Steam engine - Knowledge (XXG)

1584:. The complete expansion of the steam now occurs across multiple cylinders, with the overall temperature drop within each cylinder reduced considerably. By expanding the steam in steps with smaller temperature range (within each cylinder) the condensation and re-evaporation efficiency issue (described above) is reduced. This reduces the magnitude of cylinder heating and cooling, increasing the efficiency of the engine. By staging the expansion in multiple cylinders, variations of torque can be reduced. To derive equal work from lower-pressure cylinder requires a larger cylinder volume as this steam occupies a greater volume. Therefore, the bore, and in rare cases the stroke, are increased in low-pressure cylinders, resulting in larger cylinders. 1268: 1964:

speed, therefore they are usually connected to reduction gearing to drive lower speed applications, such as a ship's propeller. In the vast majority of large electric generating stations, turbines are directly connected to generators with no reduction gearing. Typical speeds are 3600 revolutions per minute (RPM) in the United States with 60 Hertz power, and 3000 RPM in Europe and other countries with 50 Hertz electric power systems. In nuclear power applications, the turbines typically run at half these speeds, 1800 RPM and 1500 RPM. A turbine rotor is also only capable of providing power when rotating in one direction. Therefore, a reversing stage or gearbox is usually required where power is required in the opposite direction.

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temperature. The aim of the uniflow is to remedy this defect and improve efficiency by providing an additional port uncovered by the piston at the end of each stroke making the steam flow only in one direction. By this means, the simple-expansion uniflow engine gives efficiency equivalent to that of classic compound systems with the added advantage of superior part-load performance, and comparable efficiency to turbines for smaller engines below one thousand horsepower. However, the thermal expansion gradient uniflow engines produce along the cylinder wall gives practical difficulties..

907: 1495: 2519: 942: 1992:(in the 1990s about 90% of the world's electric production was by use of steam turbines) however the recent widespread application of large gas turbine units and typical combined cycle power plants has resulted in reduction of this percentage to the 80% regime for steam turbines. In electricity production, the high speed of turbine rotation matches well with the speed of modern electric generators, which are typically direct connected to their driving turbines. In marine service, (pioneered on the 1761: 454: 1547:

exhaust pressure. As high-pressure steam is admitted into the working cylinder, much of the high-temperature steam is condensed as water droplets onto the metal surfaces, significantly reducing the steam available for expansive work. When the expanding steam reaches low pressure (especially during the exhaust stroke), the previously deposited water droplets that had just been formed within the cylinder/ports now boil away (re-evaporation) and this steam does no further work in the cylinder.

749: 1417: 1441:, which uses a steam jet usually supplied from the boiler. Injectors became popular in the 1850s but are no longer widely used, except in applications such as steam locomotives. It is the pressurization of the water that circulates through the steam boiler that allows the water to be raised to temperatures well above 100 °C (212 °F) boiling point of water at one atmospheric pressure, and by that means to increase the efficiency of the steam cycle. 933:. Many of these vehicles were acquired by enthusiasts for preservation, and numerous examples are still in existence. In the 1960s, the air pollution problems in California gave rise to a brief period of interest in developing and studying steam-powered vehicles as a possible means of reducing the pollution. Apart from interest by steam enthusiasts, the occasional replica vehicle, and experimental technology, no steam vehicles are in production at present. 1803:" or rather, shortening the admission event; this in turn proportionately lengthens the expansion period. However, as one and the same valve usually controls both steam flows, a short cutoff at admission adversely affects the exhaust and compression periods which should ideally always be kept fairly constant; if the exhaust event is too brief, the totality of the exhaust steam cannot evacuate the cylinder, choking it and giving excessive compression ( 470: 2500: 784: 2359:, who also advised Watt on experimental procedures. Watt was also aware of the change in the boiling point of water with pressure. Otherwise, the improvements to the engine itself were more mechanical in nature. The thermodynamic concepts of the Rankine cycle did give engineers the understanding needed to calculate efficiency which aided the development of modern high-pressure and -temperature boilers and the steam turbine. 2037: 1998:), steam turbines with reduction gearing (although the Turbinia has direct turbines to propellers with no reduction gearbox) dominated large ship propulsion throughout the late 20th century, being more efficient (and requiring far less maintenance) than reciprocating steam engines. In recent decades, reciprocating Diesel engines, and gas turbines, have almost entirely supplanted steam propulsion for marine applications. 1933: 1746: 2253: 2273:

provide a practical heat/power conversion system. The heat is supplied externally to a closed loop with some of the heat added being converted to work and the waste heat being removed in a condenser. The Rankine cycle is used in virtually all steam power production applications. In the 1990s, Rankine steam cycles generated about 90% of all electric power used throughout the world, including virtually all

2402:(94 pounds) of coal. The best examples of Newcomen designs had a duty of about 7 million, but most were closer to 5 million. Watt's original low-pressure designs were able to deliver duty as high as 25 million, but averaged about 17. This was a three-fold improvement over the average Newcomen design. Early Watt engines equipped with high-pressure steam improved this to 65 million. 490: 1972: 768:

workings at depths originally impractical using traditional means, and for providing reusable water for driving waterwheels at factories sited away from a suitable "head". Water that passed over the wheel was pumped up into a storage reservoir above the wheel. In 1780 James Pickard patented the use of a flywheel and crankshaft to provide rotative motion from an improved Newcomen engine.

2323:) processes in the theoretical Carnot cycle. In this cycle, a pump is used to pressurize the working fluid which is received from the condenser as a liquid not as a gas. Pumping the working fluid in liquid form during the cycle requires a small fraction of the energy to transport it compared to the energy needed to compress the working fluid in gaseous form in a compressor (as in the 2033:, but were not repeated. Elsewhere, notably in the United States, more advanced designs with electric transmission were built experimentally, but not reproduced. It was found that steam turbines were not ideally suited to the railroad environment and these locomotives failed to oust the classic reciprocating steam unit in the way that modern diesel and electric traction has done. 446: 1476:

Exhibition in 1862. The steam engine indicator traces on paper the pressure in the cylinder throughout the cycle, which can be used to spot various problems and calculate developed horsepower. It was routinely used by engineers, mechanics and insurance inspectors. The engine indicator can also be used on internal combustion engines. See image of indicator diagram below (in

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whenever there was a speed change. As a consequence, engines equipped only with this governor were not suitable for operations requiring constant speed, such as cotton spinning. The governor was improved over time and coupled with variable steam cut off, good speed control in response to changes in load was attainable near the end of the 19th century.

1681:. Y-S-T engines divided the low-pressure expansion stages between two cylinders, one at each end of the engine. This allowed the crankshaft to be better balanced, resulting in a smoother, faster-responding engine which ran with less vibration. This made the four-cylinder triple-expansion engine popular with large passenger liners (such as the 1959:(static discs) fixed to the turbine casing. The rotors have a propeller-like arrangement of blades at the outer edge. Steam acts upon these blades, producing rotary motion. The stator consists of a similar, but fixed, series of blades that serve to redirect the steam flow onto the next rotor stage. A steam turbine often exhausts into a 1591:) engines expanded the steam in two stages. The pairs may be duplicated or the work of the large low-pressure cylinder can be split with one high-pressure cylinder exhausting into one or the other, giving a three-cylinder layout where cylinder and piston diameter are about the same, making the reciprocating masses easier to balance. 1401:), is then pumped back up to pressure and sent back to the boiler. A dry-type cooling tower is similar to an automobile radiator and is used in locations where water is costly. Waste heat can also be ejected by evaporative (wet) cooling towers, which use a secondary external water circuit that evaporates some of flow to the air. 864:

applications. Thereafter, technological developments and improvements in manufacturing techniques (partly brought about by the adoption of the steam engine as a power source) resulted in the design of more efficient engines that could be smaller, faster, or more powerful, depending on the intended application.

1628:), the pistons worked in the same phase driving a common crosshead and crank, again set at 90° as for a two-cylinder engine. With the three-cylinder compound arrangement, the LP cranks were either set at 90° with the HP one at 135° to the other two, or in some cases, all three cranks were set at 120°. 2330:

The working fluid in a Rankine cycle can operate as a closed loop system, where the working fluid is recycled continuously, or may be an "open loop" system, where the exhaust steam is directly released to the atmosphere, and a separate source of water feeding the boiler is supplied. Normally water is

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had developed the use of high-pressure steam, around 1800, that mobile steam engines became a practical proposition. The first half of the 19th century saw great progress in steam vehicle design, and by the 1850s it was becoming viable to produce them on a commercial basis. This progress was dampened

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The meaning of high pressure, together with an actual value above ambient, depends on the era in which the term was used. For early use of the term Van Reimsdijk refers to steam being at a sufficiently high pressure that it could be exhausted to atmosphere without reliance on a vacuum to enable it to

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A south Wales town has begun months of celebrations to mark the 200th anniversary of the invention of the steam locomotive. Merthyr Tydfil was the location where, on 21 February 1804, Richard Trevithick took the world into the railway age when he set one of his high-pressure steam engines on a local

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melts and the steam escapes, warning the operators, who may then manually suppress the fire. Except in the smallest of boilers the steam escape has little effect on dampening the fire. The plugs are also too small in area to lower steam pressure significantly, depressurizing the boiler. If they were

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of a conventional reciprocating steam engine. Many such engines have been designed, from the time of James Watt to the present day, but relatively few were actually built and even fewer went into quantity production; see link at bottom of article for more details. The major problem is the difficulty

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Reciprocating piston type steam engines were the dominant source of power until the early 20th century. The efficiency of stationary steam engine increased dramatically until about 1922. The highest Rankine Cycle Efficiency of 91% and combined thermal efficiency of 31% was demonstrated and published

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Steam turbines provide direct rotational force and therefore do not require a linkage mechanism to convert reciprocating to rotary motion. Thus, they produce smoother rotational forces on the output shaft. This contributes to a lower maintenance requirement and less wear on the machinery they power

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In a steam engine, a piston or steam turbine or any other similar device for doing mechanical work takes a supply of steam at high pressure and temperature and gives out a supply of steam at lower pressure and temperature, using as much of the difference in steam energy as possible to do mechanical

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The steam engine contributed much to the development of thermodynamic theory; however, the only applications of scientific theory that influenced the steam engine were the original concepts of harnessing the power of steam and atmospheric pressure and knowledge of properties of heat and steam. The

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In more modern times there has been limited use of steam for rocketry – particularly for rocket cars. Steam rocketry works by filling a pressure vessel with hot water at high pressure and opening a valve leading to a suitable nozzle. The drop in pressure immediately boils some of the water and the

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by lengthening rubbing surfaces of the valve in such a way as to overlap the port on the admission side, with the effect that the exhaust side remains open for a longer period after cut-off on the admission side has occurred. This expedient has since been generally considered satisfactory for most

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riding on the back of the main slide valve; the latter usually had fixed or limited cutoff. The combined setup gave a fair approximation of the ideal events, at the expense of increased friction and wear, and the mechanism tended to be complicated. The usual compromise solution has been to provide

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In a simple engine, or "single expansion engine" the charge of steam passes through the entire expansion process in an individual cylinder, although a simple engine may have one or more individual cylinders. It is then exhausted directly into the atmosphere or into a condenser. As steam expands in

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The most useful instrument for analyzing the performance of steam engines is the steam engine indicator. Early versions were in use by 1851, but the most successful indicator was developed for the high speed engine inventor and manufacturer Charles Porter by Charles Richard and exhibited at London

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was developed by Trevithick and others in the 1810s. It was a compound cycle engine that used high-pressure steam expansively, then condensed the low-pressure steam, making it relatively efficient. The Cornish engine had irregular motion and torque through the cycle, limiting it mainly to pumping.

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described a two-cylinder high-pressure steam engine. The invention was published in his major work "Theatri Machinarum Hydraulicarum". The engine used two heavy pistons to provide motion to a water pump. Each piston was raised by the steam pressure and returned to its original position by gravity.

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The Rankine cycle is the fundamental thermodynamic underpinning of the steam engine. The cycle is an arrangement of components as is typically used for simple power production, and uses the phase change of water (boiling water producing steam, condensing exhaust steam, producing liquid water)) to

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traditionally used a simple lever to restrain a plug valve in the top of a boiler. One end of the lever carried a weight or spring that restrained the valve against steam pressure. Early valves could be adjusted by engine drivers, leading to many accidents when a driver fastened the valve down to

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that provides a vacuum. The stages of a steam turbine are typically arranged to extract the maximum potential work from a specific velocity and pressure of steam, giving rise to a series of variably sized high- and low-pressure stages. Turbines are only efficient if they rotate at relatively high

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Early builders of stationary steam engines considered that horizontal cylinders would be subject to excessive wear. Their engines were therefore arranged with the piston axis in vertical position. In time the horizontal arrangement became more popular, allowing compact, but powerful engines to be

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In practice, a reciprocating steam engine cycle exhausting the steam to atmosphere will typically have an efficiency (including the boiler) in the range of 1–10%. However, with the addition of a condenser, Corliss valves, multiple expansion, and high steam pressure/temperature, it may be greatly

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Before the exhaust phase is quite complete, the exhaust side of the valve closes, shutting a portion of the exhaust steam inside the cylinder. This determines the compression phase where a cushion of steam is formed against which the piston does work whilst its velocity is rapidly decreasing; it

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There are practical limits on the expansion ratio of a steam engine cylinder, as increasing cylinder surface area tends to exacerbate the cylinder condensation and re-evaporation issues. This negates the theoretical advantages associated with a high ratio of expansion in an individual cylinder.

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The dominant efficiency loss in reciprocating steam engines is cylinder condensation and re-evaporation. The steam cylinder and adjacent metal parts/ports operate at a temperature about halfway between the steam admission saturation temperature and the saturation temperature corresponding to the

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The widely used reciprocating engine typically consisted of a cast-iron cylinder, piston, connecting rod and beam or a crank and flywheel, and miscellaneous linkages. Steam was alternately supplied and exhausted by one or more valves. Speed control was either automatic, using a governor, or by a

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exhausted steam into successively larger cylinders to accommodate the higher volumes at reduced pressures, giving improved efficiency. These stages were called expansions, with double- and triple-expansion engines being common, especially in shipping where efficiency was important to reduce the

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One principal advantage the Rankine cycle holds over others is that during the compression stage relatively little work is required to drive the pump, the working fluid being in its liquid phase at this point. By condensing the fluid, the work required by the pump consumes only 1% to 3% of the

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By the 1840s, it was clear that the concept had inherent problems and rotary engines were treated with some derision in the technical press. However, the arrival of electricity on the scene, and the obvious advantages of driving a dynamo directly from a high-speed engine, led to something of a

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The adoption of compounding was common for industrial units, for road engines and almost universal for marine engines after 1880; it was not universally popular in railway locomotives where it was often perceived as complicated. This is partly due to the harsh railway operating environment and

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in which cold water from the river is injected into the exhaust steam from the engine. Cooling water and condensate mix. While this was also applied for sea-going vessels, generally after only a few days of operation the boiler would become coated with deposited salt, reducing performance and

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Uniflow engines attempt to remedy the difficulties arising from the usual counterflow cycle where, during each stroke, the port and the cylinder walls will be cooled by the passing exhaust steam, whilst the hotter incoming admission steam will waste some of its energy in restoring the working

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respectively. These engines use a series of cylinders of progressively increasing diameter. These cylinders are designed to divide the work into equal shares for each expansion stage. As with the double-expansion engine, if space is at a premium, then two smaller cylinders may be used for the

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were building. The governor could not actually hold a set speed, because it would assume a new constant speed in response to load changes. The governor was able to handle smaller variations such as those caused by fluctuating heat load to the boiler. Also, there was a tendency for oscillation

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around 1712. It improved on Savery's steam pump, using a piston as proposed by Papin. Newcomen's engine was relatively inefficient, and mostly used for pumping water. It worked by creating a partial vacuum by condensing steam under a piston within a cylinder. It was employed for draining mine

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in 1801 introduced engines using high-pressure steam; Trevithick obtained his high-pressure engine patent in 1802, and Evans had made several working models before then. These were much more powerful for a given cylinder size than previous engines and could be made small enough for transport

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to raise the temperature of the steam above its saturated vapour point, and various mechanisms to increase the draft for fireboxes. When coal is used, a chain or screw stoking mechanism and its drive engine or motor may be included to move the fuel from a supply bin (bunker) to the firebox.

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resulted in the gradual replacement of steam engines in commercial usage. Steam turbines replaced reciprocating engines in power generation, due to lower cost, higher operating speed, and higher efficiency. Note that small scale steam turbines are much less efficient than large ones.

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allow greater steam pressure and more power from the engine. The more recent type of safety valve uses an adjustable spring-loaded valve, which is locked such that operators may not tamper with its adjustment unless a seal is illegally broken. This arrangement is considerably safer.

898:, the committee said that "no one invention since Watt's time has so enhanced the efficiency of the steam engine". In addition to using 30% less steam, it provided more uniform speed due to variable steam cut off, making it well suited to manufacturing, especially cotton spinning. 3194:

Nuvolari, A; Verspagen, Bart; Tunzelmann, Nicholas (2003). "The Diffusion of the Steam Engine in Eighteenth-Century Britain. Applied Evolutionary Economics and the Knowledge-based Economy" (Document). Eindhoven, The Netherlands: Eindhoven Centre for Innovation Studies (ECIS).

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Fire-tube boilers were the main type used for early high-pressure steam (typical steam locomotive practice), but they were to a large extent displaced by more economical water tube boilers in the late 19th century for marine propulsion and large stationary applications.

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is considered the inventor of the first commercially used steam powered device, a steam pump that used steam pressure operating directly on the water. The first commercially successful engine that could transmit continuous power to a machine was developed in 1712 by

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starting in the late part of the 19th century. Steam turbines are generally more efficient than reciprocating piston type steam engines (for outputs above several hundred horsepower), have fewer moving parts, and provide rotary power directly instead of through a

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system or similar means. Steam turbines virtually replaced reciprocating engines in electricity generating stations early in the 20th century, where their efficiency, higher speed appropriate to generator service, and smooth rotation were advantages. Today most

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by legislation which limited or prohibited the use of steam-powered vehicles on roads. Improvements in vehicle technology continued from the 1860s to the 1920s. Steam road vehicles were used for many applications. In the 20th century, the rapid development of

2409:, in which heat is moved from a high-temperature reservoir to one at a low temperature, and the efficiency depends on the temperature difference. For the greatest efficiency, steam engines should be operated at the highest steam temperature possible ( 612:

made a critical improvement in 1764, by removing spent steam to a separate vessel for condensation, greatly improving the amount of work obtained per unit of fuel consumed. By the 19th century, stationary steam engines powered the factories of the

720:. It used condensing steam to create a vacuum which raised water from below and then used steam pressure to raise it higher. Small engines were effective though larger models were problematic. They had a very limited lift height and were prone to 1412:

Evaporated water cannot be used for subsequent purposes (other than rain somewhere), whereas river water can be re-used. In all cases, the steam plant boiler feed water, which must be kept pure, is kept separate from the cooling water or air.

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is provided by steam turbines. In the United States, 90% of the electric power is produced in this way using a variety of heat sources. Steam turbines were extensively applied for propulsion of large ships throughout most of the 20th century.

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Hot gas is passed through tubes immersed in water, the same water also circulates in a water jacket surrounding the firebox and, in high-output locomotive boilers, also passes through tubes in the firebox itself (thermic syphons and security

2187:) can and have in the past caused great loss of life. While variations in standards may exist in different countries, stringent legal, testing, training, care with manufacture, operation and certification is applied to ensure safety. 1624:). When the double-expansion group is duplicated, producing a four-cylinder compound, the individual pistons within the group are usually balanced at 180°, the groups being set at 90° to each other. In one case (the first type of 1069:. The design incorporated a number of important innovations that included using high-pressure steam which reduced the weight of the engine and increased its efficiency. Trevithick visited the Newcastle area later in 1804 and the 1242:

The heat required for boiling the water and raising the temperature of the steam can be derived from various sources, most commonly from burning combustible materials with an appropriate supply of air in a closed space (e.g.,

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Steam engines frequently possess two independent mechanisms for ensuring that the pressure in the boiler does not go too high; one may be adjusted by the user, the second is typically designed as an ultimate fail-safe. Such

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The image in this section shows an animation of a triple-expansion engine. The steam travels through the engine from left to right. The valve chest for each of the cylinders is to the left of the corresponding cylinder.

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to direct steam into and out of the cylinder. Instead of valves, the entire cylinder rocks, or oscillates, such that one or more holes in the cylinder line up with holes in a fixed port face or in the pivot mounting

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Watt developed his engine further, modifying it to provide a rotary motion suitable for driving machinery. This enabled factories to be sited away from rivers, and accelerated the pace of the Industrial Revolution.

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and results in steam entering the cylinder at high temperature and leaving at lower temperature. This causes a cycle of heating and cooling of the cylinder with every stroke, which is a source of inefficiency.

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during the first century AD. In the following centuries, the few steam-powered engines known were, like the aeolipile, essentially experimental devices used by inventors to demonstrate the properties of steam.

3063:"LXXII. An engine for raising water by fire; being on improvement of saver'y construction, to render it capable of working itself, invented by Mr. De Moura of Portugal, F. R. S. Described by Mr. J. Smeaton". 1186:

Although the reciprocating steam engine is no longer in widespread commercial use, various companies are exploring or exploiting the potential of the engine as an alternative to internal combustion engines.

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These "motor units" are often called 'steam engines' in their own right. Engines using compressed air or other gases differ from steam engines only in details that depend on the nature of the gas although

2448:, for instance, have turbine entry temperatures approaching 1500 °C. Nonetheless, the efficiencies of actual large steam cycles and large modern simple cycle gas turbines are fairly well matched. 1656:

An animation of a simplified triple-expansion engine. High-pressure steam (red) enters from the boiler and passes through the engine, exhausting as low-pressure steam (blue), usually to a condenser.

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to avoid the weight and bulk of condensers. Some of the released steam is vented up the chimney so as to increase the draw on the fire, which greatly increases engine power, but reduces efficiency.

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profiled so as to give ideal events; most of these gears never succeeded outside of the stationary marketplace due to various other issues including leakage and more delicate mechanisms.

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turbine (or reciprocating engine) power and contributes to a much higher efficiency for a real cycle. The benefit of this is lost somewhat due to the lower heat addition temperature.

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moreover obviates the pressure and temperature shock, which would otherwise be caused by the sudden admission of the high-pressure steam at the beginning of the following cycle.

2327:). The cycle of a reciprocating steam engine differs from that of turbines because of condensation and re-evaporation occurring in the cylinder or in the steam inlet passages. 894:, patented in 1849, which was a four-valve counter flow engine with separate steam admission and exhaust valves and automatic variable steam cutoff. When Corliss was given the 740:

in the Philosophical Transactions published in 1751. It continued to be manufactured until the late 18th century. At least one engine was still known to be operating in 1820.

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levels for the working fluid, the temperature range over which the cycle can operate is small; in steam turbines, turbine entry temperatures are typically 565 °C (the

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increasing the risk of a boiler explosion. Starting about 1834, the use of surface condensers on ships eliminated fouling of the boilers, and improved engine efficiency.

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The simplest valve gears give events of fixed length during the engine cycle and often make the engine rotate in only one direction. Many however have a reversing

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low-pressure stage. Multiple-expansion engines typically had the cylinders arranged inline, but various other formations were used. In the late 19th century, the

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Most steam boilers have a means to supply water whilst at pressure, so that they may be run continuously. Utility and industrial boilers commonly use multi-stage

852:, p. 22 states that Watt's condensing engines were known, at the time, as low pressure compared to high pressure, non-condensing engines of the same period. 2518: 2379:

The efficiency of an engine cycle can be calculated by dividing the energy output of mechanical work that the engine produces by the energy put into the engine.

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Of the few designs that were manufactured in quantity, those of the Hult Brothers Rotary Steam Engine Company of Stockholm, Sweden, and the spherical engine of

1267: 815:'s improved version of Newcomen's. Newcomen's and Watt's early engines were "atmospheric". They were powered by air pressure pushing a piston into the partial 595:

As noted, steam-driven devices such as the aeolipile were known in the first century AD, and there were a few other uses recorded in the 16th century. In 1606

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technology led to the demise of the steam engine as a source of propulsion of vehicles on a commercial basis, with relatively few remaining in use beyond the

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With two-cylinder compounds used in railway work, the pistons are connected to the cranks as with a two-cylinder simple at 90° out of phase with each other (

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in which the waste heat is used for heating a lower boiling point working fluid or as a heat source for district heating via saturated low-pressure steam.

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may be present in the crown of the boiler's firebox. If the water level drops, such that the temperature of the firebox crown increases significantly, the

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It is a logical extension of the compound engine (described above) to split the expansion into yet more stages to increase efficiency. The result is the

238: 2749: 4759: 1707:, the expansion engine dominated marine applications, where high vessel speed was not essential. It was, however, superseded by the British invention 1449: 1007:

As the development of steam engines progressed through the 18th century, various attempts were made to apply them to road and railway use. In 1784,

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inventor, built a model steam road locomotive. An early working model of a steam rail locomotive was designed and constructed by steamboat pioneer

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was its "duty". The concept of duty was first introduced by Watt in order to illustrate how much more efficient his engines were over the earlier

2067:). These engines are mainly used in toys and models because of their simplicity, but have also been used in full-size working engines, mainly on 4586: 2499: 2351:

experimental measurements made by Watt on a model steam engine led to the development of the separate condenser. Watt independently discovered

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In the 1840s and 1850s, there were attempts to overcome this problem by means of various patent valve gears with a separate, variable cutoff

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weight of coal carried. Steam engines remained the dominant source of power until the early 20th century, when advances in the design of the

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Many boilers raise the temperature of the steam after it has left that part of the boiler where it is in contact with the water. Known as

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and, on 21 February 1804, the world's first railway journey took place as Trevithick's unnamed steam locomotive hauled a train along the

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comprising the ports and the cylinder ends (not part of the piston-swept volume) before the steam begins to exert effort on the piston.

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uses a jet of steam to force water into the boiler. Injectors are inefficient but simple enough to be suitable for use on locomotives.

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in the United States probably during the 1780s or 1790s. His steam locomotive used interior bladed wheels guided by rails or tracks.

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begins to resemble the Carnot cycle. The main difference is that heat addition (in the boiler) and rejection (in the condenser) are

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of 1905 was the first major warship to replace the proven technology of the reciprocating engine with the then-novel steam turbine.

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Land-based steam engines could exhaust their steam to atmosphere, as feed water was usually readily available. Prior to and during

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was adopted by James Watt for use on a steam engine in 1788 after Watt's partner Boulton saw one on the equipment of a flour mill

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in fixed buildings may have the boiler and engine in separate buildings some distance apart. For portable or mobile use, such as

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gradually resulted in the replacement of reciprocating (piston) steam engines, with merchant shipping relying increasingly upon

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the fluid of choice due to its favourable properties, such as non-toxic and unreactive chemistry, abundance, low cost, and its

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were manufactured. Some non-condensing direct-drive locomotives did meet with some success for long haul freight operations in

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passing through a high-pressure engine, its temperature drops because no heat is being added to the system; this is known as

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Sometimes the waste heat from the engine is useful itself, and in those cases, very high overall efficiency can be obtained.

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Watt's patent prevented others from making high pressure and compound engines. Shortly after Watt's patent expired in 1800,

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received patents in 1606 for 50 steam-powered inventions, including a water pump for draining inundated mines. Frenchman

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The first experimental road-going steam-powered vehicles were built in the late 18th century, but it was not until after

5320: 5310: 1132: 331: 311: 268: 258: 183: 143: 6072: 5514: 5378: 5359: 5350: 5234: 4846: 4789: 2387: 2014: 804: 650: 228: 3475:"Nation Park Service Steam Locomotive article with photo of Fitch Steam model and dates of construction as 1780–1790" 2463:

etc. will achieve efficiency in the mid 40% range, with the most efficient units approaching 50% thermal efficiency.

1799:

which additionally can provide means for saving steam as speed and momentum are gained by gradually "shortening the

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either use a steam turbine directly for main propulsion, with generators providing auxiliary power, or else employ

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The Unbound Prometheus: Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present

906: 6077: 5680: 5669: 5226: 3943: 2565: 2010: 1682: 1565:

A method to lessen the magnitude of energy loss to a very long cylinder was invented in 1804 by British engineer

1181: 569: 5454: 5386: 4646: 4516: 2429: 2080: 2022: 1494: 1279: 1200: 1030: 374: 321: 306: 301: 248: 2689:

Landes refers to Thurston's definition of an engine and Thurston's calling Newcomen's the "first true engine".

2260:. 1) Feedwater pump 2) Boiler or steam generator 3) Turbine or engine 4) Condenser; where 2096:; the resulting leakage made them very inefficient. Lack of expansive working, or any means of control of the 2058:

An oscillating cylinder steam engine is a variant of the simple expansion steam engine which does not require

1692:. It is noted, however, that triple-expansion reciprocating steam engines were used to drive the World War II 1502: 736:

introduced an improvement of Savery's construction "to render it capable of working itself", as described by

6082: 5746: 5690: 5685: 5606: 5330: 5275: 4997: 4953: 2655: 2555: 1272: 1204: 881: 733: 669: 589: 458: 200: 127: 2797: 1780:– admission, expansion, exhaust, compression. These events are controlled by valves often working inside a 1457:

For safety reasons, nearly all steam engines are equipped with mechanisms to monitor the boiler, such as a

6057: 6000: 5695: 5593: 5434: 5315: 4966: 4904: 4379: 2590: 2200:

buildup of sediment and scale which cause local hot spots, especially in riverboats using dirty feed water

1989: 1829: 1749: 1720: 1712: 1248: 1116: 1073:

in north-east England became the leading centre for experimentation and development of steam locomotives.

941: 673: 462: 336: 316: 296: 278: 173: 79: 72: 3326:"The Pictorial History of Steam Power" J.T. Van Reimsdijk and Kenneth Brown, Octopus Books Limited 1989, 2455:

A modern, large electrical power station (producing several hundred megawatts of electrical output) with

2416:

The efficiency of a Rankine cycle is usually limited by the working fluid. Without the pressure reaching

5651: 5560: 5285: 5206: 5179: 4909: 4894: 4804: 4572: 2575: 2550: 2340: 2112: 2097: 1821: 1800: 1674: 1647: 1560: 1016: 965: 796: 614: 525: 453: 399: 205: 133: 57: 5620: 2901: 2728: 1873:, it has been found advantageous since the late 1830s to advance the admission phase, giving the valve 1760: 1652: 1225:) to supply water to the boiler during operation, condensers to recirculate the water and recover the 5969: 5305: 5244: 5105: 4971: 4919: 4856: 4809: 4641: 4125: 3474: 2920: 2424:

limit of stainless steel) and condenser temperatures are around 30 °C. This gives a theoretical

2006: 1900: 1890: 1833: 1740: 1514: 1498: 891: 832: 541: 351: 94: 2005:

plants generate electricity by heating water to provide steam that drives a turbine connected to an

5875: 5817: 5781: 5614: 5148: 5022: 4939: 4929: 4735: 4661: 4636: 3344: 2570: 2545: 2421: 2332: 2068: 1678: 1437:; however, other types are used. Another means of supplying lower-pressure boiler feed water is an 959: 946: 759:

The first commercially successful engine that could transmit continuous power to a machine was the

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Structures of Change in the Mechanical Age: Technological Invention in the United States 1790–1865

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Steam locomotives continued to be manufactured until the late twentieth century in places such as

5547: 5541: 5535: 5527: 5522: 5110: 4606: 4559: 4461: 4453: 4151: 4096:"Remarks on the Duty of the Steam Engines employed in the Mines of Cornwall at different periods" 4067: 3500: 3080: 2383: 2368: 2316: 2164: 1393:

as a cold sink. The condensers are cooled by water flow from oceans, rivers, lakes, and often by

1252: 1244: 1218:

Engines equipped with a condenser are a separate type than those that exhaust to the atmosphere.

1070: 1042: 921: 856: 760: 665: 346: 168: 114: 4041: 41:"Steam machine" and "Steam-powered" redirect here. For the video game distribution service, see 3303: 3297: 1416: 5411: 5259: 5249: 5198: 5153: 5133: 5120: 5100: 5082: 5027: 4981: 4851: 4794: 4497: 4337: 4331: 4316: 4293: 4271: 4239: 4206: 4181: 4143: 4095: 3910: 3822: 3751: 3624: 3601: 3376: 3352: 3327: 3307: 3269: 3118: 2980: 2828: 2803: 2425: 2374: 2336: 2116: 2093: 1960: 1765: 1625: 1539: 1518: 1489: 1469: 1390: 1330: 1299: 1101: 1097: 1026: 828: 800: 788: 641:

As of 2023, large reciprocating piston steam engines are still being manufactured in Germany.

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so that admission occurs a little before the end of the exhaust stroke in order to fill the

1773: 1434: 1397:

which evaporate water to provide cooling energy removal. The resulting condensed hot water (

1380: 1333:'. It avoids the steam condensing in the engine cylinders, and gives a significantly higher 1307: 1208: 1077: 994: 930: 808: 721: 573: 474: 326: 253: 31: 4521: 3620:

Creating the Twentieth Century: Technical Innovations of 1867–1914 and Their Lasting Impact

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rotates due to the steam escaping from the arms. No practical use was made of this effect.

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opened in 1830 making exclusive use of steam power for both passenger and freight trains.

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Trevithick continued his own experiments using a trio of locomotives, concluding with the

1008: 998: 950: 764: 725: 693: 605: 577: 188: 178: 138: 42: 2104:

revival in interest in the 1880s and 1890s, and a few designs had some limited success..

4491: 4480: 4221: 4129: 3129:. Collected Papers of Rhys Jenkins, Former Senior Examiner in the British Patent Office. 5979: 5922: 5761: 5579: 5428: 5400: 5077: 4976: 4899: 4889: 4799: 4621: 4205:] (in French). Translated by Carpenter, George W. Camden Miniature Steam Services. 2912: 2640: 2605: 2540: 2437: 2395: 2243: 2126: 1932: 1825: 1784:

adjacent to the cylinder; the valves distribute the steam by opening and closing steam

1772:

In most reciprocating piston engines, the steam reverses its direction of flow at each

1745: 1608: 1458: 1369: 1357: 1289: 1168: 1163: 1140: 1087: 1058: 1050: 974: 868: 705: 630: 622: 529: 509: 482: 1768:

showing the four events in a double piston stroke. See: Monitoring and control (above)

1616:: The cylinders are arranged in a V (usually at a 90° angle) and drive a common crank. 1379:

The simplest cold sink is to vent the steam to the environment. This is often used on

6051: 5896: 5812: 5797: 5367: 5340: 5239: 5158: 4994: 4693: 4671: 4656: 4465: 4264: 4155: 3084: 3013: 2645: 2635: 2286: 2274: 2257: 2247: 2237: 2084: 2002: 1981: 1955: 1949: 1937: 1927: 1906: 1752:

stationary engine. This was the common mill engine of the mid 19th century. Note the

1708: 1633: 1405: 1394: 1152: 1082: 1002: 982: 970: 895: 872:

Cornish engines were used in mines and for water supply until the late 19th century.

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A Brief History of the Age of Steam: From the First Engine to the Boats and Railways

3877: 2252: 2203:

pressure vessel failure of the boiler due to inadequate construction or maintenance.

2036: 1895: 5995: 5948: 5771: 5766: 5568: 5325: 5072: 5057: 5012: 4866: 4861: 4706: 4407: 4285: 4138: 4113: 2733: 2650: 2630: 2595: 2483: 2467: 2456: 2406: 2356: 2344: 2324: 2304: 2220: 2212: 2144: 1837: 1693: 1566: 1322: 1136: 860: 820: 812: 777: 737: 618: 478: 99: 4370: 2452:

improved. Historically into the range of 10–20%, and very rarely slightly higher.

1576:

in 1805. In the compound engine, high-pressure steam from the boiler expands in a

1114:. This was the first public steam railway in the world and then in 1829, he built 449:

A model of a beam engine featuring James Watt's parallel linkage for double action

4309: 4196: 3428: 716:

The first commercial steam-powered device was a water pump, developed in 1698 by

599:

patented his invention of the first steam-powered water pump for draining mines.

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powering textile machinery. One advantage of Savery's engine was its low cost.

729: 701: 585: 505: 489: 148: 17: 4362: 4021: 3878:"Stirling | Internal Combustion Engine | Cylinder (Engine) | Free 30-day Trial" 3522: 2123:. They were eventually replaced in these niche applications by steam turbines. 556:, where the working fluid is separated from the combustion products. The ideal 5499: 5442: 5067: 5002: 4986: 4924: 4881: 4871: 4651: 4626: 4449: 2610: 2585: 2487: 2460: 2308: 2282: 2120: 2088: 2059: 1841: 1789: 1506: 1373: 1054: 609: 445: 153: 104: 4554: 4147: 3380: 3266:

The Most Powerful Idea in the World: A Story of Steam, Industry and Invention

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to regulate the speed of the engine without the need for human interference.

1215:

manual valve. The cylinder casting contained steam supply and exhaust ports.

964:

Near the end of the 19th century, compound engines came into widespread use.

5927: 5917: 5849: 5844: 5706: 5295: 5280: 4676: 4501: 2897: 2615: 2150: 2131: 1326: 1062: 661: 552:

as "steam engines". The essential feature of steam engines is that they are

549: 494: 163: 84: 4068:"GEOTHERMAL BINARY CYCLE POWER PLANT PRINCIPLES, OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE" 3076: 4534: 4496:. The International Scientific Series. New York: D. Appleton and Company. 3675: 1664:. Such engines use either three or four expansion stages and are known as 1157:

The final major evolution of the steam engine design was the use of steam

5184: 2510: 2297: 2228:

any larger, the volume of escaping steam would itself endanger the crew.

2064: 1994: 1976: 1910: 1438: 1421: 1222: 1091: 1012: 824: 537: 109: 1953:(rotating discs) mounted on a drive shaft, alternating with a series of 1080:

in 1808. Only four years later, the successful twin-cylinder locomotive

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insufficient water in the boiler causing overheating and vessel failure

2092:

of sealing the rotors to make them steam-tight in the face of wear and

1796: 1158: 544:

as just described, although some authorities have also referred to the

520:. The steam engine uses the force produced by steam pressure to push a 158: 4436:

Robinson, Eric H. (March 1974). "The Early Diffusion of Steam Power".

3900: 3898: 1453:

Richard's indicator instrument of 1875. See: Indicator diagram (below)

5300: 5037: 4257:. Vol. 2: Steam Power. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia. 3117:. Cambridge: The Newcomen Society at the Cambridge University Press. 2399: 2026: 2021:

set with propulsion provided by electric motors. A limited number of

1196: 816: 581: 521: 2428:

of about 63% compared with an actual efficiency of 42% for a modern

1688:), but this was ultimately replaced by the virtually vibration-free 540:

force for work. The term "steam engine" is most commonly applied to

4411: 3115:

Links in the History of Engineering and Technology from Tudor Times

1041:

The first full-scale working railway steam locomotive was built by

4819: 4549: 3782:, p. 123, 'The Steam Engine Indicator' Stillman, Paul (1851). 2413:), and release the waste heat at the lowest temperature possible. 2251: 2184: 2125: 2035: 1970: 1931: 1913:

at the top. High-pressure steam enters, red, and exhausts, yellow.

1894: 1759: 1744: 1651: 1493: 1448: 1415: 1266: 1066: 1034: 1021: 940: 905: 782: 747: 513: 488: 468: 452: 444: 4292:. Cambridge; NY: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. 3251:

Duty comparison was based on a carefully conducted trial in 1778.

2436:) is why the Rankine cycle is often used as a bottoming cycle in 2179:

that contain a great deal of potential energy. Steam escapes and

831:

had to be large because the only usable force acting on them was

4744: 4560:

Video of the 1900 steam engine aboard paddle steamer Unterwalden

4114:"A review of gas turbine engine with inter-stage turbine burner" 3969:. Chicago: Farm Implement News Company. 1928. pp. 108–109 . 3967:

The Tractor Field Book: With Power Farm Equipment Specifications

3748:

The Coming of the Comet: The Rise and Fall of the Paddle Steamer

2224: 1711:

where speed was required, for instance in warships, such as the

1203:, and the "motor unit", referred to itself as a "steam engine". 660:

As noted, one recorded rudimentary steam-powered engine was the

5710: 4748: 4568: 4564: 4270:. Vol. 3: The Transmission of Power. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. 3677:

Mechanization in Industry, National Bureau of Economic Research

3375:. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. xvi. 2680:

This model was built by Samuel Pemberton between 1880 and 1890.

3526: 3393:

The American Car since 1775, Pub. L. Scott. Baily, 1971, p. 18

4266:

A History of Industrial Power in the United States, 1730–1930

4255:

A History of Industrial Power in the United States, 1730–1930

3302:. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 3909:. Penrhyn, UK: Atlantic Transport Publishers. pp. 2–3. 2175:

Steam engines possess boilers and other components that are

2161:

steam leaves through a nozzle, creating a propulsive force.

1468:

Many engines, stationary and mobile, are also fitted with a

3206: 2778:(6th ed.). USA: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. p. 405. 2115:

to drive lighting dynamos on their locomotives, and by the

1195:

There are two fundamental components of a steam plant: the

708:

in 1679, and first used a piston to raise weights in 1690.

4351:

Payton, Philip (2004). "Trevithick, Richard (1771–1833)".

4236:

Power from Steam: A history of the stationary steam engine

3571:(reprint of 1923 ed.). Lewes, UK: the Book Guild Ltd. 2919:, pp. 34–35. Institute for the History of Arabic Science, 2848: 2303:

The Rankine cycle is sometimes referred to as a practical

1840:

gears had separate admission and exhaust valves driven by

4381:

Thermodynamics of the Steam-engine and Other Heat-engines

3704: 3702: 3652:, pp. 495–96 Description of the Colt portable engine 3371:

Dickinson, Henry W; Titley, Arthur (1934). "Chronology".

3065:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London

2799:

Energy resources: occurrence, production, conversion, use

2750:"The History and Future of High Efficiency Steam Engines" 1788:

communicating with the cylinder end(s) and are driven by

485:

of engine was built in 1942–1950 and operated until 1988.

3860: 3858: 2315:(constant pressure) processes in the Rankine cycle and 2979:. Valencia: Universidad de Valencia. pp. 443–54. 2432:. This low turbine entry temperature (compared with a 1255:

and a few full scale cases, the heat source can be an

1221:

Other components are often present; pumps (such as an

4429:

Watt's Perfect Engine: Steam and the Age of Invention

3497:"Richard Trevithick's steam locomotive | Rhagor" 3442: 3440: 3223:. London: B. Steill, Paternoster-Row. pp. 23–24. 3177: 3175: 3173: 3171: 3169: 3167: 3165: 3163: 3161: 3159: 3096: 3094: 2206:

escape of steam from pipework/boiler causing scalding

568:

can refer to either complete steam plants (including

4112:

Yin, Feijia; Rao, Arvind Gangoli (1 February 2020).

3598:

Baureihe 52.80 – Die rekonstruierte Kriegslokomotive

2713:

American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language

2466:

It is also possible to capture the waste heat using

2100:, is also a serious problem with many such designs. 1865:

The above effects are further enhanced by providing

1304:

Water is passed through tubes surrounded by hot gas.

6029: 6009: 5988: 5962: 5936: 5905: 5884: 5863: 5837: 5830: 5790: 5754: 5745: 5634: 5605: 5578: 5559: 5513: 5466: 5419: 5410: 5377: 5358: 5349: 5268: 5225: 5197: 5167: 5119: 5091: 5045: 5036: 4952: 4880: 4827: 4818: 4782: 4550:

Animated engines – Illustrates a variety of engines

1820:purposes and makes possible the use of the simpler 1288:that contain water to be boiled, and features that 4308: 4263: 4100:Transactions of the Institution of Civil Engineers 2827:(7th ed.). USA: McGraw-Hill. pp. 29–24. 2710: 2256:Flow diagram of the four main devices used in the 625:, and steam locomotives operated on the railways. 4422:. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). pp. 818–850. 3944:"Valves and Steamchest - Advanced Steam Traction" 3351:, New York: Oxford University Press, p. 74, 2763:(8): 24–25 – via engineersaustralia.org.au. 2355:, which was confirmed by the original discoverer 2167:'s carriage was powered by an aeolipile in 1679. 1607:: The cylinders are end to end, driving a common 560:cycle used to analyze this process is called the 27:Engine that uses steam to perform mechanical work 4075:Orkustofnun (Islandic National Energy Authority) 3852:Basic Mechanical Engineering by Mohan Sen p. 266 3018:Introductory Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics 2307:because, when an efficient turbine is used, the 4177:Society and Economy in Modern Britain 1700–1850 3463:. London: Frederick Warne and Co. pp. 7–9. 3291: 3289: 3287: 3285: 2717:(4th ed.). Houghton Mifflin Company. 2000. 1360:has been used in steam engines without change. 3722:"Fossil Energy: How Turbine Power Plants Work" 3586:. The Hamlyn Publishing Group. pp. 24–30. 2405:No heat engine can be more efficient than the 2119:for driving dynamos on board the ships of the 2111:are notable. Tower's engines were used by the 629:in 1921 and 1928. Advances in the design of 5722: 4760: 4580: 3996:. London: Virtue and Company. pp. 61–63. 2917:Taqi al-Din and Arabic Mechanical Engineering 2268:=work. Most of the heat is rejected as waste. 2079:It is possible to use a mechanism based on a 1389:Steam engines in stationary power plants use 528:. This pushing force can be transformed by a 426: 8: 4357:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 4311:An Encyclopedia of the History of Technology 3931:Dreadnought Gunnery at the Battle of Jutland 3779: 3373:Richard Trevithick, the engineer and the man 3268:. University of Chicago Press. p. 185. 3248: 2626:Steam power during the Industrial Revolution 2343:. Low boiling hydrocarbons can be used in a 4493:A History of the Growth of the Steam-engine 4011:. London: Charles Griffin. pp. 56–108. 3430:New England Manufacturers and Manufactories 2382:The historical measure of a steam engine's 1594:Two-cylinder compounds can be arranged as: 1191:Components and accessories of steam engines 811:'s early engines used half as much coal as 5834: 5751: 5729: 5715: 5707: 5416: 5355: 5042: 4824: 4767: 4753: 4745: 4587: 4573: 4565: 4262:Hunter, Louis C.; Bryant, Lynwood (1991). 3819:A History of Control Engineering 1800–1930 1368:As with all heat engines, the majority of 910:Steam powered road-locomotive from England 890:The acme of the horizontal engine was the 433: 419: 53: 4482:A Descriptive History of the Steam Engine 4238:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4137: 3207:Nuvolari, Verspagen & Tunzelmann 2003 2900:(1st century BC), published 17, June, 08 1756:with concave, almost D-shaped, underside. 1346: 776:The two pistons shared a common four-way 4555:Howstuffworks – "How Steam Engines Work" 4522:The Steam Turbine: The Rede Lecture 1911 3979: 3259: 3257: 1968:than a comparable reciprocating engine. 1947:A steam turbine consists of one or more 1675:Yarrow-Schlick-Tweedy balancing "system" 6037:Glossary of steam locomotive components 5642:Glossary of steam locomotive components 4354:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 4223:The Steam-engine and Other Heat-engines 3841: 3708: 3623:, Oxford University Press, p. 62, 3349:A Social History of American Technology 2940:. History.rochester.edu. Archived from 2791: 2789: 2787: 2785: 2702: 2673: 2472: 1580:and then enters one or more subsequent 696:in Italy in 1629. The Spanish inventor 56: 4066:Parada, Angel Fernando Monroy (2013). 3864: 3767: 3661: 3649: 3584:The Pictorial Encyclopedia of Railways 3446: 3414: 3402: 3181: 3138: 3100: 3050: 2157:, although not for direct propulsion. 1988:The main use for steam turbines is in 780:connected directly to a steam boiler. 584:or turbine machinery alone, as in the 3693: 3150: 3038: 2999: 2938:online history resource, chapter one" 2748:Mierisch, Robert Charles (May 2018). 2375:Engine efficiency § Steam engine 985:, and warships on the steam turbine. 849: 724:. Savery's engine was used in mines, 7: 4102:, Volume 3 (14 January 1840), p. 457 3664:See description of steam locomotives 3569:Timothy Hackworth and the Locomotive 2896:from "Ten Books on Architecture" by 2825:Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook 2011:Nuclear-powered ships and submarines 1689: 4472:Rose, Joshua. (1887, reprint 2003) 3799:. pp. xxv–xxvi. Archived from 3724:. Fossil.energy.gov. Archived from 3499:. Museumwales.ac.uk. Archived from 3433:. volume 1. Van Slyck. p. 198. 2962: 2153:represents the use of steam by the 2071:where their compactness is valued. 1869:: as was later discovered with the 1587:Double-expansion (usually known as 5494:National Museum of Scotland engine 4725:Timeline of heat engine technology 2048:Oscillating cylinder steam engines 2023:steam turbine railroad locomotives 795:The next major step occurred when 25: 4485:. London: J. Knight and H. Lacey. 4046:Scottish Engineering Hall of Fame 3556:. Cannwood Press. pp. 18–19. 2194:over-pressurisation of the boiler 2054:Oscillating cylinder steam engine 2042:oscillating cylinder steam engine 2031:express passenger work in Britain 1792:, of which there are many types. 1601:: The cylinders are side by side. 1120:which was entered in and won the 405:Outline of prehistoric technology 317:History of electrical engineering 5676:List of steam technology patents 4510:Pictorial History of Steam Power 4220:Ewing, Sir James Alfred (1894). 3821:. London: Peter Peregrinus Ltd. 3523:"Steam train anniversary begins" 3236:Theatri Machinarum Hydraulicarum 2729:"Who Invented the Steam Engine?" 2581:List of steam technology patents 2517: 2509:bicycle by John van de Riet, in 2498: 2475: 1271:An industrial boiler used for a 1211:, the two are mounted together. 1126:Liverpool and Manchester Railway 1037:"Northern" type steam locomotive 4490:Thurston, Robert Henry (1878). 4438:The Journal of Economic History 1909:are controlled by the rotating 1679:marine triple-expansion engines 1376:at relatively low temperature. 1295:The two most common types are: 1112:Stockton and Darlington Railway 827:of expanding steam. The engine 370:Timeline of historic inventions 5661:Murdoch's model steam carriage 5647:History of steam road vehicles 4378:Peabody, Cecil Hobart (1893). 4336:. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. 4226:. Cambridge: University Press. 4139:10.1016/j.paerosci.2020.100695 4118:Progress in Aerospace Sciences 3596:Michael Reimer, Dirk Endisch: 2936:The growth of the steam engine 2934:"University of Rochester, NY, 2879:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 2561:History of steam road vehicles 2087:in place of the cylinders and 1632:limited space afforded by the 1290:transfer the heat to the water 916:History of steam road vehicles 47:Steam machine (disambiguation) 1: 5588:Murray's Hypocycloidal Engine 4384:. New York: Wiley & Sons. 3750:, Seaforth Publishing, 2012, 3461:Our Home Railways, volume one 3012:Lira, Carl T. (21 May 2013). 2776:Steam Power Plant Engineering 2528:with steam-powered water pump 2294:William John Macquorn Rankine 1582:lower-pressure (LP) cylinders 1404:River boats initially used a 803:of Newcomen's engine, with a 564:. In general usage, the term 347:History of nuclear technology 34:. For the steam turbine, see 5311:Return connecting rod engine 4508:Van Riemsdijk, J. T. (1980) 4431:. Columbia University Press. 4371:UK public library membership 4009:Manual of Marine Engineering 3905:van Riemsdijk, John (1994). 3238:. Leipzig: Christoph Zunkel. 2977:Mas alla de la Leyenda Negra 2339:is the working fluid in the 1465:to monitor the water level. 1292:as effectively as possible. 1251:, furnace). In the case of 876:Horizontal stationary engine 704:did some useful work on the 698:Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont 597:Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont 493:A steam ploughing engine by 332:History of materials science 312:History of computer hardware 269:Arab Agricultural Revolution 184:Fourth Industrial Revolution 144:Second Industrial Revolution 30:For the railway engine, see 5235:Condensing steam locomotive 4525:(1st ed.), Cambridge: 3477:. Nps.gov. 14 February 2002 3221:History of the Steam Engine 3020:. Michigan State University 2802:. Birkhäuser. p. 190. 2190:Failure modes may include: 2017:, where the steam drives a 2015:turbo-electric transmission 1885:Uniflow (or unaflow) engine 1670:quadruple-expansion engines 1578:high-pressure (HP) cylinder 1347:§ Types of motor units 979:internal combustion engines 949:on the 1907 oceangoing tug 651:History of the steam engine 635:internal combustion engines 554:external combustion engines 548:and devices such as Hero's 169:Third Industrial Revolution 134:First Industrial Revolution 6099: 5542:"Coalbrookdale Locomotive" 4527:Cambridge University Press 2894:: Chapter VI (paragraph 2) 2796:Wiser, Wendell H. (2000). 2438:combined-cycle gas turbine 2372: 2366: 2241: 2235: 2142: 2051: 1925: 1888: 1871:internal combustion engine 1738: 1645: 1640:Multiple-expansion engines 1558: 1487: 1344: 1277: 1253:model or toy steam engines 1179: 1150: 992: 957: 927:internal combustion engine 913: 887:fitted in smaller spaces. 879: 648: 40: 29: 5548:"Pen-y-Darren" locomotive 5217:Single- and double-acting 4733: 4720: 4702: 4602: 4450:10.1017/S002205070007964X 4253:Hunter, Louis C. (1985). 4195:Chapelon, André (2000) . 3219:Galloway, Elajah (1828). 2975:Garcia, Nicholas (2007). 2486:No.1744 at Weybourne nr. 2398:delivered by burning one 2155:rocket-reaction principle 1662:multiple-expansion engine 1503:Boulton & Watt engine 1182:Advanced steam technology 670:Hellenistic mathematician 617:. Steam engines replaced 380:Complete list by category 5387:Newcomen Memorial Engine 4517:Charles Algernon Parsons 4180:. Taylor & Francis. 4027:24 November 2019 at the 3780:Hunter & Bryant 1991 3540:iron master's tram rails 3427:Van Slyck, J.D. (1879). 3249:Hunter & Bryant 1991 2430:coal-fired power station 2390:. Duty is the number of 2333:thermodynamic properties 2081:pistonless rotary engine 1861:Lead in the valve timing 1280:Boiler (steam generator) 1257:electric heating element 1205:Stationary steam engines 684:device was described by 524:back and forth inside a 375:Technological revolution 322:History of manufacturing 307:History of communication 302:History of biotechnology 6063:18th-century inventions 5691:Timeline of steam power 5686:Stationary steam engine 5569:Woolf's compound engine 5476:Soho Manufactory engine 5331:Steeple compound engine 4998:straight line mechanism 4479:Stuart, Robert (1824). 4419:Encyclopædia Britannica 4333:Power Plant Engineering 4174:Brown, Richard (2002). 4042:"William J. M. Rankine" 3982:, pp. 56–72, 120-. 3582:Hamilton Ellis (1968). 3264:Rosen, William (2012). 3234:Leupold, Jacob (1725). 3113:Jenkins, Ryhs (1971) . 2774:Gebhardt, G.F. (1928). 2656:Timeline of steam power 2556:Geared steam locomotive 2482:A steam locomotive – a 1713:dreadnought battleships 1273:stationary steam engine 882:Stationary steam engine 734:Bento de Moura Portugal 728:and supplying water to 590:stationary steam engine 572:etc.), such as railway 128:Proto-industrialization 6001:steam-powered aircraft 5831:Transport applications 5696:Water-returning engine 5670:Lean's Engine Reporter 5443:Chacewater Mine engine 5316:Six-column beam engine 4398:Crump, Thomas (2007). 4363:10.1093/ref:odnb/27723 4198:La locomotive à vapeur 3794:"The Engine Indicator" 3674:Jerome, Harry (1934). 3567:Young, Robert (2000). 3552:Garnett, A.F. (2005). 3296:Thomson, Ross (2009). 3077:10.1098/rstl.1751.0073 3002:, pp. 15, 16, 33. 2566:Lean's Engine Reporter 2269: 2135: 2044: 2040:Operation of a simple 1990:electricity generation 1985: 1944: 1914: 1769: 1757: 1657: 1510: 1454: 1445:Monitoring and control 1425: 1275: 1038: 955: 911: 823:steam, instead of the 799:developed (1763–1775) 792: 756: 580:, or may refer to the 497: 486: 466: 463:Stott Park Bobbin Mill 450: 337:History of measurement 297:History of agriculture 264:Medieval Islamic world 174:Digital transformation 45:. For other uses, see 5536:London Steam Carriage 4667:Steam (reciprocating) 4427:Marsden, Ben (2004). 4315:. London: Routledge. 3792:Walter, John (2008). 3459:Gordon, W.J. (1910). 2576:List of steam museums 2341:mercury vapor turbine 2255: 2129: 2113:Great Eastern Railway 2039: 1974: 1935: 1898: 1763: 1748: 1655: 1648:Compound steam engine 1561:Compound steam engine 1497: 1452: 1419: 1345:Further information: 1270: 1229:of vaporisation, and 1025: 944: 909: 848:perform useful work. 843:High-pressure engines 786: 755:'s steam engine, 1720 751: 615:Industrial Revolution 542:reciprocating engines 492: 472: 456: 448: 400:Outline of technology 291:By type of technology 218:By historical regions 206:Emerging technologies 66:By technological eras 58:History of technology 5975:steam tank (wheeled) 5970:Steam tank (tracked) 5482:Bradley Works engine 5306:Reciprocating engine 5129:Babcock & Wilcox 4972:Centrifugal governor 4474:Modern Steam Engines 4413:"Steam Engine" 4307:McNeil, Ian (1990). 4203:The Steam Locomotive 4007:Seaton, A E (1918). 3907:Compound Locomotives 3817:Bennett, S. (1979). 3617:Vaclav Smil (2005), 3345:Cowan, Ruth Schwartz 2921:University of Aleppo 2524:British horse-drawn 2292:. It is named after 2075:Rotary steam engines 2007:electrical generator 1936:A rotor of a modern 1901:uniflow steam engine 1891:Uniflow steam engine 1741:Reciprocating engine 1735:Reciprocating piston 1730:Types of motor units 1571:Woolf high-pressure 1526:Engine configuration 1515:centrifugal governor 1499:Centrifugal governor 1478:Types of motor units 892:Corliss steam engine 833:atmospheric pressure 744:Piston steam engines 364:Technology timelines 352:History of transport 95:Neolithic Revolution 5876:fireless locomotive 5023:Sun and planet gear 4736:Thermodynamic cycle 4647:Pistonless (Rotary) 4637:Photo-Carnot engine 4408:Ewing, James Alfred 4330:Nag, P. K. (2002). 4130:2020PrAeS.12100695Y 3992:Bell, A.M. (1950). 3405:, pp. 601–628. 2903:accessed 2009-07-07 2849:"Spilling Products" 2823:Green, Don (1997). 2571:List of steam fairs 2546:Compound locomotive 1569:, who patented his 1540:adiabatic expansion 1372:must be emitted as 1176:Present development 960:Marine steam engine 947:marine steam engine 945:A triple-expansion 801:an improved version 342:History of medicine 234:Indian subcontinent 6073:English inventions 5747:Stationary engines 5523:Richard Trevithick 5121:Water-tube boilers 4935:Gresley conjugated 3770:, pp. 341–43. 3683:. pp. 166–67. 3529:. 21 February 2004 2369:Thermal efficiency 2270: 2165:Ferdinand Verbiest 2136: 2045: 1986: 1945: 1915: 1770: 1758: 1658: 1519:Boulton & Watt 1511: 1455: 1426: 1391:surface condensers 1276: 1245:combustion chamber 1043:Richard Trevithick 1039: 956: 922:Richard Trevithick 912: 857:Richard Trevithick 805:separate condenser 793: 761:atmospheric engine 757: 666:Hero of Alexandria 498: 487: 467: 465:, Cumbria, England 451: 279:Renaissance Europe 6068:Energy conversion 6045: 6044: 6025: 6024: 5826: 5825: 5704: 5703: 5630: 5629: 5509: 5508: 5193: 5192: 5093:Fire-tube boilers 4948: 4947: 4742: 4741: 4369:(Subscription or 4343:978-0-07-043599-5 4322:978-0-415-14792-7 4299:978-0-521-09418-4 4277:978-0-262-08198-6 4245:978-0-521-34356-5 4232:Hills, Richard L. 4212:978-0-9536523-0-3 4187:978-0-203-40252-8 3916:978-0-906899-61-8 3828:978-0-86341-047-5 3806:on 10 March 2012. 3728:on 12 August 2011 3630:978-0-19-516874-7 3358:978-0-19-504606-9 3313:978-0-8018-9141-0 3275:978-0-226-72634-2 3124:978-0-8369-2167-0 3071:: 436–438. 1752. 3014:"The Savery Pump" 2986:978-84-370-6791-9 2892:"De Architectura" 2809:978-0-387-98744-6 2591:Mechanical stoker 2426:Carnot efficiency 2411:superheated steam 2384:energy efficiency 2181:boiler explosions 2094:thermal expansion 1961:surface condenser 1766:Indicator diagram 1677:was used on some 1626:Vauclain compound 1490:Governor (device) 1435:centrifugal pumps 1381:steam locomotives 1331:superheated steam 1300:Water-tube boiler 1209:steam locomotives 1102:George Stephenson 1098:Middleton Railway 1071:colliery railways 1027:Union Pacific 844 989:Steam locomotives 859:and, separately, 722:boiler explosions 656:Early experiments 574:steam locomotives 443: 442: 249:Hellenistic world 244:Maya civilization 16:(Redirected from 6090: 6078:Gas technologies 5871:Steam locomotive 5835: 5803:pumping stations 5752: 5731: 5724: 5717: 5708: 5654:fardier à vapeur 5488:Whitbread Engine 5449:Smethwick Engine 5417: 5356: 5175:Feedwater heater 5043: 4825: 4769: 4762: 4755: 4746: 4589: 4582: 4575: 4566: 4537: 4505: 4486: 4469: 4432: 4423: 4415: 4403: 4385: 4374: 4366: 4347: 4326: 4314: 4303: 4286:Landes, David S. 4281: 4269: 4258: 4249: 4227: 4216: 4191: 4160: 4159: 4141: 4109: 4103: 4092: 4086: 4085: 4083: 4081: 4072: 4063: 4057: 4056: 4054: 4052: 4038: 4032: 4019: 4013: 4012: 4004: 3998: 3997: 3989: 3983: 3977: 3971: 3970: 3962: 3956: 3955: 3953: 3951: 3940: 3934: 3927: 3921: 3920: 3902: 3893: 3892: 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5505: 5462: 5406: 5394:Fairbottom Bobs 5379:Newcomen engine 5373: 5345: 5291:Expansion valve 5264: 5250:Watt's separate 5221: 5189: 5163: 5115: 5087: 5032: 5008:Parallel motion 4944: 4895:Stephenson link 4876: 4814: 4783:Operating cycle 4778: 4773: 4743: 4738: 4729: 4716: 4698: 4598: 4593: 4546: 4541: 4515: 4489: 4478: 4435: 4426: 4406: 4397: 4393: 4391:Further reading 4388: 4377: 4368: 4350: 4344: 4329: 4323: 4306: 4300: 4284: 4278: 4261: 4252: 4246: 4230: 4219: 4213: 4194: 4188: 4173: 4169: 4164: 4163: 4111: 4110: 4106: 4093: 4089: 4079: 4077: 4070: 4065: 4064: 4060: 4050: 4048: 4040: 4039: 4035: 4029:Wayback Machine 4020: 4016: 4006: 4005: 4001: 3991: 3990: 3986: 3978: 3974: 3964: 3963: 3959: 3949: 3947: 3942: 3941: 3937: 3928: 3924: 3917: 3904: 3903: 3896: 3886: 3884: 3876: 3875: 3871: 3863: 3856: 3851: 3847: 3840: 3836: 3829: 3816: 3815: 3811: 3803: 3796: 3791: 3790: 3786: 3778: 3774: 3766: 3762: 3745: 3741: 3731: 3729: 3720: 3719: 3715: 3707: 3700: 3692: 3688: 3680: 3673: 3672: 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2704: 2699: 2694: 2693: 2688: 2684: 2679: 2675: 2670: 2665: 2661:Traction engine 2601:Salomon de Caus 2536: 2529: 2522: 2513: 2503: 2494: 2480: 2377: 2371: 2365: 2250: 2240: 2234: 2173: 2147: 2141: 2109:Beauchamp Tower 2077: 2056: 2050: 2019:turbo generator 1930: 1924: 1922:Turbine engines 1904: 1899:Animation of a 1893: 1887: 1863: 1854: 1842:trip mechanisms 1812:expansion valve 1743: 1737: 1732: 1650: 1642: 1614:Angle compounds 1599:Cross compounds 1573:compound engine 1563: 1557: 1535: 1528: 1492: 1486: 1447: 1431: 1366: 1349: 1343: 1282: 1265: 1240: 1201:steam generator 1193: 1184: 1178: 1155: 1149: 1143:was produced). 1135:and the former 1122:Rainhill Trials 1095:rack and pinion 1009:William Murdoch 1005: 999:Traction engine 993:Main articles: 991: 975:electric motors 962: 939: 918: 904: 884: 878: 845: 765:Thomas Newcomen 746: 714: 712:Pumping engines 694:Giovanni Branca 692:in 1551 and by 658: 653: 647: 631:electric motors 623:paddle steamers 619:sails for ships 606:Thomas Newcomen 510:mechanical work 439: 410: 409: 395: 393:Article indices 385: 384: 365: 357: 356: 292: 284: 283: 274:Medieval Europe 219: 211: 210: 201:Post-industrial 189:Imagination Age 179:Information Age 139:Standardization 67: 50: 43:Steam (service) 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6096: 6094: 6086: 6085: 6083:Piston engines 6080: 6075: 6070: 6065: 6060: 6050: 6049: 6043: 6042: 6040: 6039: 6033: 6031: 6027: 6026: 6023: 6022: 6020: 6019: 6013: 6011: 6010:Miscellaneous: 6007: 6006: 6004: 6003: 5998: 5992: 5990: 5989:Space and air: 5986: 5985: 5983: 5982: 5980:steam catapult 5977: 5972: 5966: 5964: 5960: 5959: 5957: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5940: 5938: 5934: 5933: 5931: 5930: 5925: 5923:steam tricycle 5920: 5915: 5909: 5907: 5903: 5902: 5900: 5899: 5894: 5888: 5886: 5882: 5881: 5879: 5878: 5873: 5867: 5865: 5861: 5860: 5858: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5841: 5839: 5832: 5828: 5827: 5824: 5823: 5821: 5820: 5818:cable tramways 5815: 5813:cable railways 5810: 5805: 5800: 5794: 5792: 5788: 5787: 5785: 5784: 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2638: 2633: 2628: 2623: 2618: 2613: 2608: 2606:Steam aircraft 2603: 2598: 2593: 2588: 2583: 2578: 2573: 2568: 2563: 2558: 2553: 2548: 2543: 2537: 2535: 2532: 2531: 2530: 2523: 2516: 2514: 2504: 2497: 2495: 2481: 2474: 2367:Main article: 2364: 2361: 2244:Thermodynamics 2236:Main article: 2233: 2230: 2208: 2207: 2204: 2201: 2198: 2195: 2172: 2169: 2143:Main article: 2140: 2137: 2076: 2073: 2052:Main article: 2049: 2046: 2001:Virtually all 1926:Main article: 1923: 1920: 1889:Main article: 1886: 1883: 1862: 1859: 1853: 1850: 1739:Main article: 1736: 1733: 1731: 1728: 1690:turbine engine 1646:Main article: 1641: 1638: 1618: 1617: 1611: 1609:connecting rod 1602: 1559:Main article: 1556: 1553: 1534: 1531: 1527: 1524: 1488:Main article: 1485: 1482: 1459:pressure gauge 1446: 1443: 1430: 1427: 1395:cooling towers 1370:primary energy 1365: 1362: 1358:compressed air 1342: 1339: 1315: 1314: 1310: 1305: 1302: 1278:Main article: 1264: 1261: 1239: 1236: 1192: 1189: 1180:Main article: 1177: 1174: 1169:electric power 1164:connecting rod 1151:Main article: 1148: 1147:Steam turbines 1145: 1141:DR Class 52.80 1088:Matthew Murray 1059:Merthyr Tydfil 1047:United Kingdom 990: 987: 983:diesel engines 958:Main article: 938: 937:Marine engines 935: 914:Main article: 903: 900: 880:Main article: 877: 874: 869:Cornish engine 844: 841: 791:pumping engine 763:, invented by 745: 742: 713: 710: 706:steam digester 680:A rudimentary 657: 654: 649:Main article: 646: 643: 530:connecting rod 508:that performs 441: 440: 438: 437: 430: 423: 415: 412: 411: 408: 407: 402: 396: 391: 390: 387: 386: 383: 382: 377: 372: 366: 363: 362: 359: 358: 355: 354: 349: 344: 339: 334: 329: 324: 319: 314: 309: 304: 299: 293: 290: 289: 286: 285: 282: 281: 276: 271: 266: 261: 256: 251: 246: 241: 236: 231: 226: 224:Ancient Africa 220: 217: 216: 213: 212: 209: 208: 203: 197: 196: 192: 191: 186: 181: 176: 171: 166: 161: 156: 151: 146: 141: 136: 131: 123: 122: 118: 117: 112: 107: 102: 97: 92: 82: 76: 75: 73:Pre-industrial 68: 65: 64: 61: 60: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6095: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6058:Steam engines 6056: 6055: 6053: 6038: 6035: 6034: 6032: 6028: 6018: 6015: 6014: 6012: 6008: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5993: 5991: 5987: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5967: 5965: 5961: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5941: 5939: 5937:Construction: 5935: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5910: 5908: 5904: 5898: 5897:steam tractor 5895: 5893: 5890: 5889: 5887: 5883: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5868: 5866: 5862: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5842: 5840: 5836: 5833: 5829: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5798:Power station 5796: 5795: 5793: 5789: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5772:steam donkeys 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5759: 5757: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5744: 5739: 5732: 5727: 5725: 5720: 5718: 5713: 5712: 5709: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5671: 5667: 5662: 5659: 5656: 5655: 5650: 5649: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5639: 5637: 5633: 5622: 5619: 5616: 5613: 5612: 5610: 5608: 5604: 5597: 5596: 5592: 5589: 5586: 5585: 5583: 5581: 5577: 5570: 5567: 5566: 5564: 5562: 5558: 5549: 5546: 5543: 5540: 5537: 5534: 5531: 5530: 5529:Puffing Devil 5526: 5525: 5524: 5521: 5520: 5518: 5516: 5515:High-pressure 5512: 5501: 5498: 5495: 5492: 5489: 5486: 5483: 5480: 5477: 5474: 5473: 5471: 5469: 5468:Rotative beam 5465: 5458: 5457: 5453: 5450: 5447: 5444: 5441: 5438: 5437: 5433: 5430: 5427: 5426: 5424: 5422: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5409: 5402: 5399: 5396: 5395: 5391: 5388: 5385: 5384: 5382: 5380: 5376: 5369: 5368:Savery Engine 5366: 5365: 5363: 5361: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5348: 5342: 5341:Working fluid 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5273: 5271: 5267: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5232: 5230: 5228: 5224: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5204: 5202: 5200: 5196: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5172: 5170: 5166: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5126: 5124: 5122: 5118: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5098: 5096: 5094: 5090: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5050: 5048: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5035: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5018:Rotative beam 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4995:hypocycloidal 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4959: 4957: 4955: 4951: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4887: 4885: 4883: 4879: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4841: 4838: 4837: 4836: 4833: 4832: 4830: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4817: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4787: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4776:Steam engines 4770: 4765: 4763: 4758: 4756: 4751: 4750: 4747: 4737: 4732: 4726: 4723: 4722: 4719: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4704: 4701: 4695: 4694:Manson engine 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4678: 4675: 4674: 4673: 4672:Steam turbine 4670: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4607:Carnot engine 4605: 4604: 4601: 4597: 4590: 4585: 4583: 4578: 4576: 4571: 4570: 4567: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4547: 4543: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4523: 4518: 4514: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4494: 4488: 4484: 4483: 4477: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4444:(1): 91–107. 4443: 4439: 4434: 4430: 4425: 4421: 4420: 4414: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4396: 4395: 4390: 4383: 4382: 4376: 4372: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4355: 4349: 4345: 4339: 4335: 4334: 4328: 4324: 4318: 4313: 4312: 4305: 4301: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4273: 4268: 4267: 4260: 4256: 4251: 4247: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4224: 4218: 4214: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4199: 4193: 4189: 4183: 4179: 4178: 4172: 4171: 4166: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4140: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4108: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4091: 4088: 4076: 4069: 4062: 4059: 4047: 4043: 4037: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4023: 4022:Steam Rockets 4018: 4015: 4010: 4003: 4000: 3995: 3988: 3985: 3981: 3980:Chapelon 2000 3976: 3973: 3968: 3961: 3958: 3946:. 3 June 2017 3945: 3939: 3936: 3932: 3926: 3923: 3918: 3912: 3908: 3901: 3899: 3895: 3883: 3879: 3873: 3870: 3866: 3861: 3859: 3855: 3849: 3846: 3843: 3838: 3835: 3830: 3824: 3820: 3813: 3810: 3802: 3795: 3788: 3785: 3781: 3776: 3773: 3769: 3764: 3761: 3757: 3756:1-4738-1328-X 3753: 3749: 3746:Nick Robins, 3743: 3740: 3727: 3723: 3717: 3714: 3710: 3705: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3690: 3687: 3679: 3678: 3670: 3667: 3663: 3658: 3655: 3651: 3646: 3643: 3632: 3626: 3622: 3621: 3613: 3610: 3607: 3606:3-7654-7101-1 3603: 3599: 3593: 3590: 3585: 3578: 3575: 3570: 3563: 3560: 3555: 3548: 3545: 3541: 3528: 3524: 3518: 3515: 3502: 3498: 3492: 3489: 3476: 3470: 3467: 3462: 3455: 3452: 3448: 3443: 3441: 3437: 3432: 3431: 3423: 3420: 3416: 3411: 3408: 3404: 3399: 3396: 3390: 3387: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3367: 3364: 3360: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3340: 3337: 3333: 3332:0-7064-0976-0 3329: 3323: 3320: 3315: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3300: 3292: 3290: 3288: 3286: 3282: 3277: 3271: 3267: 3260: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3245: 3242: 3237: 3230: 3227: 3222: 3215: 3212: 3208: 3203: 3200: 3190: 3187: 3183: 3178: 3176: 3174: 3172: 3170: 3168: 3166: 3164: 3162: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3147: 3144: 3140: 3135: 3132: 3126: 3120: 3116: 3109: 3106: 3102: 3097: 3095: 3091: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3059: 3056: 3052: 3047: 3044: 3040: 3035: 3032: 3019: 3015: 3008: 3005: 3001: 2996: 2993: 2988: 2982: 2978: 2971: 2968: 2964: 2959: 2956: 2943: 2939: 2937: 2929: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2909: 2906: 2902: 2899: 2893: 2888: 2885: 2880: 2876: 2870: 2867: 2854: 2850: 2844: 2841: 2836: 2834:0-07-049841-5 2830: 2826: 2819: 2816: 2811: 2805: 2801: 2800: 2792: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2782: 2777: 2770: 2767: 2762: 2758: 2751: 2744: 2741: 2736: 2735: 2730: 2724: 2721: 2715: 2714: 2706: 2703: 2696: 2686: 2683: 2677: 2674: 2667: 2662: 2659: 2657: 2654: 2652: 2649: 2647: 2646:Steam turbine 2644: 2642: 2639: 2637: 2636:Steam tractor 2634: 2632: 2629: 2627: 2624: 2622: 2619: 2617: 2614: 2612: 2609: 2607: 2604: 2602: 2599: 2597: 2594: 2592: 2589: 2587: 2584: 2582: 2579: 2577: 2574: 2572: 2569: 2567: 2564: 2562: 2559: 2557: 2554: 2552: 2549: 2547: 2544: 2542: 2539: 2538: 2533: 2527: 2520: 2515: 2512: 2508: 2507:steam-powered 2501: 2496: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2478: 2473: 2471: 2469: 2464: 2462: 2458: 2453: 2449: 2447: 2441: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2418:supercritical 2414: 2412: 2408: 2403: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2380: 2376: 2370: 2362: 2360: 2358: 2354: 2348: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2328: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2301: 2299: 2296:, a Scottish 2295: 2291: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2258:Rankine cycle 2254: 2249: 2248:Heat transfer 2245: 2239: 2238:Rankine cycle 2231: 2229: 2226: 2222: 2221:fusible plugs 2217: 2214: 2213:safety valves 2205: 2202: 2199: 2196: 2193: 2192: 2191: 2188: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2170: 2168: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2156: 2152: 2146: 2138: 2133: 2128: 2124: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2105: 2101: 2099: 2095: 2090: 2086: 2085:Wankel engine 2082: 2074: 2072: 2070: 2066: 2061: 2055: 2047: 2043: 2038: 2034: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2003:nuclear power 1999: 1997: 1996: 1991: 1984:-powered ship 1983: 1982:steam turbine 1979: 1978: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1962: 1958: 1957: 1952: 1951: 1943: 1939: 1938:steam turbine 1934: 1929: 1928:Steam turbine 1921: 1919: 1912: 1908: 1907:poppet valves 1902: 1897: 1892: 1884: 1882: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1860: 1858: 1851: 1849: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1836:, and later, 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1818: 1813: 1808: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1793: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1767: 1762: 1755: 1751: 1750:Double acting 1747: 1742: 1734: 1729: 1727: 1725: 1724: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1709:steam turbine 1706: 1701: 1697: 1695: 1694:Liberty ships 1691: 1687: 1685: 1680: 1676: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1654: 1649: 1644: 1639: 1637: 1635: 1634:loading gauge 1629: 1627: 1623: 1615: 1612: 1610: 1606: 1603: 1600: 1597: 1596: 1595: 1592: 1590: 1585: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1574: 1568: 1562: 1554: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1541: 1533:Simple engine 1532: 1530: 1525: 1523: 1520: 1516: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1491: 1483: 1481: 1479: 1473: 1471: 1466: 1464: 1460: 1451: 1444: 1442: 1440: 1436: 1428: 1423: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1407: 1406:jet condenser 1402: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1387: 1384: 1382: 1377: 1375: 1371: 1363: 1361: 1359: 1353: 1348: 1340: 1338: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1319: 1313:circulators). 1311: 1309: 1306: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1297: 1296: 1293: 1291: 1287: 1281: 1274: 1269: 1262: 1260: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1237: 1235: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1219: 1216: 1212: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1190: 1188: 1183: 1175: 1173: 1170: 1165: 1160: 1154: 1153:Steam turbine 1146: 1144: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1129: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1118: 1113: 1109: 1108: 1103: 1099: 1096: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1084: 1079: 1074: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1004: 1003:Steam tractor 1000: 996: 988: 986: 984: 980: 976: 972: 971:steam turbine 967: 961: 954: 953: 948: 943: 936: 934: 932: 928: 923: 917: 908: 902:Road vehicles 901: 899: 897: 896:Rumford Medal 893: 888: 883: 875: 873: 870: 865: 862: 858: 853: 851: 842: 840: 836: 834: 830: 826: 822: 819:generated by 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 790: 785: 781: 779: 774: 773:Jacob Leupold 769: 766: 762: 754: 753:Jacob Leupold 750: 743: 741: 739: 735: 731: 727: 723: 719: 718:Thomas Savery 711: 709: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 690:Ottoman Egypt 687: 683: 682:steam turbine 678: 675: 671: 667: 664:described by 663: 655: 652: 644: 642: 639: 636: 632: 626: 624: 620: 616: 611: 607: 602: 601:Thomas Savery 598: 593: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 562:Rankine cycle 559: 558:thermodynamic 555: 551: 547: 546:steam turbine 543: 539: 535: 531: 527: 523: 519: 518:working fluid 515: 511: 507: 503: 496: 491: 484: 480: 476: 471: 464: 460: 455: 447: 436: 431: 429: 424: 422: 417: 416: 414: 413: 406: 403: 401: 398: 397: 394: 389: 388: 381: 378: 376: 373: 371: 368: 367: 361: 360: 353: 350: 348: 345: 343: 340: 338: 335: 333: 330: 328: 325: 323: 320: 318: 315: 313: 310: 308: 305: 303: 300: 298: 295: 294: 288: 287: 280: 277: 275: 272: 270: 267: 265: 262: 260: 257: 255: 252: 250: 247: 245: 242: 240: 239:Ancient China 237: 235: 232: 230: 229:Ancient Egypt 227: 225: 222: 221: 215: 214: 207: 204: 202: 199: 198: 194: 193: 190: 187: 185: 182: 180: 177: 175: 172: 170: 167: 165: 162: 160: 157: 155: 152: 150: 147: 145: 142: 140: 137: 135: 132: 130: 129: 125: 124: 120: 119: 116: 113: 111: 108: 106: 103: 101: 98: 96: 93: 90: 86: 83: 81: 78: 77: 74: 70: 69: 63: 62: 59: 55: 52: 48: 44: 37: 36:steam turbine 33: 19: 5996:Steam rocket 5949:steam shovel 5944:Steam roller 5885:Agriculture: 5767:rolling mill 5740:applications 5738:Steam engine 5737: 5681:Modern steam 5668: 5653: 5615:Porter-Allen 5594: 5528: 5455: 5435: 5392: 5326:Safety valve 5255:"Pickle-pot" 5149:Thimble tube 4775: 4707:Beale number 4666: 4662:Split-single 4596:Heat engines 4520: 4509: 4492: 4481: 4473: 4441: 4437: 4428: 4417: 4399: 4380: 4352: 4332: 4310: 4289: 4265: 4254: 4235: 4222: 4202: 4197: 4176: 4121: 4117: 4107: 4099: 4090: 4078:. 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Retrieved 2852: 2843: 2824: 2818: 2798: 2775: 2769: 2760: 2757:EHA Magazine 2756: 2743: 2734:Live Science 2732: 2723: 2712: 2705: 2685: 2676: 2651:Still engine 2631:Steam shovel 2596:James Rumsey 2484:GNR N2 Class 2468:cogeneration 2465: 2457:steam reheat 2454: 2450: 2446:Gas turbines 2442: 2415: 2407:Carnot cycle 2404: 2381: 2378: 2357:Joseph Black 2349: 2345:binary cycle 2329: 2325:Carnot cycle 2305:Carnot cycle 2302: 2290:power plants 2271: 2265: 2261: 2218: 2209: 2189: 2174: 2163: 2159: 2148: 2145:Steam rocket 2106: 2102: 2083:such as the 2078: 2057: 2000: 1993: 1987: 1980:– the first 1975: 1966: 1954: 1948: 1946: 1940:, used in a 1916: 1878: 1874: 1866: 1864: 1855: 1838:poppet valve 1816: 1809: 1804: 1794: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1771: 1722: 1717:ocean liners 1702: 1698: 1683: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1659: 1643: 1630: 1621: 1619: 1613: 1604: 1598: 1593: 1588: 1586: 1581: 1577: 1572: 1570: 1567:Arthur Woolf 1564: 1549: 1545: 1536: 1529: 1512: 1477: 1474: 1467: 1456: 1432: 1411: 1403: 1398: 1388: 1385: 1378: 1367: 1354: 1350: 1323:superheating 1320: 1316: 1294: 1284:Boilers are 1283: 1241: 1231:superheaters 1220: 1217: 1213: 1194: 1185: 1156: 1137:East Germany 1130: 1115: 1105: 1081: 1075: 1055:Pen-y-darren 1040: 1006: 963: 951: 919: 889: 885: 866: 861:Oliver Evans 854: 846: 837: 813:John Smeaton 794: 778:rotary valve 770: 758: 738:John Smeaton 730:water wheels 715: 679: 659: 640: 627: 594: 566:steam engine 565: 502:steam engine 501: 499: 479:East Germany 254:Roman Empire 126: 71:Premodern / 51: 6017:Steam clock 5913:Steam wagon 5855:steam yacht 5412:Watt engine 5212:Oscillating 5168:Boiler feed 5013:Plate chain 4992:Tusi couple 4905:Walschaerts 4790:Atmospheric 4712:West number 4632:Minto wheel 4617:Gas turbine 4094:John Enys, 4080:13 December 4051:13 December 3994:Locomotives 3865:Hunter 1985 3768:Hunter 1985 3758:, Chapter 4 3662:McNeil 1990 3650:Hunter 1985 3447:Payton 2004 3415:Hunter 1985 3403:Hunter 1985 3182:Hunter 1985 3139:Landes 1969 3101:Landes 1969 3051:Landes 1969 2621:Steam crane 2541:Boyle's law 2526:fire engine 2434:gas turbine 2392:foot-pounds 2353:latent heat 2321:temperature 2232:Steam cycle 2183:(typically 2139:Rocket type 1942:power plant 1852:Compression 1830:Walschaerts 1805:"kick back" 1782:steam chest 1754:slide valve 1723:Dreadnought 1705:World War I 1463:sight glass 1341:Motor units 1238:Heat source 1227:latent heat 1139:(where the 1092:edge railed 702:Denis Papin 686:Taqi al-Din 674:Roman Egypt 586:beam engine 506:heat engine 459:mill engine 149:Machine Age 80:Prehistoric 6052:Categories 5791:Continuous 5755:Reversible 5621:Ljungström 5607:High-speed 5500:Lap Engine 5456:Resolution 5360:Precursors 5245:Kirchweger 5207:Locomotive 5154:Three-drum 5134:Field-tube 5101:Locomotive 5083:Lancashire 5003:Link chain 4987:Crankshaft 4954:Mechanisms 4882:Valve gear 4652:Rijke tube 4373:required.) 4124:: 100695. 4031:Tecaeromax 3694:Hills 1989 3507:3 November 3481:3 November 3195:p. 3. 3151:Brown 2002 3039:Hills 1989 3000:Hills 1989 2948:3 February 2697:References 2611:Steam boat 2586:Live steam 2488:Sheringham 2461:economizer 2373:See also: 2363:Efficiency 2319:(constant 2317:isothermal 2309:TS diagram 2264:=heat and 2242:See also: 2121:Royal Navy 2089:valve gear 1822:Stephenson 1790:valve gear 1764:Schematic 1507:Lap Engine 1480:section). 1429:Water pump 1399:condensate 1374:waste heat 1335:efficiency 1325:it turns ' 1117:The Rocket 1107:Locomotion 1104:built the 1100:. 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