303:
561:
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surface and subsurface. The most common is surface drip irrigation, first developed in Israel (Goldberg and
Shmueli 1970)... Due to the need to improve irrigation efficiency, as a measure toward sustainable use of water resources, there is wide interest in drip irrigation (Scanlon et al. 2012; Steward et al. 2013; Schaible and Aillery 2017) and is highlighted by numerous studies to evaluate its performance for the production of several crops."
1870:
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1834:
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already filtered at the water treatment plant. Virtually all drip irrigation equipment manufacturers recommend that filters be employed and generally will not honor warranties unless this is done. Last line filters just before the final delivery pipe are strongly recommended in addition to any other filtration system due to fine particle settlement and accidental insertion of particles in the intermediate lines.
780:
457:
1858:
156:. Together they developed and patented the first practical surface drip irrigation emitter. Modern drip irrigation was invented in Israel in the 1960s, such irrigation also improved the efficiency of fertilizer use as well as water. The introduction of this technology was revolutionary according to the Times of Israel and could save 70% of water usage in the growth of rice.
573:
280:
42:
581:
311:
1846:
515:
288:
726:
Water exits from tape through emitters or drippers. The typical emitter spacing ranges from 150 to 610 mm (6 to 24 inches). In some products, the emitters are manufactured simultaneously with the tape and are actually formed as part of the product itself. In others, the emitters are manufactured
645:
Initial cost can be more than overhead systems. Ongoing capital costs related to replacing and maintaining the tubes can exceed water savings if the system improperly designed and set up. Drip irrigation may also be more labor intensive, especially if there is extensive crop rotation necessitating
167:
Netafim developed technology to specifically water rice. Rice paddies which produce 10% of global methan emissions, the equivalent of 400 million cars. This technology was first introduced in Italy, Turkey and India. Agritech firm N-Drip developed smart drip irrigation for rice paddies. In the TOI
163:
Replacing sub-surface system with on surface system solved the disadvantage of clogging the subsurface system. Their improvement prevailed: "Drip irrigation is presently the most efficient means to apply water to crops (Pathak et al. 2009; Goyal 2012)... There are two variations of the technology:
147:
and his son
Yeshayahu. Instead of releasing water through tiny holes easily blocked by tiny particles, water was released through larger and longer passageways by using friction to slow water inside a plastic emitter. The first experimental system of this type was established in 1959 by Blass, who
656:
The risks of degrading plastic affecting the soil content and food crops. With many types of plastic, when the sun degrades the plastic, causing it to become brittle, the estrogenic chemicals (that is, chemicals replicating female hormones) which would cause the plastic to retain flexibility have
420:
when compared to other types of irrigation such as flood or overhead sprinklers since water can be more precisely applied to the plant roots. In addition, drip can eliminate many diseases that are spread through water contact with the foliage. Finally, in regions where water supplies are severely
684:
Most drip systems are designed for high efficiency, meaning little or no leaching fraction. Without sufficient leaching, salts applied with the irrigation water may build up in the root zone, usually at the edge of the wetting pattern. On the other hand, drip irrigation avoids the high capillary
372:
Most large drip irrigation systems employ some type of filter to prevent clogging of the small emitter flow path by small waterborne particles. New technologies are now being offered that minimize clogging. Some residential systems are installed without additional filters since potable water is
159:
Goldberg and
Shmueli (1970) developed a significant improvement: "in the Arava desert in southern Israel demonstrated that a trickle-irrigation system installed on the soil surface worked exceptionally well in producing vegetable crops, even with saline water (Elfving, 1989). The system...was
435:
is sometimes used to decrease the amount of water delivered to the plant at any one time, thus reducing runoff or deep percolation. Pulsed systems are typically expensive and require extensive maintenance. Therefore, the latest efforts by emitter manufacturers are focused on developing new
405:. The chemicals may be added constantly whenever the system is irrigating or at intervals. Fertilizer savings of up to 95% are being reported from recent university field tests using drip fertigation and slow water delivery as compared to timed-release and irrigation by micro spray heads.
1186:
258:
As of 2012, China and India were the fastest expanding countries in the field of drip- or other micro-irrigation, while worldwide well over ten million hectares used these technologies. Still, this amounted to less than 4 percent of the world's irrigated land. That year, Israel's
249:
Subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) uses permanently or temporarily buried dripperline or drip tape located at or below the plant roots. It is becoming popular for row crop irrigation, especially in areas where water supplies are limited, or recycled water is used for irrigation.
436:
technologies that deliver irrigation water at ultra-low flow rates, i.e. less than 1.0 L (2.1 US pints; 1.8 imperial pints) per hour. Slow-and-even delivery further improves water use efficiency without incurring the expense and complexity of pulsed delivery equipment.
667:
For subsurface drip the irrigator cannot see the water that is applied. This may lead to the farmer either applying too much water (low efficiency) or an insufficient amount of water, this is particularly common for those with less experience with drip
677:
Waste of water, time and harvest, if not installed properly. These systems require careful study of all the relevant factors like land topography, soil, water, crop and agro-climatic conditions, and suitability of drip irrigation system and its
898:
442:
An emitter restricts water flow passage through it, thus creating head loss required (to the extent of atmospheric pressure) to emit water in the form of droplets. This head loss is achieved by friction/turbulence within the emitter.
376:
Drip and subsurface drip irrigation is used almost exclusively when using recycled municipal wastewater. Regulations typically do not permit spraying water through the air that has not been fully treated to potable water standards.
380:
Because of the way the water is applied in a drip system, traditional surface applications of timed-release fertilizer are sometimes ineffective, so drip systems often mix liquid fertilizer with the irrigation water. This is called
293:
292:
289:
232:
Careful study of all the relevant factors like land topography, soil, water, crop and agro-climatic conditions are needed to determine the most suitable drip irrigation system and components to be used in a specific installation.
294:
63:
system that has the potential to save water and nutrients by allowing water to drip slowly to the roots of plants, either from above the soil surface or buried below the surface. The goal is to place water directly into the
1167:
1251:
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A trickle ring is a circular device which evenly distributes water around the base of a tree or shrub. Connected to a water supply by a garden hose or tubing adapter fitting, trickle rings may be integrated into an
291:
168:
article it was reported that N-Drip system led to yield increases of up to 33%, fertilizer reduction of 50%, a drop in greenhouse gases like carbon and methane from 50% to 85% as well as water savings of 50%.
72:, pipes, tubing, and emitters. Depending on how well designed, installed, maintained, and operated it is, a drip irrigation system can be more efficient than other types of irrigation systems, such as
241:
Drip irrigation may also use devices called micro-spray heads, which spray water in a small area, instead of dripping emitters. These are generally used on tree and vine crops with wider root zones.
119:
Modern drip irrigation began its development in
Germany in 1860 when researchers began experimenting with subsurface irrigation using clay pipe to create combination irrigation and drainage systems.
184:, was developed by Richard Chapin of Chapin Watermatics in the early 1960s. The evolution of drip tape which made drip tape adopted and used at a big scale was the introduction of T-Tape in 1987 by
208:
network which waters many plants at the same time. By regulating the flow of water through the trickle ring, soil can be saturated at a rate which conserves water by minimizing wasteful
1908:
1450:, 5th Edition, by Charles M. Burt and Stuart W. Styles, published by the Irrigation Training and Research Center (ITRC), Cal Poly, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407–0721. www.itrc.org., 2016
1259:
723:). Thicker walled tapes are commonly used for permanent subsurface drip irrigation and thinner walled tapes for temporary throw-away type systems in high-value crops.
290:
195:
First introduced in
California in the late 1960s, only 5% of irrigated land used this system by 1988. By 2010, 40% of irrigated land in California used this system.
730:
Some product is not a tape, but a thin-walled dripperline, but in popular parlance, both types of products are called tapes. Typical tape diameters are 16 mm (
1316:
439:
An emitting pipe is a type of drip irrigation tubing with emitters pre-installed at the factory with specific distance and flow per hour as per crop distance.
188:, that had the first slit outlet and a laminar flow track which later evolved into a turbulent flow regulating flow track. Chapin Watermatics was acquired by
1901:
421:
limited, there may be no actual water savings, but rather simply an increase in production while using the same amount of water as before. In very
681:
In lighter soils subsurface drip may be unable to wet the soil surface for germination. Requires careful consideration of the installation depth.
1894:
1475:
1225:
1432:
1184:, Leal-Diaz, Jaime, "Hoses for irrigation by dripping and the like and the process to manufacture the same", published 1977-09-13
984:
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1142:
1041:
974:
1956:
1774:
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Modern drip irrigation has arguably become the world's most valued innovation in agriculture since the invention in the 1930s of the
496:
935:
Bainbridge, David A (June 2001). "Buried clay pot irrigation: a little known but very efficient traditional method of irrigation".
474:
1282:
1054:
Goldberg D, Shmueli, M (1970) "Drip
Irrigation—A Method Used Under Arid and Desert Conditions of High Water and Soil Salinity"
864:
2190:
854:
478:
691:
Drip irrigation systems cannot be used for damage control by night frosts (like in the case of sprinkler irrigation systems)
674:
Drip tape causes extra cleanup costs after harvest. Users need to plan for drip tape winding, disposal, recycling or reuse.
385:; fertigation and chemigation (application of pesticides and other chemicals to periodically clean out the system, such as
1989:
1328:
671:
Drip irrigation might be unsatisfactory if herbicides or top dressed fertilizers need sprinkler irrigation for activation.
2032:
1738:
302:
135:
The usage of plastic to hold and distribute water in drip irrigation was later developed in
Australia by Hannis Thill.
2205:
2195:
2180:
1303:
708:
Drip tape is a type of thin-walled dripperline used in drip irrigation. The first drip tape was known as "Dew Hose".
2060:
1769:
1468:
1421:, 5th Edition, Muhammad Irfan Khan Yousafzai, Claude H. Pair, editor, published by the Irrigation Association, 1983
336:
1005:
688:
The PVC pipes often suffer from rodent damage, requiring replacement of the entire tube and increasing expenses.
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If the water is not properly filtered and the equipment not properly maintained, it can result in clogging or
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467:
366:
189:
1086:
Oker, Tobias E.; Kisekka, Isaya; Sheshukov, Aleksey Y.; Aguilar, Jonathan; Rogers, Danny (1 January 2020).
2070:
1341:
Yang, Chun Z.; Yaniger, Stuart I.; Jordan, V. Craig; Klein, Daniel J.; Bittner, George D. (1 July 2011).
685:
potential of traditional surface-applied irrigation, which can draw salt deposits up from deposits below.
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2122:
1951:
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720:
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922:
560:
329:
1764:
1713:
1391:"DEW-HOSE Trademark – Registration Number 0847046 – Serial Number 72249303 :: Justia Trademarks"
1099:
944:
830:, and emitter. Hoses that are 4 mm (0.16 in) in diameter are used to irrigate flower pots.
764: in), with the larger diameters more commonly used on permanent installations with longer runs.
637:
Usually operated at lower pressure than other types of pressurized irrigation, reducing energy costs.
417:
361:
Emitting devices at plants (emitter or dripper, micro spray head, inline dripper or inline drip tube)
127:
The research was later expanded in the 1920s to include the application of perforated pipe systems.
2175:
1857:
1589:
1531:
1343:"Most Plastic Products Release Estrogenic Chemicals: A Potential Health Problem That Can Be Solved"
650:
2027:
1994:
1931:
1632:
1559:
1123:
1023:
409:
343:
73:
719:
and is sold flat on reels. The wall thickness typically ranges from 0.1 to 0.6 mm (4 to 25
822:
Drip irrigation kits for home gardens are increasingly popular for homeowners and consist of a
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1999:
1984:
1799:
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Fertilizer and nutrient loss is minimized due to a localized application and reduced leaching.
102:, describes the use of buried, unglazed clay pots filled with water, sometimes referred to as
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1941:
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402:
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In drip irrigation systems, pump and valves may be manually or automatically operated by a
1794:
1147:
1070:
Janick J, Goldman IL, (2003) "Horticulture, Horticultural
Science, and 100 Years of ASHS"
264:
68:
and minimize evaporation. Drip irrigation systems distribute water through a network of
1252:"New AG International – Jain Irrigation Announces Acquisition of Chapin Watermatics Inc"
1103:
948:
2014:
1819:
1367:
1342:
1088:"Evaluation of dynamic uniformity and application efficiency of mobile drip irrigation"
792:
700:
649:
The sun can affect the tubes used for drip irrigation, shortening their lifespan. (See
394:
271:
bought
Eurodrip and became the world's second largest irrigation systems manufacturer.
209:
31:
956:
349:
Distribution lines (main larger diameter pipe, maybe secondary smaller, pipe fittings)
2169:
2101:
2004:
1979:
1743:
1652:
1564:
1554:
1127:
859:
827:
390:
35:
791:, and residential gardens. Drip irrigation is adopted extensively in areas of acute
2096:
1784:
1728:
1657:
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839:
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540:
325:
144:
779:
1448:
Drip and Micro
Irrigation Design and Management for Trees, Vines, and Field Crops
584:
Pressure compensated integral dripper on soilless medium without growing channels
2075:
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1886:
1862:
1804:
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1521:
1283:"The Diffusion of Process Innovation: The Case of Drip Irrigation in California"
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661:
628:
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413:
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382:
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Components used in drip irrigation (listed in order from water source) include:
65:
1111:
429:, the preferred method is to apply the irrigation water as slowly as possible.
1923:
1789:
1703:
1672:
1647:
1516:
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619:
Water distribution is highly uniform, controlled by the output of each nozzle.
263:
was the global market leader (a position it maintained in 2018), with India's
205:
1165:, Roberts, James C., "Drip irrigation tape", published 1989-02-28
1143:"Agritech firm N-Drip raises $ 44 million in Liechtenstein-led funding round"
1119:
1087:
1723:
1627:
1574:
1075:
https://journals.ashs.org/downloadpdf/journals/hortsci/38/5/article-p883.pdf
816:
712:
572:
529:
408:
Properly designed, installed, and managed, drip irrigation may help achieve
279:
177:
41:
17:
1376:
1042:"Israel's drip irrigation pioneers aim to do away with flooded rice fields"
625:
Variation in supply can be regulated by regulating the valves and drippers.
580:
1181:
899:"How Israel achieved one of the most secure water economies, drip by drip"
646:
seasonal replacement of drip tubing to accommodate different row spacings.
310:
2154:
2137:
1966:
1809:
1622:
804:
565:
525:
426:
386:
149:
143:
Usage of a plastic emitter in drip irrigation was developed in Israel by
1427:, F. S. Nakayama and D. A. Bucks, editors, published by Elsevier, 1986,
1358:
352:
Hand-operated, electronic, or hydraulic control valves and safety valves
224:, which offered the first practical alternative to surface irrigation.
192:
in 2006 and is housed under its US subsidiary Jain Irrigation Inc, USA.
2132:
1662:
869:
796:
481: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
268:
260:
185:
153:
45:
1667:
1642:
1006:"The History of the Drip Irrigation System and What is Available Now"
808:
610:
Soil type plays a less important role in the frequency of irrigation.
422:
160:
responsible for the greening of formerly unproductive environment".
1974:
1733:
823:
778:
699:
607:
Moisture within the root zone can be maintained at field capacity.
579:
571:
564:
Drip irrigation and spare drip irrigation tubes in banana farm at
559:
309:
301:
286:
278:
69:
1317:
Israeli irrigation firm Netafim sees 50 pct earnings rise by 2020
1677:
328:(s) or filtration systems: sand separator, Fertigation systems (
103:
1890:
1457:
1453:
1444:
Maintenance Manual, published by Jain Irrigation Systems, 1989
800:
508:
450:
99:
92:
Primitive drip irrigation has been used since ancient times.
1000:
998:
996:
355:
Smaller diameter polyethylene tube (often called "laterals")
30:"Dripper" redirects here. For the coffee filter holder, see
1306:, National Geographic, 25 June 2012, accessed 1 August 2019
1200:
979:. Oakville, California: Apple Academic Press. p. 104.
267:
being the second-biggest micro-irrigation company. In 2017
79:
As of 2023, 3% of the world's farmers use drip irrigation.
595:
Water application efficiency is high if managed correctly.
631:
can easily be included with minimal waste of fertilizers.
536:
306:
Nursery flowers watered with drip irrigation in Israel
601:
Fields with irregular shapes are easily accommodated.
1441:(Hebrew), published by Massada limited, Israel, 1973
1319:, Reuters.com, 21 March 2018, accessed 1 August 2019
727:
separately and installed at the time of production.
2147:
2110:
2084:
2046:
2013:
1965:
1922:
1752:
1696:
1613:
1542:
1504:
358:
Poly fittings and accessories (to make connections)
1281:Zilberman, Taylor; David, Rebecca (26 July 2015).
799:, containerized landscape trees, grapes, bananas,
771:for reuse in the plastics manufacturing industry.
634:Foliage remains dry, reducing the risk of disease.
622:Labour cost is less than other irrigation methods.
298:Water distribution in subsurface drip irrigation
657:been released into the surrounding environment.
976:Management of drip/trickle or micro irrigation
767:Drip tape is a recyclable material and can be
604:Recycled non-potable water can be safely used.
1902:
1469:
1299:
1297:
1295:
787:Drip irrigation is used in farms, commercial
8:
98:, written in China during the first century
795:and especially for crops and trees such as
283:Drip irrigation system layout and its parts
1909:
1895:
1887:
1476:
1462:
1454:
641:The disadvantages of drip irrigation are:
2140:: Saltmod coupled to a groundwater model
1366:
1329:Rivulis Irrigation buys Greek co Eurodrip
497:Learn how and when to remove this message
1226:"Jain Irrigation buys Chapin for $ 6 mn"
40:
968:
966:
886:
588:The advantages of drip irrigation are:
152:to create an irrigation company called
1425:Trickle Irrigation for Crop Production
332:) and chemigation equipment (optional)
7:
1845:
1035:
1033:
892:
890:
479:adding citations to reliable sources
1304:Drip Irrigation Expanding Worldwide
769:recycled into viable plastic resins
139:Plastic emitter, trickle irrigation
1775:Controlled-environment agriculture
1232:. Press Trust of India. 3 May 2006
850:Environmental impact of irrigation
576:Pot irrigation by on-line drippers
314:Horticulture drip emitter in a pot
25:
1347:Environmental Health Perspectives
393:) use chemical injectors such as
34:. For the traditional bread, see
1957:Irrigation environmental impacts
1868:
1856:
1844:
1833:
1832:
1024:"The History of Drip Irrigation"
897:Degani, Corin (14 August 2023).
598:Field leveling is not necessary.
513:
455:
322:Pump or pressurized water source
176:In the United States, the first
1141:Wrobel, Sharon (21 June 2023).
865:Residual sodium carbonate index
819:, cotton, maize, and tomatoes.
466:needs additional citations for
254:Global reach and market leaders
212:and losses due to evaporation.
1010:www.irrigation.learnabout.info
855:Index of soil-related articles
528:format but may read better as
1:
1990:Drainage system (agriculture)
1917:Agricultural water management
957:10.1016/S0378-3774(00)00119-0
937:Agricultural Water Management
2033:Hydrological transport model
1739:Ultrasonic hydroponic fogger
447:Advantages and disadvantages
148:partnered later (1964) with
106:, as a means of irrigation.
2201:Water conservation in India
2186:Low-flow irrigation systems
1040:Surkes, Sue (10 May 2021).
925:以三斗瓦甕埋著科中央，令甕口上與地平。盛水甕中，令滿。
750: in), and 35 mm (
2222:
2061:Groundwater energy balance
1770:Aquaculture of sea sponges
1439:Water in Strife and Action
1256:www.newaginternational.com
1112:10.1007/s00271-019-00648-0
337:backflow prevention device
245:Subsurface drip irrigation
29:
2111:Agro-hydro-salinity group
1828:
1491:
1331:, Globes, 11 January 2017
613:Soil erosion is lessened.
76:or sprinkler irrigation.
2138:SahysMod polygonal model
2133:SaltMod integrated model
2038:Runoff model (reservoir)
1056:Transactions of the ASAE
845:Cation-exchange capacity
616:Weed growth is lessened.
342:Pressure control valve (
275:Components and operation
2118:Hydrology (agriculture)
1780:Historical hydroculture
1638:Expanded clay aggregate
1585:Nutrient film technique
1496:Historical hydroculture
1230:Business Standard India
973:R. Goyal, Megh (2012).
740: in), 22 mm (
537:converting this section
2071:Hydraulic conductivity
784:
705:
704:Drip Irrigation T-tape
585:
577:
569:
315:
307:
299:
284:
49:
2191:Sustainable gardening
2128:Leaching model (soil)
2123:Soil salinity control
1952:Irrigation management
1947:Irrigation statistics
1600:Sub-irrigated planter
1395:trademarks.justia.com
875:Soil salinity control
782:
703:
583:
575:
563:
335:Backwash controller (
313:
305:
297:
282:
44:
2015:Surface water/runoff
1765:Aquaculture of coral
1714:Irrigation sprinkler
1262:on 30 September 2017
475:improve this article
228:Current developments
2092:Acid sulphate soils
1967:Subsurface drainage
1590:Organic hydroponics
1359:10.1289/ehp.1003220
1104:2020IrrSc..38...17O
949:2001AgWM...48...79B
651:Polymer degradation
2206:Chinese inventions
2196:Water conservation
2181:Israeli inventions
2028:Hydrological model
1995:Watertable control
1932:Surface irrigation
1633:Diatomaceous earth
1560:Deep water culture
1092:Irrigation Science
785:
783:Irrigation dripper
706:
586:
578:
570:
539:, if appropriate.
410:water conservation
344:pressure regulator
316:
308:
300:
285:
186:Plastro Irrigation
110:Modern development
74:surface irrigation
57:trickle irrigation
50:
2163:
2162:
2066:Groundwater model
2023:Contour trenching
2005:Drainage by wells
2000:Drainage research
1985:Drainage equation
1884:
1883:
1800:Plant propagation
1709:Hydroponic dosers
1433:978-0-444-42615-4
1201:"Jain Irrigation"
986:978-1-926895-12-3
558:
557:
507:
506:
499:
433:Pulsed irrigation
295:
237:Micro-spray heads
48:, drip irrigation
27:Irrigation system
16:(Redirected from
2213:
2056:Groundwater flow
1942:Tidal irrigation
1911:
1904:
1897:
1888:
1872:
1860:
1848:
1847:
1836:
1835:
1815:Vertical farming
1753:Related concepts
1478:
1471:
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1455:
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1405:
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1401:
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1313:
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1301:
1290:
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1287:
1278:
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1271:
1269:
1267:
1258:. Archived from
1248:
1242:
1241:
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1222:
1216:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1205:www.JainsUSA.com
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763:
762:
758:
755:
749:
748:
744:
739:
738:
734:
553:
550:
544:
535:You can help by
517:
516:
509:
502:
495:
491:
488:
482:
459:
451:
330:Venturi injector
296:
222:impact sprinkler
150:Kibbutz Hatzerim
95:Fan Shengzhi shu
61:micro-irrigation
21:
2221:
2220:
2216:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2211:
2210:
2166:
2165:
2164:
2159:
2143:
2106:
2080:
2042:
2009:
1961:
1937:Drip irrigation
1918:
1915:
1885:
1880:
1824:
1795:Plant nutrition
1748:
1692:
1609:
1538:
1500:
1487:
1482:
1415:
1413:Further reading
1410:
1409:
1399:
1397:
1389:
1388:
1384:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1327:
1323:
1314:
1310:
1302:
1293:
1285:
1280:
1279:
1275:
1265:
1263:
1250:
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1245:
1235:
1233:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1209:
1207:
1199:
1198:
1194:
1187:
1180:
1179:
1175:
1168:
1161:
1160:
1156:
1148:Times of Israel
1140:
1139:
1135:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1069:
1065:
1053:
1049:
1039:
1038:
1031:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1004:
1003:
994:
987:
972:
971:
964:
934:
933:
929:
921:
917:
907:
905:
896:
895:
888:
883:
836:
777:
760:
756:
753:
751:
746:
742:
741:
736:
732:
731:
698:
554:
548:
545:
534:
518:
514:
503:
492:
486:
483:
472:
460:
449:
395:diaphragm pumps
287:
277:
265:Jain Irrigation
256:
247:
239:
230:
218:
201:
190:Jain Irrigation
174:
141:
133:
125:
123:Perforated pipe
117:
115:Subsurface pipe
112:
90:
85:
53:Drip irrigation
46:Israeli Netafim
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2219:
2217:
2209:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2168:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2157:
2151:
2149:
2148:Related topics
2145:
2144:
2142:
2141:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2114:
2112:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2104:
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2088:
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2082:
2081:
2079:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2052:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2019:
2017:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1971:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1928:
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1919:
1916:
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1882:
1881:
1879:
1878:
1866:
1854:
1842:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1822:
1820:Water aeration
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
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1762:
1756:
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1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1550:Aquatic garden
1546:
1544:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1536:
1535:
1534:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1508:
1506:
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1501:
1499:
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1488:
1483:
1481:
1480:
1473:
1466:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1445:
1442:
1435:
1422:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1382:
1353:(7): 989–996.
1333:
1321:
1308:
1291:
1273:
1243:
1217:
1192:
1173:
1154:
1133:
1078:
1063:
1061:(1): 0038-0041
1047:
1029:
1015:
992:
985:
962:
927:
915:
885:
884:
882:
879:
878:
877:
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
835:
832:
793:water scarcity
776:
773:
697:
694:
693:
692:
689:
686:
682:
679:
675:
672:
669:
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658:
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639:
638:
635:
632:
626:
623:
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614:
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556:
555:
521:
519:
512:
505:
504:
463:
461:
454:
448:
445:
363:
362:
359:
356:
353:
350:
347:
340:
333:
323:
276:
273:
255:
252:
246:
243:
238:
235:
229:
226:
217:
214:
210:surface runoff
200:
197:
173:
170:
140:
137:
132:
129:
124:
121:
116:
113:
111:
108:
89:
86:
84:
81:
32:Coffee dripper
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2218:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
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2174:
2173:
2171:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2146:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2109:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2085:Problem soils
2083:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1980:Tile drainage
1978:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1912:
1907:
1905:
1900:
1898:
1893:
1892:
1889:
1877:
1876:
1871:
1867:
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1859:
1855:
1853:
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1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
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1808:
1806:
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1801:
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1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1751:
1745:
1744:Water chiller
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
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1707:
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1701:
1699:
1695:
1689:
1686:
1684:
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1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
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1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1595:Organopónicos
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1565:Kratky method
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1555:Bottle garden
1553:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1490:
1486:
1479:
1474:
1472:
1467:
1465:
1460:
1459:
1456:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1436:
1434:
1430:
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1420:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1396:
1392:
1386:
1383:
1378:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1337:
1334:
1330:
1325:
1322:
1318:
1312:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1284:
1277:
1274:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1247:
1244:
1231:
1227:
1221:
1218:
1206:
1202:
1196:
1193:
1183:
1177:
1174:
1164:
1158:
1155:
1150:
1149:
1144:
1137:
1134:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1067:
1064:
1060:
1057:
1051:
1048:
1043:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1019:
1016:
1011:
1007:
1001:
999:
997:
993:
988:
982:
978:
977:
969:
967:
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958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
931:
928:
924:
919:
916:
904:
900:
893:
891:
887:
880:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
860:Phosphogypsum
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
837:
833:
831:
829:
825:
820:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
781:
774:
772:
770:
765:
728:
724:
722:
718:
714:
709:
702:
695:
690:
687:
683:
680:
676:
673:
670:
666:
663:
659:
655:
652:
648:
644:
643:
642:
636:
633:
630:
627:
624:
621:
618:
615:
612:
609:
606:
603:
600:
597:
594:
591:
590:
589:
582:
574:
567:
562:
552:
549:November 2018
543:is available.
542:
538:
532:
531:
527:
522:This section
520:
511:
510:
501:
498:
490:
487:November 2018
480:
476:
470:
469:
464:This section
462:
458:
453:
452:
446:
444:
440:
437:
434:
430:
428:
424:
419:
418:deep drainage
415:
411:
406:
404:
400:
396:
392:
391:sulfuric acid
388:
384:
378:
374:
370:
368:
360:
357:
354:
351:
348:
345:
341:
338:
334:
331:
327:
324:
321:
320:
319:
312:
304:
281:
274:
272:
270:
266:
262:
253:
251:
244:
242:
236:
234:
227:
225:
223:
215:
213:
211:
207:
198:
196:
193:
191:
187:
183:
179:
171:
169:
165:
161:
157:
155:
151:
146:
138:
136:
130:
128:
122:
120:
114:
109:
107:
105:
101:
97:
96:
88:Ancient China
87:
82:
80:
77:
75:
71:
67:
62:
59:is a type of
58:
54:
47:
43:
37:
36:Dripping cake
33:
19:
2102:Saline soils
2097:Alkali soils
1936:
1873:
1861:
1849:
1837:
1785:Hydroponicum
1729:Spray nozzle
1658:Mineral wool
1604:
1570:Ebb and flow
1485:Hydroculture
1447:
1438:
1424:
1418:
1398:. Retrieved
1394:
1385:
1350:
1346:
1336:
1324:
1315:Tova Cohen,
1311:
1276:
1266:30 September
1264:. Retrieved
1260:the original
1255:
1246:
1236:30 September
1234:. Retrieved
1229:
1220:
1208:. Retrieved
1204:
1195:
1176:
1157:
1146:
1136:
1098:(1): 17–35.
1095:
1091:
1081:
1071:
1066:
1058:
1055:
1050:
1018:
1009:
975:
943:(2): 79–88.
940:
936:
930:
918:
906:. Retrieved
902:
840:Alkali soils
821:
813:strawberries
786:
766:
729:
725:
717:polyethylene
710:
707:
640:
587:
546:
541:Editing help
523:
493:
484:
473:Please help
468:verification
465:
441:
438:
431:
423:arid regions
412:by reducing
407:
399:piston pumps
379:
375:
371:
364:
326:Water filter
317:
257:
248:
240:
231:
219:
216:Significance
202:
199:Trickle ring
194:
181:
175:
166:
162:
158:
145:Simcha Blass
142:
134:
126:
118:
93:
91:
78:
56:
52:
51:
18:Trickle ring
2048:Groundwater
1875:Wikiversity
1805:Rhizosphere
1760:Algaculture
1719:Leaf sensor
1697:Accessories
1683:Vermiculite
1580:Microponics
1527:Hydroponics
1522:Aquascaping
1210:19 December
1072:HortScience
789:greenhouses
715:is made of
678:components.
668:irrigation.
662:bioclogging
629:Fertigation
427:sandy soils
414:evaporation
383:fertigation
2176:Irrigation
2170:Categories
2076:Watertable
1924:Irrigation
1790:Paludarium
1704:Grow light
1688:Wood fibre
1673:Rice hulls
1648:Growstones
1615:Substrates
1517:Aquaponics
1512:Aeroponics
1437:S. Blass,
1419:Irrigation
1182:US 4047995
1163:US 4807668
881:References
711:Drip tape
403:aspirators
367:controller
206:irrigation
1863:Wikibooks
1653:Lava rock
1628:Coco peat
1575:Fogponics
1128:253819897
1120:1432-1319
923:s:zh:氾勝之書
817:sugarcane
713:duct tape
696:Drip tape
180:, called
178:drip tape
172:Drip tape
66:root zone
2155:Sand dam
1839:Category
1810:Root rot
1623:Charcoal
1605:Top drip
1543:Subtypes
1377:21367689
834:See also
805:eggplant
797:coconuts
566:Chinawal
387:chlorine
182:Dew Hose
1851:Commons
1724:Net-pot
1663:Perlite
1532:passive
1400:12 June
1368:3222987
1100:Bibcode
945:Bibcode
908:17 June
903:Haaretz
870:Soil pH
759:⁄
745:⁄
735:⁄
568:, India
269:Rivulis
261:Netafim
154:Netafim
131:Plastic
83:History
1734:Timers
1668:Pumice
1643:Gravel
1431:
1375:
1365:
1188:
1169:
1126:
1118:
983:
809:citrus
524:is in
425:or on
70:valves
1975:Ditch
1505:Types
1286:(PDF)
1124:S2CID
824:timer
530:prose
401:, or
104:Ollas
1678:Sand
1429:ISBN
1402:2016
1373:PMID
1268:2017
1238:2017
1212:2017
1116:ISSN
981:ISBN
910:2024
828:hose
775:Uses
721:mils
526:list
416:and
1363:PMC
1355:doi
1351:119
1108:doi
953:doi
801:ber
477:by
389:or
100:BCE
55:or
2172::
1393:.
1371:.
1361:.
1349:.
1345:.
1294:^
1254:.
1228:.
1203:.
1145:.
1122:.
1114:.
1106:.
1096:38
1094:.
1090:.
1059:13
1032:^
1008:.
995:^
965:^
951:.
941:48
939:.
901:.
889:^
826:,
815:,
811:,
807:,
803:,
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397:,
369:.
1910:e
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1896:v
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1463:v
1404:.
1379:.
1357::
1288:.
1270:.
1240:.
1214:.
1151:.
1130:.
1110::
1102::
1044:.
1026:.
1012:.
989:.
959:.
955::
947::
912:.
761:8
757:3
754:+
752:1
747:8
743:7
737:8
733:5
664:.
551:)
547:(
533:.
500:)
494:(
489:)
485:(
471:.
346:)
339:)
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
