History of trams - Knowledge

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heavily sanded by a previous tram, and the tram loses electrical contact with the rails. In this event, the underframe of the tram, by virtue of a circuit path through ancillary loads (such as saloon lighting), is live at the full supply voltage, typically 600 volts. In British terminology, such a tram was said to be 'grounded'—not to be confused with the US English use of the term, which means the exact opposite. Any person stepping off the tram completed the earth return circuit and could receive a nasty electric shock. In such an event the driver was required to jump off the tram (avoiding simultaneous contact with the tram and the ground) and pull down the trolley before allowing passengers off the tram. Unless derailed, the tram could usually be recovered by running water down the running rails from a point higher than the tram. The water providing a conducting bridge between the tram and the rails.

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inertia, for example when crossing another cable line. The cable would then have to be "picked up" to resume progress, the whole operation requiring precise timing to avoid damage to the cable and the grip mechanism. Breaks and frays in the cable, which occurred frequently, required the complete cessation of services over a cable route while the cable was repaired. Due to overall wear, the entire length of cable (typically several kilometres) would have to be replaced on a regular schedule. After the development of reliable electrically powered trams, the costly high-maintenance cable car systems were rapidly replaced in most locations.

508: 1193: 1982: 1831: 2981: 2920: 1205: 1994: 49: 424: 999:, with about 1,600 cars in service at any one time at its peak during the 1930s (cf. about 500 trams in Melbourne today). There were also two isolated cable lines in Sydney, the North Sydney line from 1886 to 1900, and the King Street line from 1892 to 1905. Sydney's tram network ceased to serve the city population by the 1960s, with all tracks being removed, in lieu of a bus service. Melbourne's tram network, however, continues to run to this day. 1255: 960: 1228: 528: 1240: 769: 1721: 895: 1216: 496: 484: 975: 2010: 2771: 2151:. When the metro network was finished in the 1990s the city began to tear out the tram network (which had become rather old and decrepit), but now faced opposition from many citizens who enjoyed the enhanced mobility of the mixed network—the metro lines deviate from the tramlines to a significant degree. New 597:, on the streets inside the towns, and on the roadside outside town. It had permission for steam traction but was entirely run with horse traction. In 1848, it was closed down after repeated economic failure. The tram developed in numerous cities of Europe (some of the most extensive systems were found in 1811:

is one of the few in North America still operating in the classic style on street trackage shared with car traffic, where streetcars stop on demand at frequent stops like buses rather than having fixed stations. Known as Red Rockets because of their colour, they have been operating since the mid-19th

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Problems with horsecars included the fact that any given animal could only work so many hours on a given day, had to be housed, groomed, fed and cared for day in and day out, and produced prodigious amounts of manure, which the streetcar company was charged with storing and then disposing of. Since a

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required a heavy investment and presented problems in terms of subterranean spaces that required constant security. For rapid transit, the investment was mainly in underground construction, which made it impossible in some cities (with underground water reserves, archaeological remains, etc.). Metro

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In many cases, postwar buses were cited as providing a smoother ride and a faster journey than the older, pre-war trams. For example, the tram network survived in Budapest but for a considerable period of time bus fares were higher to recognize the superior quality of the buses. However, many riders

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by January 1949). Continuing technical and reliability improvements in buses made them a serious competitor to trams because they did not require the construction of costly infrastructure. However, the demise of the streetcar came when lines were torn out of the major cities by "bus manufacturing or

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and lengthy underground vault structures beneath the rails had to be provided. They also required physical strength and skill to operate, and alert operators to avoid obstructions and other cable cars. The cable had to be disconnected ("dropped") at designated locations to allow the cars to coast by

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Beginning in the late 18-hundreds, horse cars were largely replaced by electric-powered trams. Several inventors and companies were involved in the transition. Werner von Siemens pioneered electric traction in the early 1880s in Germany. In the USA, the groundbraking work on overhead trolley systems

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that Mr Noble had demonstrated a new 'motor car' for tramways 'with success'. The tramcar 'exactly similar in size, shape, and capacity to a cable grip car' had the 'motive power' of gas 'with which the reservoir is to be charged once a day at power stations by means of a rubber hose'. The car also

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Tram engines usually had modifications to make them suitable for street running in residential areas. The wheels, and other moving parts of the machinery, were usually enclosed for safety reasons and to make the engines quieter. Measures were often taken to prevent the engines from emitting visible

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The convenience and economy of electricity resulted in its rapid adoption once the technical problems of production and transmission of electricity were solved. Electric trams largely replaced animal power and other forms of motive power including cable and steam, in the late 19th and early 20th

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There is one particular hazard associated with trams powered from a trolley off an overhead line. Since the tram relies on contact with the rails for the current return path, a problem arises if the tram is derailed or (more usually) if it halts on a section of track that has been particularly

1628:, Australia, in 1892, were battery-powered but within as little as three months they were replaced with horse-drawn trams. In New York City some minor lines also used storage batteries. Then, comparatively recently, during the 1950s, a longer battery-operated tramway line ran from Milan to 2697: 2274:) with double-end designs and automatic control systems, allowing a single driver to serve more passengers, and decreasing turnaround time. Passenger and driver comfort have improved with stuffed seats and cabin heating. Advertising on trams, including all-over striping, became common. 1172:

Comparatively little has been published about gas trams. However, research on the subject was carried out for an article in the October 2011 edition of "The Times", the historical journal of the Australian Association of Timetable Collectors, now the Australian Timetable Association.

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on 31 May 2014 after delayed development which began in 2008. Edinburgh previously had an extensive tram network which began closure in the 1950s. The new network is significantly smaller, 8.7 mi (14.0 km), compared to the previous tram network, 47.3 mi (76.1 km)

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cities of Ballarat and Bendigo. In recent years the Melbourne system, generally recognised as one of the largest in the world, has been considerably modernised and expanded. The Adelaide line has also been extended to the Entertainment Centre, and there are plans to expand further.

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In Japan, the Kyoto Electric railroad was the first tram system, starting operation in 1895. By 1932, the network had grown to 82 railway companies in 65 cities, with a total network length of 1,479 km (919 mi). By the 1960s the tram had generally died out in Japan.

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between 1882 and 1906. New York City developed at least seven cable car lines. Los Angeles also had several cable car lines, including the Second Street Cable Railroad, which operated from 1885 to 1889, and the Temple Street Cable Railway, which operated from 1886 to 1898.

547:, UK. The Mumbles Railway Act was passed by the British Parliament in 1804, and this first horse-drawn passenger tramway started operating in 1807. It was worked by steam from 1877, and then, from 1929, by very large (106-seater) electric tramcars, until closure in 1961. 2165:, the world's first completely low floor tram was introduced. West Berlin had shut down its trams in the 1960s but the East reversed a previous decision to shut down the tramway network and new lines have been laid into the western part of Berlin after reunification. 879:

were used to avoid emitting visible steam. A major drawback of this style of the tram was the limited space for the engine so that these trams were usually underpowered. Steam tram engines faded out around the 1890s to the 1900s, being replaced by electric trams.

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for most of their route. However, on one steep segment of track, they are assisted by cable tractors, which push the trams uphill and act as brakes for the downhill run. For safety, the cable tractors are always deployed on the downhill side of the tram vehicle.

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who declared in 1971 that "the city must adapt to the car". Tram networks were no longer maintained or modernized, a state of affairs that served to discredit them in the eyes of the public. Old lines, considered archaic, were then gradually replaced by buses.

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The advent of personal motor vehicles and the improvements in motorized buses caused the rapid disappearance of the tram from most western and Asian countries by the end of the 1950s (for example the first major UK city to completely abandon its trams was

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was responsible for the replacement of trains with buses, but critics of this theory point to evidence that larger economic forces were driving conversion before General Motors' actions and outside of its reach. Certainly, the oldest system of all, the

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From ABC-TV's 'Can you help?'. Sydney, the largest city in Australia, once had the largest tram system in Australia, the second largest in the Commonwealth (after London), and one of the largest in the world. In the early 1960s the entire network was

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Governments thus put investment principally into bus networks. Indeed, infrastructure for roads and highways meant for the automobile were perceived as a mark of progress. The priority given to roads is illustrated in the proposal of French president

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was one of the first in the modern era and provided one-seat rides where several connections would have been necessary before, increasing ridership by significant amounts upon opening of service compared to the prior bus or local train routes.

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countries, as well as Switzerland, West Germany, Austria, Belgium, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Japan etc. though cuts and closures of entire systems also happened there as the example of Hamburg shows. In France, only the networks in

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promotes its tourist tram as being a cable car it actually operates using a hidden diesel motor. The tram, which runs on a circular route around the town of Portland, uses dummies and salons formerly used on the extensive

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In Britain, Leeds introduced Europe's first overhead electric service (Roundhay Electric Tramway) on 29 October 1891, though strictly speaking, it did not officially open to passengers until the following month. The

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http://www.google.com.au/search?q=%22gas+tram%22+Northcote+history&rls=com.microsoft:en-au:IE-SearchBox&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&sourceid=ie7&rlz=1I7GGLL_en-GB&redir_esc=&ei=R1MvTpXqGamdmQW4ofga

1598:, a Vermont blacksmith, had invented a battery-powered electric motor which he later patented. The following year he used it to operate a small model electric car on a short section of track four feet in diameter. 672:. Within a year, the economy of electric power had replaced more costly horse cars in many cities. By 1889, 110 electric railways incorporating Sprague's equipment had been begun or planned on several continents. 2739: 3238: 1057:

as they climbed or descended a steep hill. The moving cable would physically pull the car up the hill at a steady pace, unlike a low-powered steam or horse-drawn car. Cable cars do have wheel brakes and

1294:. This two kilometer line, re-gauged to 2 feet 9 inches (840 mm) in 1884, remains in service to this day, and is the oldest operating electric tramway in the world. Also in 1883, 820:(from 1885), The Hague, Netherlands, 1878, and the Dublin & Blessington Steam Tramway (from 1888) in Ireland. Steam tramways also were used on the suburban tramway lines around 1851:

protested against the replacement of streetcars arguing that buses weren't as smooth or efficient and polluted the air. In the United States, there have been allegations that the

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of 1807, was purchased by The South Wales Transport Company (which operated a large motorbus fleet in the area) and despite vociferous local opposition, closed down in 1960.

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control, first demonstrated in Chicago in 1897, allowing multiple cars to be coupled together and operated by a single motorman. This gave birth to the modern subway train.

995:, Victoria, Australia operated one of the largest cable systems in the world, at its peak running 592 trams on 75 kilometres (47 mi) of track, though during its heyday, 668:

used a wheel to travel along the wire. In late 1887 and early 1888, using his trolley system, Sprague installed the first successful large electric street railway system in

1788:. Loubat, inspired by Stephenson, built the first tramline in Paris, France. The 2 km (1.2 mi) line was inaugurated on 21 November 1853, in connection with the 3612: 652:

typical horse pulled a streetcar for about a dozen miles a day and worked for four or five hours, many systems needed ten or more horses in stable for each horse car.

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Tram networks disappeared almost completely from France, the UK, and altogether from Ireland, Denmark, Spain, as well as being completely removed from cities such as

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Earlier electric installations often proved difficult or unreliable. The Lichterfelde line, for example, provided power through a live rail and a return rail, like a

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in Austria. It was the first tram in the world in regular service that was run with electricity served by an overhead line with pantograph current collectors. The

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opened a system with novel British-built trams, specified by the city, with the goal of breaking with the archaic conceptual image that was held by the public.

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well into the 20th century. Many large metropolitan lines lasted well into the early twentieth century. New York City had a regular horse car service on the

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The advantages of the tram thus became once again visible. At the end of the 1970s, some governments studied, and then built new tram lines. In Germany the

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in Texas operated diesel trams due to the city's hurricane-prone location, which would result in frequent damage to an electrical supply system. Although

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kept running, with an extensive system which includes some street running in Blackpool, and a long stretch of segregated track to nearby Fleetwood.

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to haul the cars, usually two as a team. Rarely, other animals were tried, including humans in emergency circumstances. It was followed in 1835 by

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began in the early nineteenth century. It can be divided up into several discrete periods defined by the principal means of motive power used.

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While many networks closed down during the postwar decades, the rolling stock on remaining systems kept developing, with multi-car trains (or

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that could be used, and providing electric shocks to people and animals crossing the tracks. The system for collecting electricity from the

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The priority given to personal vehicles and notably to the automobile led to a loss in quality of life, particularly in large cities where

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by a moving steel cable. The power to move the cable was normally provided at a "powerhouse" site a distance away from the actual vehicle.

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one mile away on the main Omagh to Enniskillen railway in Northern Ireland. The tram made its last journey on 30 September 1957 when the

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carried an electricity generator for 'lighting up the tram and also for driving the engine on steep grades and effecting a start'.

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He was to produce the first motor that operated without gears of any sort, having its armature direct-connected to the car axle.

3491: 1085:). Another system, actually two separate cable lines with a shared power station in the middle, operates from the Welsh town of 1843: 1825: 1456: 1436:

in 1887, and its ring line has grown to be the busiest tram line in Europe, with a tram running every 60 seconds at rush hour.

622: 606: 3329: 3220: 3038: 1837:, January 1969. (Grossraumtriebwagen 524) The then obsolete tram model would soon be phased out, and the entire system closed. 3147: 1969:, survive from this period, but they all suffered significant reduction from their original size. In Great Britain, only the 1694: 1066: 992: 937: 911: 735: 618: 559: 551: 242: 82: 3295: 2943: 1105:

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a number of systems in various parts of the world employed trams powered by gas,

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in the UK) at the head of a line of one or more carriages, similar to a small train. Systems with such steam trams included

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line uses a third rail, and Bombardier's Primove LRV is charged by contactless induction plates embedded in the trackway.

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for street cars and railways. While at the University of Denver he conducted important experiments which established that

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as a source of electricity were made from the 1880s and 1890s, with unsuccessful trials conducted in among other places

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for the driving force. Short pioneered "use of a conduit system of concealed feed" thereby eliminating the necessity of

945: 926: 899: 555: 3112: 1937: 1737: 3370: 1857: 1595: 872: 817: 797: 716: 540: 488: 190: 185: 2449: 1981: 703:, survived until 1954. The last horse-drawn tram to be withdrawn from public service in the UK took passengers from 2178: 1663: 1649: 1544: 1508: 1341:

in that city. The first commercial installation of an electric streetcar in the United States was built in 1884 in

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protruded above street level, causing accidents and problems for pedestrians. They were supplanted in 1852 by

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near St Petersburg, Russian Empire, in 1875. The first commercially successful electric tram line operated in

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The resurgence in the late 20th and 21st century has seen development of new technologies such as driverless

847:(US). The most notable system to adopt such trams was in Paris. French-designed steam trams also operated in 2205: 2190: 2094: 2018: 1830: 1701: 1349:

and operated for a period of one year by the East Cleveland Street Railway Company. Trams were operated in

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still retained trams. This situation occurred in Italy and Netherlands, too. There are preserved system in

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mechanism, to grab and release the moving cable without damage. The second city to operate cable trams was

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in London. The trend to light rail in the United Kingdom was firmly established with the success of the

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are bringing rail-based transit to areas that never had it and would not otherwise have gotten it. The

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type of system. The renaissance of light rail in North America began in 1978 when the Canadian city of

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became problematic. Acknowledging this, some authorities saw fit to redefine their transport policies.

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led the way in terms of the modern tram, and new systems were inaugurated in 1985 and 1988. In 1994

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Britain began replacing its run-down local railways with light rail in the 1980s, starting with the

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Cable cars remained especially effective in hilly cities since their nondriven wheels would not

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Stoomtram in en om Den Haag en Gouda, R. F. de Bock, Wyt Publishers, 1972, ISBN 90 6007 642 7.

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The other style of steam tram had the steam engine in the body of the tram, referred to as a

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was soon improved, however, through Frank J. Sprague's trolley pole and Werner von Siemens'

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oil marketing companies for the specific purpose of replacing rail service with buses."

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operates a hybrid funicular tramway system. Conventional electric trams are operated in

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The first electric tramway in Australia was a Sprague system demonstrated at the 1888

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tramcar at an assembly facility in Qingdao. The chief engineer of the CSR subsidiary

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line in 1997, which has seen extensions and now covers 7.2 mi (11.6 km).

2186: 1885: 1773: 1411: 894: 785: 665: 385: 175: 2740:"Malaysia: first compressed natural gas tram in the world will be ready next year" 2155:

was purchased and the system was modernized, and a new line was proposed in 2003.

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Hill in South London (1891–1905). They also worked around "Upper Douglas" in the

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The world's first experimental electric tramway was built by Ukrainian inventor

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The first electric road : a history of the Box Hill and Doncaster tramway

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Another motive system for trams was the cable car, which was pulled along a

495: 87: 17: 3381: 3518:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; London, UK: General Electric Company; 2450:"Sulphur Rock Street Car; Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture" 2114: 2090: 2062: 2058: 1813: 1659: 1610: 1560: 1441: 1291: 1181: 1110: 739: 512: 478: 412: 3357: 742:, South Australia. New horse-drawn systems have been established at the 3060: 2070: 2038: 1909: 1741: 1729: 1667: 1629: 1625: 1606: 1373: 1318: 1232: 1126: 1106: 1030:

from 1897 to 1929 (cable car 72/73 is the sole survivor of the fleet).

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The first tram in Continental Europe opened in France in 1839 between

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History of trams, streetcars or trolleys from the early 19th century

3629:. Vol. 17. London, UK; New York, USA: Charles Scribner's Sons. 2009: 2014: 2008: 1992: 1980: 1958: 1929: 1917: 1829: 1719: 1656:

In some places, other forms of power were used to power the tram.

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In the 2000s, two companies introduced catenary-free designs. The

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in 2012, but the news about the project appears to have dried up.

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was extended several kilometres to Box Hill, whilst in 2005 the

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Similar systems were used elsewhere in the past, notably on the

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A cable tractor assisting a tramcar on the cable section of the

1403: 1346: 1322: 579: 274: 2714:"Cieplice lšskie Zdrój is one of the best known Silesian towns" 2527:

Robertson, Andrew (March 1848). "Blackwall Railway Machinery".

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powered cars were a better way to operate trains and trolleys.

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Batavia (now Jakarta), Netherlands East Indies (now Indonesia)

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Electrifying America by David E. Nye, p.86, from Google Books

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on 8 January 1863. The first trams in Asia opened in 1869 in

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in particular. Gas trams are known to have operated between

3492:"Germany launches world's first autonomous tram in Potsdam" 3175:

The Rebirth of Trams from the JFS Newsletter, December 2007

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from 1889 to 1896. As well, electric systems were built in

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that operated a streetcar without gears. The motor had its

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The first tram in South America opened on 10 June 1858 in

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A great example of this shift in ideology is the city of

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Thomas Davenport from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem

3296:"China Presents the World's First Hydrogen-Fueled Tram" 2595:"Vauxhall, Oval & Kennington - The Brixton Tramway" 987:

once had one of the largest tram networks in the world.

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The most extensive cable system in the US was built in

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service started in 1856 and electric service in 1892.

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in 1883. In the US, multiple functioning experimental

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in the UK (the Dolter stud system), and currently in

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Conférence sur Alphonse LOUBAT, inventeur du tramway

3310:"China Develops World's First Hydrogen-Powered Tram" 3035:"City of Belgrade – Important Years in City History" 574:. These trams were an animal railway, usually using 491:

ran the world's first passenger tram service in 1807

1428:built a citywide system of electric trams in 1885. 914:: a cable pulled system, still operating as of 2017 2913:. Fort Worth, Texas. 11 November 1894 – via 2818:"Milestones in U.S. Public Transportation History" 871:rather than coal as fuel to avoid emitting smoke; 726:Horse-drawn trams still operate on the 1876-built 3443:"Edinburgh tram starting date revealed as 31 May" 1674:trams. Paris operated trams that were powered by 1527:, connecting Adelaide to the beachside suburb of 936:The first practical cable car line was tested in 859:, Sweden, had a steam tram line at the island of 636:. The first trams in Australia opened in 1860 in 2874: 2057:) hybrid built to run on heavy rail tracks in a 519:horse tram and employees at the depot (probably 2974:. Topeka, Kansas. 14 November 1894 – via 2189:system, as well as the buses, trolleybuses and 2046:construction thus was not a universal panacea. 1274:near Berlin, Germany, in 1881. It was built by 554:, began service in the year 1832. This was the 3115:. Ljubljanski potniški promet . Archived from 3087:"RATB – Regia Autonoma de Transport București" 2676:. Markthefitter.blogspot.com. 17 November 2008 1704:(CSR) demonstrated the world's first hydrogen 808:; Sydney, Australia and other city systems in 695:issued in 1983. The last mule tram service in 664:kickstarted the transition. His spring-loaded 3142:. East Brighton, Victoria: John Mason Press. 2769:"This is how some of the world's familiar..." 550:The first streetcar in America, developed by 446: 8: 3515:Men and volts; the story of General Electric 2845:"Nashville now and then: From here to there" 2816:American Public Transportation Association. 1313:, brother of the famous mining entrepreneur 1156:On 29 December 1886 the Melbourne newspaper 1012:Eugen Langen one-railed floating tram system 3346:John Prentice: Tramway Origins and Pioneers 3011:. Sarajevo.ba. 29 June 1914. Archived from 2940:Grace's Guide to British Industrial History 2212:. In Sydney, trams returned in the form of 1543:Two rare but significant alternatives were 784:The first mechanical trams were powered by 3423:. APTA Streetcar and Heritage Trolley Site 2636:– via National Library of Australia. 2529:The Civil Engineer and Architect's Journal 1309:The earliest tram system in Canada was by 1014:started operating. Cable cars operated on 867:smoke or steam. Usually, the engines used 453: 439: 31: 3611:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 656:on trams for collecting electricity from 640:. Africa's first tram service started in 539:The world's first passenger tram was the 3465:"Granton History: Edinburgh tram routes" 3336:. In French. Retrieved 11 February 2009. 2628:. Melbourne. 29 December 1886. p. 5 1613:in Australia, and for about 14 years as 1223:, powered by bipolar overhead line, 1883 1141:in Poland (from 1897); and in the UK at 691:, until 1926 and were commemorated by a 3573:A Popular History of American Invention 2891: 2407:"Siemens History Site - Transportation" 2333: 1624:in the Netherlands. The first trams in 1125:, Australia (1886–1888); in Berlin and 1073:. A single cable line also survives in 933:, England, in 1840 used such a system. 322: 266: 142: 74: 39: 3642: 3632: 3601: 3591: 3554: 3553: 3542: 3405:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 3398: 3358:Toronto Transport Commission – History 2995: 2851:from the original on 28 September 2007 2781:, May 1929, pg. 750. via Google Books. 2381:"History of Streetcars and Cable Cars" 2069:system, followed three years later by 1211:, built in 1883, is still in operation 675:Horses continued to be used for light 3568:Kaempffert, Waldemar Bernhard, Editor 2550:. The History Press. pp. 15–21. 1662:and some other tramways, for example 1531:, and tourist trams in the Victorian 1337:fireless engines then propelling the 832:("Peg-Leg") tramway ran on the Milan- 719:line closed. The van now lies at the 7: 3490:Connolly, Kate (23 September 2018). 3251:from the original on 14 January 2018 3041:from the original on 11 January 2015 2796:Tramway Systems of the British Isles 2472:"The Indomitable Tramways of Celaya" 1077:, New Zealand (rebuilt in 1979 as a 1037:costs, since an expensive system of 963:Cable tram dummy and trailer on the 772:A German steam tram engine from the 2432:"New York Loses its Last Horse Car" 2208:was extended several kilometres to 2177:resulted in the return of trams to 948:in New Zealand, from 1881 to 1957. 836:-Castano Primo route in late 1958. 3421:"Transit Ridership – Rail vs. Bus" 3239:"Battery trams running in Nanjing" 3037:. Beograd.org.rs. 5 October 2000. 2946:from the original on 12 March 2017 2746:. 22 February 2011. Archived from 2649:"Australian Timetable Association" 1452:in 1901 – it closed in 1958. 699:ended in 1932, and a mule tram in 25: 3067:from the original on 2 March 2015 2647:Isaacs, Albert (10 August 2012). 2348:from the original on 26 June 2007 2185:was integrated with the expanded 1636:and has been running since 2014. 1444:ran a regular service from 1894. 929:, which opened for passengers in 816:, Germany (from August 1883 on), 531:The Douglas Bay Horse Tramway in 3512:Hammond, John Winthrop (2011) . 3061:"Trams of Hungary and much more" 2979: 2918: 2674:"mark the fitter: November 2008" 2599:www.vauxhallandkennington.org.uk 1853:Great American streetcar scandal 1792:, running on a trial basis from 1390:designed and produced the first 1355:Richmond Union Passenger Railway 1258:A Box Hill to Doncaster tram in 1221:Mödling and Hinterbrühl Tramcars 721:Ulster Folk and Transport Museum 422: 47: 3570:; Martin, T. Comerford (1924). 3271:"Portland Tram – Google Search" 2535:. New York: Wiley & Putnam. 2230:, the world's first completely 1826:Effects of the car on societies 1648:The only petrol-driven tram of 1457:Melbourne Centennial Exhibition 1006:, Germany, in 1901 an elevated 991:From 1885 to 1940, the city of 3163:Kyoto Tram from Kyoto City Web 2620:"WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 29, 1886" 1697:and now beautifully restored. 1695:Melbourne cable tramway system 1033:Cable cars suffered from high 736:Victor Harbor Horse Drawn Tram 535:was still operating as of 2017 467:trams, streetcars, or trolleys 1: 3360:. Retrieved 11 February 2009. 3348:. Retrieved 11 February 2009. 3244:Railway Gazette International 3227:. Retrieved 14 February 2009. 3208:. Retrieved 14 February 2009. 3177:. Retrieved 12 February 2009. 3165:. Retrieved 12 February 2009. 2792:"Leeds City Tramways Uniform" 2369:. Retrieved 25 February 2009. 851:, in the Australian state of 238:Passenger traffic terminology 2875:Kaempffert & Martin 1924 1800:and later to the village of 1702:China South Rail Corporation 1666:in Sweden and some lines in 1296:Mödling and Hinterbrühl Tram 1162:reprinted a report from the 927:London and Blackwall Railway 902:cable-operated railway, 1840 746:Museum in Japan and also in 556:New York and Harlem Railroad 3522:; Literary Licensing, LLC. 2966:"Street Railways his hobby" 1858:Swansea and Mumbles Railway 1325:were exhibited at the 1884 1121:in the northern suburbs of 997:Sydney's network was larger 683:until its closure in 1917. 541:Swansea and Mumbles Railway 489:Swansea and Mumbles Railway 3685: 3520:J. B. Lippincott & Co. 2367:The John Stephenson Car Co 1823: 1549:surface contact collection 1545:conduit current collection 1361:. Sprague later developed 1153:, Manchester (1897–1908). 887: 776:, pulling a train through 757: 476: 3669:History of tram transport 3332:22 September 2008 at the 3196:, "The transport politic" 3089:. Ratb.ro. Archived from 2317:History of rail transport 2279:automatic train operation 1758:Queen Anne Counterbalance 1652:, on line 19 in the 1920s 1634:Nanjing battery Tram line 1569:ground-level power supply 1176:A tram system powered by 728:Douglas Bay Horse Tramway 351:List of high-speed trains 2910:Fort Worth Daily Gazette 2216:with the opening of the 2139:, which began replacing 1809:Toronto streetcar system 1686:Galveston Island Trolley 1398:direct-connected to the 1067:San Francisco cable cars 1010:cable car following the 818:British India (Pakistan) 780:marketplace, around 1900 734:, and at the 1894-built 3223:16 October 2008 at the 3192:29 January 2009 at the 3113:"Historical Highlights" 2493:"1876–1964 (Überblick)" 2147:a few years before the 2095:Docklands Light Railway 1738:Trieste–Opicina tramway 1327:World Cotton Centennial 1288:Volk's Electric Railway 912:San Francisco cable car 863:between 1887 and 1901. 855:between 1909 and 1939. 705:Fintona railway station 253:Railway nationalization 3138:Green, Robert (1989). 2774:1 January 2016 at the 2439:July 29, 1917. page 12 2163:ADtranz low floor tram 2053:was a modern tram (or 2022: 2006: 1990: 1838: 1764:wharf line in Sydney. 1733: 1653: 1632:. In China there is a 1331:New Orleans, Louisiana 1290:was opened in 1883 in 1263: 1251: 1236: 1224: 1212: 1209:Volks Electric Railway 1201: 1178:compressed natural gas 1165:San Francisco Bulletin 988: 972: 915: 903: 781: 689:Sulphur Rock, Arkansas 584:New Orleans, Louisiana 536: 524: 504: 499:Mule-drawn streetcar, 492: 361:Longest train services 243:Named passenger trains 2942:. Grace's Guide Ltd. 2218:Inner West Light Rail 2105:in 1992, followed by 2087:Tyne & Wear Metro 2012: 1996: 1984: 1833: 1723: 1647: 1555:(the Lorain system), 1257: 1242: 1230: 1218: 1207: 1195: 1089:up to the top of the 1081:but still called the 1018:in North London, and 981:George Street, Sydney 978: 962: 909: 898:Winding drums on the 897: 771: 530: 510: 498: 486: 376:Platform screen doors 2971:Topeka Daily Capital 2720:on 29 September 2006 2700:30 December 2012 at 2546:Borzo, Greg (2012). 2344:. Welshwales.co.uk. 2322:History of transport 2291:regenerative braking 2175:2004 Summer Olympics 2149:1972 Summer Olympics 2099:Manchester Metrolink 2013:An Italian produced 1794:Place de la Concorde 1664:Stockholms Spårvägar 1650:Stockholms Spårvägar 1339:St Charles Streetcar 1231:Fully restored 1920 1200:tram in Berlin, 1882 1083:Wellington Cable Car 900:London and Blackwall 774:Cologne-Bonn railway 681:Bleecker Street Line 562:which ran along the 533:Douglas, Isle of Man 429:Transport portal 381:Railway speed record 2936:"Sidney Howe Short" 2877:, pp. 122–123. 2744:Natural Gas Journal 2499:on 24 February 2011 2117:in London in 2000. 2103:Sheffield Supertram 2065:adopted the German 1938:Trieste and Opicina 1760:in Seattle and the 1710:CRRC Qingdao Sifang 1640:Other power sources 1180:was due to open in 1129:, Germany; between 890:Cable car (railway) 356:List of train songs 233:High-speed railways 186:Couplers by country 35:Part of a series on 3604:has generic name ( 3471:on 21 October 2017 3015:on 23 October 2014 2548:Chicago Cable Cars 2266:Modern development 2236:articulated bogies 2031:traffic congestion 2023: 2007: 1991: 1839: 1734: 1690:Portland, Victoria 1654: 1594:As early as 1834, 1434:its tramway system 1353:, in 1888, on the 1351:Richmond, Virginia 1311:John Joseph Wright 1280:Berlin Straßenbahn 1276:Werner von Siemens 1264: 1252: 1245:Double-decker tram 1237: 1225: 1213: 1202: 1071:tourist attraction 1047:stationary engines 989: 973: 916: 904: 782: 693:U.S. postage stamp 670:Richmond, Virginia 560:Fourth Avenue Line 537: 525: 505: 493: 191:Coupler conversion 3626:Sidney Howe Short 3552:External link in 3529:978-1-258-03284-5 3445:. BBC. 2 May 2014 2843:Wood, E. Thomas. 2779:Popular Mechanics 2557:978-1-60949-327-1 2272:articulated trams 2206:Burwood East line 2067:Siemens-Duewag U2 1971:Blackpool Tramway 1706:fuel cell vehicle 1525:Glenelg tram line 1388:Sidney Howe Short 1304:Blackpool Tramway 1149:(1896–1920), and 983:, circa 1919–20. 463: 462: 181:Railway couplings 164:Steam locomotives 16:(Redirected from 3676: 3650: 3644: 3640: 3638: 3630: 3616: 3609: 3603: 3599: 3597: 3589: 3586:Internet Archive 3583: 3581: 3563: 3557: 3556: 3550: 3548: 3540: 3534:Internet archive 3500: 3499: 3487: 3481: 3480: 3478: 3476: 3467:. Archived from 3461: 3455: 3454: 3452: 3450: 3439: 3433: 3432: 3430: 3428: 3417: 3411: 3410: 3404: 3396: 3394: 3392: 3386: 3380:. Archived from 3375: 3367: 3361: 3355: 3349: 3343: 3337: 3324: 3318: 3317: 3316:. 24 March 2015. 3306: 3300: 3299: 3292: 3286: 3285: 3283: 3281: 3267: 3261: 3260: 3258: 3256: 3234: 3228: 3215: 3209: 3203: 3197: 3184: 3178: 3172: 3166: 3160: 3154: 3153: 3135: 3129: 3128: 3126: 3124: 3109: 3103: 3102: 3100: 3098: 3093:on 18 March 2015 3083: 3077: 3076: 3074: 3072: 3057: 3051: 3050: 3048: 3046: 3031: 3025: 3024: 3022: 3020: 3005: 2999: 2993: 2987: 2986: 2984: 2983: 2962: 2956: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2932: 2926: 2925: 2923: 2922: 2901: 2895: 2889: 2878: 2872: 2861: 2860: 2858: 2856: 2840: 2834: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2820:. Archived from 2813: 2807: 2806: 2804: 2802: 2788: 2782: 2766: 2760: 2759: 2757: 2755: 2750:on 28 March 2012 2736: 2730: 2729: 2727: 2725: 2716:. Archived from 2710: 2704: 2692: 2686: 2685: 2683: 2681: 2670: 2664: 2663: 2661: 2659: 2653: 2644: 2638: 2637: 2635: 2633: 2616: 2610: 2609: 2607: 2605: 2591: 2585: 2580: 2574: 2568: 2562: 2561: 2543: 2537: 2536: 2524: 2518: 2515: 2509: 2508: 2506: 2504: 2495:. Archived from 2489: 2483: 2482: 2480: 2478: 2470:Allen Morrison. 2467: 2461: 2460: 2458: 2456: 2446: 2440: 2429: 2423: 2422: 2420: 2418: 2409:. Archived from 2403: 2397: 2396: 2394: 2392: 2383:. Archived from 2376: 2370: 2364: 2358: 2357: 2355: 2353: 2338: 2283:trams in Potsdam 2253:Systems such as 2238:was introduced. 2202:Mont Albert line 2141:its tram network 2093:followed by the 2051:Stadtbahnwagen B 1908:, Canadian city 1866:Georges Pompidou 1601:Attempts to use 1596:Thomas Davenport 1551:method, used in 1359:Frank J. Sprague 1329:World's Fair in 1298:was opened near 790:steam locomotive 709:Fintona Junction 662:Frank J. Sprague 455: 448: 441: 427: 426: 127:Gauge conversion 51: 32: 21: 3684: 3683: 3679: 3678: 3677: 3675: 3674: 3673: 3654: 3653: 3641: 3631: 3619: 3610: 3600: 3590: 3579: 3577: 3566: 3551: 3541: 3530: 3511: 3508: 3503: 3489: 3488: 3484: 3474: 3472: 3463: 3462: 3458: 3448: 3446: 3441: 3440: 3436: 3426: 3424: 3419: 3418: 3414: 3397: 3390: 3388: 3384: 3373: 3371:"Archived copy" 3369: 3368: 3364: 3356: 3352: 3344: 3340: 3334:Wayback Machine 3325: 3321: 3308: 3307: 3303: 3294: 3293: 3289: 3279: 3277: 3269: 3268: 3264: 3254: 3252: 3237:UK, DVV Media. 3236: 3235: 3231: 3225:Wayback Machine 3216: 3212: 3204: 3200: 3194:Wayback Machine 3185: 3181: 3173: 3169: 3161: 3157: 3150: 3137: 3136: 3132: 3122: 3120: 3119:on 4 March 2012 3111: 3110: 3106: 3096: 3094: 3085: 3084: 3080: 3070: 3068: 3059: 3058: 3054: 3044: 3042: 3033: 3032: 3028: 3018: 3016: 3007: 3006: 3002: 2994: 2990: 2978: 2964: 2963: 2959: 2949: 2947: 2934: 2933: 2929: 2917: 2903: 2902: 2898: 2890: 2881: 2873: 2864: 2854: 2852: 2842: 2841: 2837: 2827: 2825: 2824:on 3 March 2009 2815: 2814: 2810: 2800: 2798: 2790: 2789: 2785: 2776:Wayback Machine 2767: 2763: 2753: 2751: 2738: 2737: 2733: 2723: 2721: 2712: 2711: 2707: 2693: 2689: 2679: 2677: 2672: 2671: 2667: 2657: 2655: 2654:. austta.org.au 2651: 2646: 2645: 2641: 2631: 2629: 2618: 2617: 2613: 2603: 2601: 2593: 2592: 2588: 2583:Trams in Sydney 2581: 2577: 2569: 2565: 2558: 2545: 2544: 2540: 2526: 2525: 2521: 2516: 2512: 2502: 2500: 2491: 2490: 2486: 2476: 2474: 2469: 2468: 2464: 2454: 2452: 2448: 2447: 2443: 2430: 2426: 2416: 2414: 2413:on 29 July 2016 2405: 2404: 2400: 2390: 2388: 2387:on 24 July 2012 2378: 2377: 2373: 2365: 2361: 2351: 2349: 2340: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2326: 2302: 2296: 2287:low-floor trams 2268: 2259:Karlsruhe model 2245:relaunched its 2191:suburban trains 2171: 2083: 2081:1980s and 1990s 2035:sound pollution 1999:Siemens Combino 1979: 1835:Copenhagen tram 1828: 1822: 1790:1855 World Fair 1786:Alphonse Loubat 1770: 1726:Opicina Tramway 1718: 1700:In March 2015, 1680:Mekarski system 1642: 1592: 1450:its tram system 1372:, limiting the 1315:Whitaker Wright 1268:Fyodor Pirotsky 1190: 1143:Lytham St Annes 1103: 892: 886: 810:New South Wales 806:South Australia 800:, New Zealand; 766: 756: 634:Santiago, Chile 552:John Stephenson 517:South Australia 481: 475: 465:The history of 459: 421: 318: 267:Special systems 262: 228:Inter-city rail 213:Passenger train 138: 93:Railway station 70: 69: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3682: 3680: 3672: 3671: 3666: 3656: 3655: 3652: 3651: 3617: 3564: 3528: 3507: 3504: 3502: 3501: 3482: 3456: 3434: 3412: 3387:on 2 July 2007 3362: 3350: 3338: 3319: 3301: 3287: 3262: 3229: 3210: 3198: 3179: 3167: 3155: 3148: 3130: 3104: 3078: 3063:. Hampage.hu. 3052: 3026: 3000: 2998:, p. 128. 2988: 2976:newspapers.com 2957: 2927: 2915:Newspapers.com 2896: 2894:, p. 142. 2879: 2862: 2835: 2808: 2783: 2761: 2731: 2705: 2687: 2665: 2639: 2611: 2586: 2575: 2563: 2556: 2538: 2519: 2510: 2484: 2462: 2441: 2436:New York Times 2424: 2398: 2379:Bellis, Mary. 2371: 2359: 2332: 2330: 2327: 2325: 2324: 2319: 2314: 2309: 2303: 2301: 2298: 2267: 2264: 2232:low-floor tram 2170: 2167: 2082: 2079: 1978: 1975: 1821: 1818: 1798:Pont de Sèvres 1784:, invented by 1769: 1766: 1762:Darling Street 1750:reserved track 1746:street running 1717: 1716:Hybrid systems 1714: 1676:compressed air 1641: 1638: 1591: 1588: 1584:Alstom Citadis 1567:, France (the 1392:electric motor 1378:overhead wires 1323:electric trams 1219:First type of 1189: 1186: 1102: 1099: 1035:infrastructure 888:Main article: 885: 882: 755: 752: 701:Celaya, Mexico 658:overhead wires 578:and sometimes 477:Main article: 474: 471: 461: 460: 458: 457: 450: 443: 435: 432: 431: 418: 417: 416: 415: 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