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the hospital, Coffelt died four hours later. The gunfight involving
Torresola lasted approximately 20 seconds, while the gunfight with Collazo lasted approximately 38.5 seconds. Only one of Collazo's shots hit anyone, largely because Collazo was not a skilled or experienced gunman. Torresola, an expert shooter, did most of the shooting and inflicted almost all of the injuries on the Secret Service officers.
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ran through a basement corridor, stepping out of a street-level door on the east side of the House, where he opened fire on
Collazo. Mroz stopped Collazo with a bullet to the chest while he was on the entrance steps. Two other officers also shot Collazo, in what was described as "the biggest gunfight
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At that same moment, Coffelt left the guard booth, propped against it, and fired his .38-caliber service revolver at
Torresola, about 30 feet (10 m) away. Coffelt hit Torresola 2 inches (50 mm) above the ear, killing him instantly. Coffelt limped back to the booth and blacked out. Taken to
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Birdzell could no longer stand and was effectively incapacitated, although he would later recover. Torresola was standing to the left of the Blair House steps to reload when
President Truman looked outside his second floor window, 31 feet (9.4 m) from the attacker. Secret Service agents shouted
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The two men realized that their attempt was near-suicidal and that they likely would be killed. Torresola, a skilled gunman, taught
Collazo how to load and handle the guns they would use, as his experience had been with other types. They took the train from New York to Washington, DC to reconnoitre
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where the two would-be assassins were born, and where their families still lived. In response, the U.S. Air Force bombed and strafed Jayuya, destroying it, and they bombed the neighboring town of Utuado. In acknowledgement of the issues related to Puerto Rico's status, Truman supported a
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asked
Coffelt's widow, Cressie E. Coffelt, to go to Puerto Rico, where she received condolences from various Puerto Rican leaders and crowds. Cressie Coffelt responded with a speech absolving the island's people of blame for the acts of Collazo and Torresola.
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Torresola shot police officer Joseph Downs in the hip, before he could draw his weapon. As Downs turned toward the house, Torresola shot him in the back and in the neck. Downs got into the basement and secured the door, denying the attacker entry into
673:(PPD) as the majority in the legislature. Nationalists believed that Puerto Rico suffered under American colonialism and wanted independence. The PPD was supporting negotiations with the United States to create a "new" political status for the island.
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with her husband in the plan. She spent eight months in federal prison but did not go to trial. Upon her release, Rosa continued to work with the
Nationalist Party. She helped gather 100,000 signatures in an effort to save her husband from execution.
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642:. 81.9% of votes were in favor of Puerto Rico continuing as a Free Associated State of the US. Collazo was convicted in federal court and sentenced to death, which Truman commuted to life in prison. In 1979, President
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to a life sentence. While in prison, he gave an interview telling of his long devotion to the
Nationalist Party and cause of Puerto Rican independence. When he was a young man in 1932, he heard
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Two days before the assassination attempt, Puerto Rican nationalists had attempted to overthrow the government of Puerto Rico. Uprisings occurred in many towns, including
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in order to raise world attention to the Puerto Rican independence movement and the government's suppression of the uprisings. They had learned that Truman was living at
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Afterwards, Truman commented that he was not frightened by the attack: since he was a combat veteran of the First World War, he "had been shot at by professionals ."
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on the new constitution to determine its relationship to the U.S. The people voted 81.9% in favor of continuing as a Free
Associated State, as established in 1950.
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commuted the sentence of
Collazo to the time served, and the former revolutionary was released. He returned to live in Puerto Rico, where he died in 1994.
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with strong military force, including the use of planes, 500-pound bombs, and 50-calibre machine guns. The town of Jayuya was badly damaged as a result.
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Photo of the two guns (used in assassination attempt) in an exhibit at the Harry S. Truman Presidential Library & Museum, Independence, Missouri, US
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1356:. Torresola moved to the shoot-out between his partner Collazo and several other police officers, shooting officer Donald Birdzell in the left knee.
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2038:"American Gunfight; A little-remembered shootout near Lafayette Square left President Harry Truman's life hanging in the balance"
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2083:("A few seconds later, Collazo was seriously wounded when he was shot in the chest by Vincent P. Mroz, a Secret Service agent.")
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Inside the Blair House, a plaque was installed to commemorate White House Police officer Leslie Coffelt. The day room for the
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2102:("The biggest gunfight in Secret Service history was over in forty seconds. A total of twenty-seven shots had been fired.")
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had written an outrageous letter appearing to brag about killing Puerto Ricans in experiments. In 1979, President
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Meanwhile, Torresola had approached a guard booth at the west corner, where he took White House Police officer
688:) status that had been enacted in 1950, as the Nationalists considered it to be a continuation of colonialism.
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2118:(as Collazo walked up the steps to the front door, he was "pinned down" by bullets from Mroz and two others)
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At the time of the assassination attempt, the FBI arrested Collazo's wife, Rosa, on suspicion of having
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2253:"Harry Truman Writes about the Assassination Attempt on His Life Just the Day Before: November 2, 1950"
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747:, after learning of the failure of the October 30 uprising, developed a plan to assassinate President
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Susan E. Lederer, "Porto Ricochet": Joking about Germs, Cancer, and Race Extermination in the 1930s"
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1348:. Three of those shots struck Coffelt in the chest and abdomen; the fourth went through his tunic.
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American Gunfight: The Plot To Kill Harry Truman – And The Shoot-Out That Stopped It
2013:
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American Gunfight: The Plot To Kill Harry Truman – And The Shoot-Out That Stopped It
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Acknowledging the importance of the question of Puerto Rico's status, Truman supported a
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618:. Both men were stopped before gaining entry to the house. Torresola mortally wounded
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2199:(New York: New York Committee to Free the Puerto Rican Nationalist Prisoners, 1978).
1948:
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Latin American and Caribbean Congress in Solidarity with Puerto Rico's Independence
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by surprise, shooting four times at close range and mortally wounding him with a
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give a speech about American imperialism, saying that American research doctor
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Newsreel scenes of the assassination attempt on U.S. President Harry S Truman
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Trials of the Century: An Encyclopedia of Popular Culture and Law, Volume 1
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2018:. Department of the Treasury, United States Secret Service. 1978. p.
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rule over Puerto Rico. The Party repudiated the "Free Associated State" (
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agents wounded Collazo. Truman was upstairs in the house and not harmed.
2015:
Excerpts from the history of the United States Secret Service, 1865–1975
1870:
War Against All Puerto Ricans: Revolution and Terror in America's Colony
1752:
War Against All Puerto Ricans: Revolution and Terror in America's Colony
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War Against All Puerto Ricans: Revolution and Terror in America's Colony
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had little political power in the country, where voters had elected the
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1413: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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was convicted in federal court and sentenced to death, which Truman
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Defining Danger: American Assassins and the New Domestic Terrorists
1660:"Drama at Blair House: the attempted assassination of Harry Truman"
1359:
832:. At the time of the attempt, there were two guard booths in front.
646:
commuted the sentence to the time served and Collazo was released.
2426:
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2130:"Dramatic Attempt to Assassinate President Truman in Blair House"
2754:
1615:"Puerto Rican militants try to assassinate Truman, Nov. 1, 1950"
3407:
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1881:
1879:
2114:
Tumultuous Years: The Presidency of Harry S. Truman, 1949–1953
1905:
1903:
1382:
793:
You can help by providing page numbers for existing citations.
766:
2183:, Volume 14, Number 4, Winter 2002, accessed 23 October 2013
695:, president of the Nationalist Party. Uprisings occurred in
3070:
1944 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection
1581:
List of incidents of political violence in Washington, D.C.
2036:
Stephen Hunter and John Bainbridge Jr. (October 9, 2005).
691:
The revolts began on October 30, 1950, upon the orders of
1576:
List of United States presidential assassination attempts
1631:"FAQ: Assassination Attempt on President Truman's Life"
2418:
List of presidential assassination attempts and plots
4171:
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3538:
3487:
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3318:
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2948:
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act
2822:
2609:
2502:
678:
Puerto Rican Nationalist Party Revolts of the 1950s
303:
Puerto Rican Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s
213:
194:
180:
169:
159:
145:
131:
117:
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86:
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3530:Puerto Rico Pro-Independence University Federation
2213:
1711:
2197:Oscar Collazo: Portrait of a Puerto Rican Patriot
1642:Harry S. Truman Presidential Library & Museum
1498:at the Blair House is named for Coffelt as well.
1328:After hearing the gunshots, Secret Service agent
759:the area. On November 1, they moved into action.
1911:American Gunfight: The Plot to Kill Harry Truman
3131:United States Senate election in Missouri, 1934
3096:Harry S. Truman home and National Historic Site
1566:United States Capitol shooting incident (1954)
3419:
2442:
2292:
1909:Stephen Hunter & John Bainbridge (2005).
1786:Puerto Rico: A Socio-Historic Interpretation,
1321:Torresola approached Blair House, located on
1302:
825:Blair House, site of the attempt, shown here
755:, while the White House was being renovated.
570:
8:
3180:1952 Democratic Party presidential primaries
2116:. University of Missouri Press. p. 294.
1175:Presidential and Vice presidential campaigns
680:were an armed protest for independence from
3055:Presidential Library, Museum, and gravesite
2537:1952 Puerto Rican constitutional referendum
2220:. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp.
1887:La Insurrección Nacionalista en Puerto Rico
1718:. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp.
4202:Attempted assassination of Harry S. Truman
3426:
3412:
3404:
2919:Federal Regulation of Lobbying Act of 1946
2606:
2449:
2435:
2427:
2299:
2285:
2277:
1309:
1295:
835:
577:
563:
323:Attempted assassination of Harry S. Truman
265:Flag of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
241:
42:
31:
4227:November 1950 events in the United States
2642:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
1429:Learn how and when to remove this message
809:Learn how and when to remove this message
715:. The most notable uprisings occurred in
3520:Hostosian National Independence Movement
3151:1944 United States presidential election
1496:U.S. Secret Service's Uniformed Division
173:Discontent over the political status of
3500:Independence Association of Puerto Rico
2808:Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952
2569:Sherman Minton Supreme Court nomination
2100:. Random House Digital, Inc. p. 8.
2091:
2089:
1606:
1368:at Truman to get away from the window.
1363:White House Policeman Leslie W. Coffelt
1129:Sherman Minton Supreme Court nomination
838:
671:Popular Democratic Party of Puerto Rico
249:
4163:La Borinqueña by Lola Rodríguez de Tío
4107:Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s
3557:Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional
3268:Collision Course: Truman vs. MacArthur
2914:Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946
2672:General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
1976:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1964:
4132:U.S. Capitol shooting incident (1954)
2942:President's Committee on Civil Rights
2774:U.N. Security Council Resolutions 82,
2191:
2189:
2065:. Transaction Publishers. p. 66.
1944:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1930:
7:
3440:Independence movement in Puerto Rico
1872:. Bold Type Books. pp. 206–208.
1754:. Bold Type Books. pp. 206–208.
1696:. Bold Type Books. pp. 194–199.
1411:adding citations to reliable sources
661:Independence movement in Puerto Rico
3141:Democratic National Convention 1944
2960:Presidential Succession Act of 1947
2849:National Institute of Mental Health
2484:Vice President of the United States
969:33rd President of the United States
328:1954 United States Capitol shooting
232:by Truman (released after 29 years)
2273:, Ghosts of DC website, 2 May 2012
1613:Glass, Andrew (November 1, 2017).
655:Puerto Rican independence movement
25:
2704:National Security Resources Board
2098:In the President's Secret Service
1484:plebiscite in Puerto Rico in 1952
626:, who killed him in return fire.
4212:1950 crimes in the United States
4207:Political history of Puerto Rico
3434:
3387:
3386:
2743:Joint Long Range Proving Grounds
2544:State of the Union Address (1946
2212:; Bainbridge, Jr., John (2005).
1710:; Bainbridge, Jr., John (2005).
1550:
1536:
1522:
1508:
1387:
1282:
1276:
843:
771:
667:Nationalist Party of Puerto Rico
259:
3510:Puerto Rican Independence Party
3025:Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1952
2954:Housing and Home Finance Agency
2309:presidents of the United States
2262:, Shapell Manuscript Foundation
2158:Hunter & Bainbridge, p. 251
1889:, pp. 206–215; Editorial Edil;
1784:Manuel Maldonado-Denis (1972).
1596:Puerto Rican Independence Party
1398:needs additional citations for
739:In New York City, nationalists
727:. These were suppressed by the
4046:Teófilo Villavicencio Marxuach
3678:José "Aguila Blanca" Maldonado
3515:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
2794:Office of Defense Mobilization
2782:Defense Production Act of 1950
2654:Alien Fiancées and Fiancés Act
2473:President of the United States
2046:. p. W.16. Archived from
1823:"Premio a Jesús Vera Irizarry"
640:1952 plebiscite in Puerto Rico
544:Teófilo Villavicencio Marxuach
1:
4232:Presidency of Harry S. Truman
4067:Ducoudray Holstein Expedition
3981:Pedro "Davilita" Ortiz Dávila
3741:Gilberto Concepción de Gracia
3593:María de las Mercedes Barbudo
3276:Backstairs at the White House
3060:Missouri Office and Courtroom
3013:Unrelated Business Income Tax
2929:Legislative Reference Service
2861:U.S. Atomic Energy Commission
2684:National Security Act of 1947
2167:Hunter & Bainbridge, p. 4
826:
616:renovation of the White House
524:Pedro "Davilita" Ortiz Dávila
4127:Truman assassination attempt
3505:Liberal Party of Puerto Rico
2873:Council of Economic Advisers
2271:Truman Assassination Attempt
1866:"Chapter 18: The Revolution"
1748:"Chapter 18: The Revolution"
1690:"Chapter 18: The Revolution"
1648:). Retrieved April 16, 2019.
1333:in Secret Service history."
18:Truman assassination attempt
4117:San Juan Nationalist revolt
3726:Marie Haydée Beltrán Torres
3216:Harry S. Truman Scholarship
2787:Relief of Douglas MacArthur
2718:Central Intelligence Agency
1788:pp. 189–209; Random House;
1621:. Retrieved April 16, 2019.
735:Plans for the assassination
313:San Juan Nationalist revolt
207:assault with intent to kill
35:Attempted assassination of
4248:
3495:Union Party of Puerto Rico
2843:National Mental Health Act
2800:Science Advisory Committee
2689:U.S. Department of Defense
2596:Presidential Proclamations
2492:U.S. Senator from Missouri
2307:Assassination attempts on
2258:November 11, 2013, at the
2112:Robert J. Donovan (1996).
729:Puerto Rico National Guard
658:
594:pro-independence activists
27:1950 assassination attempt
3821:María de Lourdes Santiago
3816:Manuel Rodríguez Orellana
3658:Antonio Valero de Bernabé
3353:
3338:Martha Ellen Young Truman
3231:Statue of Harry S. Truman
3113:Truman Little White House
3091:Harry S. Truman Farm Home
2936:National School Lunch Act
2856:Atomic Energy Act of 1946
2699:National Security Council
2464:
2415:
2315:
2181:American Literary History
1951:, Truman Library website
1885:Miñi Seijo Bruno (1989).
603:attempted to assassinate
236:
41:
4222:1950 in Washington, D.C.
3653:Arturo Alfonso Schomburg
3623:Francisco Ramírez Medina
3613:Rosendo Matienzo Cintrón
3211:Truman Dam and Reservoir
2987:Agricultural Act of 1949
2971:Agricultural Act of 1948
2813:National Security Agency
2061:James W. Clarke (2012).
1571:Cerro Maravilla incident
1018:Supreme Court candidates
852:This article is part of
682:United States government
4137:Cerro Maravilla murders
4082:Levantamiento de Ciales
4041:Carlos Vélez Rieckehoff
3961:Tomás López de Victoria
3946:Andres Figueroa Cordero
3936:Carmelo Delgado Delgado
3756:José M. Dávila Monsanto
3618:Antonio Mattei Lluberas
3608:Francisco Gonzalo Marín
3603:Eugenio María de Hostos
3573:Ramón Emeterio Betances
3488:Political organizations
3359:← Franklin D. Roosevelt
3295:(1997 documentary film)
3206:Harry S Truman Building
2924:Federal Tort Claims Act
2096:Ronald Kessler (2010).
1139:Puerto Rican referendum
780:This section cites its
489:Andres Figueroa Cordero
484:Carmelo Delgado Delgado
451:Carlos Vélez Rieckehoff
406:Tomás López de Victoria
245:Part of a series on the
4036:Antonio Vélez Alvarado
3931:Isabel Freire de Matos
3921:Juan Antonio Corretjer
3871:Margot Arce de Vázquez
3701:Antonio Rafael Barceló
3628:José Gualberto Padilla
3566:19th century activists
3546:Cadets of the Republic
3539:Militant organizations
3366:Dwight D. Eisenhower →
2868:Employment Act of 1946
2762:Revolt of the Admirals
1955:March 2, 2012, at the
1768:p. 63; Penguin Books;
1764:Juan Gonzalez (2001).
1658:Ayoob, Massad (2006).
1646:Independence, Missouri
1364:
1270:National historic Site
833:
499:Isabel Freire de Matos
474:Margot Arce de Vázquez
446:Antonio Vélez Alvarado
386:Juan Antonio Corretjer
289:Cadets of the Republic
74:; 73 years ago
3996:Helen Rodríguez Trías
3976:Francisco Matos Paoli
3941:Raimundo Díaz Pacheco
3901:Rafael Cancel Miranda
3836:Carlos Alberto Torres
3736:Cayetano Coll y Cuchí
3692:20th and 21st century
3633:Lola Rodríguez de Tió
3447:Indigenous resistance
3344:Clifton Truman Daniel
3248:Give 'em Hell, Harry!
3221:Truman Sports Complex
3050:Early life and career
2749:North Atlantic Treaty
2725:Displaced Persons Act
2694:Joint Chiefs of Staff
2601:Eisenhower transition
2586:"The buck stops here"
2559:Judicial appointments
2532:Assassination attempt
2335:Franklin D. Roosevelt
1994:on September 24, 2015
1836:"Nylatinojournal.com"
1441:President Truman and
1362:
1013:Judicial appointments
887:Assassination attempt
824:
686:Estado Libre Asociado
589:On November 1, 1950,
534:Helen Rodríguez Trías
416:Francisco Matos Paoli
396:Raimundo Díaz Pacheco
366:Rafael Cancel Miranda
72:November 1, 1950
4087:Río Piedras massacre
3791:Filiberto Ojeda Ríos
3771:Víctor Manuel Gerena
3706:Félix Benítez Rexach
3551:Boricua Popular Army
3251:(1975 play and film)
3167:Dewey Defeats Truman
2976:Executive Order 9981
2666:Executive Order 9835
2635:Declaration to Japan
2050:on January 31, 2013.
2024:mroz secret service.
1982:"pr-secretfiles.net"
1915:Simon & Schuster
1913:, pp. 307, 310–316;
1825:, WebCite, GeoCities
1810:May 8, 2009, at the
1636:May 5, 2019, at the
1586:Río Piedras massacre
1530:United States portal
1407:improve this article
1260:Presidential library
1226:Dewey Defeats Truman
549:Félix Benítez Rexach
468:Notable nationalists
279:Río Piedras massacre
189:Guilty on all counts
4217:1950 in Puerto Rico
4158:Grito de Lares flag
4051:Olga Viscal Garriga
4026:Clemente Soto Vélez
4016:Vidal Santiago Díaz
3926:José Ferrer Canales
3861:Pedro Albizu Campos
3811:Ángel Rivero Méndez
3796:Antonio S. Pedreira
3781:Luis Lloréns Torres
3776:Edwin Irizarry Mora
3648:Segundo Ruiz Belvis
3326:Bess Wallace Truman
3226:U.S. Postage stamps
3020:Revenue Act of 1951
3003:Revenue Act of 1950
2997:Dingell–Johnson Act
2992:Housing Act of 1949
2982:Revenue Act of 1948
2838:Revenue Act of 1945
2630:Agreement on Europe
2128:Tom (May 2, 2012).
2043:The Washington Post
1664:American Handgunner
1465:Cornelius P. Rhoads
1461:Pedro Albizu Campos
1323:Pennsylvania Avenue
1107:Second inauguration
1001:international trips
693:Pedro Albizu Campos
514:José Ferrer Canales
456:Olga Viscal Garriga
436:Clemente Soto Vélez
431:Vidal Santiago Díaz
346:Pedro Albizu Campos
340:Nationalist leaders
203:First degree murder
4077:Intentona de Yauco
4031:Griselio Torresola
3986:Ruth Mary Reynolds
3881:Casimiro Berenguer
3831:Alejandrina Torres
3786:Oscar López Rivera
3751:Pedro Ortiz Dávila
3668:Fernando Fernandez
3663:Manuel Zeno Gandía
3379:Alben W. Barkley →
3374:← Henry A. Wallace
3008:Excess profits tax
2880:Flood Control Acts
2731:Key West Agreement
2624:Potsdam Conference
2330:Theodore Roosevelt
2077:Scott P. Johnson.
1842:on August 26, 2009
1766:Harvest of Empire,
1666:(March–April 2006)
1516:Puerto Rico portal
1443:Secretary of State
1365:
1060:Potsdam Conference
1033:First inauguration
920:Little White House
834:
741:Griselio Torresola
665:In the 1940s, the
620:White House Police
601:Griselio Torresola
441:Griselio Torresola
421:Ruth Mary Reynolds
356:Casimiro Berenguer
273:Events and revolts
165:Griselio Torresola
140:Griselio Torresola
4189:
4188:
4101:Ley de la Mordaza
3991:Germán Rieckehoff
3906:José Coll y Cuchí
3853:Nationalist Party
3766:Leopoldo Figueroa
3716:Americo Boschetti
3401:
3400:
3279:(1979 miniseries)
3101:Historic District
3038:
3037:
3030:1952 steel strike
2902:Fulbright Program
2678:Hoover Commission
2424:
2423:
2231:978-0-7432-6068-8
1923:978-0-7432-6068-8
1794:978-0-394-71787-6
1774:978-0-14-311928-9
1729:978-0-7432-6068-8
1439:
1438:
1431:
1319:
1318:
1055:Mental Health Act
986:Executive actions
952:Senate elections
882:Electoral history
869:
868:
819:
818:
811:
786:does not provide
587:
586:
529:Germán Rieckehoff
371:José Coll y Cuchí
296:Ley de la Mordaza
253:Nationalist Party
240:
239:
230:life imprisonment
16:(Redirected from
4239:
3643:Juan Ríus Rivera
3578:Mariana Bracetti
3438:
3428:
3421:
3414:
3405:
3390:
3389:
3303:(2022 TV series)
3065:Truman Committee
2965:Taft–Hartley Act
2832:Medal of Freedom
2607:
2591:Executive Orders
2495:
2487:
2476:
2451:
2444:
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2294:
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2200:
2193:
2184:
2174:
2168:
2165:
2159:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2136:. Archived from
2125:
2119:
2117:
2109:
2103:
2101:
2093:
2084:
2082:
2074:
2068:
2066:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2010:
2004:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1993:
1987:. Archived from
1986:
1978:
1959:
1946:
1925:
1907:
1898:
1883:
1874:
1873:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1838:. Archived from
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1434:
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1414:
1391:
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1311:
1304:
1297:
1286:
1285:
1280:
946:Truman Committee
915:Truman Reservoir
865:
864:
862:
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847:
840:
839:
836:
831:
828:
814:
807:
803:
800:
794:
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767:
579:
572:
565:
263:
242:
149:Donald Birdzell
82:
80:
75:
62:Washington, D.C.
46:
32:
21:
4247:
4246:
4242:
4241:
4240:
4238:
4237:
4236:
4192:
4191:
4190:
4185:
4167:
4146:
4122:Utuado Uprising
4112:Jayuya Uprising
4055:
3896:Nemesio Canales
3886:Julia de Burgos
3876:Elías Beauchamp
3866:José S. Alegría
3852:
3845:
3806:Miguel Poventud
3693:
3687:
3588:Roberto Cofresí
3583:Mathias Brugman
3561:
3534:
3525:Socialist Front
3483:
3442:
3432:
3402:
3397:
3349:
3332:Margaret Truman
3314:
3235:
3184:
3117:
3074:
3034:
2908:Hill–Burton Act
2818:
2660:Luce–Celler Act
2619:Truman Doctrine
2605:
2498:
2490:
2479:
2468:
2460:
2458:Harry S. Truman
2455:
2425:
2420:
2411:
2345:John F. Kennedy
2340:Harry S. Truman
2325:Abraham Lincoln
2311:
2305:
2260:Wayback Machine
2244:
2239:
2232:
2210:Hunter, Stephen
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1997:
1995:
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1984:
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1957:Wayback Machine
1947:
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1558:Politics portal
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1255:Post-presidency
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1102:
1098:
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1028:
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996:Truman Doctrine
970:
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909:Harry S. Truman
861:Harry S. Truman
860:
858:
857:
856:
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829:
815:
804:
798:
795:
792:
788:page references
776:
772:
765:
749:Harry S. Truman
737:
663:
657:
652:
608:Harry S. Truman
583:
554:
553:
479:Elías Beauchamp
469:
461:
460:
391:Julia de Burgos
351:José S. Alegría
341:
333:
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318:Utuado uprising
308:Jayuya Uprising
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220:
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91:Harry S. Truman
78:
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64:, United States
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37:Harry S. Truman
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4072:Grito de Lares
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4056:
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3259:(1975 song by
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2648:War Brides Act
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2632:
2621:
2615:
2613:
2611:Foreign policy
2604:
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2598:
2593:
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2581:Truman Balcony
2578:
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2320:Andrew Jackson
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2240:
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2195:Jonah Raskin,
2185:
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2140:on May 5, 2012
2120:
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2081:. p. 388.
2069:
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1949:Truman Library
1926:
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284:Ponce massacre
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163:Oscar Collazo
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136:Leslie Coffelt
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4021:Daniel Santos
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4009:
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4006:Isabel Rosado
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3999:
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3994:
3992:
3989:
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3956:Lolita Lebrón
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3911:Oscar Collazo
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3711:Rubén Berríos
3709:
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3683:Marcos Xiorro
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3598:José de Diego
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3173:campaign song
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2737:Marshall Plan
2735:
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2564:Supreme Court
2562:
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2398:
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2391:
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2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2375:Ronald Reagan
2373:
2371:
2368:
2364:
2363:San Francisco
2361:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2350:Richard Nixon
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2017:
2016:
2009:
2006:
1990:
1983:
1977:
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1896:
1895:968-6308-22-9
1892:
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1871:
1867:
1863:
1862:Denis, Nelson
1857:
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1744:Denis, Nelson
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1686:Denis, Nelson
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1453:Oscar Collazo
1450:
1447:
1444:
1433:
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1422:
1412:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1396:This section
1394:
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1369:
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1357:
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1070:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1045:Marshall Plan
1043:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1011:
1009:
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951:
947:
944:
943:
942:
941:Senate career
939:
938:
936:
933:Senator from
928:
925:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
910:
905:
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790:
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760:
756:
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746:
745:Oscar Collazo
742:
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732:
730:
726:
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718:
714:
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694:
689:
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683:
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636:
631:
629:
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621:
617:
613:
609:
606:
602:
598:
597:Oscar Collazo
595:
592:
580:
575:
573:
568:
566:
561:
560:
558:
557:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
539:Daniel Santos
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
509:Isabel Rosado
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
471:
465:
464:
457:
454:
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449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
411:Hugo Margenat
409:
407:
404:
402:
401:Lolita Lebrón
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
376:Oscar Collazo
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
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349:
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200:
197:
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186:
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176:
172:
168:
162:
158:
153:
152:Oscar Collazo
148:
144:
141:
137:
134:
130:
127:
123:
120:
116:
113:
109:
105:
104:assassination
101:
95:
92:
89:
85:
71:
67:
63:
59:
56:
52:
45:
40:
33:
30:
19:
4178:
4126:
4100:
4001:Hiram Rosado
3971:René Marqués
3951:Irvin Flores
3916:Rosa Collazo
3851:Puerto Rican
3801:Pedro Pietri
3638:Manuel Rojas
3553:(Macheteros)
3459:Agüeybaná II
3385:
3364:
3357:
3306:
3298:
3290:
3282:
3274:
3266:
3256:Harry Truman
3254:
3246:
3240:Public image
3196:Bibliography
2531:
2400:Pennsylvania
2395:Donald Trump
2390:Barack Obama
2380:Bill Clinton
2370:Jimmy Carter
2354:Gerald Ford
2339:
2215:
2204:
2196:
2180:
2172:
2163:
2154:
2142:. Retrieved
2138:the original
2134:Ghosts of DC
2133:
2123:
2113:
2107:
2097:
2078:
2072:
2062:
2056:
2048:the original
2041:
2031:
2023:
2014:
2008:
1996:. Retrieved
1989:the original
1910:
1886:
1869:
1856:
1844:. Retrieved
1840:the original
1830:
1818:
1800:
1785:
1780:
1765:
1760:
1751:
1738:
1713:
1702:
1693:
1680:
1668:. Retrieved
1663:
1653:
1626:
1609:
1544:1950s portal
1493:
1481:
1473:
1469:Jimmy Carter
1451:
1446:Dean Acheson
1440:
1425:
1419:October 2020
1416:
1405:Please help
1400:verification
1397:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1350:
1335:
1330:Vincent Mroz
1327:
1320:
1134:Steel strike
927:Bibliography
908:
886:
805:
799:October 2020
796:
785:
757:
738:
690:
685:
675:
664:
644:Jimmy Carter
632:
591:Puerto Rican
588:
519:René Marqués
504:Hiram Rosado
494:Irvin Flores
381:Rosa Collazo
322:
295:
251:Puerto Rican
217:
198:
184:
160:Perpetrators
155:Joseph Downs
126:Luger pistol
29:
3841:Iris Zavala
3826:Piri Thomas
3746:Juan Dalmau
3454:Agüeybaná I
3311:(2023 film)
3308:Oppenheimer
3287:(1995 film)
3271:(1976 film)
3108:Blair House
2772:1950–1953;
2494:(1935–1945)
2475:(1945–1953)
1354:Blair House
1119:Housing Act
1101:Second term
1050:Strike wave
902:Scholarship
830: 2006
753:Blair House
614:during the
612:Blair House
195:Convictions
175:Puerto Rico
122:Walther P38
98:Attack type
58:Blair House
4196:Categories
3346:(grandson)
3334:(daughter)
3201:Truman Day
3086:Birthplace
2768:Korean War
2713:Department
2504:Presidency
2358:Sacramento
1602:References
1245:convention
1211:convention
1189:convention
1114:Korean War
1027:First term
974:Presidency
897:Truman Day
877:Early life
650:Background
209:(2 counts)
102:Attempted
79:1950-11-01
3731:Roy Brown
3694:activists
3123:Elections
2824:Fair Deal
2709:Air Force
1998:April 25,
1846:April 25,
1490:In memory
1476:conspired
1379:Aftermath
1240:primaries
1206:primaries
1145:Timeline
1124:Fair Deal
1071:Timeline
907:USS
705:Naranjito
605:President
294:Gag Law (
4180:Claridad
3392:Category
3340:(mother)
3161:campaign
2512:Timeline
2256:Archived
2144:March 3,
1953:Archived
1864:(2015).
1808:Archived
1805:Claridad
1746:(2015).
1688:(2015).
1670:April 1,
1634:Archived
1619:Politico
1502:See also
1457:commuted
1221:election
1216:campaign
1194:election
1184:campaign
979:timeline
935:Missouri
725:San Juan
701:Mayagüez
697:Peñuelas
622:officer
226:commuted
218:Collazo:
214:Sentence
199:Collazo:
185:Collazo:
112:shooting
54:Location
4151:Symbols
4097:Gag Law
3479:Urayoán
3474:Jumacao
3464:Arasibo
3261:Chicago
2576:Cabinet
2405:Florida
1344:German
1164:'52–'53
1008:Cabinet
782:sources
709:Arecibo
610:at the
181:Verdict
146:Injured
118:Weapons
77: (
4060:Events
3469:Hayuya
3328:(wife)
3319:Family
3292:Truman
3284:Truman
3189:Legacy
2999:(1950)
2978:(1948)
2967:(1947)
2956:(1947)
2950:(1947)
2944:(1946)
2938:(1946)
2910:(1946)
2904:(1946)
2847:1946;
2834:(1945)
2815:(1952)
2802:, 1951
2798:1950;
2764:(1949)
2753:1949;
2745:(1949)
2739:(1948)
2733:(1948)
2727:(1948)
2680:(1947)
2674:(1947)
2668:(1947)
2662:(1946)
2656:(1946)
2650:(1945)
2644:(1945)
2628:1945;
2525:second
2486:(1945)
2228:
2222:4, 251
1921:
1893:
1792:
1772:
1726:
1720:4, 251
1342:9×19mm
892:Legacy
763:Attack
723:, and
721:Jayuya
717:Utuado
635:Jayuya
170:Motive
132:Deaths
108:murder
87:Target
4172:Media
3079:Homes
2554:1952)
2520:first
1992:(PDF)
1985:(PDF)
1346:Luger
1265:Death
1236:1952
1202:1948
1180:1944
713:Ponce
222:Death
3156:1948
3146:1948
3136:1940
3043:Life
2895:1950
2890:1948
2885:1946
2755:NATO
2549:1950
2481:34th
2470:33rd
2226:ISBN
2146:2019
2000:2016
1919:ISBN
1891:ISBN
1848:2016
1790:ISBN
1770:ISBN
1724:ISBN
1672:2010
1065:NATO
961:1940
956:1934
784:but
743:and
711:and
676:The
599:and
69:Date
1409:by
1159:'51
1154:'50
1149:'49
1090:'48
1085:'47
1080:'46
1075:'45
228:to
4198::
2777:83
2224:.
2188:^
2179:,
2132:.
2088:^
2040:.
2022:.
2020:30
1963:^
1929:^
1917:;
1902:^
1878:^
1868:.
1750:.
1722:.
1692:.
1662:.
1640:.
1617:.
827:c.
719:,
707:,
703:,
699:,
224:;
205:,
124:,
110:,
106:,
60:,
4103:)
4099:(
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3413:v
3263:)
3169:"
3165:"
2711:/
2450:e
2443:t
2436:v
2300:e
2293:t
2286:v
2234:.
2148:.
2002:.
1897:.
1850:.
1732:.
1674:.
1644:(
1432:)
1426:(
1421:)
1417:(
1403:.
1310:e
1303:t
1296:v
812:)
806:(
801:)
797:(
791:.
578:e
571:t
564:v
298:)
81:)
20:)
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