285:
293:
381:, then the highest official in Prussia, to do something about charges of corruption and SA attacks against the company. In early 1934, Göring called off the court case in exchange for three million marks; Reemtsma subsequently paid him a million more per year, as well as making substantial donations to the party. By July 1934, the
142:
370:, the Nazi party's printing house). Reemtsma's advertisements had been banned from Nazi party publications, but the publications lost money, and the party needed money for election campaigning. Hitler scolded Reemtsma for having Jewish partners, but they agreed to an initial deal of half a million marks of advertising.
251:
Adolf Hitler's opposition to smoking had limited effects on consumption and sales. While he ordered many localized smoking bans, they were widely ignored. The finance ministry appreciated the taxes tobacco brought in: by 1941, about a twelfth of state revenues. Aside from taxes, advertising revenues,
271:
There is evidence that coercion was used to promote the sale of these cigarettes. SA members were not just expected to smoke Sturm
Cigarette Company cigarettes exclusively, they were compelled to: there were bag searches, and fines if any other brand were found. The SA agitated against and punished
243:
Sturm marketing was also used to make the prospect of serving in the German army more appealing. Cigarettes were sold with collectable sets of images of historical German military uniforms. While the SA was officially the sports and gymnastics division of the Nazi party, it was a successor to the
31:
304:
each month. A hundred marks would be the SA earnings from the sale of 500,000 cigarettes, at 20 pfennig per thousand. A typical German smoker smoked around 15 cigarettes a day (similar to modern rates), so this would be a monthly income from just over a thousand smokers.
319:
The firm first paid dividends to the SA in 1930. By 1932, it had a turnover of 36 million reichsmarks (equivalent to €148 million in 2021), and the SA made considerable profits; 1933 saw even higher returns. Money went to buy new buildings, factories, and advertising.
740:"Reklame für Zigarettensorte STURM ZIGARETTEN mit Porträts von Yorck und Blücher. Umschlag Rückseite innen von Programmheft Sächsische Staatstheater, Schauspielhaus Dresden. 03.06.1933. Druck; 22,3 x 16,3 cm. Dresden: SLUB Z.4.8 - Deutsche Digitale Bibliothek"
392:, cancelled their contract with Sturm Cigarettes and made a deal with Reemtsma in exchange for a fixed sum (in 1934, 250,000 reichsmarks), paid annually. Reemtsma would now produce the SA's cigarettes, and Sturm, left with unsellable cigarettes, filed for
784:
252:
and Sturm royalties and dividends, Nazi organizations accepted millions of reichsmarks in donations and bribes from the cigarette industry. The propaganda minister's view was decisive;
240:. Cigarette marketing reflected the political and economic situation. For instance, in 1930–1932, during the economic crash, advertisements showing catastrophic situations were common.
84:
In 1929, Arthur
Dressler cut a deal with the SA: together, they would found a cigarette manufacturer, and SA members would smoke its cigarettes, with the SA getting a royalty of 15–20
1074:
Calculation from figures given in sources; an annual income of ~1600 marks per year, and smoking costs of 0.035 marks for each cigarette, 15 cigarettes a day, and 365.25 days a year
102:
pfennig). At the time, the SA charged no membership fees and was thus financially dependent on donations from the Nazi party leadership; an independent income source was welcomed.
260:
713:
388:
Reemtsma's Jewish partners had now emigrated, along with many Jewish employees, with help from
Reemtsma. After Reemtsma made inquiries, the new SA leader, SA-Stabschef
73:
During the 1920s, many cigarette firms in
Germany closed, and the market was increasingly dominated by a few large and highly automated manufacturers. By 1933, the
65:(SA). The sale of its cigarettes provided the SA with operating funds and a channel for political messaging. Coercion and violence were used to increase sales.
1300:
284:
1295:
1085:
385:
had removed the threat of the SA: its leaders, who had profited from the firm's royalties, and often owned shares in it, were dead or imprisoned.
1315:
1262:
1237:
1192:
1012:
768:
683:
647:
622:
465:
425:
256:
felt that cigarettes were essential to the war effort. Cigarettes were distributed free to soldiers, including minors, as part of their pay.
193:(New Front). "Neue Front" was the most expensive brand, at six pfennig; "Sturm" cost five, and "Alarm" four. "Trommler" was the cheapest at 3
1103:
858:
United States Office of Chief of
Counsel for the Prosecution of Axis Criminality (1946). "Chapter XV Part 4 - THE STURMABTEILUNG (SA)".
324:
590:
1310:
374:
328:
420:
316:, and unemployment peaked at over 30% (see graph). The SA recruited particularly among the unemployed and underemployed.
146:
141:
34:
An advertisement from
January 1932, when the Nazis were trying to win power, showing a uniformed SA member, the Nazi
1278:
739:
699:
505:
288:
Unemployed SA men, at least three of them smoking, in 1932, three years after the SA began manufacturing cigarettes
1007:. Schriften der Stiftung fĂĽr sozialgeschichte des 20. Jahrhunderts (1. Aufl ed.). Hamburg: Edition Nautilus.
1305:
824:
411:
382:
308:
At the time, an average-intensity "Trommler" smoker paid the average wage would spend around a tenth of his
292:
1246:
549:
276:. SA men attacked shops that sold rival brands, smashing windows and physically attacking the shopworkers.
1005:
Reemtsma auf der Krim: Tabakproduktion und
Zwangsarbeit unter der deutschen Besatzungsherrschaft 1941-1944
122:
78:
110:
263:
of
Germany rose from 500 to 1000 cigarettes a year; tens of billions of cigarettes were sold annually.
117:
was interested and willing to put money towards an SA cigarette factory. The Nazi party offered 30,000
59:, Storm Cigarettes or Military Assault Cigarettes) was a cigarette company created by the Nazi Party's
785:"Adolf Hitler exhibition in Germany: Hitler and the Germans at the German Historical Museum in Berlin"
225:
207:, by far the most popular. In 1932, 80% of cigarettes sold were "Trommler", rising to 95% by 1933.
714:"Buchkritik: Der Sammelband "Braune Karrieren: Dresdner Täter und Akteure im Nationalsozialismus""
1272:
816:
693:
416:
237:
162:
30:
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1153:
1008:
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679:
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618:
586:
461:
378:
1257:. Christine Pieper, Mike Schmeitzner, Gerhard Naser (eds.). Dresden: Sandstein Verlag. 2012.
839:
678:. Christine Pieper, Mike Schmeitzner, Gerhard Naser (eds.). Dresden: Sandstein Verlag. 2012.
457:
450:
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61:
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355:
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309:
114:
615:
Stormtroopers and crisis in the Nazi movement: activism, ideology and dissolution
367:
359:
233:
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937:
393:
301:
211:
118:
74:
1214:
1187:. Beiträge zur Geschichte des 20. Jahrhunderts. Göttingen: Wallstein Verlag.
1157:
945:
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796:
121:
in start-up money and, as this was nowhere near enough, Nazi party supporter
363:
245:
156:
53:
1175:
1027:
calculation from numbers given earlier, and on hundred pfennigs to the mark
963:
832:
821:
Vanguard of Nazism: The Free Corps
Movement in Post-War Germany, 1918–1923
312:
on cigarettes. Many did not have a regular wage: this was the time of the
859:
405:
351:
273:
150:
39:
35:
17:
85:
106:
1255:
Braune
Karrieren: Dresdner Täter und Akteure im Nationalsozialismus
676:
Braune Karrieren: Dresdner Täter und Akteure im Nationalsozialismus
1086:"Conquering the Capital: The Ruthless Rise of the Nazis in Berlin"
322:
291:
283:
140:
29:
642:(1st Norton paperback ed.). New York: Penguin. p. 348.
149:
advertisement from October 1932 showing an aircraft with SA-logo
1203:"Tabak und Kaffee im Dritten Reich: "Verbote wurden ignoriert""
1202:
884:"Tabak und Kaffee im Dritten Reich: "Verbote wurden ignoriert""
883:
1132:
Bachinger, Eleonore; McKee, Martin; Gilmore, Anna (May 2008).
920:
Bachinger, Eleonore; McKee, Martin; Gilmore, Anna (May 2008).
248:
militias, and promoted itself as a military training program.
1134:"Tobacco policies in Nazi Germany: not as simple as it seems"
1104:"Max Amann: Werke aus Sammlung von Hitlers Verleger entdeckt"
922:"Tobacco policies in Nazi Germany: not as simple as it seems"
583:
Gender, colonialism and education: the politics of experience
761:
Die Reemtsmas: Geschichte einer deutschen Unternehmerfamilie
1185:
Kriegswichtiger Genuss: Tabak und Kaffee im "Dritten Reich"
852:
For instance, in its widely publicized weekly publication,
210:
In early advertisements, all four main brands were listed;
300:
Through this scheme, a typical SA unit earned hundreds of
165:
reads "Valuable coupons · Sumptuous pictures of uniforms".
77:
was attacking the tobacco industry for having foreign and
232:
brand. Apart from print advertising, the company owned a
671:
Arthur Dressler: die Firma Sturm - Zigaretten fĂĽr die SA
350:
In June 1932, Philipp FĂĽrchtegott Reemtsma, head of the
456:. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press. pp.
272:
the use of other brands, especially the market leader
228:") were used. Later marketing focused on the "Trommler
1230:
Stormtroopers: a new history of Hitler's Brownshirts
499:
497:
981:"Rauchzeichen: Fotoarchiv Reemtsma in der NS-Zeit"
617:. London ; New York: Routledge. p. 102.
585:. London; Portland, OR: Woburn Press. p. 81.
495:
493:
491:
489:
487:
485:
483:
481:
479:
477:
449:
763:(1. Aufl ed.). Hamburg: Hoffmann und Campe.
408:(Sturm's successor as the SA cigarette company)
92:of sales price, given most cigarettes sold at 3
975:
973:
1003:Roth, Karl Heinz; Abraham, Jan-Peter (2011).
915:
913:
911:
734:
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341:(Choose them once, be bound to them forever)
8:
665:
663:
661:
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332:
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176:
170:
154:
51:
327:An advertisement from December 1933, after
1199:; interview of the author about the book:
576:
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125:invested another 500,000 reichsmarks. The
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169:The factory mainly produced four brands:
877:
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871:
861:Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression (Vol. II)
608:
606:
604:
602:
437:
1270:
691:
581:Goodman, Joyce; Martin, Jane (2002).
426:Anti-tobacco movement in Nazi Germany
366:(Hitler's secretary, and the head of
161:("Storm" or "Military Assault"). The
7:
1232:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
88:for every thousand cigarettes sold (
129:was founded, and registered as the
214:imagery and the political slogan "
25:
1301:1935 disestablishments in Germany
1247:"Nazi storm-troopers' cigarettes"
550:"Nazi storm-troopers' cigarettes"
377:in 1933, Philipp Reemtsma asked
261:per-capita cigarette consumption
1183:Petrick-Felber, Nicole (2015).
1296:1929 establishments in Germany
296:German unemployment, 1928–1935
1:
1201:Waibel, Ambros (2015-12-21).
1058:"Anlage 1 SGB 6 - Einzelnorm"
882:Waibel, Ambros (2015-12-21).
548:Daniel Siemens (2013-09-11).
421:History of nicotine marketing
1316:Tobacco companies of Germany
1084:KluĂźmann, Uwe (2012-11-29).
506:"Zwölf Millionen für Göring"
354:cigarette company, met with
259:Between 1930 and 1940, the
38:, the SA logo, and an anti-
1332:
1244:; shorter text by author:
1150:10.1016/j.puhe.2007.08.005
1062:www.gesetze-im-internet.de
938:10.1016/j.puhe.2007.08.005
825:W. W. Norton & Company
640:Hitler, 1889–1936: hubris
613:Grant, Thomas D. (2004).
412:Health effects of tobacco
338:, ist ihr immer verbunden
131:Cigarettenfabrik Dressler
1228:Siemens, Daniel (2017).
448:Proctor, Robert (1999).
383:Night of the Long Knives
27:Former cigarette company
1311:Economy of Nazi Germany
557:UCL SSEES Research Blog
553:(University department)
217:Gegen Trust und Konzern
203:pfennig and, given the
48:Sturm Cigarette Company
1277:: CS1 maint: others (
759:Lindner, Erik (2007).
698:: CS1 maint: others (
452:The Nazi war on cancer
342:
333:
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216:
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183:
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52:
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1207:Die Tageszeitung: taz
888:Die Tageszeitung: taz
638:Kershaw, Ian (2000).
326:
295:
287:
144:
127:Zigarettenfirma Sturm
111:Manfred von Killinger
33:
1038:"Raucherstatistiken"
837:, described in this
375:the Nazis took power
329:the Nazis took power
123:Jacques Bettenhausen
817:Waite, Robert G. L.
105:Approached through
417:Nicotine marketing
343:
331:, with the slogan
298:
290:
238:advertising planes
167:
109:Nazi party leader
79:Jewish connections
44:
1264:978-3-942422-85-7
1239:978-0-300-19681-8
1194:978-3-8353-1666-9
1014:978-3-89401-745-3
770:978-3-455-09563-0
685:978-3-942422-85-7
649:978-0-393-32035-0
624:978-0-415-19602-4
467:978-0-691-00196-8
220:" ("Against the
16:(Redirected from
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334:Wer sie einmal
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254:Joseph Goebbels
205:economic crisis
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113:, SA-Stabschef
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932:(5): 497–505.
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791:. 2010-10-14.
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379:Hermann Göring
373:Shortly after
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62:Sturmabteilung
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1249:. 2013-09-11.
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673:. Chapter in
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1110:. 2014-06-13
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717:. Retrieved
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560:. Retrieved
556:
513:. Retrieved
509:
451:
390:Viktor Lutze
387:
372:
356:Adolf Hitler
349:
318:
310:gross income
307:
299:
270:
258:
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242:
229:
209:
187:(Storm) and
168:
130:
126:
115:Otto Wagener
104:
83:
72:
60:
47:
45:
854:Der SA-Mann
368:Eher Verlag
360:Rudolf Hess
346:Replacement
302:reichsmarks
234:sound truck
175:(Drummer),
147:blackletter
119:reichsmarks
1290:Categories
1220:2018-08-27
1114:2018-08-26
1043:2018-08-28
989:2018-08-25
901:2018-08-27
802:2018-08-26
745:2018-08-26
719:2018-08-20
562:2018-08-25
515:2018-08-20
432:References
394:bankruptcy
236:and hired
212:Nazi party
190:Neue Front
75:Nazi party
56:Zigaretten
1273:cite book
1215:0931-9085
1158:0033-3506
946:0033-3506
896:0931-9085
819:(1969) .
797:0307-1235
724:, citing
694:cite book
396:in 1935.
364:Max Amann
246:Freikorps
163:strapline
137:Marketing
90:0.45–0.6%
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