454:"), the title of which he had taken from a photo of a Parisian protest poster, which he had seen reproduced in a local magazine. The booing and jeering was soon so loud that Veloso struggled to be heard over the din, and he again deliberately taunted the leftists with his sexualised stage actions. Within a short time the performers were being pelted with fruit, vegetables, eggs and a rain of paper balls, and a section of the audience expressed their disapproval by standing up and turning their backs to the performers, prompting Os Mutantes to respond in kind by turning their backs on the audience. Infuriated by the students' reaction, Veloso stopped singing and launched into a furious improvised monologue, haranguing the students for their behaviour and denouncing what he saw as their cultural conservatism. He was then joined by Gilberto Gil, who came on stage to show his support for Veloso, and as the tumult reached a crescendo, Veloso announced he was withdrawing from the competition, and after deliberately finishing the song out of tune, the tropicalistas defiantly walked offstage, arm-in-arm.
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however, Veloso was fully immersed in the tropicalia experiment, and his performances, which were expressly intended as provocative art "happenings", caused a near-riot. In the first round of the competition on 12 September, Veloso was initially greeted by enthusiastic applause, but the mood quickly changed when the music started. Veloso came on dressed in a bright green plastic tunic, festooned with electrical wires and necklaces strung with animal teeth, and his backing band Os
Mutantes were also dressed in similarly outlandish attire. The ensemble launched into a barrage of psychedelic music, played at high volume, and Veloso further outraged the students with his overtly sexual stage movements. The crowd reacted angrily, shouting abuse at the performers and booing loudly, and their fury was only exacerbated by the surprise appearance of an American pop singer,
408:- also put them at odds with Marxist-influenced students on Brazil's left, whose aesthetic agenda was strongly nationalistic, and oriented towards 'traditional' Brazilian musical forms. This leftist faction vigorously rejected anything - especially tropicalismo - which they perceived as being tainted by the corrupting influences of Western capitalist popular culture. The politico-artistic tensions between leftist students and the tropicalistas reached a climax in September 1968, with Caetano Veloso's watershed performances at the third International Song Festival, held in the auditorium of Rio's Catholic University, where the audience not surprisingly included a large contingent of left-wing students.
319:, a Brazilian/Portuguese international star, who in Brazil had come to be viewed as inauthentic. The use of Carmen Miranda's image and motifs became synonymous with the movement. Veloso in particular would imitate the icons gestures and mannerisms during performances. This usage was intentionally done as a means to address the concept of "authenticity". Miranda was seen as presenting a caricature of what true Brazilian-ness was by Brazilians while international audiences saw her as a representative of Brazil and its culture. This dichotomy provided the means by which the tropicalistas could address the concept of authenticity in such a fashion that it was striking to their audiences.
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This was a protest to the reinstated oppression of Brazil's military rule in the 1960s, and an additional cause for media pushback. In 1968, tropicália events at clubs, music festivals, and television shows attracted media attention and aroused tension between
Caetano Veloso and Gilberto Gil and their critics. This widespread attention attracted the attention and suspicion of the military, who feared tropicália's influence of protest in the cultural realm.
628:. In addition to this was pop music from abroad that helped inaugurate postmodernism in Brazil. In spite of the falling-outs and violence, there is a permanence of tradition in Oswald's antropofagia, who at one point of time conflicted with the idea of Romantic Indianism of the nineteenth century. These ideas were and still are seen in theaters and people's notions that involved a relationship that tied back to a longer history of poetic creations.
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and performance as a caricature of
Brazilian culture. In Caetano Veloso's 1968 song "Tropicália", the musician references Carmen Miranda whose vulgar iconography were an inspiration. Caetano Veloso has said Carmen Miranda was a "culturally repulsive object" for his generation. Scholar Christopher Dunn says that by embracing Carmen, Veloso treats her as "an allegory of Brazilian culture and its reception abroad".
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related to the risky and systematic aims during the times of tropicalia. These magazines also told the stories of others who were in the United States and home in Brazil. By tropicalia going underground, there was a unity of the members within the group because people like
Oiticica sent these writing to Brazil so that the articles could circulate locally.
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increasingly resistant to Brazil's military-run society. Due to Veloso's refusal to censor the shows to government wishes, the military began to monitor tropicália events. On
December 27, 1968, at the peak of government repression, Caetano Veloso and Gilberto Gil were arrested, detained, and exiled to London for two and a half years.
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Tropicália's controversy can be traced to the uncertain and unfriendly relationship the members of the movement had with the mass media. The movement's emphasis on art clashed with the media's need for mass appeal and marketability. Tropicália additionally had an image of sensuality and flamboyance.
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After such a powerful negative reaction, Veloso was unsure whether to appear in the second round on 15 September, but his manager convinced him to go on, and this chaotic performance was recorded live and later released as a single. The students in the audience began hissing as soon as Veloso's name
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At the same time, underground magazines were expanding and this gave those who were overseas a chance to speak up about their experiences. Oiticica, for example, was one who moved to New York and published a magazine article titled, “Mario Montez, Tropicamp”. The names for the titles that were used
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Tropicália has morphed not only the
Brazilian music scene itself but, the way Brazilian music is viewed. Tropicália expanded what Brazilians view as properly “authentic” and since the '90s broadened the way international audiences experienced and understood Brazilian music. Tropicália created a new
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made
Hollywood musicals and performed live. Before first appearing on Broadway in 1939, she had a successful career in Brazil throughout the 1930s and was known as the "Queen of Samba". Yet after she gained international success in the United States, many Brazilians regarded her elaborate costume
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Moreover, members of tropicalia who were not arrested or tortured, voluntarily escaped into exile in order to get away from the strict and repressing authorities. Many continuously went back and forth between different countries and cities. Some were never able to settle down. People like
Caetano,
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and repression by the military junta that ruled Brazil in this period, as did the fact some of the collective, including Veloso and Gil, also actively participated in anti-government demonstrations. The tropicalistas' passionate interest in the new wave of
American and British psychedelic music of
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The dissolution of the movement by the early 1970s gave rise to a new wave of soloists and groups identifying as “post-tropicalist”. The movement has inspired many artists nationally and internationally. Additionally, tropicalia continues to be a main feature in the original Bahian group and their
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were not an initial influence upon the group's works, the two groups, particularly Veloso, Gil, and
Augusto de Campos, would go on to share an intellectual partnership in São Paulo. This partnership would help the tropicalistas to form connections with other artists around the city, most notably
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Many tropicalistas have maintained a presence in Brazilian popular culture, specifically through MPB (Brazilian pop music). Gilberto Gil and Caetano Veloso are both respectively popular nationally and around the globe. Tom Zé, a tropicalista who had largely faded into obscurity at the end of the
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in the United States. The movement was becoming increasingly leftist, and pushed for artistic output. At a later tropicália concert in the same year, during a performance by Caetano Veloso, a riot erupted in the auditorium between tropicalists and supporters of nationalist-participant music. The
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Veloso had won a major song prize at the previous year's festival, when he was backed by an Argentinian rock band, and although his unconventional performance caused some initial consternation, he managed to win over the crowd and was feted as a new star of Brazilian popular music. By late 1968,
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were primarily college students, and the uproar culminated with screams and hurling garbage at Veloso. The nationalist-participant group's resistance of the movement was nothing new, but this incident was the tipping point of their opposition. At the nightclub Sucata, tropicália shows became
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was announced, even before he had even taken the stage. Wearing the same green costume (minus the wires and necklaces), Veloso came on with Os Mutantes amid a storm of catcalls, and the group launched into a provocative new song Veloso had written for the occasion, "É Proibido Proibir" ("
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and left-wing ideas held distinct but prominent amounts of power simultaneously. The tropicalists' rejection of both sides' version of nationalism (the military's conservative patriotism and the ineffectual bourgeois anti-imperialism) was met with criticism and harassment.
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Modern critic Roberto Schwarz addresses tropicália's hand in solidifying the idea of the absurd as a permanent evil of Brazil, and its issues with an ideological mentality. However, the approaches of the movement were ever-shifting and did not stick to one central idea.
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The term tropicália (tropicalismo) has multiple connotations in that it played on images of Brazil being that of a "tropical paradise". Tropicalia was presented as a "field for reflection on social history". The movement was begun by a group of musicians from
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On December 27, 1968, Veloso and Gil were arrested and imprisoned by the military government over the political content of their work. After two months, the two were released and subsequently forced to seek exile in
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Gil, and Torquato Neto, spent time in places like London, New York, or Paris. Some, but not all, were allowed to return to Brazil after years had passed. Others, still could only stay for short periods of time.
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Tropicália was not only an expression in analyzing and manipulating culture but also a mode of political expression. The tropicália movement came to fruition at a time when Brazil's
364:. The album experimented with unusual time signatures and unorthodox song structures, and also mixed tradition with innovation. Politically, the album expressed criticism of the
201:, as well as the melding of Brazilian tradition and foreign traditions and styles. Today, tropicália is chiefly associated with the musical faction of the movement, which merged
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Cruz, Max (September 2011). "TROPICAMP: PRE- and POST-TROPICLIA at Once: Some Contextual Notes on Hlio Oiticicas 1971 Text". Afterall: A Journal of Art, Context and Enquiry.
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Near the end of 1968, tropicália experienced a shift to a more overt association with international countercultures and movements, most notably that of African-American
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McGowan, Chris and Pessanha, Ricardo. "The Brazilian Sound: Samba, Bossa Nova and the Popular Music of Brazil." Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1998
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is regarded as the musical manifesto of the tropicália movement. Although it was a collaborative project, the main creative forces behind the album were
193:), was a Brazilian artistic movement that arose in the late 1960s. It was characterized by the amalgamation of Brazilian genres—notably the union of the
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Perrone, Charles A. "Nationalism, Dissension, and Politics in Contemporary Brazilian Popular Music." Luso-Brazilian Review 39, no. 1 (2002): 65-78.
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Béhague, Gerard (December 1980). "Brazilian Musical Values of the 1960s and 1970s: Popular Urban Music from Bossa Nova to Tropicalia".
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precedent for artistic hybridization allowing for a diversity of sounds and styles in those who were inspired by the movement.
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Novaes-e-Fagundes G; K Araujo-Vieira; OM Entiauspe-Neto; IJ Roberto; VGD Orrico; M Solé; CFB Haddad; D Loebmann (2021).
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Veloso, Caetano, Barbara Einzig, and Isabel de Sena. 2003. Tropical truth: a story of music and revolution in Brazil.
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2004. Stampa Alternativa-Nuovi Equilibri. Preface by Sergio Bardotti and postface by Milton Nascimento.
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Perrone, Charles A. “Nationalism, Dissension, and Politics in Contemporary Brazilian Popular Music.”
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Brown, Timothy (2014). The Global Sixties in Sound and Vision. England: palgrave macmillan. p. 40.
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OBJETO SEMI-IDENTIFICADO NO PAIS DO FUTURO: Tropicália and post-tropicalismo in Brasil (1967–1976)
1080:"Rap, Reggae, Rock, or Samba: The Local and the Global in Brazilian Popular Music (1985–95)"
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Victoria Langland, "Il est Interdit d’Interdire: The Transnational Experience of 1968 in Brazil",
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969:. The University of North Carolina Press; 1st New edition (October 15, 2001). pp.
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Canto Latino: Origine, Evoluzione e Protagonisti della Musica Popolare del Brasile.
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Brutality Garden: Tropicália and the Emergence of a Brazilian Counterculture.
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movement, saw a resurgence of critical and commercial interest in the 1990s.
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Brutality Garden: Tropicalia and the Emergence of a Brazilian Counterculture
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The anarchistic, anti-authoritarian musical and lyrical expressions of the
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Tropicalismo has been cited as an influence by rock musicians such as
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Throughout the 1940s until her death in 1955, the singer and actress
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Tropicalia introduced two very unusual movements to modern Brazil –
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performing at the third Popular Music Festival, October 21, 1967.
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217:. The movement also included works of film, theatre, and poetry.
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Harte, Colin (November 2013). "Tropicália". Chasqui: 215–216.
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Estudios Interdisciplinarios de América Latina y el Caribe
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Tropical Truth: A Story of Music and Revolution in Brazil
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Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001.
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Leila Miccolis Brazilian Alternative Press Collection
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CARMEN MIRANDA: RIPE FOR IMITATION Indiana University
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among others. They went on to produce the 1968 album
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Paula, José Agrippino. "PanAmérica". 2001. Papagaio.
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1142:Popular Urban Music from Bossa Nova to Tropicalia
876:. La vicenda e i protagonisti della storia della
595:In 2021, scientists named a species of Brazilian
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2425:Psychedelic rock in Australia and New Zealand
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1253:"Tropicalia: A Brazilian Revolution In Sound"
8:
326:Gilberto Gil Founding Member of the Movement
267:, which served as the movement's manifesto.
689:Tropicalia: A Brazilian Revolution in Sound
465:In 1993, Veloso and Gil released the album
27:Brazilian music genre and cultural movement
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404:the period - most notably the work of
368:. Key artists of the movement include
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3748:Rock music and the fall of communism
2490:Category:Psychedelic musical groups
1154:10.1111/j.0022-3840.1980.1403_437.x
1007:http://www.jstor.org/stable/3513834
691:, was released to acclaim in 2006.
253:where they met with collaborators
25:
2430:Psychedelic rock in Latin America
1117:Harte, Colin (November 1, 2013).
744:Tropicália: ou Panis et Circencis
687:(2005). Yet another compilation,
353:Tropicália: ou Panis et Circencis
264:Tropicália: ou Panis et Circencis
190:[tɾopikɐˈlizmu,tɾɔpikaˈ-]
3855:
3844:
3843:
180:[tɾopiˈkaʎɐ,tɾɔpiˈkaljɐ]
3666:Progressive rock (radio format)
388:, "Gil was partly inspired by
1:
245:. Later the group moved from
1320:Special Collections Division
574:", reached number 21 on the
3696:List of years in rock music
2318:Counterculture of the 1960s
1084:Latin American Music Review
685:Novo Millennium: Tropicalia
591:Tom Zé in São Paulo in 2007
580:Modern Rock singles chart.
443:Brazilian National Archives
420:Brazilian National Archives
399:soon made them a target of
344:Brazilian National Archives
116:Brazilian concrete movement
32:Tropicália (disambiguation)
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3801:Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
2231:Italian occult psychedelia
1302:The Best Tropicalia Albums
1279:"Tropicália (2012) - IMDb"
1021:39.1 (2002): 65–78. Print.
249:(the capital of Bahia) to
209:with British and American
29:
3839:
3723:Electronics in rock music
3389:Hard rock and heavy metal
2883:Pub rock (United Kingdom)
2475:
1577:Música popular brasileira
1196:10.11646/zootaxa.4903.1.1
694:A 2012 documentary film,
452:It is Forbidden to Forbid
176:Portuguese pronunciation:
151:
3701:Origins of rock and roll
2485:Category:Hippie movement
2409:Psychedelic rock artists
2399:Psychedelic folk artists
1119:"Tropicália Film Review"
1076:Béhague, Gerard, Gerard.
883:Chico Buarque de Holanda
643:. The 1999 compilation
241:, and the poet-lyricist
3641:Adult album alternative
2404:Psychedelic pop artists
2394:Neo-psychedelia artists
1065:, Vol. 17, No. 1 (2006)
878:brazilian popular music
3733:Rock Against Communism
3132:Brazilian thrash metal
2467:Psychedelic literature
2462:Psychedelic experience
1692:Fusion genres of Samba
1451:Brazilian thrash metal
1078:(Spring–Summer 2006).
677:Tropicalia: Millennium
592:
513:
446:
423:
347:
327:
3755:Rockism and poptimism
3215:British rock and roll
2480:Category:Drug culture
2363:Second Summer of Love
1989:São Tomé and Príncipe
1602:Música Sertaneja Raiz
1096:10.1353/lat.2006.0021
1036:"Blood on the Ground"
1019:Luso-Brazilian Review
647:, featuring songs by
645:Tropicália Essentials
605:after this movement.
590:
508:
437:
414:
338:
325:
298:Manifesto Antropófago
272:military dictatorship
107:Manifesto Antropófago
3899:Brazilian rock music
3590:Sahara desert region
2878:Pub rock (Australia)
836:Dunn, Christopher.
669:The Tropicalia Style
538:the Bird and the Bee
30:For other uses, see
3781:List of rock genres
3743:Rock Against Sexism
3738:Rock Against Racism
3646:Album-oriented rock
2358:San Francisco sound
2263:Paisley Underground
1358:Lusophone countries
366:coup d'état of 1964
2348:New Age travellers
885:, Introduction by
700:Fernando Meirelles
673:Tropicália 30 Anos
593:
514:
447:
424:
348:
328:
142:, pós-tropicalismo
3871:
3870:
3796:Progressive music
3624:
3623:
3062:Palm Desert Scene
3038:
3037:
2712:Experimental rock
2609:Instrumental rock
2498:
2497:
2389:Acid rock artists
2296:
2295:
2199:
2198:
2087:New Weird America
2052:Psychedelic music
2018:
2017:
1843:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1752:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1735:Samba de Gafieira
1419:Brazilian hip hop
1379:Batidão romântico
1221:978-1-137-37522-3
926:All Media Network
798:
797:
602:Scinax tropicalia
293:Oswald de Andrade
183:), also known as
169:
168:
45:Stylistic origins
16:(Redirected from
3911:
3904:Psychedelic rock
3859:
3847:
3846:
3716:Rhythm and blues
3691:British Invasion
3047:
2924:Alternative rock
2863:Post-progressive
2772:Psychedelic rock
2767:Progressive rock
2599:
2595:
2589:decade of origin
2525:
2518:
2511:
2502:
2452:Psychedelic drug
2313:Cannabis culture
2072:
2063:
2045:
2038:
2031:
2022:
1918:Cante Alentejano
1761:
1754:
1661:Pagode romântico
1631:
1624:
1615:
1573:
1505:
1476:
1464:
1424:Brasília hip hop
1350:
1343:
1336:
1327:
1289:
1288:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1265:
1248:
1242:
1239:
1233:
1230:
1224:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1175:
1169:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1072:
1066:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1028:
1022:
1015:
1009:
1003:
997:
994:
985:
984:
960:
937:
936:
934:
932:
914:
868:Gildo De Stefano
853:Mei, Giancarlo.
852:
710:
681:Tropicalia: Gold
627:
546:Devendra Banhart
331:Musical movement
309:Rogério Duprat.
192:
182:
177:
136:Derivative forms
129:Southeast Region
124:Cultural origins
37:
21:
3919:
3918:
3914:
3913:
3912:
3910:
3909:
3908:
3874:
3873:
3872:
3867:
3835:
3764:
3684:
3670:
3656:Mainstream rock
3620:
3599:
3573:
3422:
3178:
3110:
3043:Regional scenes
3034:
2988:
2912:
2853:Industrial rock
2811:
2707:Electronic rock
2645:
2593:
2592:(sub-subgenres
2591:
2590:
2588:
2582:
2561:Electric guitar
2534:
2529:
2499:
2494:
2471:
2457:Psychedelic era
2440:Psychedelic art
2413:
2377:
2308:Beat Generation
2292:
2246:Neo-psychedelia
2195:
2154:
2067:
2054:
2049:
2019:
2014:
1998:
1957:
1953:Portuguese rock
1904:
1886:
1831:
1805:
1744:
1723:
1687:
1678:Samba de breque
1627:Rio urban samba
1613:
1587:Sertanejo music
1567:
1499:
1470:
1458:
1395:
1360:
1354:
1311:Ràdio Web MACBA
1298:
1293:
1292:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1263:
1261:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1236:
1231:
1227:
1214:
1210:
1200:
1198:
1177:
1176:
1172:
1165:
1161:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1116:
1115:
1111:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1060:
1056:
1046:
1044:
1034:(13 May 2006).
1030:
1029:
1025:
1016:
1012:
1004:
1000:
995:
988:
981:
962:
961:
940:
930:
928:
916:
915:
911:
864:
850:
820:
818:Further reading
807:Lusotropicalism
803:
708:
621:
611:
609:Post Tropicália
503:
477:
384:. According to
350:The 1968 album
333:
285:
279:fellows’ work.
207:African rhythms
175:
165:
119:
99:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3917:
3915:
3907:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3876:
3875:
3869:
3868:
3866:
3865:
3853:
3840:
3837:
3836:
3834:
3833:
3828:
3826:Wagnerian rock
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3791:Outlaw country
3788:
3783:
3778:
3772:
3770:
3766:
3765:
3763:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3751:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3728:Social effects
3725:
3720:
3719:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3698:
3693:
3687:
3685:
3683:
3682:
3679:
3675:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3632:
3630:
3626:
3625:
3622:
3621:
3619:
3618:
3613:
3607:
3605:
3601:
3600:
3598:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3581:
3579:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3550:
3549:
3539:
3534:
3533:
3532:
3522:
3517:
3516:
3515:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3489:
3488:
3483:
3473:
3472:
3471:
3461:
3456:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3430:
3428:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3420:
3419:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3401:Neo-rockabilly
3398:
3397:
3396:
3386:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3262:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3230:
3229:
3228:
3227:
3217:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3186:
3184:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3145:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3124:
3118:
3116:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3108:
3103:
3102:
3101:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3065:
3064:
3053:
3051:
3044:
3040:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2996:
2994:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2920:
2918:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2848:Heartland rock
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2819:
2817:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2692:Christian rock
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2657:Anatolian rock
2653:
2651:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2632:
2631:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2605:
2603:
2596:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2580:
2579:
2578:
2573:
2571:Rhythm section
2568:
2563:
2553:
2548:
2542:
2540:
2536:
2535:
2530:
2528:
2527:
2520:
2513:
2505:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2448:
2447:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2421:
2419:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2385:
2383:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2375:
2373:UK underground
2370:
2368:Summer of Love
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2259:
2258:
2253:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2226:Hypnagogic pop
2223:
2218:
2213:
2207:
2205:
2201:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2139:
2138:
2123:
2122:
2121:
2119:Cinematic soul
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2090:
2089:
2078:
2076:
2069:
2060:
2056:
2055:
2050:
2048:
2047:
2040:
2033:
2025:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2012:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1914:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1902:
1896:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1853:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1813:
1811:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1767:
1765:
1758:
1750:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1742:
1737:
1731:
1729:
1728:Ballroom dance
1725:
1724:
1722:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1695:
1693:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1664:
1663:
1658:
1648:
1643:
1637:
1635:
1634:Main subgenres
1628:
1621:
1612:
1611:
1606:
1605:
1604:
1599:
1597:Música Caipira
1594:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1562:
1561:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1514:
1513:
1512:
1511:
1494:
1484:
1483:
1482:
1477:
1465:
1453:
1446:Brazilian rock
1443:
1441:Brazilian jazz
1438:
1437:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1416:
1411:
1405:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1382:
1381:
1370:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1355:
1353:
1352:
1345:
1338:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1313:
1304:
1297:
1296:External links
1294:
1291:
1290:
1270:
1243:
1234:
1225:
1208:
1170:
1159:
1148:(3): 437–452.
1132:
1109:
1067:
1054:
1023:
1010:
998:
986:
979:
938:
908:
907:
906:
905:
891:RAI Television
872:Il popolo del
863:
860:
859:
858:
848:
834:
824:
819:
816:
815:
814:
809:
802:
799:
796:
795:
792:
785:
781:
780:
777:
770:
766:
765:
762:
759:Caetano Veloso
755:
754:Caetano Veloso
751:
750:
747:
740:
736:
735:
732:
725:
721:
720:
717:
714:
707:
706:Seminal albums
704:
653:Caetano Veloso
610:
607:
518:Carmen Miranda
510:Carmen Miranda
502:
499:
476:
473:
429:John Dandurand
382:Caetano Veloso
358:Caetano Veloso
340:Caetano Veloso
332:
329:
317:Carmen Miranda
313:Helio Oiticica
306:concrete poets
284:
281:
259:Rogério Duprat
227:Caetano Veloso
167:
166:
164:
163:
158:
152:
149:
148:
144:
143:
137:
133:
132:
125:
121:
120:
118:
117:
114:
109:
103:
98:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
51:
46:
42:
41:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3916:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3894:Art movements
3892:
3890:
3889:Brazilian art
3887:
3885:
3882:
3881:
3879:
3864:
3863:
3858:
3854:
3852:
3851:
3842:
3841:
3838:
3832:
3831:Wall of Sound
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3811:Rock festival
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3773:
3771:
3767:
3761:
3760:Women in rock
3758:
3756:
3753:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3730:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3706:Country music
3704:
3703:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3688:
3686:
3680:
3677:
3676:
3673:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3633:
3631:
3629:Radio formats
3627:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3608:
3606:
3602:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3576:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3548:
3545:
3544:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3514:
3511:
3510:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3478:
3477:
3474:
3470:
3467:
3466:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3454:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3425:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3395:
3394:Extreme metal
3392:
3391:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3181:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3129:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3115:South America
3113:
3107:
3104:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3050:North America
3048:
3045:
3041:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2991:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2915:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2814:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2797:Southern rock
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
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2760:
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2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
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2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2717:Flamenco rock
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
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2690:
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2655:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2624:Rock and roll
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2600:
2597:
2594:not included)
2585:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2566:Electric bass
2564:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2557:
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2209:
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2182:
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2174:
2172:
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2157:
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2097:
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2073:
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2064:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2046:
2041:
2039:
2034:
2032:
2027:
2026:
2023:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1979:Guinea-Bissau
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
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1926:
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1916:
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1913:
1911:
1907:
1901:
1898:
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1875:
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1870:
1868:
1865:
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1860:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1846:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1817:Bahian pagode
1815:
1814:
1812:
1808:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1786:Samba de roda
1784:
1782:
1781:Samba-corrido
1779:
1777:
1776:Samba-chulado
1774:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1762:
1759:
1755:
1741:
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1736:
1733:
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1684:
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1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1656:Bahian pagode
1654:
1653:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1632:
1629:
1625:
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1603:
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1598:
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1469:
1466:
1462:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1435:
1434:Vigilante rap
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1406:
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1260:
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1218:
1212:
1209:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1174:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1160:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1136:
1133:
1129:(2): 215–216.
1128:
1124:
1120:
1113:
1110:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
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1068:
1064:
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1043:
1042:
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1027:
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982:
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945:
943:
939:
927:
923:
919:
913:
910:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
881:, Préface by
880:
879:
875:
869:
866:
865:
861:
856:
849:
847:
846:0-8078-4976-6
843:
839:
835:
833:
832:1-56639-545-3
829:
825:
822:
821:
817:
813:
810:
808:
805:
804:
800:
793:
791:
790:
786:
783:
782:
778:
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775:
771:
768:
767:
763:
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760:
756:
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748:
746:
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741:
738:
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733:
731:
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723:
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712:
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697:
692:
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678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
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650:
646:
642:
637:
633:
629:
625:
620:
616:
608:
606:
604:
603:
598:
589:
585:
581:
579:
578:
573:
569:
568:
563:
559:
558:Nelly Furtado
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
526:
522:
519:
511:
507:
500:
498:
494:
491:
486:
481:
474:
472:
470:
469:
463:
461:
455:
453:
444:
440:
436:
432:
430:
421:
417:
413:
409:
407:
402:
398:
397:tropicalistas
393:
391:
390:Jorge Ben Jor
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
354:
345:
341:
337:
330:
324:
320:
318:
314:
310:
307:
302:
300:
299:
294:
290:
282:
280:
276:
273:
268:
266:
265:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
243:Torquato Neto
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
218:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
191:
186:
181:
173:
162:
159:
157:
154:
153:
150:
145:
141:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
115:
113:
110:
108:
105:
104:
102:
96:
93:
91:
88:
86:
83:
81:
78:
76:
73:
71:
68:
66:
63:
61:
58:
56:
53:
52:
50:
47:
43:
38:
33:
19:
3860:
3848:
3816:Rock musical
3806:Rock concert
3651:Classic rock
3380:Yugoslavian
3225:Post-Britpop
3141:
3106:Puerto Rican
3099:Chicano rock
2979:Slacker rock
2702:Country rock
2667:Baroque rock
2353:Rave culture
2282:
1943:Hip hop tuga
1827:Samba reggae
1801:Samba-raiado
1796:Samba junino
1771:Samba-batido
1757:Bahian samba
1714:Samba reggae
1683:Samba-enredo
1673:Samba-canção
1668:Partido alto
1497:Electrobrega
1282:
1273:
1262:. Retrieved
1256:
1246:
1237:
1228:
1211:
1199:. Retrieved
1187:
1183:
1173:
1162:
1145:
1141:
1135:
1126:
1122:
1112:
1090:(1): 79–90.
1087:
1083:
1070:
1062:
1057:
1045:. Retrieved
1041:The Guardian
1039:
1026:
1018:
1013:
1001:
965:
929:. Retrieved
918:"Tropicalia"
912:
871:
854:
851:(in Italian)
837:
787:
774:Gilberto Gil
772:
769:Gilberto Gil
757:
742:
727:
695:
693:
688:
684:
683:(2002), and
680:
676:
672:
668:
649:Gilberto Gil
644:
640:
638:
634:
630:
615:antropofagia
612:
600:
594:
582:
575:
565:
542:Arto Lindsay
527:
523:
515:
495:
490:nationalists
482:
478:
468:Tropicália 2
466:
464:
456:
448:
425:
396:
394:
374:Gilberto Gil
362:Gilberto Gil
351:
349:
311:
303:
296:
289:antropofagia
286:
277:
269:
262:
231:Gilberto Gil
219:
185:tropicalismo
184:
171:
170:
156:Jovem Guarda
147:Other topics
127:Late 1960s,
100:
48:
3661:Modern rock
3636:Active rock
3616:New Zealand
3444:Bangladeshi
3439:Azerbaijani
3074:Costa Rican
3030:Viking rock
3020:Stoner rock
2939:Gothic rock
2762:Occult rock
2737:Heavy metal
2727:Garage rock
2697:Comedy rock
2687:Chamber pop
2682:Boogie rock
2435:Psychedelia
2328:Freak scene
2301:Subcultures
2278:Stoner rock
2268:Sampledelia
2148:Suomisaundi
2075:Psychedelic
2010:Latin music
1810:Urban sambo
1764:Rural sambo
1699:Samba-choro
1568: [
1558:Rasteirinha
1548:Funk melody
1509:Tecno brega
1500: [
1471: [
1459: [
1356:Music from
1032:Jaggi, Maya
931:November 7,
887:Gianni Minà
729:Os Mutantes
724:Os Mutantes
665:Os Mutantes
622: [
560:. In 1998,
554:Of Montreal
530:David Byrne
485:Black Power
439:Os Mutantes
406:the Beatles
370:Os Mutantes
255:Os Mutantes
211:psychedelia
199:avant-garde
95:baroque pop
60:psychedelia
3884:Tropicália
3878:Categories
3821:Rock opera
3776:Beatlesque
3611:Australian
3530:Rock kapak
3513:Visual kei
3493:Indonesian
3336:Portuguese
3321:Macedonian
3316:Lithuanian
3195:Belarusian
3174:Venezuelan
3159:Ecuadorian
3142:Tropicália
3137:Samba rock
2969:Rock kapak
2959:Jangle pop
2954:Indie rock
2908:Yacht rock
2903:Visual kei
2893:Shock rock
2833:Dance-rock
2823:Arena rock
2807:Swamp rock
2802:Space rock
2787:Samba rock
2782:Roots rock
2757:Noise rock
2677:Blues rock
2672:Beat music
2641:Surf music
2636:Rockabilly
2614:Latin rock
2551:Distortion
2539:Components
2532:Rock music
2283:Tropicália
2273:Space rock
2241:Madchester
2216:Dream-beat
2131:Goa trance
2066:By prefix
1969:East Timor
1933:Desgarrada
1928:Chamarrita
1900:Marrabenta
1892:Mozambique
1849:Cape Verde
1822:Samba afro
1791:Samba duro
1740:Samba rock
1709:Samba-jazz
1704:Samba-funk
1646:Bossa nova
1565:Guitarrada
1523:Chamarrita
1492:Brega funk
1480:Samba rock
1468:Rock Rural
1264:2008-05-16
1258:Metacritic
1047:16 October
980:0807849766
903:8839713484
893:Editions,
862:References
696:Tropicália
619:concretism
572:Tropicalia
550:El Guincho
401:censorship
386:Maya Jaggi
283:Background
172:Tropicália
161:samba rock
65:bossa nova
40:Tropicália
18:Tropicalia
3559:Taiwanese
3542:Pakistani
3525:Malaysian
3453:1959–1975
3449:Cambodian
3411:Post-punk
3376:Ukrainian
3356:Slovenian
3326:Norwegian
3296:Icelandic
3291:Hungarian
3254:Nederbeat
3169:Uruguayan
3154:Colombian
3127:Brazilian
3122:Argentine
3084:Dominican
3025:Sufi rock
3015:Post-rock
3010:Math rock
2984:Trop rock
2934:Dream pop
2929:Deathrock
2898:Soft rock
2888:Punk rock
2873:Power pop
2868:Post-punk
2843:Glam rock
2838:Funk rock
2828:Cock rock
2792:Soft rock
2777:Raga rock
2752:Krautrock
2747:Jazz rock
2732:Hard rock
2722:Folk rock
2587:Genres by
2556:Rock band
2251:Dream pop
2236:Krautrock
2221:Freakbeat
2211:Chillwave
2136:Nitzhonot
2068:and style
1994:Sri Lanka
1867:Coladeira
1456:Forrocore
1104:191430137
812:Exoticism
789:Gal Costa
784:Gal Costa
657:Gal Costa
597:tree frog
577:Billboard
567:Mutations
564:released
501:Influence
475:Critiques
418:in 1969.
416:Gal Costa
378:Gal Costa
251:São Paulo
235:Gal Costa
203:Brazilian
3850:Category
3537:Nepalese
3508:Japanese
3464:Filipino
3434:Armenian
3406:New wave
3384:Art rock
3341:Romanian
3266:Estonian
3249:Indorock
3234:Croatian
3190:Albanian
3164:Peruvian
3069:Canadian
3057:American
2974:Shoegaze
2964:Rap rock
2858:New wave
2662:Art rock
2619:Pop rock
2576:Drum kit
2546:Backbeat
2418:See also
2343:Jam band
2323:Deadhead
2256:Shoegaze
1910:Portugal
1641:Batucada
1592:Funknejo
1553:Funknejo
1190:: 1–41.
922:AllMusic
801:See also
679:(1999),
675:(1997),
671:(1996),
441:, 1969.
247:Salvador
225:notably
215:pop rock
197:and the
131:, Brazil
55:Pop rock
3786:Motorik
3769:Related
3681:Culture
3678:History
3604:Oceania
3595:Zambian
3585:Angolan
3569:Turkish
3554:Russian
3503:Israeli
3498:Iranian
3481:Bengali
3469:Bisrock
3459:Chinese
3366:Swedish
3361:Spanish
3351:Serbian
3346:Russian
3311:Latvian
3306:Italian
3271:Finnish
3220:Britpop
3210:British
3205:Bosnian
3200:Belgian
3149:Chilean
3094:Mexican
3089:Haitian
3000:Britpop
2629:British
2445:LSD art
2338:Hippies
2288:Zamrock
2104:Hip hop
2003:Related
1882:Tabanka
1857:Batuque
1719:Sambass
1609:Vanerão
1582:Seresta
1518:Calypso
1429:Stronda
1374:Kizomba
1318:at the
1251:Staff.
1201:May 25,
1184:Zootaxa
1123:Chasqui
739:Various
512:in 1950
295:in his
195:popular
112:pop art
49:Musical
3862:Portal
3578:Africa
3520:Korean
3476:Indian
3331:Polish
3281:German
3276:French
3239:Danish
3183:Europe
2949:Grunge
2191:Trance
2186:Techno
2143:Psydub
2126:Trance
2059:Genres
1872:Funaná
1651:Pagode
1401:Brazil
1386:Kuduro
1366:Angola
1219:
1102:
977:
901:
897:2005,
844:
830:
713:Artist
663:, and
661:Tom Zé
556:, and
460:London
304:While
239:Tom Zé
3371:Swiss
3301:Irish
3286:Greek
3259:Ultra
3244:Dutch
3079:Cuban
2993:1990s
2944:Grebo
2917:1980s
2816:1970s
2650:1960s
2602:1950s
2382:Lists
2333:Grebo
2204:Other
2166:House
1984:Macau
1962:Other
1948:Pimba
1923:Chula
1877:Morna
1619:Samba
1572:]
1543:Frevo
1538:Forró
1533:Chula
1528:Choro
1504:]
1487:Brega
1475:]
1463:]
1414:Baião
1391:Semba
1100:S2CID
874:samba
794:1969
779:1968
764:1968
749:1968
734:1968
719:Year
716:Album
626:]
223:Bahia
85:frevo
80:afoxê
75:baião
70:samba
3711:Jazz
3564:Thai
3547:Sufi
3486:Raga
3427:Asia
3416:Punk
2181:Rock
2176:Punk
2171:Jazz
2159:Acid
2114:Soul
2109:Rock
2094:Funk
2082:Folk
1938:Fado
1862:Colá
1284:IMDb
1217:ISBN
1203:2022
1188:4903
1049:2018
975:ISBN
933:2015
899:ISBN
895:Rome
842:ISBN
828:ISBN
617:and
562:Beck
534:Beck
380:and
360:and
257:and
213:and
205:and
90:fado
3005:Emo
2742:Jam
2099:Pop
1974:Goa
1409:Axé
1309:at
1192:doi
1150:doi
1092:doi
971:276
140:MPB
101:Art
3880::
1570:pt
1502:pt
1473:pt
1461:pt
1322:at
1281:.
1255:.
1186:.
1182:.
1146:14
1144:.
1127:42
1125:.
1121:.
1098:.
1088:27
1086:.
1082:.
1038:.
989:^
973:.
941:^
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