.
1664:.
1641:.
1629:.
1605:.
1597:.
1585:.
1562:.
1554:.
1544:23
1542:.
1519:.
1509:.
1499:37
1497:.
1493:.
1470:.
1460:.
1448:.
1444:.
1417:.
1372:^
1322:^
1304:.
1292:^
1278:.
1268:.
1256:.
1252:.
1226:^
1212:.
1202:.
1190:.
1186:.
1162:.
1148:.
1144:.
1091:^
1077:.
1067:.
1057:37
1055:.
1051:.
1028:.
1020:.
1012:.
998:.
980:^
957:.
947:.
935:.
931:.
919:^
905:.
895:.
885:37
883:.
879:.
852:.
817:.
792:,
755:,
676:,
361:.
302:.
294:,
290:,
282:sv
259:,
2758:/
2748:)
2744:(
2717:/
2693:)
2689:(
2639:)
2635:(
2624:)
2620:(
2525:/
2521:/
2125:/
2081:,
2076:,
1812:/
1796:)
1792:(
1764:/
1760:(
1755:;
1742:(
1714:e
1707:t
1700:v
1684:.
1672::
1649:.
1637::
1613:.
1593::
1587:7
1570:.
1550::
1527:.
1505::
1478:.
1456::
1450:8
1429:.
1402:.
1366:.
1316:.
1306:9
1286:.
1264::
1258:8
1220:.
1198::
1192:3
1170:.
1156::
1129:.
1085:.
1063::
1036:.
1016::
965:.
943::
937:8
913:.
891::
864:.
846:"
421:L
322:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
