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With the exception of the
English word and the Italian word, all of the words in the table above mean "work". A majority of scholars believe these words to be reflexes of Latin “tripallium.”However, this theory has been contested by a small minority, who argue that an irregularity in the development
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use the term to describe a wooden structure designed to securely immobilize a large "fiery animal" (horse, oxen, cow) during examination or care. In addition to livestock animals, violent men and women who were thought to behave like a fiery bull had their arms and legs tied down to a tripallium. In
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Historical records concerning the torture in the ancient Roman empire give many famous cases where it was applied and discussions of its legality, but they rarely indicate the means of torture and do not make references to
44:" – literally, "three stakes") is a Latin term believed to name a torture instrument consisting of "three stakes" (based on its literal meaning), and commonly thought to be the source for several common modern words.
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is used in the context of forbidding clerics to assist torture sessions, and is described as an instrument involving three stakes used to punish only slaves. The subject would be tied to the tripalium and
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Dictionnaire Frédéric
Godefroy, Paris F.Vieweg 1881. Dictionnaire de l'ancienne langue Française et de tous ses dialectes du IX au XVe siècle. Volume 8, page 23
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is still unclear. Its meaning is mainly inferred from interpretations of "three stakes". The earliest references from the
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137:, or an individual beam in the structure. These trabiculae are the direct source of architecture unique to the city of
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could have potentially diverged into the following variants: "traveil"; "traval"; or "traveaul". Furthermore, in the
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of the first syllable, which is consistent across all reflexes, points to a different etymological origin.
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Robinson, OF (2007). "Penal practice and penal policy in ancient Rome": 173 (footnote 92).
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Specific details about the types and duration of torture, however, are surprisingly scarce
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Dictionnaire Français-Latin, Félix
Gaffiot Trabicula : petite poutre, poutrelle
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J. Cary Davis (March 1977). ""Trabaculu > Trabajo" the Case for and against".
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DICCIONARIO DE LA LENGUA ESPAÑOLA - Vigésima segunda edición
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for horse care. With the evolution of the French language,
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547:Categories
351:"trabajar"
307:References
216:Portuguese
159:triapalium
92:impalement
429:Procopius
247:trivalliu
199:travaglio
151:tripalium
143:Traboules
135:Trabicula
131:tripalium
123:Tripalium
99:tripalium
79:tripalium
68:In Verrem
54:tripalium
34:trepalium
29:Tripalium
513:Hispania
496:Archived
421:Anecdota
301:Crucifix
290:See also
259:traballu
228:Galician
223:traballo
211:trabalho
119:farriers
84:tortured
449:Romania
278:English
240:Catalan
235:treball
204:Italian
192:Spanish
187:trabajo
174:travail
111:Travail
103:travail
40:" and "
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272:travel
179:French
115:France
63:Cicero
529:JSTOR
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