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468:, with an associated end to the threat of Communist expansion in the region. From an economic perspective, the effect of sanctions was beginning to be felt in South Africa, while Namibia was costing South Africa over 1 billion Rand annually. Also, the South African domestic political landscape was changing rapidly and the country was under considerable pressure at the
402:
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The concept was strongly rejected by a Cuban-backed majority, with representatives strongly stating their opposition to the effect of, "... The UN.... Calls upon South Africa to desist from linking the independence of
Namibia to irrelevant and extraneous issues such as the presence of Cuban troops in
606:
by Edward R. Drachman and Alan Shank, a series of meetings and accords between UNITA and the MPLA, brokered by various
African leaders, failed horribly. UNITA was insulted by MPLA's insistence on a premise of a one-party state. A combination of MPLA dismay of intervention from the USA (backing UNITA
499:
The Cubans suggested that the U.S. was worried whether the Cuban forces would stop their advance at the
Namibian border. Jorge Risquet, head of the Cuban delegation, rejected the South African demands, noting that "South Africa must face the fact that it will not obtain at the negotiating table what
495:
reported that
Pretoria was "offering to withdraw into Namibia – not from Namibia – in return for the withdrawal of Cuban forces from Angola. The implication is that South Africa has no real intention of giving up the territory any time soon." However the UN plenary meeting of 1986 indicates that the
562:
The negotiations were finalised in New York with Angola, Cuba and South Africa signing the accord on 22 December 1988. It provided for the retreat of South
African forces from Angola, which had already taken place by 30 August; the withdrawal of South Africa from Namibia; and Namibia's independence
515:
guns. The cannons can fire a projectile over 40 kilometres (25 mi) with a high degree of accuracy. The guns were used to halt the Cuban advance to the south and raised the specter of yet another unaffordable arms escalation between two medium-sized military powers. The South
Africans assert
623:
In preparation for independence, free elections in
Namibia were held in November 1989, with SWAPO taking 57% of the vote. Namibia gained independence in March 1990. SWAPO was originally a Marxist party that intended to install a one-party state. The South African government rejected that premise
566:
The agreement followed the
American linkage proposal which had also been pushed by South Africa on numerous occasions in 1984 and in 1986 (the UN plenary meeting). Namibia was to gain independence on terms that South Africa had set out, including multi-party democracy, a capitalist free-market
460:
stopped UNITA and South
African offensives. They believe that UNITA and South Africa retreated after a 15-hour battle on 23 March, and moved for negotiations when the stakes became too high. While the negotiations started in June 1987, during the latter half of 1987 South African had numerous
496:
South
Africans were linking Namibian independence with Cuban withdrawal. The Cuban negotiator, Jorge Risquet, announced that Cuba would stay in Angola until the end of apartheid, probably also as a negotiation ploy. (Apartheid did not end until more than 4 years after Cuba left Angola).
610:
The elections were declared "generally" free and fair by the UN, with the MPLA gaining just under 50% of the vote. However UNITA, along with eight opposition parties and many other election observers, said that the election had been neither free nor fair. Following the
832:(The University of North Carolina Press) quoting: "Actas das Conversaçôes Quadripartidas entre a RPA, Cuba, Estados Unidos de América e a Africa do Sul realizadas no Cairo de 24-26.06.988", Archives of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Cuba, Havanna
598:
troops under the premise that UNITA would be integrated into the MPLA under a one-party state economy. That concept was rejected by UNITA. The situation in the country was anything but settled, and civil war continued for more than a decade.
590:
The South African Army left Angola by 30 August 1988, before the conditions for Cuba's withdrawal had been agreed. Cuban troops began withdrawing on 10 January 1989, and the withdrawal was finalised in stages one month early on 25 May 1991.
607:
and forcing a shift in power) led to the MPLA dropping the one-party state and opening the door to a multi-party democracy, with the inclusion of UNITA as a competing party. After some 18 years of war, that was a tremendous breakthrough.
646:, would remove its bases from Angola and no longer received support from the Angolan MPLA. The ANC moved its operations to Zambia and Uganda. Later, the ANC also dropped its Marxist philosophy and was accepted into the wider
443:
accepted Crocker's proposal in principle. The South African government also accepted the principle of linkage; it proposed the concept at the UN 7th Plenary Meeting on 20 September 1986 (the Question of Namibia).
451:
The Angolan and United States governments started bilateral talks in June 1987 while the civil war continued. There is disagreement amongst historians on how the various parties agreed to come to the table:
1604:
619:
directed UNITA forces to take up arms again against the MPLA. However, the US now opposed UNITA, instead pressuring Savimbi to accept the election results. The war ended after Savimbi's death, in 2002.
555:
as a sign of goodwill, which was denied. A ceasefire was finally agreed upon on August 8, 1988. Mandela remained in prison until 2 February 1990, when South Africa lifted the ban on activities of the
1665:
479:
After refusing direct talks with Cuba, the US agreed to include a Cuban delegation in the negotiations, who joined on January 28, 1988. The three parties held a round of negotiations on March 9 in
1033:
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that the new weapon raised Cuba's fear of more casualties in a war where Cuban fatalities had outnumbered South African fatalities by a factor 10. Conversely, the Cuban air force held
1710:
491:
asserted that South Africa would withdraw from Angola only "if Russia and its proxies did the same." They did not mention withdrawing from Namibia. On 16 March 1988, the South African
653:
After the government repealed a ban on ANC activities, it eventually won democratic elections in South Africa, became the ruling party of a multi-party, democratic South Africa.
249:
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Cuba contends that its military successes against the South Africans in Angola drove the South Africans to the negotiating table. They claim their intervention in the
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to grant independence to Namibia. The Cubans too faced the economic pressures of the war, as the MPLA government of Angola had stopped paying Cuba for its services.
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for an additional 18 months until it was assured that SWAPO would respect the newly founded constitution and the principle of a multi-party democracy.
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Angola as such linkage is incompatible with the relevant United Nations resolutions, particularly Security Council resolution 435 (1978);..."
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483:. The South African government joined negotiations in Cairo on 3 May expecting UN Security Resolution 435 to be modified. Defence Minister
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military successes. In addition, the major Cuban military surge did not take place until 1988, long after the negotiations had commenced.
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In the words of Chester Crocker, "Watching South Africa and Cuba at the table was like watching two scorpions in a bottle."
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973:, UK, 6 November 1992 (election observer); NSHR, Press Releases, 12 September 2000, 16 May 2001 (MPLA atrocities).
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Agreement Among the People's Republic of Angola, the Republic of Cuba, and the Republic of South Africa
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Agreement among the People's Republic of Angola, the Republic of Cuba, and the Republic of South Africa
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Agreement among the People's Republic of Angola, the Republic of Cuba, and the Republic of South Africa
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on 20 July. During the negotiations, the South Africans were asked to release imprisoned ANC activist
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1988 treaty giving Namibia independence from South Africa and withdrawing Cuban forces from Angola
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COLD WAR Chat: Chester Crocker, Former U.S. Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs
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by Piet Nortje, during this campaign South Africa introduced its new secret weapons, the
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As part of the Tripartite Accord, the African National Congress, the Marxist-leaning
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Disengagement from Southwest Africa: The Prospects for Peace in Angola and Namibia
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While the hostilities in Angola continued, the parties met in June and August in
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357:) from South Africa and ended the direct involvement of foreign troops in the
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facility created an urgency amongst the superpowers to find a solution.
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Roy E. Horton, USAF Institute for National Security Studies (1999).
791:, 1991. University of Miami Institute for Soviet and East. Page 79.
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and SWAPO assured that it would support a multi-party democracy.
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and the withdrawal of Cuban forces from Angola within 30 months.
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South Africa places the events in the context of the end of the
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Conflicting Missions: Havana, Washington, and Africa, 1959-1976
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Conflicting Missions: Havana, Washington, and Africa, 1959-1976
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943:"Namibia's 'birth' marred by diplomat's death - UPI Archives"
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Brothers at War: Dissidence and Rebellion in Southern Africa
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Out of (South) Africa: Pretoria's Nuclear Weapons Experience
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Principles for a Peaceful Settlement in South Western Africa
578:, who had contributed to the agreement but was killed on
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The signing of the agreement was marred by the death of
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History of the foreign relations of the United States
361:. The accords were signed on 22 December 1988 at the
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56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
631:South Africa held onto Namibia's economic port of
819:(France, 2006, 59mn) directed by: Jihan El Tahri
547:. Finally, all approved an outline agreement of
524:complex, and the overflights in 1988 of Cuban
437:United Nations Security Council Resolution 435
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770:. United Nations General Assembly. 1986-09-20
731:Angola: Struggle for Peace and Reconstruction
594:The Angolan government offered an amnesty to
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1562:South Africa and weapons of mass destruction
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1711:Treaties of the People's Republic of Angola
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1455:United Nations Transition Assistance Group
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500:it could not achieve on the battlefield."
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116:Learn how and when to remove this message
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576:United Nations Commissioner for Namibia
844:"South Africa and the Affordable Bomb"
582:, on his way to the signing ceremony.
431:'s agreement to relinquish control of
1465:1989 Namibian parliamentary elections
887:. Dianne Publishing. pp. 15–16.
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7:
1034:Text of all peace accords for Angola
996:"Congress.gov | Library of Congress"
54:adding citations to reliable sources
1631:Treaties entered into force in 1988
965:National Society for Human Rights,
528:of Namibian airspace. According to
567:economy, and a transition period.
185:Headquarters of the United Nations
21:Tripartite Accord (disambiguation)
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848:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
648:South African Democratic Movement
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1145:Internal resistance to apartheid
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1190:Bantustans in South West Africa
41:needs additional citations for
1716:December 1988 events in Africa
1706:Angola–Cuba military relations
1691:Peace treaties of South Africa
1028:Full Text of Tripartite Accord
868:10.1080/00963402.1994.11456538
1:
1701:Angola–South Africa relations
1572:Southern Africa Freedom Trail
65:"Tripartite Accord" 1988
1671:Cuba–United States relations
1254:Cuban intervention in Angola
1171:South African administration
842:David Albright (July 1994).
663:Cuban intervention in Angola
604:Presidents of Foreign Policy
369:by the Foreign Ministers of
967:Ending the Angolan Conflict
371:People's Republic of Angola
363:United Nations Headquarters
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1626:Treaties concluded in 1988
1226:Battle of Omugulugwombashe
458:defence of Cuito Cuanavale
408:'s Cuando Cubango province
349:) granted independence to
230:Foreign Minister of Angola
18:
1656:1988 in South West Africa
1636:Battle of Cuito Cuanavale
1585:
1542:End Conscription Campaign
1385:Battle of Cuito Cuanavale
1367:Aeroflot An-12 shoot-down
557:African National Congress
1696:Treaties of South Africa
1681:Peace treaties of Angola
1641:South African Border War
1537:Democratic International
1376:Operation Alpha Centauri
1196:Decolonisation of Africa
1166:German South West Africa
1071:South African Border War
626:fall of the Soviet Union
387:Republic of South Africa
210:Foreign Minister of Cuba
1532:Constructive engagement
1459:Australian contribution
1343:Angola–Cuba Declaration
418:United States President
383:Isidoro Malmierca Peoli
204:Isidoro Malmierca Peoli
1686:Peace treaties of Cuba
1605:Battles and operations
1415:Operation Excite/Hilti
1201:Old Location shootings
932:, 1994. Pages XIX-XXI.
503:According to the book
429:apartheid South Africa
409:
164:; 35 years ago
1577:Western Contact Group
1527:Cuba–Angola airbridge
817:Une Odyssee Africaine
768:"Question of Namibia"
404:
162:22 December 1988
1661:1988 in South Africa
1557:Operation IA Feature
1420:Brazzaville Protocol
1259:Turnhalle Convention
787:Kahn, Owen Ellison.
733:, 1997. Pages 38-40.
50:improve this article
19:For other uses, see
1362:Operation Wallpaper
1278:Settlement Proposal
1176:Bondelswarts affair
860:1994BuAtS..50d..37A
343:Three Powers Accord
337:(also known as the
130:
1410:Operation Displace
1292:Operation Saffraan
1272:Battle of Cassinga
1268:Operation Reindeer
1249:Operation Savannah
913:2009-01-14 at the
828:Gleijeses, Piero:
800:Gleijeses, Piero:
748:2004-08-31 at the
613:Halloween Massacre
423:, had developed a
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1676:Cold War treaties
1646:Angolan Civil War
1613:
1612:
1425:Tripartite Accord
1391:Operation Moduler
1357:Operation Magneto
1320:Operation Kerslig
1301:Operation Sceptic
1287:Operation Rekstok
1140:Angolan Civil War
1133:Related conflicts
716:. United Nations.
580:Pan Am Flight 103
359:Angolan Civil War
355:South West Africa
339:Tripartite Accord
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1405:Operation Packer
1396:Operation Hooper
1329:Operation Askari
1310:Operation Protea
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1522:Cassinga Day
1517:32 Battalion
1496:Freedom Park
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1078:Participants
1008:. Retrieved
1004:the original
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143:Peace treaty
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48:Please help
43:verification
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1547:Heroes' Day
513:G6 howitzer
191:Signatories
1620:Categories
1159:Background
1010:2017-09-12
952:2023-12-22
774:2009-08-01
689:References
633:Walvis Bay
624:until the
489:P.W. Botha
427:. It tied
314:Portuguese
169:1988-12-22
76:newspapers
1484:Memorials
1448:Aftermath
1186:Apartheid
971:The Times
854:(4): 44.
644:apartheid
640:guerrilla
308:Languages
106:July 2009
1595:Category
1150:Cold War
911:Archived
746:Archived
657:See also
522:Calueque
466:Cold War
412:In 1981
177:Location
153:Cold War
1552:Koevoet
856:Bibcode
534:Vastrap
526:Mig-23s
433:Namibia
385:) and
351:Namibia
324:English
319:Spanish
260:Parties
167: (
149:Context
90:scholar
1387:begins
1215:Events
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481:London
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1113:FAPLA
1099:SWAPO
1093:SWATF
596:UNITA
97:JSTOR
83:books
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1124:Cuba
1103:PLAN
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889:ISBN
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333:The
274:Cuba
139:Type
69:news
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864:doi
752:CNN
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