597:, analyzing police and insurance records, suggested that fewer than 300 carjackings occur annually in Australia (about 0.5% of all theft incidents in the country). The paper noted that the low incidence of carjacking compared to the United States is attributable to the low rate of firearm-related crime in Australia and the fact that the "broader socioeconomic picture of Australian society is one of relative good health in terms of wealth distribution and social cohesion" providing little motivation for victimization that is "both personal and violent." The paper notes that although carjacking was rare, isolated hot spots do arise occasionally, and that since the late 1990s, "
441:
and about 17% of attempted carjackings. Serious injuries, such as gunshot or knife wounds, broken bones, or internal injuries occurred in about 9% of incidents. About 14 murders a year involved car theft, but not all of these were carjackings. Some 68% of carjackings occurred at nighttime hours (6 p.m. to 6 a.m.). Some 98% of completed carjackings and 77% of attempted carjackings were reported to police. About 44% of carjacking incidents occurred in an open area (e.g., on the street or near public transportation) while 24% occurred in parking lots or garages or near commercial places (e.g., stores, gas stations, office buildings, restaurants/bars).
461:(which includes Newark) had 69 in December 2010 alone. The Associated Press reported that "unlike previous carjackings, in which thieves would strip vehicles for parts or sell them in other states, the recent wave perplexed law enforcement officials because almost all appeared to be done by thrill-seeking young men who would steal the cars for a few hours, drive them around and then abandon them." After federal, state, and law enforcement agencies formed a task force, 42 suspects were charged, and carjackings dropped dramatically. However, national media attention on carjackings in Essex County returned in December 2013, when a
45:
322:. South Africa is thought to have the highest carjacking rate in the world. There were 16,000 reported carjackings in 1998. The figures dropped to 12,434 reported carjackings in 2005, and continued to drop until 2011 to 2012, when the number of carjackings was 9,475, a record low. Subsequently, however, carjackings increased as part of an overall increase in violent organized crime, which the
437:, from 1993 to 2002, some 38,000 carjackings occurred annually. According to the survey, over this time period men were more often victims than women, blacks more than whites, and Hispanics more than non-Hispanics. 56% of carjackers were identified by victims as black, 21% white, 16% Asian or Native American, and 7% mixed race or unknown. Some 93% of carjackings occurred in urban areas.
198:
over sanction threat severity they attributed to carjacking—both formal (higher sentences) and informal (victim resistance and retaliation). Meanwhile, the carjackers are reticent to enact auto theft because of the more uncertain and putatively greater risk of being surprised by victims, a fear that appears to overcome the enhanced long-term formal penalty of taking a vehicle by force."
492:. Serial carjackers were targeted for federal prosecutions and longer sentences, and in 2009 the Detroit Police Department centralized all carjacking investigations and developed a suspect profiling system. Through mid-November 2014, Detroit had 486 carjackings, down 31% from the year before, but this was still three times more than the carjackings experienced by
146:, and based on these interviews concluded that "the decision to commit a carjacking stems most directly from a situated interaction between particular sorts of perceived opportunities and particular sorts of perceived needs and desires, this decision is activated, mediated, and shaped by participation in urban street culture."
398:. The 1992 Act, codified at 18 U.S.C. § 2119, took effect on October 25, 1992. However, only a small number of federal prosecutions were imposed for carjacking the year after the act was enacted, in part because many federal carjacking cases were turned over to state prosecutions because they do not meet
444:
According to the NCVS, from 1992 and 1996, about 49,000 completed or attempted nonfatal carjackings took place each year in the United States. The carjacking was successful in about half of the incidents. Data on fatal carjackings are not available; "about 27 homicides by strangers each year involved
197:
examined auto theft and carjacking in the context of "sanction threats" that promoted fear and influenced "crime preferences" among criminals, thereby redirecting ("channeling") criminal activity. The study showed that "auto thieves are reluctant to embrace the violence of carjacking due to concerns
440:
There were multiple carjackers in 56% of incidents, and the carjacker or carjackers were identified as male in 93% of incidents. A weapon was used in 74% of carjacking victimization: firearms in 45%, knives in 11%, and other weapons in 18%. Victims were injured in about 32% of completed carjackings
210:
from behind, and taking the car when the victim gets out of the vehicle to assess damage and exchange information; (2) staging a fake car accident, sometimes with injuries, and stealing the vehicle of a passerby who stops to assist; (3) flashing lights or waving to get the victim's attention,
480:. In 2008, Detroit had 1,231 carjackings, more than three a day. By 2013, that number had fallen to 701, but this was still the highest known number of carjackings for any major city in the country. The significant decrease in carjackings was credited to a coordinated effort by the
516:; bus stops; residential and commercial demolitions; and areas with high concentrations of drug arrests and restaurants." The study found that certain locations in Detroit "had an expected rate of carjacking that was 278 times higher than other locations."
78:
such as trucks and armored cars containing valuable cargo are common targets of carjacking attempts. Carjacking usually involves physical violence to the victim, or using the victim as a hostage. In rare cases, carjacking may also involve
155:
in 2013 noted that "carjacking requires offenders to neutralize victims who are inherently mobile and who can use their vehicles as both weapons and shields." The study noted that carjackers use fear to compel compliance from victims.
511:
A 2017 study used "Risk
Terrain Modeling" analysis to identify spatial indicators of carjacking risk in Detroit. The analysis identified six factors that "were influential in the best fitting model: proximity to service stations;
288:
Knowledge of the location of a truck carrying valuable cargo often requires inside information, and sometimes truck drivers collude with truck carjackers to facilitate the truck carjacking. This crime is often perpetuated by
385:
In 1992, Congress, in the aftermath of a spate of violent carjackings (including some in which the victims were murdered), passed the
Federal Anti-Car Theft Act of 1992 (FACTA), the first federal carjacking law, making it a
163:
conceptualized carjackings as falling into four types based on method and motive: organized and instrumental, organized and acquisitive, opportunistic and instrumental, and opportunistic and acquisitive. An example of an
211:
indicating that there is a problem with the victim's car, and then taking the car once the victim pulls over; and (4) following a victim home, blocking the victim's car in a driveway or in front of a gate.
119:, and in an investigative report examining the rash of what Detroit Police call "robbery armed unlawful driving away an automobile" (in dispatch slang shortened to R.A.-YOU-Da) plaguing Detroit. TV series
137:
in 2003 found that "for all of the media attention it has received in the United States, Europe and elsewhere, carjacking remains an under-researched and poorly understood crime." The authors conducted
601:
has experienced a number of carjacking clusters ... each lasting around three to six months and occurring in different locations including the eastern suburbs, the inner city and the south-west."
593:
Australia does not specifically record the number of carjackings; such crimes are variously recorded as assault, robbery, motor vehicle theft, and some combination. However, a 2008 paper by the
489:
1172:
407:
403:
678:
1436:
70:, carjacking is usually in the presence and knowledge of the victim. A common crime in many places in the world, carjacking has been the subject of legislative responses,
535:
to effectively blend in with the public and conceal their identity. 2021 saw a further increase to a 20-year high of over 1,800 carjackings. On
January 27, 2021, Mayor
1473:
413:
Throughout 1993, articles about carjackings appeared at the rate of more than one a week in newspapers throughout the country. The
November 29, 1992, killing of two
1362:
566:
Some states have a specific carjacking statute. Other states do not have a specific carjacking law, and prosecute carjackers under the general robbery statute.
457:, in the 1990s, and a wave of carjackings took place again in 2010. There were 288 carjackings in the city in 2010 (a 70% increase from the previous year), and
879:
348:
903:
Bruce A. Jacobs & Michael
Cherbonneau, "Perceived Sanction Threats and Projective Risk Sensitivity: Auto Theft, Carjacking, and the Channeling Effect,"
1474:
Chicago Mayor Lori
Lightfoot says spike in carjackings ‘top of mind,’ adding 40 more police officers to carjacking unit and gathering regional mayors
1392:
326:
attributed to poor police leadership. There were 11,221 reported carjackings in 2014. More than half of all carjackings in South Africa occurred in
115:
first used the term in a report on the murder of Ruth Wahl, a 22-year-old
Detroit drugstore cashier who was killed when she would not surrender her
528:
523:. Chicago began experiencing a surge in carjackings after 2019, and at least 1,415 such crimes took place in the city in 2020. According to the
358:
designed to harm the attacker were developed and marketed in South Africa, where carjacking had become endemic. Among these was the now defunct
1637:
1011:
542:
Many other cities have seen a similar increase in carjackings since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Over 500 carjackings were recorded in
1332:
1490:
891:
594:
430:
399:
160:
151:
1230:
1836:
1231:
Youths Steal Guns To Steal Youths' Lives; The Gun Used In The Nation's First
Federal Carjacking Case Was Bought Legally, Then Stolen
273:
may be targets of carjacking attempts. Such carjackings may be aimed at stealing cargo, such as liquor, cigarettes, valuable goods,
1595:
993:
485:
1805:
1532:
1315:
539:
described the worsening wave of carjackings as being 'top of mind,' and added 40 police officers to the CPD carjacking unit.
323:
133:
688:
44:
1018:
972:
939:
1569:
573:, explicitly lists a killing in the course of defending oneself against forcible entry of an occupied motor vehicle as a
1831:
434:
1456:
394:) to use a firearm to steal "through force or violence or intimidation" a motor vehicle that had been shipped through
251:
When stopped in traffic, keeping some distance between the vehicle in front, so one can pull away easily if necessary.
1630:
1437:
Carjackings more than double in
Chicago during 2020, police say, perhaps as criminals blended in with masked public
784:
683:
610:
968:
876:
1138:
524:
501:
481:
221:
have published lists of strategies for preventing and responding to carjackings. Common recommendations include:
139:
458:
123:
season 2 episode 20 airing 2/24/79 has the character Ponch, played by Erik
Estrada, using the term carjacking.
1349:
180:
carjacking is a carjacking without a weapon to sell "vehicle/parts with no market in mind." An example of an
1671:
466:
414:
298:
270:
744:
1841:
1810:
1519:
840:
Bruce A. Jacobs, Volkan Topalli & Richard Wright, "Carjacking, Streetlife and Offender Motivation" in
359:
1623:
574:
470:
418:
278:
274:
1022:
1696:
673:
462:
395:
143:
1216:"Carjacking Reports Increase In Area -- Police Told Of Five Incidents Over Thanksgiving Holiday."
1846:
693:
643:
631:
454:
380:
355:
266:
75:
38:
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For several years (but no longer), the major U.S. city with the highest rates of carjacking was
1800:
1792:
1711:
1701:
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766:
532:
391:
281:. In other cases, a carjacked truck may be used to commit another crime, such as robbery or a
214:
207:
193:
1302:
1173:
Carjacking Law Getting Little Use: Few Prosecutions Occur Despite Increase in Number of Cases
1155:
1851:
1737:
1418:
1116:
756:
658:
473:, while defending his wife from four assailants, who were all later convicted of the crime.
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107:
761:
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carjacking is a planned carjacking to sell the vehicle in a known market. An example of an
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883:
497:
290:
185:
116:
989:
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operations or by career criminals, or by a collaboration between the two. In particular,
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74:
studies, prevention efforts as well as being heavily dramatized in major film releases.
785:"Charges: Man sexually assaulted woman during Minneapolis carjacking turned kidnapping"
663:
536:
505:
294:
218:
80:
585:
Carjacking is an uncommon crime in Britain, making up about 1% of all vehicle thefts.
1825:
1782:
934:
621:, as it is known in the country, is penalized under the Anti-Carnapping Act of 2016.
546:
in 2021, compared to 328 in 2020 and 132 in 2019. Likewise, the police department of
543:
493:
387:
363:
301:
in which a truck driver under Mafia influence allows carjackers to steal the truck).
31:
1491:
Once willing to defund police, Oakland, Calif. now faces a major violent crime spike
1457:'It's a disturbing trend.' Cities see large increases in carjackings during pandemic
1409:
Lersch, Kim Michelle (2017). "Risky places: An analysis of carjackings in Detroit".
257:
Use of the vehicle as a weapon against the car jacker, or a firearm or pepper spray.
1742:
1732:
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1422:
698:
547:
513:
331:
315:
232:
53:
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1533:
Louisiana's New "Kill the Carjacker" Statute: Self-Defense or Instant Injustice?
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614:
551:
550:
reported over 800 in 2021, compared to 170 in 2015. 281 carjackings occurred in
236:
169:
92:
71:
17:
1767:
1256:
668:
97:
1509:, National Conference of State Legislators (last accessed November 25, 2017).
770:
496:(which has ten times Detroit's population) in all of 2013. Even James Craig,
297:
has been known to orchestrate the carjacking of trucks (at locations such as
1752:
1747:
1661:
801:
Pulitzer, Lisa Beth. Crime On Deadline. New York City: Boulevard Books, 1996
653:
648:
570:
410:; among these were the killing of a victim in the commission of carjacking.
248:
Avoid isolated and less-well-trafficked parking lots, ATMs, pay phones, etc.
67:
254:
If confronted, it is often safer to give up the vehicle and avoid resisting
105:. The term was coined by reporter Scott Bowles and editor EJ Mitchell with
1546:
1772:
1757:
406:, an omnibus crime bill, made sixty new federal crimes punishable by the
335:
519:
As of 2021, the American city with the highest number of carjackings is
421:
pistol resulted in the first federal prosecution of a fatal carjacking.
168:
carjacking is a planned carjacking with a weapon to use the vehicle for
555:
520:
477:
327:
63:
49:
1285:, .S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, March 1999.
1259:, U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, July 2004.
1762:
1056:
Introduction to Criminology: Theories, Methods, and Criminal Behavior
637:
598:
343:
245:
Alerting police as soon as is safely possible following a carjacking
1117:
Carjacking — Insights from South Africa to a New Crime Problem
341:
The carjacking issue in South Africa was depicted in the 2005 film
48:
A sign warning of carjacking activities along a stretch of road in
1647:
1363:
Two men plead guilty to roles in fatal Short Hills mall carjacking
120:
43:
1615:
1316:
Man Dies in Carjacking at Short Hills Mall; 2 Suspects Are Sought
1203:
Amy D'Olivio, "Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act" in
613:
keeps a record on the number of incidents of index crimes in the
504:, was the victim of an attempted carjacking while he was in his
1619:
1596:"Stiffer anti-carnapping law for car owners' peace of mind—Poe"
877:
Carjacking in Australia: recording issues and future directions
811:
Bowles, Scott (August 29, 1991). "Carjacking: Who's at Risk?".
354:
In the late 1990s and early 2000s, several new, unconventional
558:
reported 301 carjackings in 2020 and 521 carjackings in 2021.
1535:, 55 Wash. U. J. Urb. & Contemp. L. 10, (January 1999).
1451:
1449:
1303:
After Dozens of Arrests, Newark Carjackings Decline Sharply
728:, Vol. 1 (SAGE, 2008: ed. Vincent N. Parrillo), pp. 110-11.
1570:"Car theft incidents dropped 56.8% in May 2019 — PNP"
1257:
National Crime Victimization Survey, Carjacking, 1993-2002
853:
Bruce Jacobs, "The Manipulation of Fear in Carjacking" in
445:
automobile theft," but not all of these were carjackings.
745:"Carjacking: Scope, Structure, Process, and Prevention"
66:
in which a motor vehicle is taken over. In contrast to
433:(NCVS) conducted by the U.S. Department of Justice's
404:
Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994
402:
criteria. The Federal Death Penalty Act, part of the
366:
that could be mounted to the underside of a vehicle.
1207:(Sage, 2004: eds. Larry E. Sullivan et al.), p. 896.
1100:
Carjacking: the everyday ordeal testing South Africa
1791:
1725:
1654:
1393:
Carjackers losing grip on Detroit, but strike daily
1187:
1185:
1121:
Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology
969:
NOPD crime prevention: How to avoid being carjacked
888:
Trends & Issues in Crime & Criminal Justice
679:
Murders of Channon Christian and Christopher Newsom
225:
Staying alert and being aware of one's surroundings
1139:Carjackings are on the rise again in South Africa
1350:4 Men Plead Not Guilty in Deadly Mall Carjacking
1084:(6th ed. 2011: Routledge, 2015 ed.), pp. 202-03.
1037:
1035:
857:, Vol. 42, Issue 5 (February 2013), pp. 523-544.
554:in 2021 while 105 occurred there in 2018, while
37:"Car-jacked" redirects here. For the novel, see
34:, a device for lifting up the body of a vehicle.
1156:"Flamethrower now an option on S. African cars"
1133:
1131:
1129:
871:
869:
867:
865:
863:
844:, Vol. 43, Issue 4 (October 2003), pp. 673–688.
743:Jacobs, Bruce A.; Cherbonneau, Michael (2023).
184:carjacking is a carjacking without a weapon to
1045:(4th ed.: Jones & Bartlett, 2013), p. 303.
27:Crime of stealing a car from a victim by force
1631:
720:
718:
716:
714:
8:
1268:Benjamin S. Wright, Motor Vehicle Theft, in
836:
834:
349:Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film
1545:Caliwan, Christopher Lloyd (19 June 2019).
1333:4 Suspects Held in Fatal Carjacking at Mall
1058:(6th ed.: SAGE Publications, 2008), p. 287.
1638:
1624:
1616:
1507:Auto Theft & Carjacking State Statutes
1272:(Sage 2010: ed. Jeffrey Ian Ross), p. 271.
1387:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1283:Carjackings in the United States, 1992-96
1094:
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760:
1251:
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1245:
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1167:
1165:
1041:Ronald F. Becker & Aric W. Dutelle,
1006:
1004:
1002:
929:
927:
925:
923:
921:
919:
917:
915:
913:
531:that are widely worn due to the ongoing
1520:Louisiana Drivers Given License to Kill
1270:Encyclopedia of Street Crime in America
1012:"Truck Hijacking Prevention Fact Sheet"
964:
962:
960:
958:
956:
954:
952:
950:
948:
710:
314:Carjacking is a significant problem in
242:Avoiding unfamiliar or high-crime areas
1455:Peter Nickeas and Priya Krishnakumar,
1123:, Vol. 35, Issue 2, 2003, pp. 173-191.
1071:(3d ed.: Facts on File: 2005), p. 195.
985:
983:
981:
762:10.1146/annurev-criminol-030421-042141
724:Michael Cherbonneau, "Carjacking," in
191:A 2017 qualitative study published in
1435:Jeremy Gorner & Jonathon Berlin,
1314:Marc Santora & Annie Correaldec,
1297:
1295:
1293:
1291:
206:Common carjacking ruses include: (1)
7:
875:Lisa Jane Young and Maria Borzycki,
738:
736:
734:
892:Australian Institute of Criminology
855:Journal of Contemporary Ethnography
595:Australian Institute of Criminology
431:National Crime Victimization Survey
425:Prevalence and statistical analysis
417:, men by carjackers using a stolen
161:Australian Institute of Criminology
152:Journal of Contemporary Ethnography
1568:Marquez, Consuelo (19 June 2019).
1547:"Carnapping cases down 57% in May"
842:The British Journal of Criminology
375:Federal Anti-Car Theft Act of 1992
25:
617:including carjacking. The act of
490:local federal prosecutor's office
1472:Gregory Pratt & John Byrne,
569:The law of some states, such as
1205:Encyclopedia of Law Enforcement
994:Insurance Information Institute
726:Encyclopedia of Social Problems
1806:Radio-frequency identification
1423:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2017.07.011
324:Institute for Security Studies
178:opportunistic and instrumental
134:British Journal of Criminology
1:
1220:, Saturday, November 26, 1994
1019:Texas Department of Insurance
990:Preventing Carjacking / Theft
973:New Orleans Police Department
940:Bureau of Diplomatic Security
228:Parking in well-lighted areas
182:opportunistic and acquisitive
142:with 28 active carjackers in
1594:Ager, Maila (20 July 2016).
1082:Organized Crime in Our Times
938:, U.S. Department of State,
935:Carjacking—Don't be a Victim
749:Annual Review of Criminology
435:Bureau of Justice Statistics
208:bumping the victim's vehicle
170:ramming an ATM to steal cash
1411:Journal of Criminal Justice
689:Murder of Mirelle Hernández
453:Carjackings were common in
390:(punishable by 15 years to
1868:
611:Philippine National Police
400:U.S. Department of Justice
378:
166:organized and instrumental
140:semi-structured interviews
36:
30:Not to be confused with a
29:
1793:Deterrence and prevention
1600:Philippine Daily Inquirer
1574:Philippine Daily Inquirer
1158:. CNN. December 11, 1998.
525:Chicago Police Department
502:Detroit Police Department
482:Detroit Police Department
330:province, which includes
217:, security agencies, and
174:organized and acquisitive
149:A study published in the
131:A study published in the
1837:Organized crime activity
1531:Susan Michelle Gerlin,
907:(March 2017), pp. 1-32.
527:, carjackers are using
467:The Mall at Short Hills
465:lawyer was murdered at
415:Osceola County, Florida
356:anti-carjacking systems
202:Prevention and response
1811:Retail loss prevention
1229:Henry Pierson Curtis,
1069:The Mafia Encyclopedia
1043:Criminal Investigation
56:
1331:Michael Schwirtzdec,
640:(hijacking of a ship)
408:federal death penalty
318:, where it is called
47:
1399:(November 30, 2014).
1339:, December 21, 2013.
1322:, December 16, 2013.
684:Murder of João Hélio
575:justifiable homicide
512:convenience/grocery/
471:Millburn, New Jersey
449:In particular cities
305:Incidents by country
275:consumer electronics
159:A 2008 paper by the
1832:Motor vehicle theft
1726:Methods and tactics
1697:Motor vehicle theft
1497:(January 11, 2022).
1480:(January 27, 2021).
1463:(January 23, 2022).
1443:(January 18, 2021).
1369:(October 10, 2017).
1352:, October 22, 2014.
1237:, January 30, 1994.
1179:(January 17, 1994).
1137:Erin Conway-Smith,
674:Motor vehicle theft
396:interstate commerce
269:such as trucks and
267:Commercial vehicles
172:. An example of an
144:St. Louis, Missouri
76:Commercial vehicles
1549:. Associated Press
1522:(August 14, 1997).
1518:Associated Press,
1397:Detroit Free Press
1348:Associated Press,
1301:Associated Press,
882:2017-12-04 at the
694:Murder of Pam Basu
644:Anti-hijack system
632:Aircraft hijacking
455:Newark, New Jersey
381:Murder of Pam Basu
215:Police departments
57:
39:Car-Jacked (novel)
1819:
1818:
1801:Physical security
1712:Street sign theft
1682:Electricity theft
1655:Property-specific
1305:, March 21, 2011.
1080:Jay S. Albanese,
905:Justice Quarterly
828:, August 28, 1991
533:COVID-19 pandemic
429:According to the
392:life imprisonment
194:Justice Quarterly
16:(Redirected from
1859:
1738:Confidence trick
1640:
1633:
1626:
1617:
1611:
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1361:Joshua Jongsma,
1359:
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1235:Orlando Sentinel
1227:
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1195:
1192:18 U.S.C. § 2119
1189:
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1169:
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1152:
1146:
1135:
1124:
1113:
1107:
1106:(March 2, 2006).
1096:
1085:
1078:
1072:
1065:
1059:
1054:Frank E. Hagan,
1052:
1046:
1039:
1030:
1029:
1027:
1021:. Archived from
1016:
1008:
997:
987:
976:
966:
943:
931:
908:
901:
895:
894:, February 2008.
873:
858:
851:
845:
838:
829:
826:The Detroit News
823:
817:
816:
813:The Detroit News
808:
802:
799:
793:
792:
781:
775:
774:
764:
740:
729:
722:
659:Containerization
347:, which won the
283:terrorist attack
262:Truck carjacking
108:The Detroit News
21:
1867:
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299:Kennedy Airport
291:organized crime
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117:Suzuki Sidekick
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1743:Embezzlement
1733:Bank robbery
1687:Laptop theft
1676:
1603:. Retrieved
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1577:. Retrieved
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1551:. Retrieved
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1177:Sun-Sentinel
1176:
1171:Mike Folks,
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699:Traffic stop
634:(skyjacking)
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459:Essex County
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54:South Africa
1778:Shoplifting
1717:Tax evasion
1707:Sperm theft
1692:Metal theft
1672:Cable theft
890:, No. 351,
615:Philippines
605:Philippines
552:New Orleans
235:locked and
93:portmanteau
72:criminology
1826:Categories
1768:Plagiarism
1677:Carjacking
1605:11 October
1579:11 October
1553:11 October
1143:GlobalPost
706:References
669:Kidnapping
619:carnapping
529:face masks
488:, and the
379:See also:
362:, a small
60:Carjacking
1847:Hijacking
1753:Extortion
1748:Espionage
1662:Art theft
1646:Modes of
1417:: 34–40.
771:2572-4568
654:Chop shop
649:Car chase
589:Australia
571:Louisiana
562:State law
320:hijacking
111:in 1991.
103:hijacking
87:Etymology
68:car theft
1773:Quackery
1758:Phishing
1702:Services
1104:Guardian
880:Archived
789:fox9.com
625:See also
336:Pretoria
277:or even
231:Keeping
113:The News
32:car jack
1852:Robbery
556:Oakland
521:Chicago
500:of the
478:Detroit
463:Hoboken
360:Blaster
328:Gauteng
237:windows
186:joyride
127:Studies
64:robbery
50:Gauteng
1763:Piracy
769:
638:Piracy
599:Sydney
484:, the
344:Tsotsi
1648:theft
1026:(PDF)
1015:(PDF)
755:(1).
279:drugs
121:CHiPs
62:is a
1607:2021
1581:2021
1555:2021
1495:KATV
767:ISSN
609:The
419:9 mm
334:and
101:and
1461:CNN
1419:doi
757:doi
486:FBI
469:in
98:car
95:of
1828::
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239:up
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996:.
975:.
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773:.
759::
753:6
41:.
20:)
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