501:
38:
1072:
563:
528:
470:
229:
1045:
1142:
1174:
438:
1119:
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696:
303:, and almost entirely confined their use of the arch to structures under external pressure, such as tombs and sewers. The Roman triumphal arch combined a round arch and a square entablature in a single free-standing structure. What were originally supporting columns became purely decorative elements on the outer face of arch, while the entablature, liberated from its role as a building support, became the frame for the civic and religious messages that the arch builders wished to convey through the use of statuary and symbolic, narrative and decorative elements.
1092:
94:
1228:
1022:
677:
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663:. The inscriptions on Roman triumphal arches were works of art in themselves, with very finely cut, sometimes gilded letters. The form of each letter and the spacing between them was carefully designed for maximum clarity and simplicity, without any decorative flourishes, emphasizing the Roman taste for restraint and order. This conception of what later became the art of
1273:
885:
613:– a square triumphal arch erected over a crossroads, with arched openings on all four sides – were built, especially in North Africa. Arch-building in Rome and Italy diminished after the time of Trajan (AD 98–117) but remained widespread in the provinces during the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD; they were often erected to commemorate imperial visits.
527:
500:
920:. It was one of the largest prints ever produced, measuring 3.75 metres (12.3 ft) high and consisting of 192 individual sheets, depicting an arch that was never intended to be built. It was printed in an edition of 700 copies and distributed to be coloured and pasted on the walls of city halls or the palaces of princes.
562:
906:
the opportunity to examine the allegories and inscriptions presented by the arches in a way that would not have been possible during the event. Sometimes the arches depicted were not even real structures but existed entirely as imaginary representations of royal propaganda. One famous example was the
831:
this was a new façade for the gateway to the castle. By the end of the 16th century the triumphal arch had become closely linked with court theatre, state pageantry and military fortifications. The motif of the triumphal arch was also adapted and incorporated into the façades of public buildings such
128:
following military victory, a "memorial arch" arch or "honourary arch", essentially built by emperors to celebrate themselves, and arches, typically in city walls, that are merely grand gateways. But the groups are often conflated. Often actual Roman triumphal arches were initially in wood and other
1012:. Although patterned after triumphal arches, these were built for quite different purposes – to memorialise war casualties, to commemorate a civil event (the country's independence, for example), or to provide a monumental entrance to a city, as opposed to celebrating a military success or general.
951:
planned to build the world's largest triumphal arch in Berlin. The arch would have been vastly larger than any previously built, standing 550 feet (170 m) wide, 92 feet (28 m) deep and 392 feet (119 m) high – big enough for the Arc de
Triomphe to fit into it 49 times. It was intended
935:
in Paris, built from 1806 to 1836, though it is consciously dissimilar from its Roman predecessors in omitting the customary ornamental columns – a lack that fundamentally changes the balance of the arch and gives it a distinctly "top-heavy" look. Other French arches more closely imitated those of
905:
Images of arches gained great importance as well. Although temporary arches were torn down after they had been used, they were recorded in great detail in engravings that were widely distributed and survived long after the original arches had been destroyed. The medium of engraving gave the viewer
968:
in 1982. It was designed to be substantially bigger than the Arc de
Triomphe in Paris and was erected on the site where, on October 14, 1945, Kim Il Sung gave his first public speech to the North Korean people. It is decorated with sculptures and reliefs depicting "the triumphal returning of the
843:. Unlike the individual arches erected for Roman conquerors, Renaissance rulers often built a row of arches through which processions were staged. They defined a space for the movement of people and denoted significant sites at which particular messages were conveyed at each stage. Newly elected
427:
at his own discretion and expense, Imperial triumphal arches were sponsored by decree of the senate, or sometimes by wealthy holders of high office, to honour and promote emperors, their office and the values of empire. Arches were not necessarily built as entrances, but – unlike many modern
469:
1071:
197:, which although patterned after triumphal arches, were built to memorialise war casualties, to commemorate a civil event (the country's independence, for example), or to provide a monumental entrance to a city, as opposed to celebrating a military success or general.
1173:
1141:
1044:
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has inspired many post-Roman states and rulers, up to the present day, to erect their own triumphal arches in emulation of the Romans. Triumphal arches in the Roman style have been built in many cities around the world, including the
85:
on which a statue might be mounted or which bears commemorative inscriptions. The main structure is often decorated with carvings, sculpted reliefs, and dedications. More elaborate triumphal arches may have multiple archways, or in a
620:, writing in the first century AD, was the only ancient author to discuss them. He wrote that they were intended to "elevate above the ordinary world" an image of an honoured person usually depicted in the form of a statue with a
1091:
624:. However, the designs of Roman imperial triumphal arches – which became increasingly elaborate over time and evolved a regularised set of features – were clearly intended to convey a number of messages to the spectator.
1118:
437:
113:. Effectively invented by the Romans, and using their skill in making arches and vaults, the Roman triumphal arch was used to commemorate victorious generals or significant public events such as the founding of new
37:
676:
280:
Roman aqueducts, bridges, amphitheaters and domes employed arch principles and technology. The Romans probably borrowed the techniques of arch construction from their
Etruscan neighbours. The
695:
73:
with one or more arched passageways, often designed to span a road, and usually standing alone, unconnected to other buildings. In its simplest form, a triumphal arch consists of two massive
1021:
306:
The largest arches often had three archways, the central one significantly larger. The minority type of arch with passageways in both directions, often placed at crossroads, is called a
1361:"Arches." Ancient Greece and Rome: An Encyclopedia for Students. Ed. Carroll Moulton. Vol. 1. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1998. 45-46. World History in Context. Web. 1 Dec. 2013.
780:
Roman triumphal arches remained a source of fascination well after the fall of Rome, serving as a reminder of past glories and a symbol of state power, that was especially appealing to
727:
334:, tend to be oblong, with clear main faces and smaller side faces. Examples with three arches on the long face as well as arches at the ends, so with eight piers, are called
847:, for instance, processed through the streets of Rome under temporary triumphal arches built specially for the occasion. Arches were also built for dynastic weddings; when
411:
decreed that triumphs and triumphal honours were to be confined to members of the
Imperial family; in practice, this meant the ruling emperor or his antecedents. The term
870:
1616:
1638:
589:
Most Roman triumphal arches were built during the
Imperial period. By the fourth century AD there were 36 such arches in Rome, of which three have survived – the
295:
The two key elements of the Roman triumphal arch – a round-topped arch and a square entablature – had long been in use as separate architectural elements in
631:. As such, it concentrated on factual imagery rather than allegory. The façade was ornamented with marble columns, and the piers and attics with decorative
601:(315). Numerous arches were built elsewhere in the Roman Empire. The single arch was the most common, but many triple arches were also built, of which the
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319:
1791:
1751:
1726:
1701:
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rather temporary materials, only later replaced by one in stone; the majority of ancient survivals are actually from the other two groups.
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392:
1807:
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Triumphal arches have continued to be built into the modern era, often as statements of power and self-aggrandizement by dictators.
848:
812:, however, that rulers sought to associate themselves systematically with the Roman legacy by building their own triumphal arches.
1180:
651:. The piers and internal passageways were also decorated with reliefs and free-standing sculptures. The vault was ornamented with
228:
1160:
917:
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constructed one in the Roman Forum in 121 BC. None of these structures has survived and little is known about their appearance.
371:) and bore imagery that described and commemorated the victory and triumph. Lucius Steritinus is known to have erected two such
275:
1188:
952:
to be carved with the names of
Germany's 1.8 million dead in the First World War. However, construction was never begun.
284:
used elaborately decorated single bay arches as gates or portals to their cities; examples of
Etruscan arches survive at
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718:
534:
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339:
117:, the construction of a road or bridge, the death of a member of the imperial family or the accession of a new emperor.
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110:
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42:
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49:, France, the oldest surviving triple-arched Roman triumphal arch, probably built during the reign of Emperor
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triumphal arches – they were often erected across roads and were intended to be passed through, not around.
93:
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The form of the triumphal arch has also been put to other purposes, notably the construction of monumental
1215:
985:
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and associated his dynasty, through the art and architecture of the arches, with the imperial Roman past.
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derives from the notion that this form of architecture was connected to the award and commemoration of a
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209:
1554:
1098:
923:
The French led the way in building new permanent triumphal arches when the imperial ambitions of the
644:
150:
1410:
Imago triumphalis: the function and significance of triumphal imagery for
Italian Renaissance rulers
627:
The ornamentation of an arch was intended to serve as a constant visual reminder of the triumph and
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120:
Archaeologists like to distinguish between a true "triumphal arch", built to celebrate an actual
1693:
1517:
F. B. Sear and
Richard John. "Triumphal arch." Grove Art Online. Oxford Art Online. 30 Jul. 2010
827:
in 1470, supposedly to commemorate his taking over the kingdom in 1443, although like the later
751:
208:
can be placed. and more generally a combination of "one large and two small doorways", such as
200:
In architecture, "triumphal arch" is also the name given to the arch above the entrance to the
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1796:
1775:
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was built in deliberate imitation of a Roman triumphal arch to signify continuity between the
484:
1407:
1219:
1102:
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647:, while the attic was often inscribed with a dedicatory inscription naming and praising the
388:
178:
154:
46:
1203:
1133:
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in 1585, he processed under temporary triumphal arches that asserted the antiquity of the
617:
549:
384:
331:
162:
142:
114:
98:
1719:
Adolf Hitler: a psychological interpretation of his views on architecture, art, and music
609:
AD 21) is the earliest surviving example. From the 2nd century AD, many examples of the
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358:
296:
541:, Greece, built in 298–299 AD and dedicated in 303 AD to celebrate the victory of the
1830:
1408:
1184:
1005:
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led to a spate of arch-building. By far the most famous arch from this period is the
840:
828:
738:
685:' triumphal procession depicted on the Arch of Titus, showing the loot captured from
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350:
248:
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133:
121:
1241:, the second tallest triumphal arch in the world, built in 1982 to commemorate the
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816:
785:
755:
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448:
399:
357:. The earliest arches set up to commemorate a triumph were made in the time of the
354:
323:
300:
170:
125:
1441:"Roman Theatre and its Surroundings and the "Triumphal Arch" of Orange"
957:
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809:
158:
82:
78:
1822:
1286:
1254:
993:
941:
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511:
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307:
190:
87:
17:
1238:
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1001:
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763:
686:
639:, the captured weapons of the enemy or the triumphal procession itself. The
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109:
Triumphal arches are one of the most influential and distinctive types of
1562:
1082:
660:
640:
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408:
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289:
251:
102:
54:
50:
1258:
1187:, built in 1889–1892 to commemorate the United States' victory over the
884:
635:. Sculpted panels depicted victories and achievements, the deeds of the
1532:
The architecture of Rome: an architectural history in 400 presentations
1296:
1055:
894:
815:
Probably the earliest large recreation was the "Aragonese Arch" at the
632:
285:
201:
1440:
240:, an early Roman imperial triumphal arch with a single archway, built
1152:
1129:
820:
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Roman triumphal practices changed significantly at the start of the
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1132:, built in 1826–1830 to commemorate Britain's victories in the
1211:
616:
Little is known about how the Romans viewed triumphal arches.
1321:
Oxford
Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture
299:, but the Greeks preferred the use of entablatures in their
1617:"Pietro Paolo Troisi (1686–1750): A Maltese Baroque Artist"
944:
closely modelled on the Arch of Septimius Severus in Rome.
667:
remains of fundamental importance down to the present day.
659:, a group of statues depicting the emperor or general in a
69:
is a free-standing monumental structure in the shape of an
521:
by a general from the city, dedicated to Emperor Caracalla
353:
to particularly successful Roman generals, by vote of the
655:. Some triumphal arches were surmounted by a statue or a
132:
The survival of great Roman triumphal arches such as the
1770:
Fleming, John; Honour, Hugh; Pevsner, Nikolaus (1980).
318:. Roman examples are usually roughly cubical, like the
1468:
Not built in a day: exploring the architecture of Rome
1744:
North of the DMZ: essays on daily life in North Korea
862:
Temporary wooden triumphal arches were also built in
901:, 1515; purely a paper arch, never meant to be built
572:
in Rome, built in 312–315 AD to commemorate Emperor
77:
connected by an arch, typically crowned with a flat
1685:
1465:
1008:, built as an entrance to the fairgrounds for the
1639:"Architectural scenography in 18th-century Mdina"
796:and its Roman predecessor. In the now dismantled
762:, a Renaissance triumphal arch integrated into a
701:The elaborate carvings and coffered vault of the
1594:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 244–265.
1501:"Triumphal arch." Encyclopædia Britannica (2010)
1035:, built in 1672 to commemorate the victories of
479:in Rome, built in 203–205 AD to commemorate the
1772:The Penguin Dictionary of Architecture, 3rd edn
1688:Transformations in late eighteenth century art
165:in London. After about 1820 arches are often
53:(27 BC–14 AD), later reconstructed by emperor
27:Monumental structure in the form of an archway
1357:
1355:
1323:, 2nd ed., OUP, Oxford and New York, p. 658.
8:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1210:, built in 1922 to celebrate the victory in
1081:in Paris, built in 1806–1808 to commemorate
804:attempted a triumphal arch in the idiom of
375:in 196 BC to commemorate his victories in
1585:
1583:
1581:
1579:
969:victorious Great Leader to the country".
1525:
1523:
1371:
1369:
1367:
866:for ceremonies in which a newly elected
1692:. Princeton University Press. pp.
1530:Ulrich Fürst; Stefan Grundmann (1998).
1312:
1014:
671:Ornamentation on Roman triumphal arches
669:
430:
258:'s victory together with their father,
90:, passages leading in four directions.
1792:The Classical Language of Architecture
1401:
1399:
1397:
1000:, or simple welcoming arches such as
808:. It was not until the coming of the
124:, a grand procession declared by the
7:
1661:German Renaissance Prints, 1490-1550
1592:Cities at War in Early Modern Europe
1376:Honour, Hugh; Fleming, John (2005).
1155:, built in 1829–1834 to commemorate
1534:. Edition Axel Menges. p. 43.
1302:List of post-Roman triumphal arches
853:Infanta Catherine Michelle of Spain
839:and plaster were often erected for
835:Temporary triumphal arches made of
776:List of post-Roman triumphal arches
393:Quintus Fabius Maximus Allobrogicus
1648:. Malta Historical Society: 63–76.
1615:Briffa, Joseph A. (January 2006).
1058:, built in 1770–71 to commemorate
25:
1340:Fleming, Honour, and Pevsner, 326
849:Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy
717:Galerius (L) attacks Narses (R).
1717:Zalampas, Sherree Owens (1990).
1271:
1257:
1226:
1195:
1172:
1140:
1117:
1090:
1070:
1043:
1020:
741:distributing gifts to the people
726:
710:
694:
675:
561:
526:
499:
468:
436:
330:, but modern examples, like the
1439:Centre, UNESCO World Heritage.
1109:, built in 1814 to commemorate
770:'s victorious entry into Naples
756:Arco di Trionfo di Castel Nuovo
432:Types of Roman triumphal arches
1111:Russia's victory over Napoleon
962:world's largest triumphal arch
916:, commissioned by the Emperor
276:List of Roman triumphal arches
1:
1721:. Popular Press. p. 81.
940:in Paris, for instance, is a
552:and capture of their capital
515:
458:
241:
204:of a medieval church where a
58:
1464:Sullivan, George H. (2006).
1445:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
1380:. Laurence King Publishing.
1319:Curl, James Stevens (2006).
1079:Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel
938:Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel
832:as city halls and churches.
535:Arch of Galerius and Rotunda
340:Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel
1823:A lecture on Triumphal arch
1646:Proceedings of History Week
1406:Zaho, Margaret Ann (2004).
1181:Soldiers' and Sailors' Arch
1016:Post-Roman triumphal arches
747:Post-Roman triumphal arches
254:to commemorate his brother
30:For the woodcut print, see
1863:
1684:Rosenblum, Robert (1969).
1472:. Da Capo Press. pp.
1243:Korean resistance to Japan
800:of the 1230s, the Emperor
773:
342:in Paris is an example.
314:in Latin), as it has four
273:
264:Jewish rebellion in Judaea
111:ancient Roman architecture
29:
1746:. McFarland. p. 83.
1165:French invasion of Russia
909:Ehrenpforte Maximilians I
890:Ehrenpforte Maximilians I
703:Arch of Septimius Severus
595:Arch of Septimius Severus
477:Arch of Septimius Severus
445:Arch of Septimius Severus
419:(arch). While Republican
320:Arch of Septimius Severus
167:memorial gates and arches
1789:Summerson, John (1980).
1663:. British Museum Press.
1659:Bartrum, Giulia (1995).
643:usually depicted flying
603:Triumphal Arch of Orange
582:Battle of Milvian Bridge
43:Triumphal Arch of Orange
32:Triumphal Arch (woodcut)
1742:Lankov, Alexei (2007).
1590:Pollak, Martha (2010).
1573:Summerson, 23-24, 34-35
1414:. Peter Lang. pp.
1349:Summerson, 23-24, 34-35
806:Romanesque architecture
766:, built to commemorate
451:, Libya, a four-arched
224:Origins and development
1637:Thake, Conrad (1994).
1378:A world history of art
1214:and the coronation of
986:Washington Square Arch
902:
771:
423:could be erected by a
270:Roman triumphal arches
266:
183:Washington Square Arch
106:
62:
1189:Confederate Rebellion
1161:victory over Napoleon
887:
754:
737:, in Rome, depicting
231:
210:Leon Battista Alberti
96:
40:
1099:Narva Triumphal Arch
788:, the triple-arched
361:. These were called
151:Narva Triumphal Arch
1557:, Mario D'Onofrio,
1279:Ancient Rome portal
1265:Architecture portal
1060:Frederick the Great
1037:Louis XIV of France
936:imperial Rome; the
873:took possession of
825:Alfonso V of Aragon
782:Holy Roman Emperors
735:Arch of Constantine
599:Arch of Constantine
570:Arch of Constantine
214:Tempio Malatestiano
212:'s façades for the
169:built as a form of
138:Arch of Constantine
1561:, 2005, online at
1062:'s victory in the
929:Napoleon Bonaparte
903:
798:City Gate of Capua
794:Carolingian Empire
772:
657:currus triumphalis
597:(203–205) and the
487:and his two sons,
481:Parthian victories
267:
218:San Andrea, Mantua
107:
101:, Paris, begun by
63:
1842:Victory monuments
1797:Thames and Hudson
1753:978-0-7864-2839-7
1728:978-0-87972-488-7
1703:978-0-691-00302-3
1670:978-0-7141-2604-3
1601:978-0-521-11344-1
1555:"Capua, Porta di"
1541:978-3-930698-60-8
1483:978-0-7867-1749-1
1425:978-0-8204-6235-6
1387:978-1-85669-451-3
1329:978-0-19-860678-9
1245:from 1925 to 1945
1107:Giacomo Quarenghi
1029:Porte Saint-Denis
768:Alfonso of Aragon
611:arcus quadrifrons
550:Sassanid Persians
514:, Algeria, built
508:Arch of Caracalla
485:Septimius Severus
454:arcus quadrifrons
383:was built on the
312:arcus quadrifrons
16:(Redirected from
1854:
1837:Triumphal arches
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576:'s victory over
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415:was replaced by
389:Scipio Africanus
345:The modern term
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179:Brandenburg Gate
155:Saint Petersburg
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1204:Arcul de Triumf
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1134:Napoleonic Wars
1126:Wellington Arch
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1039:
1025:
1010:1888 World Fair
984:in Berlin, the
974:memorial arches
933:Arc de Triomphe
778:
749:
742:
731:
722:
715:
706:
699:
690:
680:
618:Pliny the Elder
585:
566:
557:
531:
522:
518:
504:
495:
473:
464:
461:
441:
400:imperial period
391:in 190 BC, and
385:Capitoline Hill
332:Arc de Triomphe
278:
272:
244:
226:
181:in Berlin, the
163:Wellington Arch
143:Arc de Triomphe
99:Arc de Triomphe
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1860:
1858:
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1849:
1847:Types of gates
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1829:
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1818:External links
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1786:
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1624:Baroque Routes
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1149:Triumphal Arch
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914:Albrecht Dürer
899:Albrecht Dürer
877:and sometimes
857:House of Savoy
748:
745:
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733:Frieze on the
732:
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359:Roman Republic
347:triumphal arch
297:ancient Greece
271:
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67:triumphal arch
26:
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18:Triumphal gate
14:
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1218:and his wife
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1185:New York City
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1006:Arc de Triomf
1003:
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841:royal entries
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829:Porta Capuana
826:
823:, erected by
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739:Constantine I
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593:(AD 81), the
592:
591:Arch of Titus
583:
579:
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571:
564:
559:
555:
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547:
544:
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519: 210 AD
513:
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456:
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239:
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234:Arch of Titus
230:
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207:
203:
198:
196:
192:
188:
187:New York City
184:
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168:
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160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
139:
135:
134:Arch of Titus
130:
127:
123:
122:Roman triumph
118:
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104:
100:
95:
91:
89:
84:
80:
76:
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68:
56:
52:
48:
44:
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33:
19:
1821:
1800:World of Art
1799:
1790:
1771:
1743:
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1718:
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1687:
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1654:
1645:
1632:
1623:
1610:
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1569:
1558:
1550:
1531:
1467:
1459:
1448:. Retrieved
1444:
1434:
1409:
1377:
1345:
1336:
1320:
1315:
1085:'s victories
980:such as the
971:
956:'s dictator
949:Adolf Hitler
946:
922:
918:Maximilian I
907:
904:
888:
871:Grand Master
861:
834:
817:Castel Nuovo
814:
802:Frederick II
789:
786:Lorsch Abbey
779:
656:
648:
636:
628:
626:
615:
610:
606:
588:
539:Thessaloniki
453:
449:Leptis Magna
424:
420:
416:
412:
403:
397:
380:
372:
368:
362:
355:Roman senate
346:
344:
324:Leptis Magna
311:
305:
294:
279:
245: 81 AD
199:
177:such as the
171:war memorial
131:
126:Roman Senate
119:
108:
66:
64:
1774:. Penguin.
1559:Federiciana
1163:during the
958:Kim Il Sung
954:North Korea
868:Hospitaller
810:Renaissance
649:triumphator
637:triumphator
629:triumphator
574:Constantine
483:of Emperor
425:triumphator
262:, over the
159:Marble Arch
79:entablature
1831:Categories
1764:References
1626:(6): 9–17.
1450:2023-09-04
1287:Gate tower
994:India Gate
978:city gates
960:built the
942:tetrapylon
927:kings and
774:See also:
665:typography
379:. Another
336:octopylons
308:tetrapylon
274:See also:
191:India Gate
175:city gates
88:tetrapylon
1239:Pyongyang
1208:Bucharest
1002:Barcelona
998:New Delhi
992:, or the
966:Pyongyang
764:gatehouse
687:Jerusalem
645:Victories
641:spandrels
584:in 312 AD
578:Maxentius
556:in 298 AD
554:Ctesiphon
548:over the
489:Caracalla
402:when the
282:Etruscans
260:Vespasian
195:New Delhi
189:, or the
61:20–27 AD)
1563:Treccani
1251:See also
1083:Napoleon
851:married
790:Torhalle
689:in 81 AD
661:quadriga
633:cornices
622:quadriga
546:Galerius
543:tetrarch
457:, built
421:fornices
409:Augustus
405:princeps
377:Hispania
373:fornices
364:fornices
290:Volterra
252:Domitian
161:and the
115:colonies
103:Napoleon
55:Tiberius
51:Augustus
1694:131–132
1474:133–134
1297:Paifang
1167:in 1812
1056:Potsdam
925:Bourbon
895:woodcut
705:in Rome
653:coffers
580:at the
512:Tebessa
351:triumph
301:temples
286:Perugia
249:Emperor
202:chancel
136:or the
105:in 1806
71:archway
1806:
1778:
1750:
1725:
1700:
1667:
1598:
1538:
1480:
1422:
1384:
1327:
1157:Russia
1153:Moscow
1130:London
821:Naples
760:Naples
413:fornix
381:fornix
369:fornix
338:. The
149:, the
47:Orange
1642:(PDF)
1620:(PDF)
1418:–25.
1308:Notes
1292:Stele
1220:Marie
1033:Paris
879:Birgu
875:Mdina
864:Malta
845:popes
784:. At
683:Titus
607:circa
417:arcus
328:Libya
316:piers
256:Titus
173:, or
157:, or
147:Paris
83:attic
75:piers
1804:ISBN
1776:ISBN
1748:ISBN
1723:ISBN
1698:ISBN
1665:ISBN
1596:ISBN
1536:ISBN
1478:ISBN
1420:ISBN
1382:ISBN
1325:ISBN
1233:The
1202:The
1179:The
1147:The
1124:The
1097:The
1077:The
1050:The
1027:The
976:and
837:lath
568:The
533:The
506:The
493:Geta
491:and
475:The
443:The
367:(s.
310:(or
288:and
238:Rome
232:The
216:and
206:rood
97:The
41:The
1237:in
1212:WWI
1206:in
1183:in
1159:'s
1151:in
1128:in
1105:by
1101:in
1054:in
1031:in
1004:'s
996:in
988:in
964:in
912:by
819:in
758:in
537:in
510:in
447:at
387:by
322:in
247:by
236:in
193:in
185:in
153:in
145:in
81:or
45:in
1833::
1802:.
1795:.
1696:.
1644:.
1622:.
1578:^
1522:^
1506:^
1492:^
1476:.
1443:.
1416:18
1396:^
1366:^
1354:^
897:.
893:,
881:.
516:c.
459:c.
326:,
292:.
242:c.
220:.
65:A
59:c.
1812:.
1784:.
1756:.
1731:.
1706:.
1673:.
1604:.
1544:.
1486:.
1453:.
1428:.
1390:.
1331:.
721:.
605:(
57:(
34:.
20:)
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