443:"), the title of which he had taken from a photo of a Parisian protest poster, which he had seen reproduced in a local magazine. The booing and jeering was soon so loud that Veloso struggled to be heard over the din, and he again deliberately taunted the leftists with his sexualised stage actions. Within a short time the performers were being pelted with fruit, vegetables, eggs and a rain of paper balls, and a section of the audience expressed their disapproval by standing up and turning their backs to the performers, prompting Os Mutantes to respond in kind by turning their backs on the audience. Infuriated by the students' reaction, Veloso stopped singing and launched into a furious improvised monologue, haranguing the students for their behaviour and denouncing what he saw as their cultural conservatism. He was then joined by Gilberto Gil, who came on stage to show his support for Veloso, and as the tumult reached a crescendo, Veloso announced he was withdrawing from the competition, and after deliberately finishing the song out of tune, the tropicalistas defiantly walked offstage, arm-in-arm.
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however, Veloso was fully immersed in the tropicalia experiment, and his performances, which were expressly intended as provocative art "happenings", caused a near-riot. In the first round of the competition on 12 September, Veloso was initially greeted by enthusiastic applause, but the mood quickly changed when the music started. Veloso came on dressed in a bright green plastic tunic, festooned with electrical wires and necklaces strung with animal teeth, and his backing band Os
Mutantes were also dressed in similarly outlandish attire. The ensemble launched into a barrage of psychedelic music, played at high volume, and Veloso further outraged the students with his overtly sexual stage movements. The crowd reacted angrily, shouting abuse at the performers and booing loudly, and their fury was only exacerbated by the surprise appearance of an American pop singer,
397:- also put them at odds with Marxist-influenced students on Brazil's left, whose aesthetic agenda was strongly nationalistic, and oriented towards 'traditional' Brazilian musical forms. This leftist faction vigorously rejected anything - especially tropicalismo - which they perceived as being tainted by the corrupting influences of Western capitalist popular culture. The politico-artistic tensions between leftist students and the tropicalistas reached a climax in September 1968, with Caetano Veloso's watershed performances at the third International Song Festival, held in the auditorium of Rio's Catholic University, where the audience not surprisingly included a large contingent of left-wing students.
308:, a Brazilian/Portuguese international star, who in Brazil had come to be viewed as inauthentic. The use of Carmen Miranda's image and motifs became synonymous with the movement. Veloso in particular would imitate the icons gestures and mannerisms during performances. This usage was intentionally done as a means to address the concept of "authenticity". Miranda was seen as presenting a caricature of what true Brazilian-ness was by Brazilians while international audiences saw her as a representative of Brazil and its culture. This dichotomy provided the means by which the tropicalistas could address the concept of authenticity in such a fashion that it was striking to their audiences.
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This was a protest to the reinstated oppression of Brazil's military rule in the 1960s, and an additional cause for media pushback. In 1968, tropicália events at clubs, music festivals, and television shows attracted media attention and aroused tension between
Caetano Veloso and Gilberto Gil and their critics. This widespread attention attracted the attention and suspicion of the military, who feared tropicália's influence of protest in the cultural realm.
617:. In addition to this was pop music from abroad that helped inaugurate postmodernism in Brazil. In spite of the falling-outs and violence, there is a permanence of tradition in Oswald's antropofagia, who at one point of time conflicted with the idea of Romantic Indianism of the nineteenth century. These ideas were and still are seen in theaters and people's notions that involved a relationship that tied back to a longer history of poetic creations.
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and performance as a caricature of
Brazilian culture. In Caetano Veloso's 1968 song "Tropicália", the musician references Carmen Miranda whose vulgar iconography were an inspiration. Caetano Veloso has said Carmen Miranda was a "culturally repulsive object" for his generation. Scholar Christopher Dunn says that by embracing Carmen, Veloso treats her as "an allegory of Brazilian culture and its reception abroad".
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related to the risky and systematic aims during the times of tropicalia. These magazines also told the stories of others who were in the United States and home in Brazil. By tropicalia going underground, there was a unity of the members within the group because people like
Oiticica sent these writing to Brazil so that the articles could circulate locally.
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increasingly resistant to Brazil's military-run society. Due to Veloso's refusal to censor the shows to government wishes, the military began to monitor tropicália events. On
December 27, 1968, at the peak of government repression, Caetano Veloso and Gilberto Gil were arrested, detained, and exiled to London for two and a half years.
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Tropicália's controversy can be traced to the uncertain and unfriendly relationship the members of the movement had with the mass media. The movement's emphasis on art clashed with the media's need for mass appeal and marketability. Tropicália additionally had an image of sensuality and flamboyance.
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After such a powerful negative reaction, Veloso was unsure whether to appear in the second round on 15 September, but his manager convinced him to go on, and this chaotic performance was recorded live and later released as a single. The students in the audience began hissing as soon as Veloso's name
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At the same time, underground magazines were expanding and this gave those who were overseas a chance to speak up about their experiences. Oiticica, for example, was one who moved to New York and published a magazine article titled, “Mario Montez, Tropicamp”. The names for the titles that were used
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Tropicália has morphed not only the
Brazilian music scene itself but, the way Brazilian music is viewed. Tropicália expanded what Brazilians view as properly “authentic” and since the '90s broadened the way international audiences experienced and understood Brazilian music. Tropicália created a new
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made
Hollywood musicals and performed live. Before first appearing on Broadway in 1939, she had a successful career in Brazil throughout the 1930s and was known as the "Queen of Samba". Yet after she gained international success in the United States, many Brazilians regarded her elaborate costume
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Moreover, members of tropicalia who were not arrested or tortured, voluntarily escaped into exile in order to get away from the strict and repressing authorities. Many continuously went back and forth between different countries and cities. Some were never able to settle down. People like
Caetano,
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and repression by the military junta that ruled Brazil in this period, as did the fact some of the collective, including Veloso and Gil, also actively participated in anti-government demonstrations. The tropicalistas' passionate interest in the new wave of
American and British psychedelic music of
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The dissolution of the movement by the early 1970s gave rise to a new wave of soloists and groups identifying as “post-tropicalist”. The movement has inspired many artists nationally and internationally. Additionally, tropicalia continues to be a main feature in the original Bahian group and their
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were not an initial influence upon the group's works, the two groups, particularly Veloso, Gil, and
Augusto de Campos, would go on to share an intellectual partnership in São Paulo. This partnership would help the tropicalistas to form connections with other artists around the city, most notably
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Many tropicalistas have maintained a presence in Brazilian popular culture, specifically through MPB (Brazilian pop music). Gilberto Gil and Caetano Veloso are both respectively popular nationally and around the globe. Tom Zé, a tropicalista who had largely faded into obscurity at the end of the
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in the United States. The movement was becoming increasingly leftist, and pushed for artistic output. At a later tropicália concert in the same year, during a performance by Caetano Veloso, a riot erupted in the auditorium between tropicalists and supporters of nationalist-participant music. The
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Veloso had won a major song prize at the previous year's festival, when he was backed by an Argentinian rock band, and although his unconventional performance caused some initial consternation, he managed to win over the crowd and was feted as a new star of Brazilian popular music. By late 1968,
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were primarily college students, and the uproar culminated with screams and hurling garbage at Veloso. The nationalist-participant group's resistance of the movement was nothing new, but this incident was the tipping point of their opposition. At the nightclub Sucata, tropicália shows became
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was announced, even before he had even taken the stage. Wearing the same green costume (minus the wires and necklaces), Veloso came on with Os Mutantes amid a storm of catcalls, and the group launched into a provocative new song Veloso had written for the occasion, "É Proibido Proibir" ("
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and left-wing ideas held distinct but prominent amounts of power simultaneously. The tropicalists' rejection of both sides' version of nationalism (the military's conservative patriotism and the ineffectual bourgeois anti-imperialism) was met with criticism and harassment.
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Modern critic Roberto Schwarz addresses tropicália's hand in solidifying the idea of the absurd as a permanent evil of Brazil, and its issues with an ideological mentality. However, the approaches of the movement were ever-shifting and did not stick to one central idea.
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The term tropicália (tropicalismo) has multiple connotations in that it played on images of Brazil being that of a "tropical paradise". Tropicalia was presented as a "field for reflection on social history". The movement was begun by a group of musicians from
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On December 27, 1968, Veloso and Gil were arrested and imprisoned by the military government over the political content of their work. After two months, the two were released and subsequently forced to seek exile in
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Gil, and Torquato Neto, spent time in places like London, New York, or Paris. Some, but not all, were allowed to return to Brazil after years had passed. Others, still could only stay for short periods of time.
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Tropicália was not only an expression in analyzing and manipulating culture but also a mode of political expression. The tropicália movement came to fruition at a time when Brazil's
353:. The album experimented with unusual time signatures and unorthodox song structures, and also mixed tradition with innovation. Politically, the album expressed criticism of the
190:, as well as the melding of Brazilian tradition and foreign traditions and styles. Today, tropicália is chiefly associated with the musical faction of the movement, which merged
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Cruz, Max (September 2011). "TROPICAMP: PRE- and POST-TROPICLIA at Once: Some Contextual Notes on Hlio Oiticicas 1971 Text". Afterall: A Journal of Art, Context and Enquiry.
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Near the end of 1968, tropicália experienced a shift to a more overt association with international countercultures and movements, most notably that of African-American
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McGowan, Chris and Pessanha, Ricardo. "The Brazilian Sound: Samba, Bossa Nova and the Popular Music of Brazil." Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1998
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is regarded as the musical manifesto of the tropicália movement. Although it was a collaborative project, the main creative forces behind the album were
182:), was a Brazilian artistic movement that arose in the late 1960s. It was characterized by the amalgamation of Brazilian genres—notably the union of the
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Perrone, Charles A. "Nationalism, Dissension, and Politics in Contemporary Brazilian Popular Music." Luso-Brazilian Review 39, no. 1 (2002): 65-78.
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Béhague, Gerard (December 1980). "Brazilian Musical Values of the 1960s and 1970s: Popular Urban Music from Bossa Nova to Tropicalia".
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precedent for artistic hybridization allowing for a diversity of sounds and styles in those who were inspired by the movement.
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Novaes-e-Fagundes G; K Araujo-Vieira; OM Entiauspe-Neto; IJ Roberto; VGD Orrico; M Solé; CFB Haddad; D Loebmann (2021).
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Veloso, Caetano, Barbara Einzig, and Isabel de Sena. 2003. Tropical truth: a story of music and revolution in Brazil.
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2004. Stampa Alternativa-Nuovi Equilibri. Preface by Sergio Bardotti and postface by Milton Nascimento.
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Perrone, Charles A. “Nationalism, Dissension, and Politics in Contemporary Brazilian Popular Music.”
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Brown, Timothy (2014). The Global Sixties in Sound and Vision. England: palgrave macmillan. p. 40.
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OBJETO SEMI-IDENTIFICADO NO PAIS DO FUTURO: Tropicália and post-tropicalismo in Brasil (1967–1976)
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Victoria Langland, "Il est Interdit d’Interdire: The Transnational Experience of 1968 in Brazil",
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958:. The University of North Carolina Press; 1st New edition (October 15, 2001). pp.
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Canto Latino: Origine, Evoluzione e Protagonisti della Musica Popolare del Brasile.
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Brutality Garden: Tropicália and the Emergence of a Brazilian Counterculture.
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movement, saw a resurgence of critical and commercial interest in the 1990s.
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Tropicalismo has been cited as an influence by rock musicians such as
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Throughout the 1940s until her death in 1955, the singer and actress
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Tropicalia introduced two very unusual movements to modern Brazil –
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performing at the third Popular Music Festival, October 21, 1967.
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Harte, Colin (November 2013). "Tropicália". Chasqui: 215–216.
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Estudios Interdisciplinarios de América Latina y el Caribe
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Tropical Truth: A Story of Music and Revolution in Brazil
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Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001.
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Leila Miccolis Brazilian Alternative Press Collection
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CARMEN MIRANDA: RIPE FOR IMITATION Indiana University
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among others. They went on to produce the 1968 album
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Paula, José Agrippino. "PanAmérica". 2001. Papagaio.
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1131:Popular Urban Music from Bossa Nova to Tropicalia
865:. La vicenda e i protagonisti della storia della
584:In 2021, scientists named a species of Brazilian
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2414:Psychedelic rock in Australia and New Zealand
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1242:"Tropicalia: A Brazilian Revolution In Sound"
8:
315:Gilberto Gil Founding Member of the Movement
256:, which served as the movement's manifesto.
678:Tropicalia: A Brazilian Revolution in Sound
454:In 1993, Veloso and Gil released the album
16:Brazilian music genre and cultural movement
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393:the period - most notably the work of
357:. Key artists of the movement include
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3737:Rock music and the fall of communism
2479:Category:Psychedelic musical groups
1143:10.1111/j.0022-3840.1980.1403_437.x
996:http://www.jstor.org/stable/3513834
680:, was released to acclaim in 2006.
242:where they met with collaborators
14:
2419:Psychedelic rock in Latin America
1106:Harte, Colin (November 1, 2013).
733:Tropicália: ou Panis et Circencis
676:(2005). Yet another compilation,
342:Tropicália: ou Panis et Circencis
253:Tropicália: ou Panis et Circencis
179:[tɾopikɐˈlizmu,tɾɔpikaˈ-]
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3833:
3832:
169:[tɾopiˈkaʎɐ,tɾɔpiˈkaljɐ]
3655:Progressive rock (radio format)
377:, "Gil was partly inspired by
1:
234:. Later the group moved from
1309:Special Collections Division
563:", reached number 21 on the
3685:List of years in rock music
2307:Counterculture of the 1960s
1073:Latin American Music Review
674:Novo Millennium: Tropicalia
580:Tom Zé in São Paulo in 2007
569:Modern Rock singles chart.
432:Brazilian National Archives
409:Brazilian National Archives
388:soon made them a target of
333:Brazilian National Archives
105:Brazilian concrete movement
21:Tropicália (disambiguation)
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3790:Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
2220:Italian occult psychedelia
1291:The Best Tropicalia Albums
1268:"Tropicália (2012) - IMDb"
1010:39.1 (2002): 65–78. Print.
238:(the capital of Bahia) to
198:with British and American
18:
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3712:Electronics in rock music
3378:Hard rock and heavy metal
2872:Pub rock (United Kingdom)
2464:
1566:Música popular brasileira
1185:10.11646/zootaxa.4903.1.1
683:A 2012 documentary film,
441:It is Forbidden to Forbid
165:Portuguese pronunciation:
140:
3690:Origins of rock and roll
2474:Category:Hippie movement
2398:Psychedelic rock artists
2388:Psychedelic folk artists
1108:"Tropicália Film Review"
1065:Béhague, Gerard, Gerard.
872:Chico Buarque de Holanda
632:. The 1999 compilation
230:, and the poet-lyricist
3630:Adult album alternative
2393:Psychedelic pop artists
2383:Neo-psychedelia artists
1054:, Vol. 17, No. 1 (2006)
867:brazilian popular music
3722:Rock Against Communism
3121:Brazilian thrash metal
2456:Psychedelic literature
2451:Psychedelic experience
1681:Fusion genres of Samba
1440:Brazilian thrash metal
1067:(Spring–Summer 2006).
666:Tropicalia: Millennium
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502:
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336:
316:
3744:Rockism and poptimism
3204:British rock and roll
2469:Category:Drug culture
2352:Second Summer of Love
1978:São Tomé and Príncipe
1591:Música Sertaneja Raiz
1085:10.1353/lat.2006.0021
1025:"Blood on the Ground"
1008:Luso-Brazilian Review
636:, featuring songs by
634:Tropicália Essentials
594:after this movement.
579:
497:
426:
403:
327:
314:
287:Manifesto Antropófago
261:military dictatorship
96:Manifesto Antropófago
3888:Brazilian rock music
3579:Sahara desert region
2867:Pub rock (Australia)
825:Dunn, Christopher.
658:The Tropicalia Style
527:the Bird and the Bee
19:For other uses, see
3770:List of rock genres
3732:Rock Against Sexism
3727:Rock Against Racism
3635:Album-oriented rock
2347:San Francisco sound
2252:Paisley Underground
1347:Lusophone countries
355:coup d'état of 1964
2337:New Age travellers
874:, Introduction by
689:Fernando Meirelles
662:Tropicália 30 Anos
582:
503:
436:
413:
337:
317:
131:, pós-tropicalismo
3860:
3859:
3785:Progressive music
3613:
3612:
3051:Palm Desert Scene
3027:
3026:
2701:Experimental rock
2598:Instrumental rock
2487:
2486:
2378:Acid rock artists
2285:
2284:
2188:
2187:
2076:New Weird America
2041:Psychedelic music
2007:
2006:
1832:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1741:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1724:Samba de Gafieira
1408:Brazilian hip hop
1368:Batidão romântico
1210:978-1-137-37522-3
915:All Media Network
787:
786:
591:Scinax tropicalia
282:Oswald de Andrade
172:), also known as
158:
157:
34:Stylistic origins
3900:
3893:Psychedelic rock
3848:
3836:
3835:
3705:Rhythm and blues
3680:British Invasion
3036:
2913:Alternative rock
2852:Post-progressive
2761:Psychedelic rock
2756:Progressive rock
2588:
2584:
2578:decade of origin
2514:
2507:
2500:
2491:
2441:Psychedelic drug
2302:Cannabis culture
2061:
2052:
2034:
2027:
2020:
2011:
1907:Cante Alentejano
1750:
1743:
1650:Pagode romântico
1620:
1613:
1604:
1562:
1494:
1465:
1453:
1413:Brasília hip hop
1339:
1332:
1325:
1316:
1278:
1277:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1254:
1237:
1231:
1228:
1222:
1219:
1213:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1164:
1158:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1126:
1120:
1119:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1061:
1055:
1048:
1042:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1017:
1011:
1004:
998:
992:
986:
983:
974:
973:
949:
926:
925:
923:
921:
903:
857:Gildo De Stefano
842:Mei, Giancarlo.
841:
699:
670:Tropicalia: Gold
616:
535:Devendra Banhart
320:Musical movement
298:Rogério Duprat.
181:
171:
166:
125:Derivative forms
118:Southeast Region
113:Cultural origins
26:
3908:
3907:
3903:
3902:
3901:
3899:
3898:
3897:
3863:
3862:
3861:
3856:
3824:
3753:
3673:
3659:
3645:Mainstream rock
3609:
3588:
3562:
3411:
3167:
3099:
3032:Regional scenes
3023:
2977:
2901:
2842:Industrial rock
2800:
2696:Electronic rock
2634:
2582:
2581:(sub-subgenres
2580:
2579:
2577:
2571:
2550:Electric guitar
2523:
2518:
2488:
2483:
2460:
2446:Psychedelic era
2429:Psychedelic art
2402:
2366:
2297:Beat Generation
2281:
2235:Neo-psychedelia
2184:
2143:
2056:
2043:
2038:
2008:
2003:
1987:
1946:
1942:Portuguese rock
1893:
1875:
1820:
1794:
1733:
1712:
1676:
1667:Samba de breque
1616:Rio urban samba
1602:
1576:Sertanejo music
1556:
1488:
1459:
1447:
1384:
1349:
1343:
1300:Ràdio Web MACBA
1287:
1282:
1281:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1252:
1250:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1229:
1225:
1220:
1216:
1203:
1199:
1189:
1187:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1154:
1150:
1128:
1127:
1123:
1105:
1104:
1100:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1049:
1045:
1035:
1033:
1023:(13 May 2006).
1019:
1018:
1014:
1005:
1001:
993:
989:
984:
977:
970:
951:
950:
929:
919:
917:
905:
904:
900:
853:
839:
809:
807:Further reading
796:Lusotropicalism
792:
697:
610:
600:
598:Post Tropicália
492:
466:
373:. According to
339:The 1968 album
322:
274:
268:fellows’ work.
196:African rhythms
164:
154:
108:
88:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3906:
3904:
3896:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3865:
3864:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3854:
3842:
3829:
3826:
3825:
3823:
3822:
3817:
3815:Wagnerian rock
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3780:Outlaw country
3777:
3772:
3767:
3761:
3759:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3740:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3717:Social effects
3714:
3709:
3708:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3687:
3682:
3676:
3674:
3672:
3671:
3668:
3664:
3661:
3660:
3658:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3621:
3619:
3615:
3614:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3607:
3602:
3596:
3594:
3590:
3589:
3587:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3570:
3568:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3539:
3538:
3528:
3523:
3522:
3521:
3511:
3506:
3505:
3504:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3478:
3477:
3472:
3462:
3461:
3460:
3450:
3445:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3419:
3417:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3409:
3408:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3390:Neo-rockabilly
3387:
3386:
3385:
3375:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3251:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3219:
3218:
3217:
3216:
3206:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3175:
3173:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3113:
3107:
3105:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3092:
3091:
3090:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3054:
3053:
3042:
3040:
3033:
3029:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2985:
2983:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2909:
2907:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2837:Heartland rock
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2808:
2806:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2681:Christian rock
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2646:Anatolian rock
2642:
2640:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2621:
2620:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2594:
2592:
2585:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2569:
2568:
2567:
2562:
2560:Rhythm section
2557:
2552:
2542:
2537:
2531:
2529:
2525:
2524:
2519:
2517:
2516:
2509:
2502:
2494:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2437:
2436:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2410:
2408:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2364:
2362:UK underground
2359:
2357:Summer of Love
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2293:
2291:
2287:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2248:
2247:
2242:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2215:Hypnagogic pop
2212:
2207:
2202:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2151:
2149:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2128:
2127:
2112:
2111:
2110:
2108:Cinematic soul
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2079:
2078:
2067:
2065:
2058:
2049:
2045:
2044:
2039:
2037:
2036:
2029:
2022:
2014:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2001:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1903:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1891:
1885:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1842:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1802:
1800:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1756:
1754:
1747:
1739:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1731:
1726:
1720:
1718:
1717:Ballroom dance
1714:
1713:
1711:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1684:
1682:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1647:
1637:
1632:
1626:
1624:
1623:Main subgenres
1617:
1610:
1601:
1600:
1595:
1594:
1593:
1588:
1586:Música Caipira
1583:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1551:
1550:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1503:
1502:
1501:
1500:
1483:
1473:
1472:
1471:
1466:
1454:
1442:
1435:Brazilian rock
1432:
1430:Brazilian jazz
1427:
1426:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1405:
1400:
1394:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1371:
1370:
1359:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1344:
1342:
1341:
1334:
1327:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1302:
1293:
1286:
1285:External links
1283:
1280:
1279:
1259:
1232:
1223:
1214:
1197:
1159:
1148:
1137:(3): 437–452.
1121:
1098:
1056:
1043:
1012:
999:
987:
975:
968:
927:
897:
896:
895:
894:
880:RAI Television
861:Il popolo del
852:
849:
848:
847:
837:
823:
813:
808:
805:
804:
803:
798:
791:
788:
785:
784:
781:
774:
770:
769:
766:
759:
755:
754:
751:
748:Caetano Veloso
744:
743:Caetano Veloso
740:
739:
736:
729:
725:
724:
721:
714:
710:
709:
706:
703:
696:
695:Seminal albums
693:
642:Caetano Veloso
599:
596:
507:Carmen Miranda
499:Carmen Miranda
491:
488:
465:
462:
418:John Dandurand
371:Caetano Veloso
347:Caetano Veloso
329:Caetano Veloso
321:
318:
306:Carmen Miranda
302:Helio Oiticica
295:concrete poets
273:
270:
248:Rogério Duprat
216:Caetano Veloso
156:
155:
153:
152:
147:
141:
138:
137:
133:
132:
126:
122:
121:
114:
110:
109:
107:
106:
103:
98:
92:
87:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
40:
35:
31:
30:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3905:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3883:Art movements
3881:
3879:
3878:Brazilian art
3876:
3874:
3871:
3870:
3868:
3853:
3852:
3847:
3843:
3841:
3840:
3831:
3830:
3827:
3821:
3820:Wall of Sound
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3800:Rock festival
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3756:
3750:
3749:Women in rock
3747:
3745:
3742:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3719:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3695:Country music
3693:
3692:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3669:
3666:
3665:
3662:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3618:Radio formats
3616:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3597:
3595:
3591:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3571:
3569:
3565:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3520:
3517:
3516:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3503:
3500:
3499:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3466:
3463:
3459:
3456:
3455:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3443:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3414:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3384:
3383:Extreme metal
3381:
3380:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3170:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3104:South America
3102:
3096:
3093:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3039:North America
3037:
3034:
3030:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2980:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2904:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2803:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2786:Southern rock
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
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2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2706:Flamenco rock
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
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2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2637:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2614:
2613:Rock and roll
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2589:
2586:
2583:not included)
2574:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2555:Electric bass
2553:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2515:
2510:
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2503:
2501:
2496:
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2480:
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2300:
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2265:
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2258:
2255:
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2250:
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2238:
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2228:
2226:
2223:
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2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2191:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2146:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2126:
2123:
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2116:
2113:
2109:
2106:
2105:
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2101:
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2084:
2081:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2062:
2059:
2053:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2035:
2030:
2028:
2023:
2021:
2016:
2015:
2012:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1968:Guinea-Bissau
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1896:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1806:Bahian pagode
1804:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1775:Samba de roda
1773:
1771:
1770:Samba-corrido
1768:
1766:
1765:Samba-chulado
1763:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1751:
1748:
1744:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1721:
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1715:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
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1683:
1679:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1645:Bahian pagode
1643:
1642:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1618:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1599:
1596:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1560:
1555:
1552:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1492:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1477:
1474:
1470:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1455:
1451:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1424:
1423:Vigilante rap
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1395:
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1297:
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1233:
1227:
1224:
1218:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1201:
1198:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1163:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1149:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1125:
1122:
1118:(2): 215–216.
1117:
1113:
1109:
1102:
1099:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
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1032:
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1016:
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976:
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948:
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940:
938:
936:
934:
932:
928:
916:
912:
908:
902:
899:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
870:, Préface by
869:
868:
864:
858:
855:
854:
850:
845:
838:
836:
835:0-8078-4976-6
832:
828:
824:
822:
821:1-56639-545-3
818:
814:
811:
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806:
802:
799:
797:
794:
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789:
782:
780:
779:
775:
772:
771:
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764:
760:
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745:
742:
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730:
727:
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719:
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712:
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694:
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686:
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675:
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647:
643:
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631:
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622:
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614:
609:
605:
597:
595:
593:
592:
587:
578:
574:
570:
568:
567:
562:
558:
557:
552:
548:
547:Nelly Furtado
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
515:
511:
508:
500:
496:
489:
487:
483:
480:
475:
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463:
461:
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458:
452:
450:
444:
442:
433:
429:
425:
421:
419:
410:
406:
402:
398:
396:
391:
387:
386:tropicalistas
382:
380:
379:Jorge Ben Jor
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
343:
334:
330:
326:
319:
313:
309:
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291:
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288:
283:
279:
271:
269:
265:
262:
257:
255:
254:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
232:Torquato Neto
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
207:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
180:
175:
170:
162:
151:
148:
146:
143:
142:
139:
134:
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127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
104:
102:
99:
97:
94:
93:
91:
85:
82:
80:
77:
75:
72:
70:
67:
65:
62:
60:
57:
55:
52:
50:
47:
45:
42:
41:
39:
36:
32:
27:
22:
3849:
3837:
3805:Rock musical
3795:Rock concert
3640:Classic rock
3369:Yugoslavian
3214:Post-Britpop
3130:
3095:Puerto Rican
3088:Chicano rock
2968:Slacker rock
2691:Country rock
2656:Baroque rock
2342:Rave culture
2271:
1932:Hip hop tuga
1816:Samba reggae
1790:Samba-raiado
1785:Samba junino
1760:Samba-batido
1746:Bahian samba
1703:Samba reggae
1672:Samba-enredo
1662:Samba-canção
1657:Partido alto
1486:Electrobrega
1271:
1262:
1251:. Retrieved
1245:
1235:
1226:
1217:
1200:
1188:. Retrieved
1176:
1172:
1162:
1151:
1134:
1130:
1124:
1115:
1111:
1101:
1079:(1): 79–90.
1076:
1072:
1059:
1051:
1046:
1034:. Retrieved
1030:The Guardian
1028:
1015:
1007:
1002:
990:
954:
918:. Retrieved
907:"Tropicalia"
901:
860:
843:
840:(in Italian)
826:
776:
763:Gilberto Gil
761:
758:Gilberto Gil
746:
731:
716:
684:
682:
677:
673:
672:(2002), and
669:
665:
661:
657:
638:Gilberto Gil
633:
629:
627:
623:
619:
604:antropofagia
601:
589:
583:
571:
564:
554:
531:Arto Lindsay
516:
512:
504:
484:
479:nationalists
471:
467:
457:Tropicália 2
455:
453:
445:
437:
414:
385:
383:
363:Gilberto Gil
351:Gilberto Gil
340:
338:
300:
292:
285:
278:antropofagia
275:
266:
258:
251:
220:Gilberto Gil
208:
174:tropicalismo
173:
160:
159:
145:Jovem Guarda
136:Other topics
116:Late 1960s,
89:
37:
3650:Modern rock
3625:Active rock
3605:New Zealand
3433:Bangladeshi
3428:Azerbaijani
3063:Costa Rican
3019:Viking rock
3009:Stoner rock
2928:Gothic rock
2751:Occult rock
2726:Heavy metal
2716:Garage rock
2686:Comedy rock
2676:Chamber pop
2671:Boogie rock
2424:Psychedelia
2317:Freak scene
2290:Subcultures
2267:Stoner rock
2257:Sampledelia
2137:Suomisaundi
2064:Psychedelic
1999:Latin music
1799:Urban sambo
1753:Rural sambo
1688:Samba-choro
1557: [
1547:Rasteirinha
1537:Funk melody
1498:Tecno brega
1489: [
1460: [
1448: [
1345:Music from
1021:Jaggi, Maya
920:November 7,
876:Gianni Minà
718:Os Mutantes
713:Os Mutantes
654:Os Mutantes
611: [
549:. In 1998,
543:Of Montreal
519:David Byrne
474:Black Power
428:Os Mutantes
395:the Beatles
359:Os Mutantes
244:Os Mutantes
200:psychedelia
188:avant-garde
84:baroque pop
49:psychedelia
3873:Tropicália
3867:Categories
3810:Rock opera
3765:Beatlesque
3600:Australian
3519:Rock kapak
3502:Visual kei
3482:Indonesian
3325:Portuguese
3310:Macedonian
3305:Lithuanian
3184:Belarusian
3163:Venezuelan
3148:Ecuadorian
3131:Tropicália
3126:Samba rock
2958:Rock kapak
2948:Jangle pop
2943:Indie rock
2897:Yacht rock
2892:Visual kei
2882:Shock rock
2822:Dance-rock
2812:Arena rock
2796:Swamp rock
2791:Space rock
2776:Samba rock
2771:Roots rock
2746:Noise rock
2666:Blues rock
2661:Beat music
2630:Surf music
2625:Rockabilly
2603:Latin rock
2540:Distortion
2528:Components
2521:Rock music
2272:Tropicália
2262:Space rock
2230:Madchester
2205:Dream-beat
2120:Goa trance
2055:By prefix
1958:East Timor
1922:Desgarrada
1917:Chamarrita
1889:Marrabenta
1881:Mozambique
1838:Cape Verde
1811:Samba afro
1780:Samba duro
1729:Samba rock
1698:Samba-jazz
1693:Samba-funk
1635:Bossa nova
1554:Guitarrada
1512:Chamarrita
1481:Brega funk
1469:Samba rock
1457:Rock Rural
1253:2008-05-16
1247:Metacritic
1036:16 October
969:0807849766
892:8839713484
882:Editions,
851:References
685:Tropicália
608:concretism
561:Tropicalia
539:El Guincho
390:censorship
375:Maya Jaggi
272:Background
161:Tropicália
150:samba rock
54:bossa nova
29:Tropicália
3548:Taiwanese
3531:Pakistani
3514:Malaysian
3442:1959–1975
3438:Cambodian
3400:Post-punk
3365:Ukrainian
3345:Slovenian
3315:Norwegian
3285:Icelandic
3280:Hungarian
3243:Nederbeat
3158:Uruguayan
3143:Colombian
3116:Brazilian
3111:Argentine
3073:Dominican
3014:Sufi rock
3004:Post-rock
2999:Math rock
2973:Trop rock
2923:Dream pop
2918:Deathrock
2887:Soft rock
2877:Punk rock
2862:Power pop
2857:Post-punk
2832:Glam rock
2827:Funk rock
2817:Cock rock
2781:Soft rock
2766:Raga rock
2741:Krautrock
2736:Jazz rock
2721:Hard rock
2711:Folk rock
2576:Genres by
2545:Rock band
2240:Dream pop
2225:Krautrock
2210:Freakbeat
2200:Chillwave
2125:Nitzhonot
2057:and style
1983:Sri Lanka
1856:Coladeira
1445:Forrocore
1093:191430137
801:Exoticism
778:Gal Costa
773:Gal Costa
646:Gal Costa
586:tree frog
566:Billboard
556:Mutations
553:released
490:Influence
464:Critiques
407:in 1969.
405:Gal Costa
367:Gal Costa
240:São Paulo
224:Gal Costa
192:Brazilian
3839:Category
3526:Nepalese
3497:Japanese
3453:Filipino
3423:Armenian
3395:New wave
3373:Art rock
3330:Romanian
3255:Estonian
3238:Indorock
3223:Croatian
3179:Albanian
3153:Peruvian
3058:Canadian
3046:American
2963:Shoegaze
2953:Rap rock
2847:New wave
2651:Art rock
2608:Pop rock
2565:Drum kit
2535:Backbeat
2407:See also
2332:Jam band
2312:Deadhead
2245:Shoegaze
1899:Portugal
1630:Batucada
1581:Funknejo
1542:Funknejo
1179:: 1–41.
911:AllMusic
790:See also
668:(1999),
664:(1997),
660:(1996),
430:, 1969.
236:Salvador
214:notably
204:pop rock
186:and the
120:, Brazil
44:Pop rock
3775:Motorik
3758:Related
3670:Culture
3667:History
3593:Oceania
3584:Zambian
3574:Angolan
3558:Turkish
3543:Russian
3492:Israeli
3487:Iranian
3470:Bengali
3458:Bisrock
3448:Chinese
3355:Swedish
3350:Spanish
3340:Serbian
3335:Russian
3300:Latvian
3295:Italian
3260:Finnish
3209:Britpop
3199:British
3194:Bosnian
3189:Belgian
3138:Chilean
3083:Mexican
3078:Haitian
2989:Britpop
2618:British
2434:LSD art
2327:Hippies
2277:Zamrock
2093:Hip hop
1992:Related
1871:Tabanka
1846:Batuque
1708:Sambass
1598:Vanerão
1571:Seresta
1507:Calypso
1418:Stronda
1363:Kizomba
1307:at the
1240:Staff.
1190:May 25,
1173:Zootaxa
1112:Chasqui
728:Various
501:in 1950
284:in his
184:popular
101:pop art
38:Musical
3851:Portal
3567:Africa
3509:Korean
3465:Indian
3320:Polish
3270:German
3265:French
3228:Danish
3172:Europe
2938:Grunge
2180:Trance
2175:Techno
2132:Psydub
2115:Trance
2048:Genres
1861:Funaná
1640:Pagode
1390:Brazil
1375:Kuduro
1355:Angola
1208:
1091:
966:
890:
886:2005,
833:
819:
702:Artist
652:, and
650:Tom Zé
545:, and
449:London
293:While
228:Tom Zé
3360:Swiss
3290:Irish
3275:Greek
3248:Ultra
3233:Dutch
3068:Cuban
2982:1990s
2933:Grebo
2906:1980s
2805:1970s
2639:1960s
2591:1950s
2371:Lists
2322:Grebo
2193:Other
2155:House
1973:Macau
1951:Other
1937:Pimba
1912:Chula
1866:Morna
1608:Samba
1561:]
1532:Frevo
1527:Forró
1522:Chula
1517:Choro
1493:]
1476:Brega
1464:]
1452:]
1403:Baião
1380:Semba
1089:S2CID
863:samba
783:1969
768:1968
753:1968
738:1968
723:1968
708:Year
705:Album
615:]
212:Bahia
74:frevo
69:afoxê
64:baião
59:samba
3700:Jazz
3553:Thai
3536:Sufi
3475:Raga
3416:Asia
3405:Punk
2170:Rock
2165:Punk
2160:Jazz
2148:Acid
2103:Soul
2098:Rock
2083:Funk
2071:Folk
1927:Fado
1851:Colá
1273:IMDb
1206:ISBN
1192:2022
1177:4903
1038:2018
964:ISBN
922:2015
888:ISBN
884:Rome
831:ISBN
817:ISBN
606:and
551:Beck
523:Beck
369:and
349:and
246:and
202:and
194:and
79:fado
2994:Emo
2731:Jam
2088:Pop
1963:Goa
1398:Axé
1298:at
1181:doi
1139:doi
1081:doi
960:276
129:MPB
90:Art
3869::
1559:pt
1491:pt
1462:pt
1450:pt
1311:at
1270:.
1244:.
1175:.
1171:.
1135:14
1133:.
1116:42
1114:.
1110:.
1087:.
1077:27
1075:.
1071:.
1027:.
978:^
962:.
930:^
913:.
909:.
878:,
859:,
648:,
644:,
640:,
613:pt
588:,
541:,
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