245: It is advantageous for ecologists and naturalists to study plants, animals, and ecosystems in the tropical climate for a number of reasons. For one, the tropics are home to a wide array of ecosystems, from rainforests to deserts. In that sense, the tropics are a great place for ecologists to conduct diverse studies without traveling too far from a research center. With the large amount of biodiversity present in the tropics, it is a good access point for research. Most research in the tropics has been done on species richness, however more research needs to be done on other aspects of the tropics. For example, studying tropical plant communities could be used to examine their impacts or responses to elevated carbon dioxide.Secondly, the temperature in the tropics rarely hinders plant growth and activity; flora can be studied nearly year round, as cold weather never stunts plant activity. Which has proven to be useful in observing things such as flowering rhythmicity and leaf change.In addition to climatic reasons, the traditionally sparse population of the tropics has greatly aided research in the area, as the landscape is largely untainted by mankind and machinery. While this may not be the case so much as of late, the vast amounts of untapped land in the tropics still make for prime research territory. Another example would be how studying lowland tropical rainforest can provide researchers with some insight into how hydrological and geomorphological processes have significant impacts on the ecosystem. Finally, the tropics are valuable to ecologists because they are home to some of the oldest lands on Earth, including
30:(23.4378° N and 23.4378° S, respectively). The tropical climate experiences hot, humid weather and rainfall year-round. While many might associate the region solely with the rainforests, the tropics are home to a wide variety of ecosystems that boast a great wealth of biodiversity, from exotic animal species to seldom-found flora. Tropical ecology began with the work of early English naturalists and eventually saw the establishment of research stations throughout the tropics devoted to exploring and documenting these exotic landscapes. The burgeoning ecological study of the tropics has led to increased conservation education and programs devoted to the climate. Tropical ecology provides a wealth of natural resources to humans, this includes contributing to the carbon cycle, with the ability to store 50% of carbon emissions as well as turnover 40% of global oxygen. However, despite the natural services provided by tropical ecology, deforestation is a threat of tropical rainforests. Any plant of interest can be exploited for commercial reasons and extraction of these specific plant species can be at a rapid rate without time for healthy regeneration. Most of the global plant biodiversity is hosted in tropical areas, however studies in this area is mostly covered by scientist from Northern countries. Inclusion of scientist from countries where rainforest is present is heavily encouraged because it extends global knowledge and research which advances scientific contributions, benefiting tropical ecology.
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significance of tropical ecosystems and the delicacy with which they must be treated. For instance, in tropical grassy biomes, it was determined that the fauna of certain areas or regions have been observed to have multiple endemic species, which provide some insight into the age and origin of mainly tropical grassy systems. Conservation efforts in the tropics can be challenging to start, as many communities have developed a culture around the ecology in many locations. In many cases, people make their livelihood off some aspect of the ecology. Conservation measures have multiple benefits to the ecosystem and the community. There are health, economic, and environmental benefits to conserving tropical ecosystems, and conserving these benefits requires communication between local people, governments, and stakeholders. Communication between these groups facilitates the most benefit from conserving tropical ecosystems. Therefore, losing the tropics would result in losing multiple biodiversity species and local communities, natural processes, and even specific organisms that rely on them, which would face repercussions.
83:, researched many species of birds in tropical locations and published a large gamut of academic works on his findings that greatly shaped the field of ornithology. According to his biographer Carol Grant Gould, "The effects William Beebe had on science... are enormous and lasting. He made an effective transition between the Victorian natural historian, content to collect and classify the natural world, and the modern experimental biologist." The work of these early pioneers not only lead to an increased interest in the burgeoning field of tropical ecology, but also had far reaching implications for scientific study on the whole. In recent years, notable changes have arose with tropical savannah ecosystems being one of these them since it has become a significant global biome but at the price of tropical forest ecosystems.
259:. Thus, plant communities have been growing and evolving for millions of uninterrupted years, which makes for interesting study. That being said, while it may be advantageous to study ecology in the tropics, this is not to say that it is without difficulty. The ecosystems native to the tropics and the biodiversity they boast are dwindling. Half of the species located in biodiversity hotspots are in danger of extinction, and many of the plants with potential medicinal uses are dying off. In this sense, ecological study in the tropics is not as easily conducted as it once was; this is the reason why much of the modern ecological work in the field is aimed towards conservation and management as opposed to general research.
153:. Tropical biomes are defined as warm, moist habitats, and cover the largest amount of the terrestrial area on earth. Tropical species do not face the evolutionary pressure of harsh climates experienced in northern and southern regions. Therefore, tropical adaptations are largely influenced by biotic interactions as opposed to climate pressures. Consequently, tropical evolution has been described as a âcreative processâ among biota rather than a survival process against the climate. Some hypotheses also suggest that the higher tropical temperatures affect speciation at the molecular level, leading to higher mutation rates, faster generation times and therefore faster rates of genetic divergence. The West Pacific
92:
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biomes became fragmented by glaciers, increasing rates of speciation. This cooling also gradually restricted the ranges of many taxa into shrinking tropical regions. The geographic and temperate history of the
Cenozoic period is reflected in tropical ecology and more specifically the latitudinal species gradient. Tropical species have experienced a longer and less disturbed evolutionary history than species found in other biomes around the world. Therefore, temperate species that initially radiated out of tropical biomes are often nested in the
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122:) has served as a model for other biodiversity institutes. First, rainforests harbor the most alkaloid-producing plants of any biome; alkaloids are compounds that are crucial to the production of Western drugs. Due to the abundance of these compounds, pharmaceutical companies all over the world look to the rainforests for new medicinal treatments. In the early 1990s, the heads of
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165:, coined by MacArthur and Wilson in a 1963 article explains that biodiversity on an island is related to the size of the island. Biodiversity increases as the size of the land mass increases and decreases as the size decreases. The theory also states that the biodversity on islands increases the closer the island is to the mainland.
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engaged in an extended fight to "save the rainforest" that continues today. This battle has manifested itself in a number of ways, one of which is the outcropping of biodiversity institutes in tropical locations dedicated to stopping the excessive deforestation of the landscape, one of the most notable of which was established in
157:, a tropical ocean region, is the global peak of marine diversity because of its combination of warm temperatures, large area, minimal seasonal climate variation, diverse habitat types, important biotic relationships and influx of taxi from other tropical regions because of a complex mainland-island structure and ocean currents.
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human impacts have been a leading contributor to disturbances and modified land. Ecologists, government officials, and corporations alike praised this decision as decisive progress in an ongoing struggle to work cooperatively in utilizing tropical biodiversity while ensuring the stability of tropical ecosystems.
75:, stumbled upon an interesting ecological concept. As the pair traveled from the base of the mountains to the peak, they noticed that the species of plants and animals would change according to which climatic zone they were in relative to their elevation. This simple discovery aided the theorization of the
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that occurred during the
Pleistocene era were the most recent major climate disturbance in the tropics. Glaciers caused the decline of life forms at high altitudes because they remained solid for the longest consecutive time at high altitudes. Tropical environments became interspersed by glaciers and
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suggests that species richness increases towards the equator for most taxa. This holds true for marine and terrestrial species, northern and southern located species, ectotherms and endotherms and active and passive dispersing species. By turning to the biogeographical history of the tropics, we gain
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The rainforests are subjects of heightened attention due to the excessive deforestation and logging that occurs in those ecosystems. As well as anthropogenic disturbances such as fires, hunting and trapping of organisms that play key roles in tropical biodiversity and natural processes. Deforestation
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is the geographical distribution of plants and animals, and has a large impact on the course of evolution. Understanding the historical biogeography of the tropics is important for learning about the origins of biodiversity. Evolution around the world is impacted by the changing species distribution
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conducted a study that concluded that 15.4 million hectares (100 acres) of tropical forest was lost per year. In addition, 5.6 million hectares were logged each year. This landmark study sparked widespread interest in the tropical ecosystem, and a great number of non-profits and outspoken ecologists
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ice cap. Monitoring the shrinkage of these glaciers is important for understanding the rate of glacial melt. From 1998 to 2020, 26% of the
Quelccaya ice cap melted and the average altitude of the ice cap rose from 5389 meters to 5449 meters. The degree of change in tropical glacial areas is rapidly
126:
signed a deal with the pharmaceutical behemoth Merck that called for cooperation between the two entities in discovering and exploring new natural treatments in the Costa Rican rainforests. However, humans should tread carefully as to not cause species loss as a result of overexploitation, since
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Ocampo-Ariza, Carolina; Toledo-HernĂĄndez, Manuel; LibrĂĄn-Embid, Felipe; Armenteras, Dolors; Vansynghel, Justine; Raveloaritiana, Estelle; Arimond, Isabelle; Angulo-Rubiano, AndrĂ©s; Tscharntke, Teja; RamĂrez-Castañeda, Valeria; Wurz, Annemarie; Marcacci, Gabriel; Anders, Mina; Urbina-Cardona, J.
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Ocampo-Ariza, Carolina; Toledo-HernĂĄndez, Manuel; LibrĂĄn-Embid, Felipe; Armenteras, Dolors; Vansynghel, Justine; Raveloaritiana, Estelle; Arimond, Isabelle; Angulo-Rubiano, AndrĂ©s; Tscharntke, Teja; RamĂrez-Castañeda, Valeria; Wurz, Annemarie; Marcacci, Gabriel; Anders, Mina; Urbina-Cardona, J.
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era, spanning from 66 - 56 million years ago. During this period, the temperature gradient from the equator to the poles was extremely reduced. Cooling trends began about 45 million years ago, with interspersed warm periods. During this period, species diversification increased because tropical
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Laurance, William F.; Carolina Useche, D.; Rendeiro, Julio; Kalka, Margareta; Bradshaw, Corey J. A.; Sloan, Sean P.; Laurance, Susan G.; Campbell, Mason; Abernethy, Kate; Alvarez, Patricia; Arroyo-Rodriguez, Victor; Ashton, Peter; BenĂtez-Malvido, Julieta; Blom, Allard; Bobo, Kadiri S. (2012).
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Tropical regions are hotspots for biodiversity, so conservation efforts are essential to focus on in these places. Many species can be observed and conserved in the tropics. The tropics receive much attention when it comes to conservation and management due to increased public awareness of the
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The geography and biology of the tropics has the longest history of any biome found on Earth today. Tropical glacial and interglacial cycles caused by a fluctuating climate have induced speciation in the tropics, explaining its outstanding ecological diversity. Nevertheless, the tropics have
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emissions, which is a cause of climate change. Specifically, because the microclimate is altered as a consequence to persisting carbon emissions after deforestation. Much of the deforestation in the tropics is the result of agricultural land use. Examples of this can be seen in Brazil where
54:
sailed to tropical locations and wrote extensively about the exotic flora and fauna they encountered. While many naturalists were simply drawn to the exotic nature of the tropics, some historians argue that the naturalists conducted their studies on tropical islands in order to increase the
55:
likelihood that their work might bring about social and political change. In any case, these early explorations and the subsequent writings that came from them comprise much of the early work of tropical ecology and served to spark further interest in the tropics among other naturalists.
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deforestation occurs to boast cattle ranching, 80% of deforestation can be linked to cattle ranching causing species loss. This indicates that tropical forest protected areas are becoming some of the last safe heavens for threatened species. In the 1980s, the
67:.Bates discovered that if one toucan called out, the other surrounding toucans would mimic his or her call, and the forest would quickly fill with the sounds of toucans; this was one of the first documented studies of animal mimicry.
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dry climates. This fragmentation resulted in speciation due to geographic isolation, steepening the latitudinal species gradient. Today, Peru contains 70% of all tropical glacial area, hosting the two largest tropical glaciers: the
160:
Islands make up much of the geography in the tropical region. The tropics are a biodiversity hotspot. Species migrate to islands and are able to create new communities and grow and change with their new environments. The
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Biogeography is related to the physical conditions and geography of the habitat. The temperature and geographical area of the tropics enforce the latitudinal species gradients by facilitating higher rates of
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accelerating. Future research aims to understand current glaciation trends in the tropics in order to give context to the relationship between tropical ecology and climate change.
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The roots of tropical ecology can be traced to the voyages of
European naturalists in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Men who might be considered early ecologists such as
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across tropical biomes because many species can be traced back to tropical ancestors. Species evolve rapidly in the tropics, changing the habitat ecology. The theory of a
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is the study of the relationships between the biotic and abiotic components of the tropics, or the area of the Earth that lies between the
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period experienced warm air and water temperatures, with tropical terrestrial biomes reaching as far north as current day
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experienced various climatic disturbances over their long history that have shaped present patterns of diversity.
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voyaged throughout South
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233:
97:
77:life zone concept,
57:Henry Walter Bates
48:Henry Walter Bates
2111:
2110:
2050:Political ecology
1992:Molecular ecology
1987:Landscape ecology
1855:Microbial ecology
1831:Ecosystem ecology
1826:Community ecology
1670:978-3-030-91542-1
1628:978-0-08-009683-4
1586:978-0-12-420870-4
1278:10.1002/ece3.5007
982:(7415): 290â294.
736:978-981-19-3341-7
496:978-0-691-11513-9
311:978-0-444-64130-4
212:Quelccaya Ice Cap
104:contributes to CO
2136:
1947:Chemical ecology
1919:Tropical ecology
1736:
1729:
1722:
1713:
1680:
1679:
1678:
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1644:
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1389:
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1364:
1346:
1329:(11): e1501005.
1323:Science Advances
1314:
1308:
1307:
1297:
1264:(7): 3837â3849.
1249:
1243:
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1194:
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653:
647:
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636:
604:
593:
592:
582:
542:
536:
535:
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501:
500:
487:Tropical Ecology
482:
473:
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456:
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440:
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406:
400:
399:
366:
360:
359:
327:
321:
320:
319:
318:
293:
279:
274:
273:
272:
24:Tropic of Cancer
20:Tropical ecology
2144:
2143:
2139:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2134:
2133:
2114:
2113:
2112:
2107:
2098:Natural history
2081:Applied ecology
2059:
2055:Systems ecology
2016:
2012:Thermal ecology
2007:Spatial ecology
1982:Genetic ecology
1952:Disease ecology
1928:
1884:biogeographical
1874:
1837:
1796:
1773:
1745:
1740:
1688:
1683:
1675:
1673:
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1458:
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1391:
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1316:
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1311:
1251:
1250:
1246:
1203:Current Biology
1196:
1195:
1191:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1091:Ecology Letters
1079:
1078:
1074:
1031:Ecology Letters
1024:
1023:
1019:
968:
967:
963:
927:
926:
922:
884:
883:
879:
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818:
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754:
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368:
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363:
329:
328:
324:
316:
314:
312:
295:
294:
290:
286:
275:
270:
268:
265:
243:
237:Tropical forest
225:
214:and the Nevado
171:
133:
107:
89:
36:
17:
12:
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2142:
2140:
2132:
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2100:
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2042:
2037:
2032:
2026:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2004:
2002:Social ecology
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1938:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1909:Forest ecology
1906:
1904:Desert ecology
1901:
1900:
1899:
1897:Arctic ecology
1888:
1886:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1872:
1867:
1865:Insect ecology
1862:
1857:
1851:
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1687:
1686:External links
1684:
1682:
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1669:
1639:
1627:
1611:Biometeorology
1597:
1585:
1555:
1520:(2): 273â285.
1500:
1451:
1384:
1309:
1244:
1189:
1160:10.1086/689739
1134:
1097:(4): 315â331.
1083:McCune, Amy R.
1072:
1037:(6): 561â582.
1017:
961:
920:
877:
812:
747:
735:
705:
648:
594:
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502:
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468:978-0521565134
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322:
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277:Ecology portal
264:
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250:Atacama Desert
224:
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155:Coral Triangle
132:
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52:Charles Darwin
35:
32:
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1962:Ecotoxicology
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1957:Ecophysiology
1955:
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1931:
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1924:Urban ecology
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1920:
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1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1898:
1895:
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1892:Polar ecology
1890:
1889:
1887:
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1881:
1877:
1871:
1870:Human ecology
1868:
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1860:Plant ecology
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1779:Spatial scale
1776:
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1759:Field ecology
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2103:Biogeography
1997:Paleoecology
1972:Fire ecology
1918:
1914:Soil ecology
1802:Organisation
1792:Macroecology
1787:Microecology
1674:, retrieved
1652:
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1632:, retrieved
1610:
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1590:, retrieved
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419:
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301:
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198:of tropical
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137:Biogeography
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2030:Agroecology
1751:Methodology
1471:(10): 365.
1465:Geosciences
1154:(1): 1â12.
767:(1): 4052.
254:Australia's
196:phylogenies
50:, and even
44:Thomas Belt
2118:Categories
1816:Synecology
1811:Autecology
1676:2024-03-16
1634:2024-02-03
1592:2024-03-16
940:: 102280.
742:2024-03-16
317:2024-03-30
284:References
235:See also:
151:speciation
116:Costa Rica
1542:0960-3115
1495:2076-3263
1428:0027-8424
1353:2375-2548
1286:2045-7758
1231:0960-9822
1168:0003-0147
1121:1461-023X
1059:1461-023X
1004:0028-0836
956:0959-3780
854:2041-1723
789:2041-1723
682:0962-8436
643:0376-8929
571:0962-8436
436:2530-0644
396:2530-0644
356:1572-9710
257:Peneplain
179:Paleocene
2093:Ecosophy
1843:Taxonomy
1804:or scope
1550:21303508
1446:19833876
1379:27404126
1371:26824065
1304:31015970
1239:34637732
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263:See also
216:Coropuna
191:Cenozoic
26:and the
2129:Tropics
1522:Bibcode
1473:Bibcode
1437:2762419
1406:Bibcode
1362:4730849
1331:Bibcode
1295:6468070
1266:Bibcode
1211:Bibcode
1184:3933321
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863:5357863
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247:Chile's
189:of the
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1546:S2CID
1375:S2CID
1180:S2CID
528:S2CID
187:epoch
124:INBio
120:INBio
1665:ISBN
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1538:ISSN
1491:ISSN
1442:PMID
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